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JP4008597B2 - Aluminum-based composite material and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Aluminum-based composite material and manufacturing method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4008597B2
JP4008597B2 JP28202098A JP28202098A JP4008597B2 JP 4008597 B2 JP4008597 B2 JP 4008597B2 JP 28202098 A JP28202098 A JP 28202098A JP 28202098 A JP28202098 A JP 28202098A JP 4008597 B2 JP4008597 B2 JP 4008597B2
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Prior art keywords
aluminum
melting point
point metal
low melting
alloy
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JP2000096162A (en
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純一 金子
信 菅又
礼 亀井
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Nihon University
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Nihon University
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、アルミニウム基複合材、詳しくは、マトリックス中に低融点金属などの粒子を分散させたアルミニウム基複合材およびその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
一般的に、アルミニウムと低融点金属との合金を通常の溶解鋳造法(IM法)により製造することは困難である。これは、両者の融点差および比重差が大きく、しかも固相アルミニウムと液相低融点金属との2相領域が広い温度範囲にわたって存在するため、凝固後に低融点金属の偏析が生じ易く、また低融点金属自体が粗大な塊となって生成するためであり、製造された合金は、組織は不均一で、機械的強度も低いものとなる。
【0003】
アルミニウムをべースとし、低融点金属を含有する摺動材や軸受材などを製造する場合、アルミニウムに低融点金属、例えば、Sn、Pbなどを配合して溶解し、溶湯を噴霧、急冷凝固させて合金粉末を製造し、この合金粉末を成形加工する方法(PM法)、アルミニウム粉末またはアルミニウム合金粉末にPbやPb−Sn合金などの粉末を配合して、メカニカルアロイング処理などの方法で混合し、混合粉末を真空ホットプレスなどの手段で熱間成形加工する方法が提案されている。(例えば、特開平7−9051号公報、特開平7−300644号公報、特開平8−13074公報など)
【0004】
これらの方法によれば、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金のマトリックス中に分散する低融点金属、合金を、例えば10μm〜数十μmと、ある程度まで微細に生成させることができ、かなりの強度、耐摩耗性、摺動性、切削性などの特性を有する材料が得られるが、耐摩耗性、切削性などにより高性能を得るためには、分散粒子の凝集、偏在がなく、さらに微細、均一且つ密に分散していることが必要であり、低融点金属を含有するアルミニウム合金の粉末や低融点金属、合金の粉末を使用する従来の方法では、かかる分散性状を備えた材料を製造することが困難であった。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、マトリックス中に低融点金属などの粒子を分散させたアルミニウム基複合材における上記従来の問題点を解消するためになされたものであり、その目的は、マトリックス中に分散する低融点金属などの粒子が微細で、粒子の分散度が均一且つ密であり、強度特性に優れ、耐摩耗性、摺動性、切削性などに優れた性能が期待されるアルミニウム基複合材およびその製造方法を提供することにある。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の目的を達成するための本発明の請求項1に係るアルミニウム基複合材は、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の粉末成形体からなり、マトリックス中に、低融点金属の粒子、低融点合金の粒子、および該低融点金属とアルミニウムとの金属間化合物の粒子のうちの少なくとも1種の粒子が微細に分散しており、分散粒子の平均径が5μm以下、平均粒子間隔が5μm以下であることを特徴とする。
【0007】
上記請求項1において、低融点金属は、Bi、In、Pb、Sb、SnまたはCdからなり、低融点合金は、これらの低融点金属からなる。
【0008】
請求項に係るアルミニウム基複合材は、上記の構成に加えて、前記低融点金属が5〜30%含有されていることを特徴とする。
【0009】
また、請求項1または2に係るアルミニウム基複合材の製造は、前記低融点金属および/または前記低融点合金の酸化物粉末を混合したアルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の粉末を圧縮成形後、熱間で成形加工することにより行われ、粉末混合手段としてはメカニカルアロイング処理が適用される。
【0010】
すなわち、請求項に係るアルミニウム基複合材の製造方法は、Bi、In、Pb、Sb、SnまたはCdからなる低融点金属および/または該低融点金属からなる低融点合金の酸化物粉末を配合したアルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の粉末にメカニカルアロイング処理を行い、処理された粉末を圧縮して圧粉体を形成した後、熱間で成形加工することを特徴とする。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明のアルミニウム基複合材の製造工程について説明すると、まず、アルミニウム(アルミニウム合金を含む、以下同じ)の粉末を公知の急冷凝固法により作製し、これに低融点金属および/または低融点合金の酸化物粉末を配合して混合する。耐摩耗性を要求される場合には、アルミニウム合金として、Al−Si系合金、Al−Cu系合金など、高温強度を要求される場合には、Al−Fe系合金などを選択するのが好ましい。
【0012】
耐摩耗特性を改善するために、AlN、SiC、Al2 3 、その他の窒化物、炭化物、酸化物、ホウ化物や硬質金属などの硬質粒子を加えることもでき、また、摺動性を高めるために、黒鉛、二硫化モリブデン、フッ素樹脂などの軟質材の粒子を添加してもよい。
【0013】
粉末の混合には、ボールミルの鋼球と原料粉末を充填してミリング処理を行うメカニカルアロイング処理(MA処理、以下同じ)を適用するのが好ましく、この処理により、低融点金属、合金の酸化物は鋼球間で粉砕されて、アルミニウム粉末中に押し込まれ、マトリックス中への微細且つ均一分散が促進される。MA処理中に酸化物が還元されて低融点金属が生成する場合もある。
【0014】
処理後の混合粉は、ついで粉末冶金的手法(PM法)に従って緻密化され、アルミニウム基複合材となる。緻密化のためには、公知のホットプレスや熱間押出などの熱間加工が適用され、例えば、混合粉末をアルミニウムの缶に充填して冷間プレスを行って圧粉体とし、真空脱ガス処理を行った後、加熱し、好ましくは真空中でホットプレスを行い、さらに熱間押出により成形加工する。
【0015】
上記の工程により、アルミニウムのマトリックス中に、低融点金属の粒子、低融点合金の粒子、および該低融点金属とアルミニウムとの金属間化合物の粒子のうちの少なくとも1種の粒子が均一、微細且つ密に分散したアルミニウム基複合材が得られる。
【0016】
本発明において適用される低融点金属のうち、好ましい低融点金属は、Bi、In、Pb、Sb、Snであり、Cdも好適に使用できる。好ましい低融点合金としては、これらの低融点金属からなるPb−Sn合金、Pb−Sn−Sb合金、Pb−Sn−Cd合金などが適用される。この場合、アルミニウムのマトリックス中に分散する粒子としては、これらの低融点金属、合金の単体および低融点金属とアルミニウムとの金属間化合物、例えばAlSbなどである。
【0017】
アルミニウムに対する低融点金属の含有量は5〜30%の範囲が好ましく、5%未満では、低融点金属、合金の分散量が少ないため十分な切削性、摺動性などの特性が得られない場合があり、30%を越えて含有すると強度が低下し易くなり、強度を必要とする用途には適しなくなる。
【0018】
本発明によれば、分散粒子の平均径が5μm以下、平均粒子間隔が5μm以下のものが得易く、また平均径が2μm以下、平均粒子間隔が2μm以下のものも得ることができ、従来の方法によるものに比べ、アルミニウムのマトリックス中に低融点金属、合金の粒子がきわめて微細、均一且つ密に分散した粉末成形体の製造が可能となる。
【0019】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の実施例について説明する。
実施例1
アルミニウム(純度99.99%)の溶湯をエアアトマイズ法により急冷凝固させ、平均粒径が20μmのアルミニウム粉末を得た。このアルミニウム粉末に低融点金属の酸化物粉末(純度99.9%)を配合してMA処理を施した。配合された粉末の組成を表1に示す。なお、各低融点金属の酸化物は、低融点金属が複合材の製造工程中に還元されて、それぞれ10%の低融点金属が生成されるように配合した。
【0020】
【表1】

Figure 0004008597
【0021】
MA処理は、乾式高エネルギーボールミル(商品名:アトライター、三井三池製作所(株)製)を使用し、容量5リットルのタンク内にステンレス鋼(SUJ−2)のボールを17.5kgと原料粉末を1チャージ分(700g)充填し、ボールと粉末との焼き付きを防止するための助剤としてメタノールを添加して、アルゴンガス雰囲気中、インペラー回転数120rpm、30時間の条件で処理した。
【0022】
MA処理後、処理された粉末をA6061合金の円筒缶(外形33.5mm、内径30mm)に充填して、50トンのアムスラー型万能試験機で冷間プレス(550MPa、1分)を行い圧粉体とした。ついで、温度673K(但し、試験材No.2については623K)、真空度1.33×10-3〜10-4Paで1時間の脱ガス処理を行って不純物を除去した。
【0023】
脱ガス処理後、脱缶して、温度673K、圧力100MPaでホットプレスを行い、ホットプレスした成形体を、空気炉で673Kの温度(但し、試験材No.2については623K)に30分予備加熱した後、押出プレス(コンテナ内径30mm、ダイス孔径7mm)で熱間押出成形(押出比25)を行い、直径7mmの棒材を作製した。
【0024】
得られた棒材について組織観察、X線回折を行い、棒材から試験片を採取して、常温および高温の硬度、引張強さを測定した。また、上記製造工程中のMA処理材、ホットプレス材についても組織観察、X線回折を行い、低融点金属の酸化物の変化状況を調べた。これらの結果を表2、表3に示す。
【0025】
【表2】
Figure 0004008597
【0026】
表2に示すように、試験材No.1、試験材No.2では、ホットプレス以後の段階でマトリックス中にそれぞれBi、Inが確認され、Bi、Inの酸化物が還元されたことを示す。試験材No.3においては、MA処理後にPbが確認され、MA段階でPbの酸化物がAlにより還元されたことが認められた。試験材No.4では、ホットプレス以後の段階で、固相反応により生成した金属間化合物AlSbの生成が認められた。試験材No.5では、ホットプレス以後の段階でSnが確認され、Snの酸化物がAlにより還元されたことがわかる。
【0027】
【表3】
Figure 0004008597
【0028】
試験材No.5の最終熱間押出材(押出方向に垂直な断面)についての顕微鏡組織を、図1に示す。図1にみられるように、アルミニウムマトリックス中に平均直径5μm以下、粒子間の平均間隔5μm以下のAlSb粒子が分散した粉末成形体が得られる。
【0029】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、アルミニウムのマトリックス中に分散する低融点金属などの粒子が微細で、分散度が均一且つ密であり、強度特性に優れ、耐摩耗性、摺動性、切削性などに優れた性能が期待できるアルミニウム基複合材およびその製造方法が提供される。当該アルミニウム基複合材は、アルミニウム合金ベースを選択することにより、上記の特性を必要とされる摺動材、軸受材、VTRシリンダ材、その他の材料として有用である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明による複合材を熱間押出により製造した場合の押出断面の顕微鏡写真である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an aluminum matrix composite, and more particularly to an aluminum matrix composite in which particles such as a low melting point metal are dispersed in a matrix and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In general, it is difficult to produce an alloy of aluminum and a low-melting-point metal by a normal melt casting method (IM method). This is because the melting point difference and specific gravity difference between the two are large, and the two-phase region of the solid phase aluminum and the liquid phase low melting point metal exists over a wide temperature range. This is because the melting point metal itself is formed as a coarse lump, and the manufactured alloy has a non-uniform structure and low mechanical strength.
[0003]
When manufacturing sliding materials and bearing materials that contain aluminum as a base and contain low-melting-point metals, low-melting-point metals such as Sn and Pb are mixed and dissolved in aluminum, and molten metal is sprayed and rapidly solidified. Alloy powder is manufactured, and the alloy powder is molded (PM method), aluminum powder or aluminum alloy powder is mixed with powder such as Pb or Pb-Sn alloy, and mechanical alloying is performed. There has been proposed a method of mixing and hot forming the mixed powder by means such as vacuum hot pressing. (For example, JP-A-7-9051, JP-A-7-300644, JP-A-8-13074, etc.)
[0004]
According to these methods, a low melting point metal or alloy dispersed in a matrix of aluminum or an aluminum alloy can be finely produced to a certain extent, for example, 10 μm to several tens of μm, and has a considerable strength, wear resistance, A material with characteristics such as slidability and machinability can be obtained, but in order to obtain high performance by wear resistance, machinability, etc., there is no agglomeration and uneven distribution of dispersed particles, and fine, uniform and dense dispersion In conventional methods using aluminum alloy powder, low melting point metal, or alloy powder containing a low melting point metal, it is difficult to produce a material having such dispersibility. It was.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems in an aluminum-based composite material in which particles such as a low-melting point metal are dispersed in a matrix. The object of the present invention is to provide a low-melting point metal that is dispersed in a matrix. Aluminum-based composite material in which the particles are fine, the degree of dispersion of the particles is uniform and dense, excellent in strength characteristics, and excellent in wear resistance, slidability, machinability and the like, and a method for producing the same Is to provide.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, an aluminum matrix composite according to claim 1 of the present invention comprises a powder compact of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and in the matrix, particles of a low melting point metal, particles of a low melting point alloy, and At least one kind of particles of the intermetallic compound of the low melting point metal and aluminum is finely dispersed, the average diameter of the dispersed particles is 5 μm or less, and the average particle interval is 5 μm or less. To do.
[0007]
In the first aspect, the low melting point metal is made of Bi, In, Pb, Sb, Sn or Cd, and the low melting point alloy is made of these low melting point metals.
[0008]
Aluminum-based composite material according to claim 2, in addition to the above structure, the low melting point metal is characterized in that it is contained 5-30%.
[0009]
The production of aluminum-based composite material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein after compression molding a powder of low melting point metal and / or aluminum mixed oxide powder of the low melting point alloy or aluminum alloy, molded from hot Mechanical alloying is applied as the powder mixing means.
[0010]
That is, the method for producing an aluminum-based composite material according to claim 3 includes a low melting point metal composed of Bi, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, or Cd and / or a low melting point alloy oxide powder composed of the low melting point metal. The aluminum or aluminum alloy powder is subjected to mechanical alloying, and the processed powder is compressed to form a green compact, which is then hot-formed.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The production process of the aluminum-based composite material of the present invention will be described. First, aluminum (including an aluminum alloy, the same shall apply hereinafter) powder is produced by a known rapid solidification method, and a low melting point metal and / or a low melting point alloy is prepared. Mix and mix the oxide powder. When wear resistance is required, an aluminum alloy such as an Al—Si based alloy or Al—Cu based alloy is preferred. When high temperature strength is required, an Al—Fe based alloy or the like is preferably selected. .
[0012]
Hard particles such as AlN, SiC, Al 2 O 3 , other nitrides, carbides, oxides, borides, and hard metals can be added to improve wear resistance and also improve slidability Therefore, particles of soft material such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and fluororesin may be added.
[0013]
For the mixing of the powder, it is preferable to apply a mechanical alloying treatment (MA treatment, the same applies hereinafter) in which a ball mill steel ball and raw material powder are filled to perform a milling treatment, and this treatment oxidizes low melting point metals and alloys. The object is crushed between steel balls and pushed into the aluminum powder, facilitating fine and uniform dispersion in the matrix. In some cases, the oxide is reduced during the MA treatment to produce a low melting point metal.
[0014]
The mixed powder after the treatment is then densified according to a powder metallurgical method (PM method) to become an aluminum-based composite material. For densification, known hot pressing and hot processing such as hot extrusion are applied. For example, a mixed powder is filled in an aluminum can and cold pressed to form a green compact, and vacuum degassing is performed. After the treatment, it is heated, preferably hot pressed in a vacuum, and further shaped by hot extrusion.
[0015]
By the above process, in the aluminum matrix, at least one kind of particles of the low melting point metal, the low melting point alloy, and the intermetallic compound of the low melting point metal and aluminum is uniform, fine and A densely dispersed aluminum matrix composite is obtained.
[0016]
Among the low melting point metals applied in the present invention, preferable low melting point metals are Bi, In, Pb, Sb, and Sn, and Cd can also be used suitably. As a preferable low melting point alloy, a Pb—Sn alloy, a Pb—Sn—Sb alloy, a Pb—Sn—Cd alloy, or the like made of these low melting point metals is used. In this case, the particles dispersed in the aluminum matrix include these low melting point metals, alloys of simple substances, and intermetallic compounds of low melting point metals and aluminum, such as AlSb.
[0017]
The content of the low melting point metal with respect to aluminum is preferably in the range of 5 to 30%. If the content of the low melting point metal and the alloy is less than 5%, sufficient cutting properties and slidability cannot be obtained. If the content exceeds 30%, the strength tends to decrease, making it unsuitable for applications that require strength.
[0018]
According to the present invention, it is easy to obtain dispersed particles having an average diameter of 5 μm or less and an average particle interval of 5 μm or less, and an average diameter of 2 μm or less and an average particle interval of 2 μm or less can be obtained. Compared with the method, it is possible to produce a powder compact in which particles of a low melting point metal and alloy are very fine, uniform and densely dispersed in an aluminum matrix.
[0019]
【Example】
Examples of the present invention will be described below.
Example 1
A molten aluminum (purity 99.99%) was rapidly solidified by an air atomization method to obtain an aluminum powder having an average particle size of 20 μm. The aluminum powder was mixed with low melting point metal oxide powder (purity 99.9%) and subjected to MA treatment. The composition of the blended powder is shown in Table 1. Each low melting point metal oxide was blended so that the low melting point metal was reduced during the manufacturing process of the composite material to produce 10% low melting point metal.
[0020]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004008597
[0021]
The MA treatment uses a dry high-energy ball mill (trade name: Attritor, manufactured by Mitsui Miike Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), and 17.5 kg of stainless steel (SUJ-2) balls and raw material powder in a 5 liter tank Was charged for one charge (700 g), methanol was added as an auxiliary to prevent seizure between the balls and the powder, and the mixture was treated in an argon gas atmosphere at an impeller rotation speed of 120 rpm for 30 hours.
[0022]
After MA treatment, the treated powder is filled into A6061 alloy cylindrical cans (outer diameter 33.5 mm, inner diameter 30 mm), and cold pressed (550 MPa, 1 minute) with a 50-ton Amsler universal testing machine. The body. Subsequently, degassing treatment was performed for 1 hour at a temperature of 673 K (however, for test material No. 2 623 K) and a degree of vacuum of 1.33 × 10 −3 to 10 −4 Pa to remove impurities.
[0023]
After the degassing treatment, the can was removed and hot-pressed at a temperature of 673 K and a pressure of 100 MPa. After heating, hot extrusion molding (extrusion ratio 25) was performed with an extrusion press (container inner diameter 30 mm, die hole diameter 7 mm) to produce a rod with a diameter of 7 mm.
[0024]
The obtained bar was subjected to structural observation and X-ray diffraction, a test piece was taken from the bar, and the hardness and tensile strength at normal temperature and high temperature were measured. In addition, the MA treatment material and the hot press material during the manufacturing process were also subjected to structural observation and X-ray diffraction to examine the change state of the oxide of the low melting point metal. These results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
[0025]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004008597
[0026]
As shown in Table 2, the test material No. 1, test material No. In No. 2, Bi and In are respectively confirmed in the matrix at the stage after hot pressing, and the oxides of Bi and In are reduced. Test material No. In No. 3, Pb was confirmed after the MA treatment, and it was confirmed that the oxide of Pb was reduced by Al in the MA stage. Test material No. In No. 4, the formation of the intermetallic compound AlSb produced by the solid-phase reaction was observed after the hot pressing. Test material No. In No. 5, Sn was confirmed at the stage after hot pressing, and it was found that the oxide of Sn was reduced by Al.
[0027]
[Table 3]
Figure 0004008597
[0028]
Test material No. The microstructure of No. 5 final hot extruded material (cross section perpendicular to the extrusion direction) is shown in FIG. As seen in FIG. 1, a powder compact in which AlSb particles having an average diameter of 5 μm or less and an average interval between particles of 5 μm or less are dispersed in an aluminum matrix is obtained.
[0029]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, particles of a low melting point metal or the like dispersed in an aluminum matrix are fine, the degree of dispersion is uniform and dense, excellent in strength characteristics, excellent in wear resistance, slidability, machinability and the like. An aluminum-based composite material that can be expected to have excellent performance and a method for producing the same are provided. The aluminum-based composite material is useful as a sliding material, a bearing material, a VTR cylinder material, and other materials that require the above characteristics by selecting an aluminum alloy base.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph of an extruded cross section when a composite material according to the present invention is produced by hot extrusion.

Claims (3)

アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の粉末成形体からなり、マトリックス中に、Bi、In、Pb、Sb、SnまたはCdからなる低融点金属の粒子、該低融点金属からなる低融点合金の粒子、および前記低融点金属とアルミニウムとの金属間化合物の粒子のうちの少なくとも1種の粒子が微細に分散しており、分散粒子の平均径が5μm以下、平均粒子間隔が5μm以下であることを特徴とするアルミニウム基複合材。A low-melting-point metal particle comprising Bi, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, or Cd, a low-melting-point alloy particle comprising the low-melting- point metal, and a low-melting- point metal particle comprising the powder compact of aluminum or an aluminum alloy An aluminum group characterized in that at least one kind of particles of an intermetallic compound of metal and aluminum is finely dispersed, the average diameter of the dispersed particles is 5 μm or less, and the average particle interval is 5 μm or less. Composite material. 前記低融点金属が5〜30%(質量%、以下同じ)含有されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載のアルミニウム基複合材。 2. The aluminum-based composite material according to claim 1, wherein the low melting point metal is contained in an amount of 5 to 30% ( mass% , the same applies hereinafter). Bi、In、Pb、Sb、SnまたはCdからなる低融点金属および/または該低融点金属からなる低融点合金の酸化物粉末を配合したアルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の粉末にメカニカルアロイング処理を行い、処理された粉末を圧縮して圧粉体を形成した後、熱間で成形加工することを特徴とするアルミニウム基複合材の製造方法。Mechanical alloying treatment is performed on aluminum or aluminum alloy powder containing low melting point metal composed of Bi, In, Pb, Sb, Sn or Cd and / or oxide powder of low melting point alloy composed of the low melting point metal. A method for producing an aluminum-based composite material, wherein the formed powder is compressed to form a green compact, followed by hot forming.
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