[go: up one dir, main page]

JP3969217B2 - Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus - Google Patents

Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP3969217B2
JP3969217B2 JP2002192087A JP2002192087A JP3969217B2 JP 3969217 B2 JP3969217 B2 JP 3969217B2 JP 2002192087 A JP2002192087 A JP 2002192087A JP 2002192087 A JP2002192087 A JP 2002192087A JP 3969217 B2 JP3969217 B2 JP 3969217B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
water
activated carbon
disinfection
chlorination
concentration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2002192087A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2004033846A (en
Inventor
幸次 川上
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fuji Electric Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd filed Critical Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd
Priority to JP2002192087A priority Critical patent/JP3969217B2/en
Publication of JP2004033846A publication Critical patent/JP2004033846A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP3969217B2 publication Critical patent/JP3969217B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Landscapes

  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、浄水場等における水道原水の浄水工程において、塩素消毒により生成する消毒副生成物の濃度を予測し、消毒副生成物の濃度管理を行なう方法及び装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、産業活動による工場廃水等により、河川や湖沼における富栄養化が進行し、水道原水の各種有機物による汚染が顕著となっている。このため、浄水場等で行なわれる塩素消毒によって、塩素と上記の有機物が反応し、発ガン性が疑われているトリハロメタン、ジクロロ酢酸等の消毒副生成物の生成が問題となっている。したがって、浄水場においては、いわゆる消毒副生成物前駆物質となる上記の有機物を反応前に除去することが行なわれている。
【0003】
図4には、上記の有機物除去を行なう従来の浄水場における浄水工程の一例が示されている。
【0004】
図4において、被処理水である河川や湖沼からの水道原水は、まず浄水場に入ってくる原水の量を調節するための着水井10に導入される。ここで、上記の消毒副生成物の生成を低減させるために粉末活性炭を数十mg/L注入する活性炭処理工程S1が行なわれている。これにより、水道原水中の有機物の一部を吸着・除去し、後に注入される塩素と有機物の反応量を抑え、消毒副生成物の生成濃度を低減させることができる。
【0005】
次に、前塩素処理工程S2によって、塩素注入機60から塩素を数mg/L程度となるように着水井10に注入する。なお、この塩素処理は、中間塩素素処理工程S4として、後述の凝集・沈殿工程S3とろ過工程S5との間に行なわれる場合もあり、塩素注入機60により、時期によって前塩素処理工程S2と中間塩素素処理工程S4とが切替え可能となっている。
【0006】
前塩素処理工程S2後の水道原水は、混和池20において原水に凝集剤を注入して迅速に混和を行ない、フロック形成池30において、ゆるやかな攪拌が行なわれて微小なフロック粒子同士が衝突して合体し、大きなフロックが形成される凝集・沈殿工程S3が行なわれる。その後、ろ過池40において、砂ろ過等を用いて凝集・沈殿物をろ過する、ろ過工程S5の後、浄水池50において一時貯水され、その後、使用量に応じた給水が行なわれる。なお、浄水池50においては、給水後の送配水管の末端における残留塩素濃度を確保するために、1〜2mg/L程度の低濃度の塩素を注入する、後塩素処理工程S6が行なわれている。
【0007】
しかしながら、上記の消毒副生成物の生成メカニズムは非常に複雑であり、浄水場出口や給水栓における消毒副生成物の生成濃度を、浄水工程の初期段階で予測、管理することは非常に困難である。このため、上記の従来の活性炭処理工程S1においては、活性炭の注入時期、注入量が明確でないために、活性炭注入は安全を見込んで過剰に注入されており、これによって処理コストが増大するという問題があった。
【0008】
また、上記のように、浄水場では、前塩素処理工程S2と中間塩素処理工程S4とを時期によって切替えることが行なわれている。この場合、通常時期は前塩素処理工程S2を行なうが、水温が上昇して有機物が増加する夏季には中間塩素処理工程S4に切替える。これによって、塩素処理時間を短縮するとともに、凝集・沈殿処理工程S3における有機物の凝集・沈殿効果によって消毒副生成物の生成を減少させることができる。しかし、上記の従来の方法では、浄水場出口における消毒副生成物の生成濃度が正確に予測できなかったので、前塩素処理から中間塩素処理への切替えによる消毒副生成物の低減効果を正確に把握できず、このため変更時期を正確に決定できないという問題点も生じていた。
【0009】
上記の問題に対して、代表的な消毒副生成物の一つであるトリハロメタンについて生成濃度を予測する式が知られており、例えば、浦野ら(水道協会雑誌、No.596、p.27-37、1984)は、トリハロメタンの生成速度式として、(II)式で示す実験式を提案している。
【0010】
【数3】

Figure 0003969217
【0011】
ここで、THMは塩素添加後t時間におけるトリハロメタン生成濃度、pHは試料水の水素イオン濃度指数、TOCは試料水の全有機炭素濃度、Cl2は塩素添加濃度、tは塩素処理時間(塩素接触時間とも呼ぶ)、k,a,m,nは定数である。
【0012】
また、トリハロメタンの生成濃度予測方法として、複数の水質指標の重回帰式を用いる方法も知られている。例えば、(III)式に示す通り、試料水のpH、試料水の水温、塩素処理時間の、3種類の水質指標の重回帰式を用いたTHMの生成予測式が提案されている。
【0013】
【数4】
Figure 0003969217
【0014】
ここで、THMは塩素添加後t時間でのトリハロメタン生成濃度、pHは試料水の水素イオン濃度指数、Tは試料水の水温、tは塩素処理時間、a,bc,dは定数である。
【0015】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記の浦野らの実験式(II)を用いる方法においては、TOCは試料水中の全有機炭素濃度である。しかし、塩素処理時には全て反応してトリハロメタンを生成することはなく、通常はTOCの一部の有機物成分が塩素と反応してトリハロメタンが生成するので、上記(II)式を用いてトリハロメタン生成量を予測する場合は、試料水の水質によってトリハロメタン生成の予測精度が大きく低下する可能性があるという問題があった。
【0016】
また、トリハロメタンの生成濃度予測方法として(III)式を用いた場合、通常、(III)式の定数は、3種類の水質指標、及びトリハロメタンの実測値のデータ組を多数取得し、統計的な手法により求められる。したがって、データ取得した試料水の水質によって、予測濃度が大きく変動しやすく、上記の浦野らの実験式(II)と同様に、試料水である水道原水の水質変動が激しい場合は、トリハロメタン生成の予測精度が大きく低下するという問題があった。
【0017】
更に、上記の(II)式、(III)式を用いた方法は、いずれもトリハロメタン以外の消毒副生成物には適用できない可能性があるという問題もある。消毒副生成物としては、例えばジクロロ酢酸等も生成するが、これらのトリハロメタン以外の消毒副生成物については、生成のメカニズムが未だ不明な点が多く、生成濃度の予測式の検討はほとんど行なわれていない。
【0018】
本発明は、上記従来技術の問題点を鑑みてなされたもので、浄水場等の浄水施設において、水道原水の塩素消毒により生成するトリハロメタン等の消毒副生成物の濃度を、浄水工程の初期段階で精度良く予測し、その消毒副生成物の濃度を管理、低減化するための方法および装置を提供することを目的とする。
【0019】
【課題を解決するための手段】
すなわち、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法の一つは、水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理工程と、前記活性炭処理工程後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理工程とを少なくとも含む水道原水の浄水工程における消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法において、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能と、前記水道原水のpHと、前記水道原水の水温と、前記塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間と、前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率とに基づいて、前記浄水工程により生成する消毒副生成物の予測濃度を算出することを特徴とする。
【0020】
この方法によれば、浄水場等の浄水施設において、水道原水の塩素消毒により生成するトリハロメタン等の消毒副生成物の濃度を、浄水工程の初期段階で精度良く予測できる。したがって、浄水工程後の消毒副生成物の濃度を実測する必要が少なくなるので、浄水工程の管理を効率的に行なうことができる。
【0021】
また、前塩素処理から中間塩素処理への切替えを行なう場合にも、消毒副生成物の低減効果を正確に予測できるので、切替え時期を正確に決定することができる。
【0022】
更に、ジクロロ酢酸のような、トリハロメタン以外の消毒副生成物についても生成濃度を予測することができる。
【0023】
また、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法の他の一つは、水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理工程と、前記活性炭処理工程後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理工程とを少なくとも含む水道原水の浄水工程における消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法において、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能と、前記水道原水のpHと、前記水道原水の水温と、前記塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間と、前記浄水工程により生成する消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度とに基づいて、前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率を算出することを特徴とする。
【0024】
これによれば、消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度に基づいて、あらかじめ活性炭注入率を調整することができるので、浄水工程における消毒副生成物の生成を常時所定の濃度以下に容易に制御することができる。また、最適な活性炭注入量を決定できるので、活性炭処理工程において過剰に活性炭を注入することを防止し、活性炭のコストを低減することができる。
【0025】
本発明の方法においては、前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度の算出、又は前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率の算出を、以下の数式(I)によって行なうことが好ましい。
【0026】
【数5】
Figure 0003969217
【0027】
上記の数式(I)を用いることにより、消毒副生成物の予測濃度、又は活性炭注入率を定量的に予測することができるので、より精度の高い予測が可能となる。
【0028】
一方、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置の一つは、水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理手段と、活性炭処理後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理手段とを少なくとも備える水道原水の浄水施設によって生成する消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置であって、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能を測定するトリハロメタン生成能測定手段と、
前記水道原水のpHを測定するpH測定手段と、
前記水道原水の水温を測定する水温測定手段と、
前記塩素処理手段における塩素処理時間、前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を入力する条件入力手段と、
前記トリハロメタン生成能測定手段、前記pH測定手段、前記水温測定手段、前記条件入力手段からのデータに基づいて前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度を算出する演算手段と、
前記演算手段によって求められた前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度を出力する出力手段とを備えることを特徴とする。
【0029】
本発明の濃度管理装置によれば、浄水場等の浄水施設において、水道原水の塩素消毒により生成するトリハロメタン等の消毒副生成物の濃度を、浄水工程の初期段階で精度良く予測できる。したがって、浄水工程後の消毒副生成物の濃度を実測する必要が少なくなるので、工程管理を効率的に行なうことができる。
【0030】
また、前塩素処理から中間塩素処理への切替えによる消毒副生成物の低減効果を正確に予測できるので、切替え時期を正確に決定することができる。
【0031】
更に、ジクロロ酢酸のような、トリハロメタン以外の消毒副生成物についても生成濃度を予測することができる。
【0032】
また、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置の他の一つは、水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理手段と、活性炭処理後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理手段とを少なくとも備える水道原水の浄水施設によって生成する消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置であって、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能を測定するトリハロメタン生成能測定手段と、
前記水道原水のpHを測定するpH測定手段と、
前記水道原水の水温を測定する水温測定手段と、
前記塩素処理手段における塩素処理時間、前記浄水装置によって生成する消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度を入力する条件入力手段と、
前記トリハロメタン生成能測定手段、前記pH測定手段、前記水温測定手段、前記条件入力手段からのデータに基づいて前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を算出する演算手段と、
前記演算手段によって求められた前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を出力する出力手段とを備えることを特徴とする。
【0033】
これによれば、消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度に基づいて、あらかじめ活性炭注入率を調整することができるので、浄水工程における消毒副生成物の生成を常時所定の濃度以下に容易に制御することができる。また、最適な活性炭注入量を決定できるので、活性炭処理工程において過剰に活性炭を注入することを防止し、活性炭のコストを低減することができる。
【0034】
本発明の濃度管理装置においては、前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度の算出、又は前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率の算出を、以下の数式(I)によって行なうことが好ましい。
【0035】
【数6】
Figure 0003969217
【0036】
上記の数式(I)を用いることにより、消毒副生成物の予測濃度、又は活性炭注入率を定量的に予測することができるので、より精度の高い予測が可能となる。
【0037】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法及び装置に係る一実施形態について説明する。
【0038】
まず、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法について説明すると、本発明においては、水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能と、水道原水のpHと、水道原水の水温と、塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間と、活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率という、5種類の指標に基づいて、浄水工程により生成する消毒副生成物の濃度を予測することを特徴としている。
【0039】
第1の指標であるトリハロメタン生成能とは、水が持つトリハロメタンの潜在的な生成量、即ち、一定の条件下で試料水の塩素処理を行なったときに生成するトリハロメタン量のことを意味し、水中の有機物量を予測する指標となるものである。日本の公定試験法である上水試験方法では、試料水に塩素注入し、水温20℃、pH7の条件で24時間後の残留塩素が1〜2mg/Lとなるサンプルのトリハロメタン生成量を測定することにより得られる。
【0040】
しかしながら、このトリハロメタン生成能はあくまで、上記のような一定条件下での生成量レベルを示すものであり、浄水場においては、水温、pH、塩素処理時間等の要因があるため、実際の消毒副生成物の生成量も大きく変化してしまう。
【0041】
したがって、本発明においては、第1の指標であるトリハロメタン生成能に加えて、第2〜5の指標を組み合わせることによって、予測の精度を向上させるものである。このような第2〜5の指標としては、水道原水のpH、水道原水の水温、塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間、活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率を用いる。これらは、いずれもトリハロメタンなど消毒副生成物の生成に大きく影響を与える指標である。
【0042】
第2の指標である水道原水のpHは従来公知の水素イオン濃度指数であり、pH上昇により、個々の消毒副生成物の生成量は、増加、減少、極大値あるいは極小値を持つなど、様々な傾向を示す。また、第3の指標である水道原水の水温が上昇すると、水中の有機物と塩素の反応速度も上昇するので、消毒副生成物の生成量が増大する。
【0043】
第4の指標である塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間とは、塩素処理工程における塩素注入時から、浄水施設出口あるいは給水栓などの管理地点まで、浄水が流達するのに要する時間を意味し、この塩素処理時間が長い程、有機物と塩素との反応時間が長くなるので消毒副生成物の生成量が増大する。
【0044】
第5の指標となる活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率とは、水1L当たりに投入される粉末活性炭の質量を意味し、通常mg/Lで表わされる。この活性炭注入率が増加すると、水道原水中の有機物の除去率が増加するので、消毒副生成物の生成量が低下する。
【0045】
本発明においては、上記の第1〜5の指標に基づいて、個々の指標と消毒副生成物の生成の関係を予め実験等により関数として求め、これら5種類の指標の関数で表される計算式で算出することが好ましい。これにより、消毒副生成物の濃度を数値化して、精度良く予測することができる。
このような計算式としては、例えば、以下の(I)式が好ましく用いられる。
【0046】
【数7】
Figure 0003969217
【0047】
具体的には、上記の(I)式において、例えば、消毒副生成物がトリハロメタン(THM)、及びジクロロ酢酸(DCA)の場合は、各々以下の(IV)式、(V)式を用いることが好ましい。これにより、個別の消毒副生成物の生成量を定量的に予測することができる。
【0048】
【数8】
Figure 0003969217
【0049】
【数9】
Figure 0003969217
【0050】
ここで、補正係数k,k' は、前記5種類の指標、及びTHM又はDCAの実測値を上記予測式に代入することで求められるパラメータであり、浄水施設における浄水処理の特徴、差異を補正するものである。
【0051】
また、THMFPを除く4種類の指標の各関数における定数は、実験等により導き出される各指標と消毒副生成物の生成濃度との関係から決定される。
【0052】
なお、THM、DCA以外の他の消毒副生成物の予測式も、上記予測式と同様に、5種類の指標との関係から導き出せる関数の積で表される。このような消毒副生成物としては、トリクロロ酢酸、ジクロロアセトニトリル、泡水クロラール等が挙げられる。
【0053】
ここで、本発明においては、THM以外の消毒副生成物の生成濃度の予測式にもトリハロメタン生成能を指標として用いることができる。これは、トリハロメタン生成能が、塩素処理により消毒副生成物が生成する潜在的な有機物量と近似できるためであり、この潜在的な有機物量は個々の消毒副生成物に共通するからである。そして、実際の個々の消毒副生成物の生成濃度は、トリハロメタン生成能以外の4種類の指標との関係で決定される。
【0054】
したがって、ある水道原水において、トリハロメタン生成能(すなわち塩素処理により消毒副生成物が生成する有機物量)が同じであっても、例えばTHMについては水温とpHの影響を受けやすいのに比べ、DCAについては受けにくい。このため、実際に生成してくる濃度への水温とpHの影響は、THMよりDCAの方が小さくなることになる。
【0055】
このような考え方によって、例えば、上記(IV)式および(V)式の予測式を用いることにより、THMやDCAについての個別の消毒副生成物の濃度を、簡単に、かつ定量的に予測することが可能となる。
【0056】
本発明においては、更に、上記5種類以外の指標を用いることもできる。これにより、消毒副生成物の濃度を、更に高精度に予測することができる。このような指標としては、例えば、浄水処理における凝集・沈澱工程における凝集・沈澱効果を表わす係数が挙げられる。この場合、上記の(I)式に凝集・沈澱係数(FL)を加えた以下の(VI)式を用いることができる。
【0057】
【数10】
Figure 0003969217
【0058】
これにより、原水の凝集・沈殿工程におけるトリハロメタン生成能の低減効果が加わるので、更に正確に消毒副生成物濃度を予測することができる。この(VI)式は、特に、前塩素処理から中間塩素処理に切替える際の消毒副生成物濃度の予測に好適に用いることができる。
【0059】
また、本発明においては、上記の予測濃度式に基づいて、逆に必要な活性炭注入率を算出し、これによって、消毒副生成物の濃度を適正に制御することも好ましい。このような算出は、例えば上記の(I)式において目標となる消毒副生成物の濃度を設定し、ここから逆算して活性炭注入率(AC)を算出することにより決定することができる。
【0060】
図1には、上記の濃度管理方法を実施するための装置の一実施態様を示す概略構成図が示されている。
【0061】
この濃度管理装置70は、水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能を測定するトリハロメタン生成能測定手段71と、水道原水のpHを測定するpH測定手段72と、水道原水の水温を測定する水温測定手段73と、塩素処理手段における塩素処理時間、活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率、消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度を入力する条件入力手段74とを備えている。なお、条件入力手段74においては、必要に応じて、塩素処理時間及び活性炭注入率、又は、塩素処理時間及び消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度の2種類の入力データが選択される。
【0062】
更に、上記のトリハロメタン生成能測定手段71、pH測定手段72、水温測定手段73、条件入力手段74から合計5種類のデータを取得して消毒副生成物の予測濃度の算出を行なう演算手段75と、演算手段75によって求められた予測濃度を出力する出力手段76とを備えている。
【0063】
ここで、トリハロメタン生成能測定手段71としては特に限定されず、上記の公定法による、ガスクロマトグラフ(GC)法を用いた測定装置でもよいが、測定時間や手間の点から、例えば、特開平8−105878号公報や、特開平11−352066号公報に開示されているようなトリハロメタン生成能自動分析計を用いて測定することが好ましい。また、pH測定手段72としては従来公知のpH測定計が使用でき、水温測定手段73としても従来公知の温度計が利用でき特に限定されない。
【0064】
また、条件入力手段74としては従来公知の入出力手段が利用できる。これらの入力データとしては、塩素処理時間及び活性炭注入率、又は、塩素処理時間及び消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度をあらかじめ入力しておくことができる。
【0065】
更に、演算手段75、及び出力手段76としては、例えばバーソナルコンピューター等が利用でき特に限定されない。
【0066】
図2には、この濃度管理装置70を用いた、浄水場における消毒副生成物の管理・制御システムの一例が示されている。なお、図2においては、上記の従来技術において説明した図4と同一部分には同符合を付して、その説明を省略することにする。
【0067】
図2に示すように、水道原水は、着水井10において、サンプリング工程S7によって試料水としてサンプリングされ、上記のトリハロメタン生成能測定手段71、pH測定手段72、水温測定手段73によって、トリハロメタン生成能、pH、水温が測定される。また、あらかじめ設定されている浄水条件から、塩素処理時間及び活性炭注入率が、条件入力手段74に入力されている。
【0068】
したがって、この濃度管理装置70の出力手段76によって上記の演算手段75による算出結果が出力され、その結果、水道原水が、前塩素処理工程S2、凝集・沈殿工程S3、ろ過工程S5を経た後の消毒副生成物の濃度を予測できるので、浄水工程の管理を容易に行なうことができる。また、この生成濃度の予測は、トリハロメタンやジクロロ酢酸のように、各物質毎に表示させることができる。
【0069】
また、上記の生成濃度の予測によって、前塩素処理工程S2から中間塩素処理工程S4への切替えを行なう場合には、切替えによる消毒副生成物の生成濃度低減効果を事前に予測でき、この予測結果に基づいて、所望のタイミングで塩素切替え制御手段90によって切替えを行なうことができる。これによって、切替え時期を正確に決定することができる。
【0070】
更に、この濃度管理装置70においては、目標とする消毒副生成物の濃度をあらかじめ入力することにより、活性炭注入率を逆算することもできる。この場合、条件入力手段74に、塩素処理時間及び消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度を入力し、濃度管理装置70の出力手段76から、必要な活性炭注入率を出力する。この出力結果に基づいて、活性炭濃度制御手段80を用いて、活性炭の注入量を制御する。これによって、消毒副生成物の生成濃度を目標濃度に制御することができる。
【0071】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を用いて、本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法及び装置について更に詳細に説明する。なお、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0072】
<実施例>
図1に示した構成の濃度管理装置を用い、図2に示すような浄水工程で水道原水の処理を行ない、上記の(IV)式を用いて、トリハロメタン生成濃度の予測を行なった。
【0073】
【数11】
Figure 0003969217
【0074】
ここで、定数であるa,b,cは、a=0.009、b=4.5×103、c=0.35とした。なお、Tは絶対温度である。
【0075】
次に、実測値として、THMFP計値=150μg/L、T=298K(25℃)、pH=7、t=6時間(前塩素処理)、AC=0mg/L(活性炭注入なし)を得た。この実測値を用いて(IV)式に代入し、補正係数k=82758を得た。
【0076】
ここで、水道原水のTHMFP値は、上記の特開平11―352066号公報に開示されているトリハロメタン生成能計(THMFP計)により測定した値であり、公定値との関係は、およそTHMFP値(公定法値)=(1/3)THMFP計値であるので、実際のTHMFPとしては50μg/Lである。
【0077】
<予測THMと実測THMの相関性>
上記のa=0.009、b=4.5×103、c=0.35、k=82758である(IV)式を用い、水道原水の水温、pH、THMFP、活性炭注入率など処理条件の異なる浄水工程において、予測THM濃度と、実際に公定法などによって求めた実測値との相関性を求めた。その結果を図3に示す。
【0078】
図3からわかるように、実施例における予測値と実測値との間には相関係数R2=0.964と高い相関性があり、実施例の予測式の予測精度が高いことがわかる。
【0079】
<活性炭注入率の試算>
上記の(IV)式を変形して導かれる下記(IV')式によって、以下のように活性炭注入率(AC)を計算した。
【0080】
【数12】
Figure 0003969217
【0081】
浄水工程後の目標THM=25μg/Lに設定した。また、浄水工程の一例として、THMFP計値=100μg/L、T=298K(25℃)、pH=7、t=6時間(前塩素処理)を上記の(IV')式に代入した結果、AC=20mg/Lを得た。
【0082】
したがって、この浄水工程においては、粉末活性炭を20mg/Lを注入すれば、THM濃度を25μg/Lに制御できると試算できた。
【0083】
<前塩素処理から中間塩素処理への切替効果の試算>
中間塩素処理時原水の凝集・沈澱によるTHMFP低減効果係数、すなわち、凝集沈殿係数(FL)を加えた以下の(VII)式を用いて、前塩素処理工程S2から中間塩素処理S4への切替効果の試算を行なった。
【0084】
【数13】
Figure 0003969217
【0085】
(ここで、THMFPはトリハロメタン生成能、ACは活性炭注入率、Tは水温、tは塩素処理時間、FLは凝集沈殿係数、kは補正係数、a,b,cは定数を表わす)
ここで、凝集沈澱後のTHMFP残存率であるFLを0.8とすると、例えば、THMFP計値=100μg/L、T=298K(25℃)、pH=7、AC=0、t=6時間(前塩素処理)の処理条件で、前塩素処理時の生成THM濃度が30μg/Lであるとすると、これを中間塩素処理に切り替えてt=2時間とすると、上記の(VII)式よりTHM=16μg/Lと算出された。
【0086】
したがって、前塩素処理から中間塩素処理への切替えによって、THMは30μg/Lから16μg/L、すなわち、THM低減効果は約47%になると試算できた。
【0087】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明によれば、浄水場等の浄水施設において、水道原水の塩素消毒により生成するトリハロメタン等の消毒副生成物の濃度を、浄水工程の初期段階で精度良く予測し、その消毒副生成物の濃度を管理、低減化するための方法および装置を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置の一実施形態を示す概略構成図である。
【図2】 本発明の消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置を用いた、浄水場における消毒副生成物の管理・制御システムの一実施形態を示す概略構成図である。
【図3】 本発明の実施例におけるTHM濃度の予測値と実測値との相関を示す図表である。
【図4】 従来の浄水工程を示す概略構成図である。
【符号の説明】
10:着水井
20:混和池
30:フロック形成池
40:ろ過池
50:浄水池
60:塩素注入機
70:濃度管理装置
71:トリハロメタン生成能測定手段
72:pH測定手段
73:水温測定手段
74:条件入力手段
75:演算手段
76:出力手段
80:活性炭濃度制御手段
90:塩素切替え制御手段
S1:活性炭処理工程
S2:前塩素処理工程
S3:凝集・沈殿工程
S4:中間塩素処理工程
S5:ろ過工程
S6:後塩素処理工程
S7:サンプリング工程[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for predicting the concentration of disinfection by-products generated by chlorine disinfection in the water purification process of raw tap water at a water purification plant or the like and managing the concentration of disinfection by-products.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, eutrophication in rivers and lakes has progressed due to industrial wastewater and the like due to industrial activities, and contamination by various organic substances in raw water supply has become prominent. For this reason, the chlorine disinfection carried out at a water purification plant or the like causes a reaction between chlorine and the above-mentioned organic matter, and the generation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane and dichloroacetic acid, which are suspected to be carcinogenic, has become a problem. Therefore, in the water purification plant, the above-mentioned organic substances that become so-called disinfection by-product precursors are removed before the reaction.
[0003]
FIG. 4 shows an example of a water purification process in a conventional water purification plant that performs the above organic substance removal.
[0004]
In FIG. 4, raw water from rivers and lakes that are treated water is first introduced into a receiving well 10 for adjusting the amount of raw water entering the water purification plant. Here, in order to reduce the production of the above-mentioned disinfection by-product, an activated carbon treatment step S1 in which several tens mg / L of powdered activated carbon is injected is performed. Thereby, a part of organic substance in tap raw water can be adsorbed and removed, the reaction amount of chlorine and organic substance injected later can be suppressed, and the production concentration of the disinfection by-product can be reduced.
[0005]
Next, chlorine is injected into the landing well 10 from the chlorine injector 60 so as to be about several mg / L in the pre-chlorination treatment step S2. In addition, this chlorination may be performed between the below-described aggregation / precipitation step S3 and the filtration step S5 as the intermediate chlorine treatment step S4. The intermediate chlorine treatment step S4 can be switched.
[0006]
The raw tap water after the pre-chlorination treatment step S2 is rapidly mixed by injecting a flocculant into the raw water in the mixing basin 20, and in the flock formation pond 30, gentle floc particles collide with each other. And agglomeration / precipitation step S3 is performed in which large flocs are formed. Then, after filtration process S5 which filters agglomerate and a sediment using sand filtration etc. in filtration basin 40, it is stored temporarily in clean water basin 50, and water supply according to the amount of use is performed after that. In the water purification tank 50, a post-chlorination treatment step S6 for injecting chlorine at a low concentration of about 1 to 2 mg / L is performed in order to secure the residual chlorine concentration at the end of the transmission and distribution pipe after water supply. Yes.
[0007]
However, the generation mechanism of the above-mentioned disinfection by-products is very complicated, and it is very difficult to predict and control the concentration of disinfection by-products at the water treatment plant outlet and water faucet at the initial stage of the water purification process. is there. For this reason, in the above-mentioned conventional activated carbon treatment step S1, since the injection timing and the injection amount of the activated carbon are not clear, the activated carbon injection is excessively injected in anticipation of safety, thereby increasing the processing cost. was there.
[0008]
In addition, as described above, in the water purification plant, the pre-chlorination treatment step S2 and the intermediate chlorination treatment step S4 are switched depending on the time. In this case, the pre-chlorination process S2 is normally performed, but in the summer when the water temperature rises and the organic matter increases, the process is switched to the intermediate chlorination process S4. As a result, the chlorination time can be shortened, and the generation of disinfection by-products can be reduced by the organic substance aggregation / precipitation effect in the aggregation / precipitation treatment step S3. However, with the conventional method described above, the concentration of disinfection by-products at the water treatment plant outlet could not be accurately predicted, so the effect of reducing disinfection by-products by switching from pre-chlorination to intermediate chlorination was accurately As a result, there was a problem in that it was not possible to grasp, and therefore it was not possible to accurately determine the time of change.
[0009]
For the above problem, a formula for predicting the production concentration of trihalomethane, which is one of typical disinfection by-products, is known. For example, Urano et al. (Water Society Journal, No.596, p.27- 37, 1984) proposed an empirical formula (II) as a formula for the formation rate of trihalomethane.
[0010]
[Equation 3]
Figure 0003969217
[0011]
Here, THM is the trihalomethane production concentration at time t after chlorine addition, pH is the hydrogen ion concentration index of the sample water, TOC is the total organic carbon concentration of the sample water, Cl 2 Is a chlorine addition concentration, t is a chlorine treatment time (also called chlorine contact time), and k, a, m, and n are constants.
[0012]
As a method for predicting the production concentration of trihalomethane, a method using multiple regression equations of a plurality of water quality indexes is also known. For example, as shown in the formula (III), a THM generation prediction formula using a multiple regression formula of three types of water quality indexes, which is the pH of the sample water, the temperature of the sample water, and the chlorination time, has been proposed.
[0013]
[Expression 4]
Figure 0003969217
[0014]
Here, THM is a trihalomethane production concentration at time t after addition of chlorine, pH is a hydrogen ion concentration index of sample water, T is a water temperature of sample water, t is a chlorine treatment time, and a, bc, and d are constants.
[0015]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the method using Urano et al.'S empirical formula (II), TOC is the total organic carbon concentration in the sample water. However, during chlorination, it does not react to produce trihalomethane. Normally, some organic components of TOC react with chlorine to produce trihalomethane, so the amount of trihalomethane produced can be calculated using the above formula (II). In the case of prediction, there is a problem that the prediction accuracy of trihalomethane production may be greatly lowered depending on the quality of the sample water.
[0016]
In addition, when formula (III) is used as a method for predicting the production concentration of trihalomethane, the constants in formula (III) usually obtain a large number of data sets of three types of water quality indicators and measured values of trihalomethane, It is required by the method. Therefore, the predicted concentration is likely to fluctuate greatly depending on the quality of the sample water obtained from the data.Similar to the above empirical formula (II) by Urano et al. There was a problem that the prediction accuracy was greatly reduced.
[0017]
Furthermore, the methods using the above formulas (II) and (III) also have a problem that they may not be applicable to disinfection by-products other than trihalomethane. Disinfection by-products, such as dichloroacetic acid, are also produced, but for these disinfection by-products other than trihalomethane, there are many unclear points about the mechanism of production, and almost no investigation of the prediction formula for the production concentration is performed. Not.
[0018]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and in a water purification facility such as a water purification plant, the concentration of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane produced by chlorine disinfection of raw tap water is determined at the initial stage of the water purification process. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for predicting with high accuracy and managing and reducing the concentration of the disinfection by-product.
[0019]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, one of the concentration control methods of the disinfection by-product of the present invention includes an activated carbon treatment step for removing organic substances in the raw water of the tap water, After the activated carbon treatment process In the concentration control method of the disinfection by-product in the purification process of the raw water of the tap water including at least a chlorination process for sterilizing the raw water of the tap water,
Based on the trihalomethane generating ability of the raw water, the pH of the raw water, the temperature of the raw water, the chlorination time in the chlorination step, and the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step, the water purification step The predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product to be generated is calculated.
[0020]
According to this method, the concentration of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane generated by chlorination of raw water in a water purification facility such as a water purification plant can be accurately predicted at the initial stage of the water purification process. Therefore, since it is less necessary to actually measure the concentration of the disinfection by-product after the water purification process, the water purification process can be managed efficiently.
[0021]
Also, when switching from pre-chlorination to intermediate chlorination, the reduction effect of disinfection by-products can be accurately predicted, so that the switching time can be determined accurately.
[0022]
Furthermore, the production concentration can be predicted for disinfection by-products other than trihalomethane, such as dichloroacetic acid.
[0023]
In addition, another one of the method for controlling the concentration of the disinfection by-product according to the present invention includes an activated carbon treatment step for removing organic substances in raw tap water, After the activated carbon treatment process In the concentration control method of the disinfection by-product in the purification process of the raw water of the tap water including at least a chlorination process for sterilizing the raw water of the tap water,
The trihalomethane generating ability of the raw water, the pH of the raw water, Raw water The activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step is calculated based on the water temperature, the chlorination time in the chlorination step, and the production allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product generated in the water purification step.
[0024]
According to this, since the activated carbon injection rate can be adjusted in advance based on the generation allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product, the generation of the disinfection by-product in the water purification process can always be easily controlled below a predetermined concentration. Can do. In addition, since the optimum activated carbon injection amount can be determined, it is possible to prevent the activated carbon from being excessively injected in the activated carbon treatment step and to reduce the cost of the activated carbon.
[0025]
In the method of the present invention, the calculation of the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or the calculation of the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step is preferably performed by the following formula (I).
[0026]
[Equation 5]
Figure 0003969217
[0027]
By using the above mathematical formula (I), the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or the activated carbon injection rate can be quantitatively predicted, so that more accurate prediction is possible.
[0028]
On the other hand, one of the concentration control devices for disinfection by-products of the present invention is an activated carbon treatment means for removing organic substances in the raw water for water, After activated carbon treatment A concentration management device for disinfection by-products generated by a water purification facility for at least raw water with at least chlorination means for chlorine disinfection of raw water,
A trihalomethane production capacity measuring means for measuring the trihalomethane production capacity of the raw water of the water supply;
PH measuring means for measuring the pH of the raw water for water supply;
Water temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the raw water supply water,
Condition input means for inputting chlorination time in the chlorination means, activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means,
Calculation means for calculating the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product based on data from the trihalomethane production capacity measurement means, the pH measurement means, the water temperature measurement means, and the condition input means;
Output means for outputting the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product obtained by the computing means.
[0029]
According to the concentration management apparatus of the present invention, in a water purification facility such as a water purification plant, the concentration of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane generated by chlorine disinfection of raw water can be accurately predicted at the initial stage of the water purification process. Therefore, since it is not necessary to actually measure the concentration of the disinfection by-product after the water purification process, the process management can be performed efficiently.
[0030]
Moreover, since the reduction effect of the disinfection by-product by switching from the pre-chlorination treatment to the intermediate chlorination treatment can be accurately predicted, the switching time can be accurately determined.
[0031]
Furthermore, the production concentration can be predicted for disinfection by-products other than trihalomethane, such as dichloroacetic acid.
[0032]
In addition, another one of the disinfection by-product concentration management apparatus of the present invention is an activated carbon treatment means for removing organic matter in the raw water of the tap water, After activated carbon treatment A concentration management device for disinfection by-products generated by a water purification facility for at least raw water with at least chlorination means for chlorine disinfection of raw water,
A trihalomethane production capacity measuring means for measuring the trihalomethane production capacity of the raw water of the water supply;
PH measuring means for measuring the pH of the raw water for water supply;
Water temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the raw water supply water,
Condition input means for inputting a chlorination time in the chlorination means, a production allowable concentration of a disinfection by-product generated by the water purifier,
An arithmetic means for calculating an activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means based on data from the trihalomethane production capacity measurement means, the pH measurement means, the water temperature measurement means, and the condition input means;
And an output means for outputting the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means determined by the computing means.
[0033]
According to this, since the activated carbon injection rate can be adjusted in advance based on the generation allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product, the generation of the disinfection by-product in the water purification process can always be easily controlled below a predetermined concentration. Can do. In addition, since the optimum activated carbon injection amount can be determined, it is possible to prevent the activated carbon from being excessively injected in the activated carbon treatment step and to reduce the cost of the activated carbon.
[0034]
In the concentration management apparatus of the present invention, it is preferable to calculate the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or calculate the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step according to the following formula (I).
[0035]
[Formula 6]
Figure 0003969217
[0036]
By using the above mathematical formula (I), the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or the activated carbon injection rate can be quantitatively predicted, so that more accurate prediction is possible.
[0037]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment according to the concentration management method and apparatus for disinfection by-products of the present invention will be described.
[0038]
First, the concentration control method of the disinfection by-product of the present invention will be described. In the present invention, the trihalomethane generating ability of tap raw water, the pH of the tap raw water, the water temperature of the tap raw water, the chlorination time in the chlorination step, The concentration of the disinfection by-product generated by the water purification process is predicted on the basis of five kinds of indexes, namely, the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment process.
[0039]
The first index of trihalomethane production ability means the potential amount of trihalomethane produced by water, that is, the amount of trihalomethane produced when chlorination of sample water is performed under certain conditions. It is an index for predicting the amount of organic matter in water. In the water test method, which is an official test method in Japan, chlorine is injected into sample water, and the amount of trihalomethane produced in a sample in which residual chlorine after 1-2 hours becomes 1 to 2 mg / L under conditions of a water temperature of 20 ° C. and a pH of 7 is measured. Can be obtained.
[0040]
However, this trihalomethane production capacity is only indicative of the production level under certain conditions as described above. In water purification plants, there are factors such as water temperature, pH, and chlorination time. The production amount of the product also changes greatly.
[0041]
Therefore, in the present invention, the accuracy of prediction is improved by combining the second to fifth indices in addition to the trihalomethane generating ability that is the first index. As such 2nd to 5th indicators, the pH of raw tap water, the temperature of raw tap water, the chlorination time in the chlorination step, and the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon step are used. These are all indicators that greatly affect the production of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes.
[0042]
The pH of raw water as the second index is a conventionally known hydrogen ion concentration index, and as the pH rises, the amount of individual disinfection by-products increases, decreases, has a maximum value or a minimum value, etc. Show a trend. In addition, when the water temperature of the tap raw water, which is the third index, increases, the reaction rate between organic substances in water and chlorine also increases, so that the amount of disinfection by-products increases.
[0043]
The chlorination time in the chlorination process, which is the fourth index, means the time required for clean water to flow from the time of chlorine injection in the chlorination process to the management point such as the outlet of the water purification facility or the water tap. The longer the chlorination time, the longer the reaction time between the organic substance and chlorine, and thus the amount of disinfection by-product increases.
[0044]
The activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step serving as the fifth index means the mass of powdered activated carbon introduced per 1 L of water, and is usually expressed in mg / L. When the activated carbon injection rate increases, the removal rate of organic substances in the raw water for tap water increases, so that the amount of disinfection by-products decreases.
[0045]
In the present invention, based on the above first to fifth indexes, the relationship between the generation of individual indexes and disinfection by-products is obtained in advance as a function by experiment or the like, and the calculation represented by the function of these five types of indexes. It is preferable to calculate using an equation. Thereby, the density | concentration of disinfection by-product can be digitized and can be estimated accurately.
As such a calculation formula, for example, the following formula (I) is preferably used.
[0046]
[Expression 7]
Figure 0003969217
[0047]
Specifically, in the above formula (I), for example, when the disinfection by-product is trihalomethane (THM) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), use the following formulas (IV) and (V) respectively. Is preferred. Thereby, the production amount of individual disinfection by-products can be predicted quantitatively.
[0048]
[Equation 8]
Figure 0003969217
[0049]
[Equation 9]
Figure 0003969217
[0050]
Here, the correction coefficients k and k ′ are parameters obtained by substituting the five types of indicators and the measured values of THM or DCA into the prediction formula, and correct the characteristics and differences of the water purification treatment in the water purification facility. To do.
[0051]
In addition, the constants in the functions of the four types of indices excluding THMFP are determined from the relationship between the indices derived from experiments and the production concentration of the disinfection by-product.
[0052]
In addition, the prediction formula of disinfection by-products other than THM and DCA is also expressed by the product of functions that can be derived from the relationship with the five types of indices, similarly to the prediction formula. Examples of such disinfection by-products include trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetonitrile, foamed water chloral and the like.
[0053]
Here, in the present invention, the trihalomethane production ability can be used as an index also in the prediction formula for the production concentration of disinfection by-products other than THM. This is because the trihalomethane generating ability can be approximated to the amount of potential organic matter produced by disinfection byproducts by chlorination, and this potential amount of organic matter is common to individual disinfection byproducts. The actual concentration of each disinfection by-product is determined in relation to four types of indicators other than trihalomethane production ability.
[0054]
Therefore, even if the water capacity of trihalomethane (that is, the amount of organic matter produced by disinfection by-products by chlorination) is the same in a certain raw water, for example, THM is more susceptible to water temperature and pH than DCA. Is hard to receive. For this reason, the influence of the water temperature and pH on the concentration actually generated is smaller in DCA than in THM.
[0055]
By such a way of thinking, for example, by using the prediction formulas of the above formulas (IV) and (V), the concentration of individual disinfection byproducts for THM and DCA can be easily and quantitatively predicted. It becomes possible.
[0056]
In the present invention, indicators other than the above five types can also be used. Thereby, the density | concentration of disinfection by-product can be estimated with higher precision. As such an index, for example, a coefficient representing an agglomeration / precipitation effect in the agglomeration / precipitation step in water purification treatment can be mentioned. In this case, the following formula (VI) obtained by adding the aggregation / precipitation coefficient (FL) to the above formula (I) can be used.
[0057]
[Expression 10]
Figure 0003969217
[0058]
Thereby, since the reduction effect of the trihalomethane production | generation ability in the aggregation / precipitation process of raw | natural water is added, disinfection by-product density | concentration can be estimated more correctly. This formula (VI) can be suitably used for prediction of the disinfection by-product concentration particularly when switching from pre-chlorination to intermediate chlorination.
[0059]
In the present invention, it is also preferable to calculate the necessary activated carbon injection rate on the basis of the above predicted concentration formula, thereby appropriately controlling the concentration of the disinfection by-product. Such calculation can be determined, for example, by setting the target concentration of the disinfection by-product in the above formula (I) and calculating the activated carbon injection rate (AC) by calculating backward from this.
[0060]
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an apparatus for carrying out the above-described concentration management method.
[0061]
The concentration management device 70 includes a trihalomethane generating ability measuring means 71 for measuring the trihalomethane generating ability of tap raw water, a pH measuring means 72 for measuring the pH of the tap raw water, a water temperature measuring means 73 for measuring the water temperature of the tap raw water, Condition input means 74 for inputting the chlorine treatment time in the chlorine treatment means, the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means, and the generation allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product. In the condition input means 74, two types of input data of chlorination time and activated carbon injection rate, or chlorination time and disinfection by-product production allowable concentration are selected as necessary.
[0062]
Furthermore, a calculation unit 75 that obtains a total of five types of data from the trihalomethane production capacity measurement unit 71, pH measurement unit 72, water temperature measurement unit 73, and condition input unit 74 and calculates the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product. Output means 76 for outputting the predicted density obtained by the computing means 75.
[0063]
Here, the trihalomethane producing ability measuring means 71 is not particularly limited, and may be a measuring apparatus using the gas chromatograph (GC) method according to the official method described above. It is preferable to perform measurement using an automatic analyzer for trihalomethane production ability as disclosed in JP-A-105878 and JP-A-11-352066. Further, a conventionally known pH meter can be used as the pH measuring means 72, and a conventionally known thermometer can be used as the water temperature measuring means 73, and is not particularly limited.
[0064]
As the condition input means 74, a conventionally known input / output means can be used. As these input data, the chlorination time and the activated carbon injection rate, or the chlorination time and the production allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product can be input in advance.
[0065]
Furthermore, as the calculation means 75 and the output means 76, for example, a vernal computer can be used and is not particularly limited.
[0066]
FIG. 2 shows an example of a disinfection by-product management / control system in a water purification plant using this concentration management device 70. In FIG. 2, the same parts as those in FIG. 4 described in the above prior art are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof is omitted.
[0067]
As shown in FIG. 2, the tap water is sampled as sample water by the sampling step S7 in the landing well 10, and the trihalomethane production capacity measurement means 71, the pH measurement means 72, and the water temperature measurement means 73 perform the trihalomethane production capacity, pH and water temperature are measured. Further, the chlorination time and the activated carbon injection rate are input to the condition input means 74 from preset water purification conditions.
[0068]
Therefore, the output means 76 of the concentration management device 70 outputs the calculation result by the calculation means 75, and as a result, the raw water supply has undergone the pre-chlorination process S2, the coagulation / precipitation process S3, and the filtration process S5. Since the concentration of the disinfection by-product can be predicted, the water purification process can be easily managed. Moreover, the prediction of this production | generation density | concentration can be displayed for every substance like trihalomethane and dichloroacetic acid.
[0069]
In addition, when switching from the pre-chlorination process S2 to the intermediate chlorination process S4 by the above-described prediction of the production concentration, the effect of reducing the production concentration of the disinfection by-product by the switching can be predicted in advance, and this prediction result On the basis of the above, switching can be performed by the chlorine switching control means 90 at a desired timing. As a result, the switching time can be accurately determined.
[0070]
Further, in this concentration management device 70, the activated carbon injection rate can be calculated backward by inputting the target concentration of the disinfection by-product in advance. In this case, the chlorination time and the production allowable concentration of the disinfection by-product are input to the condition input unit 74, and the necessary activated carbon injection rate is output from the output unit 76 of the concentration management device 70. Based on this output result, the activated carbon concentration control means 80 is used to control the injection amount of the activated carbon. Thereby, the production concentration of the disinfection by-product can be controlled to the target concentration.
[0071]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the concentration management method and apparatus for disinfection by-products of the present invention will be described in more detail using examples. In addition, this invention is not limited to a following example.
[0072]
<Example>
Using the concentration management apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the raw water was treated in the water purification process as shown in FIG. 2, and the trihalomethane production concentration was predicted using the above formula (IV).
[0073]
[Expression 11]
Figure 0003969217
[0074]
Here, the constants a, b, and c are a = 0.0009 and b = 4.5 × 10. Three C = 0.35. T is an absolute temperature.
[0075]
Next, as measured values, THM meter value = 150 μg / L, T = 298K (25 ° C.), pH = 7, t = 6 hours (pre-chlorination), AC = 0 mg / L (no activated carbon injection) were obtained. . Using this actually measured value, it was substituted into the formula (IV) to obtain a correction coefficient k = 82758.
[0076]
Here, the THMFP value of the raw water supply is a value measured by the trihalomethane production capacity meter (THMFP meter) disclosed in the above-mentioned JP-A-11-352066, and the relationship with the official value is approximately THMFP value ( (Official method value) = (1/3) THM meter value, so that the actual THMFP is 50 μg / L.
[0077]
<Correlation between predicted THM and measured THM>
A = 0.0009, b = 4.5 × 10 Three , C = 0.35, k = 82758, using formula (IV), in the water purification process with different treatment conditions such as water temperature, pH, THMFP and activated carbon injection rate of raw water, the predicted THM concentration and the actual official method etc. Correlation with the measured value obtained by the above was obtained. The result is shown in FIG.
[0078]
As can be seen from FIG. 3, there is a correlation coefficient R between the predicted value and the actually measured value in the embodiment. 2 = 0.964 and there is a high correlation, it can be seen that the prediction accuracy of the prediction formula of the embodiment is high.
[0079]
<Calculation of activated carbon injection rate>
The activated carbon injection rate (AC) was calculated as follows according to the following formula (IV ′) derived by modifying the above formula (IV).
[0080]
[Expression 12]
Figure 0003969217
[0081]
The target THM after the water purification process was set to 25 μg / L. Moreover, as an example of the water purification process, the result of substituting THM meter value = 100 μg / L, T = 298K (25 ° C.), pH = 7, t = 6 hours (pre-chlorination) into the above formula (IV ′), AC = 20 mg / L was obtained.
[0082]
Therefore, in this water purification process, if 20 mg / L of powdered activated carbon was injected, it was estimated that the THM concentration could be controlled to 25 μg / L.
[0083]
<Estimated switching effect from pre-chlorination to intermediate chlorination>
Switching effect from pre-chlorination step S2 to intermediate chlorination step S4 using the following equation (VII) with the addition of the THMFP reduction effect factor by aggregation / precipitation of raw water during intermediate chlorination, that is, the aggregation precipitation factor (FL) Was calculated.
[0084]
[Formula 13]
Figure 0003969217
[0085]
(Where THMFP is the trihalomethane production capacity, AC is the activated carbon injection rate, T is the water temperature, t is the chlorination time, FL is the coagulation precipitation coefficient, k is the correction coefficient, and a, b, and c are constants)
Here, assuming that FL, which is the THMFP remaining rate after aggregation precipitation, is 0.8, for example, THM meter value = 100 μg / L, T = 298 K (25 ° C.), pH = 7, AC = 0, t = 6 hours If the generated THM concentration at the time of pre-chlorination is 30 μg / L under the pre-chlorination treatment conditions, this is switched to intermediate chlorination and t = 2 hours. From the above formula (VII), THM = 16 μg / L.
[0086]
Therefore, THM was estimated to be 30 μg / L to 16 μg / L by switching from pre-chlorination to intermediate chlorination, that is, the THM reduction effect was about 47%.
[0087]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, in a water purification facility such as a water purification plant, the concentration of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethane produced by chlorination of raw water is accurately predicted at the initial stage of the water purification process, A method and apparatus for managing and reducing the concentration of the disinfection by-product can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an embodiment of a concentration management apparatus for disinfection by-products of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of a disinfection by-product management / control system in a water purification plant using the disinfection by-product concentration management apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a chart showing a correlation between a predicted value of THM concentration and an actual measurement value in an example of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a conventional water purification process.
[Explanation of symbols]
10: Landing well
20: Mixing pond
30: Flock formation pond
40: Filtration pond
50: Clean water pond
60: Chlorine injector
70: Concentration management device
71: Means for measuring trihalomethane production ability
72: pH measurement means
73: Water temperature measuring means
74: Condition input means
75: Calculation means
76: Output means
80: Activated carbon concentration control means
90: Chlorine switching control means
S1: Activated carbon treatment process
S2: Pre-chlorination process
S3: Aggregation / precipitation process
S4: Intermediate chlorination process
S5: Filtration process
S6: Post-chlorination process
S7: Sampling process

Claims (6)

水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理工程と、前記活性炭処理工程後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理工程とを少なくとも含む水道原水の浄水工程における消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法において、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能と、前記水道原水のpHと、前記水道原水の水温と、前記塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間と、前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率とに基づいて、前記浄水工程により生成する消毒副生成物の予測濃度を算出することを特徴とする消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法。
Disinfection by-product concentration control method in water purification process of raw tap water including at least an activated carbon treatment step for removing organic substances in raw tap water and a chlorination step for chlorination of raw tap water after the activated carbon treatment step In
Based on the trihalomethane generating ability of the raw water, the pH of the raw water, the temperature of the raw water, the chlorination time in the chlorination step, and the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step, the water purification step A concentration management method for disinfection by-products, characterized by calculating a predicted concentration of disinfection by-products to be generated.
水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理工程と、前記活性炭処理工程後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理工程とを少なくとも含む水道原水の浄水工程における消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法において、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能と、前記水道原水のpHと、前記水道原水の水温と、前記塩素処理工程における塩素処理時間と、前記浄水工程により生成する消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度とに基づいて、前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率を算出することを特徴とする消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法。
Disinfection by-product concentration control method in water purification process of raw tap water including at least an activated carbon treatment step for removing organic substances in raw tap water and a chlorination step for chlorination of raw tap water after the activated carbon treatment step In
Based on the trihalomethane generating ability of the raw water, the pH of the raw water, the temperature of the raw water, the chlorination time in the chlorination process, and the permissible concentration of disinfection by-products generated by the water purification process The concentration control method of the disinfection by-product characterized by calculating the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step.
前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度の算出、又は前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率の算出を、以下の数式(I)によって行なう請求項1又は2記載の消毒副生成物の濃度管理方法。
Figure 0003969217
The concentration control method of the disinfection by-product according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the calculation of the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or the calculation of the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step is performed according to the following formula (I).
Figure 0003969217
水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理手段と、活性炭処理後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理手段とを少なくとも備える水道原水の浄水施設によって生成する消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置であって、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能を測定するトリハロメタン生成能測定手段と、
前記水道原水のpHを測定するpH測定手段と、
前記水道原水の水温を測定する水温測定手段と、
前記塩素処理手段における塩素処理時間、前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を入力する条件入力手段と、
前記トリハロメタン生成能測定手段、前記pH測定手段、前記水温測定手段、前記条件入力手段からのデータに基づいて前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度を算出する演算手段と、
前記演算手段によって求められた前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度を出力する出力手段とを備えることを特徴とする消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置。
Disinfection by-product concentration control device generated by a water purification facility for at least a source of tap water comprising at least an activated carbon treatment unit for removing organic substances in the source water and a chlorination unit for chlorination of the tap water after activated carbon treatment. Because
A trihalomethane production capacity measuring means for measuring the trihalomethane production capacity of the raw water of the water supply;
PH measuring means for measuring the pH of the raw water for water supply;
Water temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the raw water supply water,
Condition input means for inputting chlorination time in the chlorination means, activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means,
Calculation means for calculating the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product based on data from the trihalomethane production capacity measurement means, the pH measurement means, the water temperature measurement means, and the condition input means;
An sterilization by-product concentration management apparatus comprising: output means for outputting a predicted concentration of the sterilization by-product obtained by the computing means.
水道原水中の有機物を除去するための活性炭処理手段と、活性炭処理後の水道原水を塩素消毒するための塩素処理手段とを少なくとも備える水道原水の浄水施設によって生成する消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置であって、
前記水道原水のトリハロメタン生成能を測定するトリハロメタン生成能測定手段と、
前記水道原水のpHを測定するpH測定手段と、
前記水道原水の水温を測定する水温測定手段と、
前記塩素処理手段における塩素処理時間、前記浄水装置によって生成する消毒副生成物の生成許容濃度を入力する条件入力手段と、
前記トリハロメタン生成能測定手段、前記pH測定手段、前記水温測定手段、前記条件入力手段からのデータに基づいて前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を算出する演算手段と、
前記演算手段によって求められた前記活性炭処理手段における活性炭注入率を出力する出力手段とを備えることを特徴とする消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置。
Disinfection by-product concentration control device generated by a water purification facility for at least a source of tap water comprising at least an activated carbon treatment unit for removing organic substances in the source water and a chlorination unit for chlorination of the tap water after activated carbon treatment. Because
A trihalomethane production capacity measuring means for measuring the trihalomethane production capacity of the raw water of the water supply;
PH measuring means for measuring the pH of the raw water for water supply;
Water temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the raw water supply water,
Condition input means for inputting a chlorination time in the chlorination means, a production allowable concentration of a disinfection by-product generated by the water purifier,
An arithmetic means for calculating an activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means based on data from the trihalomethane production capacity measurement means, the pH measurement means, the water temperature measurement means, and the condition input means;
An sterilization by-product concentration management apparatus comprising: output means for outputting an activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment means determined by the calculation means.
前記消毒副生成物の予測濃度の算出、又は前記活性炭処理工程における活性炭注入率の算出を、以下の数式(I)によって行なう請求項4又は5記載の消毒副生成物の濃度管理装置。
Figure 0003969217
6. The concentration management apparatus for disinfection by-products according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the calculation of the predicted concentration of the disinfection by-product or the calculation of the activated carbon injection rate in the activated carbon treatment step is performed according to the following formula (I).
Figure 0003969217
JP2002192087A 2002-07-01 2002-07-01 Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus Expired - Fee Related JP3969217B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002192087A JP3969217B2 (en) 2002-07-01 2002-07-01 Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002192087A JP3969217B2 (en) 2002-07-01 2002-07-01 Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2004033846A JP2004033846A (en) 2004-02-05
JP3969217B2 true JP3969217B2 (en) 2007-09-05

Family

ID=31701476

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2002192087A Expired - Fee Related JP3969217B2 (en) 2002-07-01 2002-07-01 Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP3969217B2 (en)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4978002B2 (en) * 2005-12-07 2012-07-18 Jfeエンジニアリング株式会社 Ballast water treatment method
JP4982114B2 (en) * 2006-06-08 2012-07-25 株式会社東芝 Water treatment control device
KR100919919B1 (en) * 2007-09-10 2009-10-07 한국건설기술연구원 Real-time trihalo methane production and haloacetic acid production monitoring method and system in water treatment process
JP7258606B2 (en) * 2019-03-06 2023-04-17 株式会社東芝 Control device, control method and computer program
CN111807558A (en) * 2020-07-23 2020-10-23 上海城市水资源开发利用国家工程中心有限公司 A multi-point chlorination process for drinking water
JP2023184092A (en) * 2022-06-17 2023-12-28 株式会社東芝 Water treatment systems, water treatment methods, and programs
CN119059521B (en) * 2024-07-29 2025-05-13 深圳大学 A method for controlling halogenated disinfection byproducts in water with high efficiency and low energy consumption

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2004033846A (en) 2004-02-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4230787B2 (en) Flocculant injection control device
US20240343611A1 (en) Methods for dynamically varying chemical additive flowrate to treat wastewater in real time and systems for performing the same
WO2014006129A1 (en) Determination of a conversion factor relating the conductivity and the hardness of water
CN103889900A (en) Medicine injection control method and medicine injection control device
JP3969217B2 (en) Disinfection by-product concentration control method and apparatus
JP2008161809A (en) Flocculant injection control system
JP4145717B2 (en) Water quality monitoring and control system
CN118843605A (en) Water treatment control system and control method of water treatment device
JP4071519B2 (en) Flocculant injection control device for water purification plant
JP5072382B2 (en) Flocculant injection control device
JP2011101828A (en) Water treatment chemical injection control system
CN112573641B (en) A method and device for determining the amount of sewage treatment
JP4746385B2 (en) Flocculant injection control device applied to water treatment plant
JP5769300B2 (en) Flocculant injection amount determination device and flocculant injection amount control system
JP4248043B2 (en) Biological phosphorus removal equipment
JPH08323394A (en) Diagnosis method of intermittent aeration type activated sludge tank.
JP2000246259A (en) Water treatment equipment
JP5449072B2 (en) COD concentration simulation method and apparatus in biological aerobic treatment of aquatic water
KR101043521B1 (en) Total Chlorine Input Rate Calculation System and Method
JP7721329B2 (en) Powdered activated carbon injection control system, powdered activated carbon injection control method, powdered activated carbon injection control device, and program
JP4026057B2 (en) Water quality simulation equipment
JP4318491B2 (en) Phosphorus removal method
JP2000214915A (en) Plant monitoring equipment
JPH11319797A (en) Mixed treatment water quality controller and its control
JP2003080281A (en) Method and program for estimating microorganism activity, biological treatment method using the same, and computer readable recording medium

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
RD02 Notification of acceptance of power of attorney

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7422

Effective date: 20040729

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20041115

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20070125

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20070220

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20070412

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20070515

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20070528

R150 Certificate of patent or registration of utility model

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

Ref document number: 3969217

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100615

Year of fee payment: 3

S111 Request for change of ownership or part of ownership

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313113

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100615

Year of fee payment: 3

R350 Written notification of registration of transfer

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350

S111 Request for change of ownership or part of ownership

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313111

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100615

Year of fee payment: 3

R350 Written notification of registration of transfer

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100615

Year of fee payment: 3

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110615

Year of fee payment: 4

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110615

Year of fee payment: 4

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120615

Year of fee payment: 5

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120615

Year of fee payment: 5

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130615

Year of fee payment: 6

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees