JP3944972B2 - COLOR TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LIGHTING DEVICE AND SLEEPING DEVICE, WAKE UP DEVICE, AND SLEEP Awakening Device Using The Same - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention improves or maintains the arousal level in a work state in which the arousal level of the human must be maintained, for example, desk work, office work, driver, factory machine monitoring, and nuclear power station central monitoring work. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a color temperature control lighting device and an awakening device using the same. In contrast, the present invention relates to a color temperature control lighting device for inducing a state of high arousal from a low state, for example, a relaxed state, and a sleep device using the same. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a sleep / wake-up device for guiding a user from a sleeping state to a sleeping state and from a sleeping state to a sleeping state.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Most of the conventional lighting is a lighting device for ensuring working brightness, and as a lighting device for increasing the arousal level, as shown in JP-A-4-4506, the awakening level is increased by a constant illuminance. was there. Further, as an illuminating device that changes the color temperature, as shown in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-205881, an illuminating device that controls the color temperature by adjusting the dimming levels using two different color light sources, etc. was there. Further, as a technique for changing the color temperature to increase the arousal level or to relax, a plant using a lighting device comprising a light source capable of controlling the color temperature as shown in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-258868 is used. The light emission color temperature is changed depending on the state of the plant, and a moderate tension is given to the plant operator, or the tension is relieved, as shown in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 5-11397. By providing a fluorescent lamp and a switch, it is possible to achieve high illuminance and high color temperature when workability is important, and low illuminance and low color temperature when relaxation and comfort are required. In some cases, the lighting space can be easily set according to the purpose.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the conventional lighting device for ensuring the brightness for work, it is possible to perform simple work or a time zone in which the arousal level decreases due to a biological rhythm (for example, from 1 pm to 4 pm, from 3 am to 3 am At about 5 o'clock, etc., the arousal level may be reduced, work performance may be reduced, and mistakes leading to accidents may occur. On the other hand, there arises a problem that when the user wants to relax before going to bed at night, he / she cannot relax, or disturbs sleep at night.
[0004]
In addition, it is known that the color temperature environment surrounding human beings affects biological rhythm and arousal level. In low color temperature environment, it has a relaxation effect, and in high color temperature environment, it has the effect of increasing arousal level. However, in a conventional lighting device that realizes a high color temperature environment to increase tension and arousal level, and a low color temperature environment to give relaxation, relaxation, and peace of mind, it remains constant after the color temperature changes once For example, immediately after changing to a high color temperature environment, the tension and arousal level increase, but chromatic adaptation occurs with the passage of time, and after 5 to 6 minutes, the color temperature has an effect. There is a problem of fading.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described conventional example, and by changing the color temperature one after another before human chromatic adaptation occurs, the arousal level is increased, or the human body is relaxed or promptly falls asleep. It is an object of the present invention to provide a color temperature control lighting device that can be used, a sleep device, a wake-up device, and a sleep-wake device using the same.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, the color temperature control lighting device according to the present invention alternately generates a low color temperature of 3000K or less and a medium color temperature of 4000K, and the generated time interval is more than humans cause color adaptation. with even a short time interval, it performs a medium color temperature phase suddenly changes to low color temperature stage, the change to the medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature stage a low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time gradually it has lines, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature stage, as characterized by the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a low color temperature phase again In addition, in order to quickly put a user to sleep by using this color temperature control lighting device, a low color temperature of 3000K or less and a medium color temperature of 4000K, which have a relaxing effect, are alternately generated, and the time interval for generating them is generated. Than humans cause chromatic adaptation Gradually with conducted from the intermediate color temperature phase suddenly changes to low color temperature stage, the change to the medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature stage a low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time and shorter time interval there line to, in the absence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature phase and constitutes a falling asleep apparatus to rapidly line Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a low color temperature phase again With such a configuration, it is possible to prevent a chromatic adaptation from occurring due to the relaxing effect of low color temperature and the repeated effect, and to obtain a relaxing effect and a sleeping effect. That is, in order to make the user feel more relaxed, as shown in FIG. 6, by making a sudden change from the middle color temperature period to the low color temperature period, the user is made aware that the color temperature has changed low, By maintaining the low color temperature period for a predetermined time and then gradually changing from the low color temperature period to the middle color temperature period, it is possible to feel only when the color temperature is low and prevent familiarity. And be able to stay relaxed.
[0007]
The color temperature control lighting device according to the invention, alternately to generate a color temperature in the more high color temperature and 4000K 6700K, in a short time interval than causing the time interval for the occurrence of human chromatic adaptation with certain, rapidly performs a change to the high color temperature period from mid color temperature phase, it has gradually row changes to medium color temperature phase high color temperature phase from the high color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, medium without the presence of much time medium color temperature phase and reaches the color temperature phase are characterized in that the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase again, also, the color In order to quickly awaken the user using the temperature-controlled lighting device, a high color temperature of 6700K or higher and a medium color temperature of 4000K having an awakening effect are alternately generated, and the generated time interval allows the human to adapt to the color. as well as a short time interval than the cause Rapidly perform a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature stage, gradually have line changes to medium color temperature phase high color temperature phase from the high color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, the medium color temperature phase to without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage is reached, and characterized by being configured to awake apparatus to rapidly line Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase again, thus Since the high color temperature is given at a time interval where humans do not cause chromatic adaptation, the chromatic adaptation is prevented from occurring due to the awakening effect of the high color temperature and its repeated effect, and the degree of arousal and tension Can be maintained. That is, when the user's tension and arousal level are further increased, as shown in FIG. 7, the color temperature has changed to a high level by making a sudden change from the middle color temperature period to the high color temperature period. It is desirable to gradually change from the high color temperature period to the medium color temperature period after maintaining the high color temperature period for a predetermined time, and in this case, only when the color temperature becomes high. It can be made to feel and prevent habituation, and a more awakening effect can be expected.
[0008]
The sleep-awake device according to the invention described in claim 5 is a color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates a low color temperature and a medium color temperature at a time interval shorter than that in which human causes chromatic adaptation, and a human performs chromatic adaptation. A color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates a high color temperature and a medium color temperature at a time interval shorter than the waking time, and a sleep switch 7 that promptly puts the user to sleep and an alert switch 8 that promptly wakes the user with the door, the person if you choose sleep onset switch 7 to generate alternately the color temperature among the following low color temperature and 4000K 3000K with relaxing effect in a short time interval than cause color adaptation, medium color rapidly perform the change to a low color temperature stage a temperature stage, have gradually row changes to medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature period after maintaining low color temperature stage predetermined time, it reaches a middle color temperature phase Then medium color temperature Without the presence of much time, and from the intermediate color temperature phase to abruptly line changes to low color temperature phase Migihitsuji again, during a time shorter than humans If you selected wake switch 8 causes chromatic adaptation interval A high color temperature of 6700K or higher, which has an awakening effect, and a medium color temperature of 4000K are alternately generated, and the transition from the medium color temperature period to the high color temperature period is performed abruptly to maintain the high color temperature period for a predetermined time. later high color gradually have line changes to medium color temperature stage a temperature phase, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature life, high color temperature period from mid color temperature phase again and characterized in that the rapid row Migihitsuji changes to, with such a structure, so that the awakening effect and relaxation effect by the switching of the switch is obtained by selecting.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an example of an embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 3 shows an example of the color temperature control lighting device 6. The cycle control unit 3 determines the color temperature based on the set cycle and sends a signal to the color temperature control unit 4. The color temperature control unit 4 determines the outputs of two light sources having different color temperatures, ie, a low color temperature light source 1 (3000 K (Kelvin) or less) and a high color temperature light source 2 (6700 K or more), and controls each of the dimming lights. The apparatus 5 adjusts from a low color temperature of 3000K or lower to a high color temperature of 6700K or higher.
[0010]
When the color temperature control lighting device 6 is used as a sleep device, as shown in FIG. 1 (reference diagram), a low color temperature is generated from time t1 → t2, and a medium color temperature is generated from time t2 → t3. These are switched alternately, and the switching time interval is set to be shorter than the time when humans cause chromatic adaptation. On the other hand, when the color temperature control lighting device 6 is used as a wake-up device, as shown in FIG. 2 (reference diagram), a high color temperature is generated from time t1 → t2, and the medium color temperature is changed from time t2 → t3. These are generated and switched alternately, and the time interval for switching is set to a time interval shorter than that in which human chromatic adaptation occurs.
[0011]
Here, although the time interval at which humans cause chromatic adaptation varies depending on individuals, it is said to be about 8 to 10 minutes, and the effect of changing the color temperature is 2 to 5 minutes later. It is said that it appears most frequently, and color adaptation occurs thereafter, and the effect of changes in color temperature is gradually reduced. Accordingly, the time interval shorter than that in which human chromatic adaptation occurs is preferably within 5 minutes, and a low color temperature and a medium color temperature may be alternately generated within 5 minutes.
[0012]
Thus, by using the sleep device to generate a relaxing low color temperature and a medium color temperature alternately, the user can be relaxed, relaxed and relaxed, and humans can change the color. By performing the time interval shorter than the time of adaptation (for example, the generation period of medium color temperature is 3 minutes and the generation period of low color temperature is 5 minutes), the relaxation effect and the sleep effect are enhanced. Even from a high state, it can be induced to a relaxed state or a sleep state. Especially when used in a time zone where you want to relax after bathing and before sleep, low color temperature light is given at a time interval where humans do not cause chromatic adaptation. It is possible to lower the arousal level without causing a sensation, to relax, and to fall asleep.
[0013]
On the other hand, when the user is awakened, by using the awakening device, a high color temperature having an awakening effect and an intermediate color temperature are alternately realized, thereby increasing the tension and the arousal level. In addition, when the switching is performed at a time interval shorter than human chromatic adaptation (for example, the high color temperature generation period is 3 minutes and the medium color temperature generation period is 5 minutes), the awakening effect is further enhanced and the tension is increased. It is effective to maintain feeling and arousal level. Therefore, maintain a sense of tension and arousal, such as working conditions that must maintain human arousal, such as desk work, office work, drivers, factory machine monitoring, nuclear power station central monitoring work, etc. Even when the arousal level is likely to decrease, high color temperature light is given at time intervals where humans do not cause chromatic adaptation, so chromatic adaptation is achieved by the awakening effect of high color temperature light and its repeated effects. It can raise tension and arousal level without waking up. For example, in a simple work or a time zone in which the arousal level decreases due to biological rhythm (for example, about 1 to 4 pm, about 3 to 5 am, etc.), the arousal level can be quickly increased. It is possible to activate work performance and to prevent accidents. In addition, the user can be awakened by promptly guiding the user from the sleeping state to the awake state.
[0014]
FIG. 4 shows an example of a sleep / wake-up device using the color temperature control illumination device 6 of FIG. 1 (reference diagram). When the user is relaxed or sleeps, the sleep switch 7 is pressed, and when the user is awakened, the awake switch 8 is pressed. The cycle control unit 3 determines from which switch the signal is sent, determines the color temperature based on the cycle set accordingly, and sends a signal to the color temperature control unit 4. The color temperature control unit 4 determines the outputs of two light sources having different color temperatures, ie, a low color temperature light source 1 (3000 K or less) and a high color temperature light source 2 (6700 K or more). Adjust from a low color temperature of 3000K or less to a high color temperature of 6700K or more. When the sleep switch 7 is selected, a low color temperature and a medium color temperature, which have a relaxing effect, can be alternately generated in a shorter time interval (within 5 minutes) than when a human causes chromatic adaptation. When 8 is selected, a high color temperature and a medium color temperature can be generated alternately in a shorter time interval (within 5 minutes) than when human chromatic adaptation occurs, Can be obtained by selecting.
[0015]
Here, FIG. 5 shows subjective sleepiness when the color temperature changes from a medium color temperature (for example, 4000K) to a high color temperature (for example, 6700K) and when the color temperature changes to a low color temperature (for example, 3000K). This shows a case where changes in KSS (Kwansei-gakuin Sleepiness Scale) are compared. The larger the KSS value, the stronger the drowsiness. When the color temperature is changed to 6700K or higher by the wake-up device of the present invention, the drowsiness is reduced, and the color temperature is 3000K or lower by the sleep device of the present invention. If changed to drowsiness, sleepiness will increase.
[0016]
By the way, human senses are more sensitive to changing stimuli than steady stimuli, and the same can be said for color temperature. Continuation occurs when light of high color temperature with awakening effect is continued, and the awakening effect fades. On the other hand, if the light of low color temperature that has a relaxing effect and a sleeping effect is continued, the habituation will occur and the relaxing effect will fade. Furthermore, we live in natural light environments and feel comfortable with changes in color temperature due to weather and time, that is, changes in color temperature on the blackbody locus (complete radiator locus). It has been found that the color temperature deviating from the black body locus becomes unnatural light, and anxiety and discomfort are felt.
[0017]
Therefore, in order to make the user more relaxed, as shown in FIG. 6, by making a sudden change from the middle color temperature period to the low color temperature period, the user is made aware that the color temperature has changed low, It is desirable to gradually change from the low color temperature period to the middle color temperature period. In this case, it is possible to feel only when the color temperature is low, to prevent familiarity, and to maintain a relaxed state. It becomes like this. FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the present invention corresponding to claims 1, 3 and 5.
[0018]
On the contrary, when the user's tension and arousal level are further increased, as shown in FIG. 7, the color temperature has changed to a high level by suddenly changing from the middle color temperature period to the high color temperature period. It is desirable to gradually change from the high color temperature period to the middle color temperature period. In this case, it is possible to feel only when the color temperature is high, and to prevent familiarity. Awakening effect can be expected more. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the present invention corresponding to claims 2, 4, and 5.
[0019]
The time interval at which the color temperature changes may be fixed, but may be changed at random. In this case, the user cannot predict the change, and a further relaxing effect or awakening effect is obtained. Be able to. Furthermore, in order to avoid inducing anxiety and discomfort due to unnatural color temperature changes, the color temperature is changed on a black body locus (complete radiator locus) to output light close to natural light. I can do it. Further, in order to output an arbitrary color temperature, for example, the output from each light source of the three primary colors R (red), G (green), and B (blue) as shown in FIG. By adjusting the temperature, a color temperature close to the black body locus can be output. In general, it is difficult to obtain a high output with a B (blue) light source. Therefore, the configuration shown in FIG. 8A is limited in illuminance even if an arbitrary color temperature can be output. Therefore, the illuminance output may be corrected by adding a W (white) light source as shown in FIG.
[0020]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the color temperature control lighting device according to the first aspect of the present invention alternately generates a low color temperature of 3000K or less and a medium color temperature of 4000K, and the time interval between the generations is adapted to human chromatic adaptation. with a short time interval than causing, from the intermediate color temperature phase rapidly perform the change to a low color temperature phase, to a medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature stage a low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time there gradually row changes, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature phase, so rapidly in the row Migihitsuji changes to low color temperature period from mid color temperature period again, A user can be relaxed using this color temperature control lighting device.
[0021]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, the color temperature control lighting device alternately generates a high color temperature of 6700K or more and a medium color temperature of 4000K, and the generated time interval is shorter than a time when a human causes chromatic adaptation. with an interval, rapidly performs a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase, the high color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, the change in the medium-color temperature phase from the high color temperature phase gradually there line, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature stage, since the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature stage again, the color temperature control Using the lighting device, the user's arousal level can be increased.
[0022]
The invention described in claim 3 is a sleep apparatus using the color temperature control lighting apparatus according to claim 1, and has a low color temperature of 3000 K or less and 4000 K, which has a relaxing effect, so that the user can sleep quickly. alternately generates a color temperature in the, along with human time intervals for its occurrence is shorter time interval than cause color adaptation, rapidly performs a change to a low color temperature period from mid color temperature stage, the low the color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, without the presence of much time medium color temperature period when a change in the medium-color temperature phase from the low color temperature phase gradually have row, reaches the medium-color temperature stage, again because the medium to a color temperature phase to abruptly line changes to low color temperature phase Migihitsuji, the low color temperature is given at a time interval not causing human chromatic adaptation, the low color temperature relaxation and repeated effect Can cause chromatic adaptation and habituation Rather than, for example, or to relax the user in, such as living room and bedroom, it can be quickly or falling asleep let.
[0023]
The invention described in claim 4 is an awakening device using the color temperature control lighting device according to claim 2, and has a high color temperature of 6700K or more and 4000K which have an awakening effect in order to wake up the user promptly. alternately generates a color temperature in the, along with human time intervals for its occurrence is shorter time interval than cause color adaptation, rapidly performs a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase, high without the presence of a medium color temperature life much time is gradually have row, it reaches the medium-color temperature phase change to a medium color temperature phase from the high color temperature period after maintaining the color temperature stage a predetermined time, the medium again because were from the color temperature phase to a high color rapidly line changes to temperature stage Migihitsuji, the high color temperature light is given at a time interval not causing human chromatic adaptation, awakening effect, and its repetition of high color temperature light The effect does not cause chromatic adaptation or habituation. Monitoring the work of desk work and monitor, factory of simple work and like working in the production line, even and easy to time zone decreased alertness, can maintain alertness. In addition, the user can be awakened by promptly guiding the user from the sleeping state to the awake state.
[0024]
The sleep-awake device according to the invention described in claim 5 is a color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates a low color temperature and a medium color temperature at a time interval shorter than that in which human causes chromatic adaptation, and a human performs chromatic adaptation. It is equipped with a color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates a high color temperature and a medium color temperature at a time interval shorter than that of waking up, and a sleep switch that makes the user sleep quickly and an awake switch that makes the user wake up quickly provided, along with human If you choose sleep onset switch generates alternating color temperature among the following low color temperature and 4000K 3000K with relaxing effect in a short time interval than cause color adaptation, the medium color temperature phase rapidly perform the change to a low color temperature stage, middle when had gradually row changes to medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature stage a low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, to reach the middle color temperature term color Only in the temperature period In the absence of time, to rapid line Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a low color temperature phase again, awakening effect in a short time interval than humans If you choose awakening switch causes a chromatic adaptation A high color temperature of 6700K or higher and a medium color temperature of 4000K are alternately generated, and the transition from the middle color temperature period to the high color temperature period is abruptly performed. changes in without the presence of much time medium color temperature phase is gradually have row, it reaches the medium-color temperature phase change to a medium color temperature phase from the color temperature phase, from the intermediate color temperature term back to high color temperature phase because were to abruptly line Migihitsuji, now the awakening effect and relaxation effect by the switching of the switch is obtained by selecting, use value is enhanced.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing a reference example of the present invention, in which a low color temperature and a medium color temperature are alternately generated.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a reference example of the present invention and generating a high color temperature and a medium color temperature alternately.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the same color temperature control lighting device.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the above sleep awakening device.
FIG. 5 is a graph for explaining the influence of color temperature on sleepiness.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing another example of the embodiment of the present invention and another example in the case of alternately generating a low color temperature and a medium color temperature.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing another example of the embodiment of the present invention and another example in the case of alternately generating a high color temperature and a medium color temperature.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are block diagrams of other embodiments.
[Explanation of symbols]
6 Color temperature control lighting device 7 Sleep switch 8 Awake switch

Claims (5)

3000K color temperature among the following low color temperature and 4000K are generated alternately, with time intervals to its occurrence is shorter interval than humans cause color adaptation, the medium color temperature phase to a low color temperature phase performed changes rapidly, low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time had gradually row changes to medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature stage, only the middle color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature life time in the absence of the color temperature control lighting apparatus, characterized by the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a low color temperature phase again. 6700K or more color temperature in a high color temperature and 4000K are generated alternately, with time intervals to its occurrence is shorter interval than humans cause color adaptation, the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase of rapidly performed change, high color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, have slowly line changes to medium color temperature phase from the high color temperature stage, only the middle color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature life of in the absence of time, the color temperature control lighting apparatus, characterized by the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase again. A sleep device using the color temperature control lighting device according to claim 1, wherein a low color temperature of 3000 K or less and a medium color temperature of 4000 K, which have a relaxing effect, are alternately generated so that the user can sleep quickly. , with human time intervals for its occurrence is shorter time interval than cause color adaptation, rapidly performs a change to a low color temperature period from mid color temperature period, and maintained a low color temperature stage predetermined time in, low color had gradually row changes to medium color temperature stage a temperature phase, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature stage, the low color temperature period from mid color temperature phase again sleep onset apparatus being characterized in that the rapid row Migihitsuji changes to. A wake-up device using the color temperature-controlled lighting device according to claim 2, wherein a high color temperature of 6700K or more and a medium-color temperature of 4000K having a wake-up effect are alternately generated in order to wake up the user promptly. , with human time intervals for its occurrence is shorter time interval than cause color adaptation, rapidly performs a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature stage, after the high color temperature phase was maintained for a predetermined time in it has gradually row changes to medium color temperature phase from the high color temperature phase, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature phase to a high color temperature period from mid color temperature phase again awakening device being characterized in that the rapid row Migihitsuji changes in. Color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates low color temperature and medium color temperature at shorter time intervals than humans cause color adaptation, and high color temperature and medium color temperature at shorter time intervals than humans cause color adaptation And a color temperature control lighting device that alternately generates light, a sleep switch that promptly puts the user to sleep, and an awake switch that promptly wakes the user.When the sleep switch is selected, humans can adjust the color. causes alternately generating a color temperature in the 3000K or lower color temperature and 4000K with relaxing effect in a short time interval than cause, rapidly performs a change to a low color temperature period from mid color temperature life, low color the temperature phase in the absence of much time medium color temperature phase is gradually have row, it reaches the medium-color temperature phase change to a medium color temperature phase from the low color temperature period after maintaining a predetermined time, the color medium again Low color from temperature And a change to degrees phase to abruptly line Migihitsuji, the color temperature in a high color temperature and 4000K above 6700K with awakening effect in a short time interval than humans If you choose awakening switch causes a chromatic adaptation In addition to being generated alternately, the transition from the medium color temperature period to the high color temperature period is performed rapidly, and after the high color temperature period is maintained for a predetermined time, the transition from the high color temperature period to the medium color temperature period is gradually performed. there, without the presence of much time medium color temperature stage reaches the middle color temperature period, falling asleep awakening, characterized in that the rapid row Migihitsuji a change from the medium color temperature phase to a high color temperature phase again apparatus.

Images