JP3919125B1 - Capacitor charger - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided is a capacitor charging device with a simple circuit configuration that does not require detecting a solar cell voltage and a solar cell current and multiplying them to obtain electric power.
A main configuration of the present invention is a solar cell, a converter unit, and a capacitor unit. Output power from the solar cell is converted by the converter unit and converted by the converter unit. Electric power is stored in the capacitor unit 3. The maximum power point search unit 10 controls the input voltage of the converter unit 2 to be swept within a predetermined range, and the current detection unit 6 that detects the charging current to the capacitor unit 3 with the sweep causes the capacitor unit 3 to The change in the charging current is detected in advance. The maximum power point exploration unit 10 sets the input voltage that maximizes the charging current among the pair of the input voltage and the charging voltage as the maximum power point of the solar cell.
[Selection] Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a capacitor charging device that performs solar power generation using a solar cell panel and stores electric power in a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor.

  In recent years, it has been studied to shift energy sources from fossil fuels to natural energy. In particular, solar power generation using solar cells, unlike other natural energies, can be easily installed on the roofs and walls of buildings, and is free of noise and other pollution, so it is expected as a future power generation system. It is becoming.

  On the other hand, unlike a battery, a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor is a non-faradic device that can store electricity only by a physical phenomenon without using a chemical reaction. For this reason, the electric double layer capacitor can realize what was impossible with a chemical battery such as a charge / discharge efficiency of 90% or more, a cycle life of 1 million cycles, and a lifetime of 10 years or more. In view of this, a capacitor charging device has been proposed in which solar power generation is performed using a solar cell, and the electric power generated thereby is stored in a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor.

  FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between the output current, output voltage, and output power of the solar cell. FIG. 4 shows the output characteristics of the solar cell under certain predetermined sunshine conditions and temperature conditions. In FIG. 4, the horizontal axis represents solar cell current [A], and the vertical axis represents solar cell voltage [V] and solar cell output power [W]. A curve indicated by a solid line is an IV characteristic, and a curve indicated by a dotted line is an output power characteristic (IP characteristic). Referring to FIG. 4, when the voltage is changed by changing the load of the solar cell voltage from 1.7 V to 0.5 V, the output current of the solar cell increases from 0 A to about 0.3 A as shown in the figure. However, the output power of the solar cell takes a maximum value of about 0.3 W (maximum power Pmax) in the vicinity of 0.23 A, and then shows a characteristic with a peak as shown in the figure that rapidly decreases to 0.1 W or less. . The output characteristics of such a solar cell change depending on sunshine conditions and temperature conditions, and the maximum power Pmax changes according to this change. As a method for increasing the power generation efficiency, there is a maximum power point tracking control method (Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT control method) in which control is performed so as to always extract the maximum power Pmax, and this method is usually adopted.

Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor, and Patent Document 1 discloses an MPPT control method for a solar cell.
Ikuo Okamura “Electric Double Layer Capacitor and Power Storage System” published by Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, September 30, 2005, 3rd edition JP 2006-59126 A

  As one of the orthodox methods of the maximum power point tracking control method, the solar cell voltage and the solar cell current are detected, the power value is calculated by a microcomputer or the like, and the solar cell voltage is further increased or decreased. Each power value is calculated and the maximum power point of the solar cell is detected from the difference in power value before and after the voltage change.If the power value after the voltage change is large, the voltage is further changed in the same direction, Conversely, if the power value after the change is small, there is a method in which the solar cell voltage is changed in the reverse direction and this operation is repeated to approach the maximum power point. However, according to such a method, in order to calculate the maximum power Pmax, the solar cell voltage and the solar cell current must be detected and these multiplications must be performed. There are problems such as the cost of hardware for realizing the above, the generation of errors, and malfunctions.

The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems, and the invention according to claim 1 includes a solar cell, a power conversion circuit, and a capacitor, and converts the output power from the solar cell by the power conversion circuit. In the capacitor charging device for storing the power converted power in the capacitor, a sweep unit that sweeps the input voltage of the power conversion circuit in a predetermined range so as to have a linear proportional relationship with time as a certain period elapses ; A voltage detection unit that detects a charging voltage to the capacitor, and the voltage detection unit detects a time change of the charging voltage to the capacitor accompanying the sweep of the input voltage by the sweep means, and the charging voltage The input voltage that maximizes the time change of is the maximum power point of the solar cell.

  According to the present invention, since it is not necessary to detect the solar cell voltage and the solar cell current and multiply them to obtain the power, there is an advantage that the circuit configuration (hardware) is simplified, According to the present invention, the maximum power point of the solar cell is obtained by the amount of stored energy, including the efficiency of the power conversion circuit, etc. Efficient charging can be performed even in an environment.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a capacitor charging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Moreover, FIG. 2 is a figure explaining the control mode of the capacitor charging device which concerns on embodiment of this invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a solar cell, 2 is a converter unit, 3 is a capacitor unit, 4 is a voltage detection unit on the input side of the converter unit 2, 5 is a voltage detection unit on the output side of the converter unit 2, and 6 is an output side of the converter unit 2 Current detecting unit 7 for detecting current and outputting as voltage, 7 for input voltage signal generating circuit, 8 for charging current signal generating circuit, 9 for charging voltage signal generating circuit, 10 for maximum power point search unit, D1, D2, D3 is an OR circuit diode for automatically shifting the operation mode, Vref (in) is an input voltage reference value setting circuit, Vref (out) is a charging voltage reference value setting circuit, Iref is a charging current reference value setting circuit, and Ic is a capacitor The charging current of the unit 3, Vc is the charging voltage of the capacitor 3, Vi is the input voltage to the converter unit 2, and Ii is the input current to the converter unit 2. Note that the current value and voltage value on the output side of the converter unit 2 are the charging current value and the charging voltage value, respectively, as viewed from the capacitor unit 3, so that “charging current signal generation circuit 8” and “charging voltage signal generation circuit 9” are obtained. And so on.

  The capacitor charging apparatus according to this embodiment shown in FIG. 1 uses a solar cell 1 as a charging power source, and charges a capacitor unit 3 in which a plurality of electric double layer capacitors are connected in series and parallel through the converter unit 2 from the solar cell 1. It stores electricity.

  The converter unit 2 detects the charging current I, compares it with the current reference value Iref of the charging current reference value setting circuit 8, and uses the input voltage Vi as the input voltage reference so that the charging current I becomes constant (constant current charging). Compared with the input voltage reference value Vref (in) of the value setting circuit, the input voltage Vi is controlled to be constant.

  Further, the charging voltage Vc of the capacitor unit 3 is compared with the charging voltage reference value Vref (out) of the charging voltage reference value setting circuit. When the charging voltage Vc becomes larger than the charging voltage reference value Vref (out), the charging current is limited (fixed). PWM control is performed in a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) unit (not shown) in the converter unit 2 so as to perform voltage charging. Specifically, for example, the converter unit 2, the input voltage signal generation circuit 7, the charging current signal generation circuit 8, the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9, and a diode D1 for automatically switching an error amplification signal from these signal generation circuits, A logical sum (OR logic) circuit composed of D2 and D3 is provided.

  In the converter unit 2, the method of the power conversion circuit can take each method depending on the relative relationship between the voltage of the solar cell 1 and the voltage of the capacitor unit 3. That is, when the voltage of the solar cell 1 is higher than the voltage of the capacitor unit 3, the step-down converter method is used. When the voltage of the solar cell 1 is lower than the voltage of the capacitor unit 3, the step-up converter method is used. On the other hand, when the voltage of the solar cell 1 is higher or lower than the voltage of the capacitor unit 3, a step-up / step-down converter system is adopted. Or it switches to them suitably. Further, a transformer can be insulated by interposing between the input and output. The present invention can be applied to any method as long as the output is a current mode (current type) power conversion circuit.

  The charging current signal generation circuit 8 takes out, for example, a voltage drop between terminals of a current detection resistor connected in series with the charging circuit as a detection signal of the charging current Ic, inputs this as a control target, and uses it as a reference value for the error amplifier. Compared with Iref set by the charging current reference value setting circuit, the error amplification circuit is configured to output the error amplification signal. At this time, the error amplification signal output from the charging current signal generation circuit 8 has a larger output value if the input charging current I to be controlled is smaller than the charging current reference value Iref, and the charging current Ic becomes the charging current reference value. If the value is larger than Iref, the output value has a small polarity. When the error amplification signal is input, the converter unit 2 increases the charging current Ic when the charging current I is smaller than the charging current reference value Iref, and conversely when the charging current I is larger than the charging current reference value Iref. Since the pulse width (duty ratio) is controlled according to the magnitude of the error amplification signal input so as to reduce Ic, the charging current is set so that the charging current I becomes constant based on the charging current reference value Iref. A constant current charging mode (Constant Current Mode: CC mode) to be controlled is executed. The converter unit 2 may use not only PWM but also PFM (pulse frequency modulation) or PAM (pulse amplitude modulation).

  The input voltage signal generation circuit 7 detects the voltage of the solar battery 1 that is a charging power source, that is, the input voltage Vi, inputs this as the input voltage Vi to be controlled, and is set in advance by the input voltage reference value setting circuit. Compared with the value Vref (in), the error amplification circuit is configured to output the error amplification signal. The error amplification signal output from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 has a smaller output value when the input voltage Vi to be controlled to be input becomes smaller than the voltage reference value Vref (in), and the input voltage Vi to be input to be controlled. Becomes larger than the voltage reference value Vref (in), the output value increases. When the error amplification signal is input, the converter unit 2 reduces the charging current I when the input voltage Vi is smaller than the input voltage reference value Vref (in), and conversely, the input voltage Vi is smaller than the voltage reference value Vref (in). When it is large, a control mode of input constant voltage charging (to be precise, “constant voltage control mode”) is executed in which the charging current is controlled to increase the charging current I.

  The charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 detects the charging voltage Vc of the capacitor unit 3, inputs this as the charging voltage Vc to be controlled, and compares it with the voltage reference value Vref (out) preset by the charging voltage reference value setting circuit. The error amplification signal is constituted by an output error amplification circuit. Therefore, the error amplification signal output from the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 increases when the input charging voltage Vc to be controlled is smaller than the voltage reference value Vref (out), and the charging voltage Vc becomes the voltage reference value Vref ( out), the output value decreases. When the error amplification signal is input, the converter unit 2 increases the charging current I when the charging voltage Vc is smaller than the voltage reference value Vref (out), and conversely, the charging voltage Vc is larger than the voltage reference value Vref (out). In some cases, a constant voltage charging control mode (Constant Voltage Mode: CV mode) for controlling the charging current so as to reduce the charging current I is executed, mainly to prevent overcharging of the capacitor.

  The diodes D1, D2, and D3 are connected to the input of the converter unit 2 with opposite polarities from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7, the charging current signal generation circuit 8, and the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 that output error amplification signals, respectively. Therefore, an OR circuit that uses the smallest error amplification signal among the error amplification signals output from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7, the charging current signal generation circuit 8, and the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 as an input to the converter unit 2. Is configured.

  The maximum power point search unit 10 includes a microcomputer, a nonvolatile storage unit for operating the microcomputer, a rewritable storage unit for temporarily storing data, and the like, which will be described later. According to such operations, the generation of the sweep signal S for sweeping the charging current reference value Iref, the generation of the function stop signal FI for temporarily stopping the function of the charging current signal generation circuit 8, and the function of the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 are performed. Generation of the function stop signal FV to be temporarily stopped, reading of the detection current from the current detection unit 6, and determination of the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 are performed based on the read detection current. The input voltage reference value setting circuit Vref (in) receives the sweep signal S and sweeps Vi so that Vi is from 0 to a predetermined voltage value. During this sweep, the maximum power point search unit 10 outputs function stop signals FI and FV. The charge current signal generation circuit 8 to which the function stop signal FI is input and the charge voltage signal generation circuit 9 to which the function stop signal FV is input both have their error amplification signals output from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7. Only the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 is operated with an output that is sufficiently large compared to the output and that can protect the capacitor 3 serving as a load.

Next, the principle of the capacitor charging apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention configured as described above will be described. The power conversion efficiency η in the converter unit 2 is
Solar cell output power: Ppv = Vi × Ii
And the power charged in the capacitor unit 2: Pca = Vc × Ic
The relationship with
Ppv × η = Pca
From
Vi × Ii × η = Vc × Ic (1)
It becomes.
By the way, since the voltage Vc of the capacitor portion does not change sharply, it can be regarded as almost constant in a short time. Assuming in this way, from equation (1), the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 is the solar cell output voltage Vi at which Ic has the maximum value.

  Next, how the capacitor charging apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention operates based on the above principle will be described. The following operation is performed, for example, by the microcomputer in the maximum power point search unit 10 cooperating with the rewritable storage unit based on the operation command command written in the non-volatile storage unit. It is realized. Further, the means for causing the maximum power point search unit 10 to execute the following operation is not necessarily a microcomputer, and may be another configuration as long as it is an alternative means for realizing the operation. The routine for obtaining the maximum power point of the solar cell is performed once by the maximum power point search unit 10 at regular time intervals, for example. The maximum power point search unit 10 generates a function stop signal FI that temporarily stops the function of the charging current signal generation circuit 8 and generates a function stop signal FV that temporarily stops the function of the charge voltage signal generation circuit 9. . In response to these signals, signals that are sufficiently larger than the respective error amplification signals output from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 are output, and the functions of the charging current signal generation circuit 8 and the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 are apparently stopped. Thus, only the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 is operated. At this time, the maximum power point exploration unit 10 generates the sweep signal S to sweep the Vi such that Vi is from 0 to a predetermined voltage value Vo, for example, the input voltage reference value setting circuit Vref (in ). At the same time, the maximum power point search unit 10 reads the detected current from the current detector 6 and stores it. That is, while sweeping Vi from 0 to a predetermined voltage value Vo, a data pair of (Vi−Ic) is acquired for each point at a constant interval. In this, Vi giving the maximum value of Ic is a voltage giving the maximum power point of the solar cell 1. The maximum power point search unit 10 sets Vref (in), which gives Vi obtained here, in the input voltage reference value setting circuit. Since there is a possibility that the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 is changed, the maximum power point exploration unit 10 performs the above sweep operation again after a certain period of time or the charging current Ic is set in advance. Re-sweep when the value changes.

  Next, the effect of operating the capacitor charging apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described. As understood from the equation (1), in the present invention, the maximum power point is detected by the product of the output of the solar cell and the efficiency η of the power converter. When the method of obtaining the maximum power point as in the present invention is performed, the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 in consideration of the power conversion efficiency η of the converter unit 2 can be obtained. The solar cell 1 is reduced by one digit or more in the cloudy or rainy weather where the sunshine is reduced as compared with the case where the solar cell output is clear. At such an operating point, the efficiency of a power conversion circuit such as a converter is considerably deteriorated during a small output operation. Therefore, the present invention performs detection of the maximum power point on the side of charging the capacitor unit 2 via the power conversion circuit. This capacitor charging device reflects the efficiency of the power conversion circuit as compared with a method that relies solely on the calculation at the output point of the solar cell, and is very advantageous. It should be noted that when the output is one digit or less, the general power conversion circuit has an idling current or less, and the input power may not be converted to the output side. Further, since it is not necessary to detect power using multiplication of Vc and Ic, there is an advantage that calculation and the like are simplified and a circuit configuration (hardware) is simplified.

  Next, the principle of the capacitor charging apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention configured as described above will be described. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a capacitor charging apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment is different from the previous embodiment in that the maximum power point does not read the detection value of the current detection unit 6 but reads the detection value of the voltage detection unit 5. It is not different from the embodiment.

  Next, the principle of the capacitor charging apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention configured as described above will be described. The change in the voltage of the capacitor unit 2 is the difference between the capacitor voltage Vc1 at the measurement start time t1 and the capacitor voltage Vc2 at the measurement end time t2, where C is the capacitance of the capacitor unit 2. Here, the measurement time Δt = t2−t1, and the charging efficiency of the capacitor unit 2 is ηca.

When the voltage Vi of the solar cell is changed and charged for the measurement time Δt, the capacitor voltage is
Ppv × Δt × η × ηca = 0.5 × C × {(Vc2) ² − (Vc1) ² }
Meet. That is,
Vi × Ii × (t2−t1) × η × ηca = 0.5 × C × {(Vc2) ² − (Vc1) ² } (2)
It becomes. Since the equation (2) includes the capacitor charging efficiency ηca in addition to the power conversion circuit η in the converter unit 2 of the equation (1), the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 is determined by the amount of energy charged in the capacitor unit 2. can do. In the present embodiment, the solar cell voltage Vi at which ΔVc is maximized is determined as the maximum power point. In this embodiment, since it is sufficient to measure the capacitor voltage instead of the current detection of the expression (1), there is a case where the present embodiment provides more accurate charge control depending on the application. The present embodiment is a capacitor charging device for charging a relatively small capacitor.

  Next, how the capacitor charging apparatus according to the present embodiment operates based on the principle as described above will be described. The following operation is performed, for example, by the microcomputer in the maximum power point search unit 10 cooperating with the rewritable storage unit based on the operation command command written in the non-volatile storage unit. It is realized. Further, the means for causing the maximum power point search unit 10 to execute the following operation is not necessarily a microcomputer, and may be another configuration as long as it is an alternative means for realizing the operation.

  The routine for obtaining the maximum power point of the solar cell is performed once by the maximum power point search unit 10 at regular time intervals, for example. The maximum power point search unit 10 generates a function stop signal FI that temporarily stops the function of the charging current signal generation circuit 8 and generates a function stop signal FV that temporarily stops the function of the charge voltage signal generation circuit 9. . The functions of the charging current signal generation circuit 8 and the charging voltage signal generation circuit 9 are output by outputting a sufficiently large signal capable of protecting the capacitor as compared with the respective error amplification signals output from the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 receiving these signals. It is apparently stopped and only the input voltage signal generation circuit 7 is operated. At this time, the maximum power point exploration unit 10 generates the sweep signal S and sweeps Vi such that Vi is from 0 to a predetermined voltage value Vo. The input voltage reference value setting circuit Vref (in) Adjust. Here, the sweep from Vi to 0 to the predetermined voltage value Vo is performed so as to have a linear proportional relationship with time t.

  Simultaneously with the sweep, the maximum power point search unit 10 reads the detection voltage from the voltage detection unit 5 and stores it. That is, while sweeping Vi from 0 to a predetermined voltage value Vo, a data pair of (Vi−ΔVc) is acquired for each point of a certain time interval. In this, Vi that gives the maximum value of ΔVc is a voltage that gives the maximum power point of the solar cell 1. The maximum power point search unit 10 sets Vref (in), which gives Vi obtained here, in the input voltage reference value setting circuit. Since there is a possibility that the maximum power point of the solar cell 1 is changed, the maximum power point search unit 10 causes the above sweep operation to be performed again after a certain period of time has elapsed.

The effects of the present invention are summarized as follows.
The maximum power point of the solar cell can be detected only by detecting the current on the capacitor side or detecting the voltage.
-The maximum power point including the efficiency of a power conversion circuit (with maximum power point tracking control) such as a converter unit can be detected.
Furthermore, according to another embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to detect the maximum power point including both the efficiency of the power conversion circuit and the charging efficiency of the capacitor.
The power conversion circuit has a problem that the efficiency is greatly reduced when there is almost no input. However, according to the present invention, the maximum power point including the efficiency of the power conversion circuit can be detected. Is efficient even when the output is low.

  For most batteries, even if the charge power to the battery can be displayed, the actual charged power cannot be confirmed. For example, when charging a lead-acid battery in an environment of around 0 ° C., the time for the current to flow because the rate of chemical change is significantly reduced (expressed as losing activity) even if the charging current is flowing. Product does not become stored energy. That is, the charging efficiency is significantly reduced. On the other hand, when the capacitor is used as a power storage element, charging with less loss and accurate measurement of the power storage amount are possible because the power storage element does not involve a chemical reaction. In addition to such an accurate storage amount display characteristic, a natural energy source capable of expecting the above-described effect can be constructed by using a capacitor charging device as in the present invention.

  In the present embodiment, the sweep operation and the like are illustrated as being controlled by the microcomputer, but the microcomputer is not necessarily used as long as the sweep operation and the like as described above are realized.

  In the present invention, the maximum power point searching unit 10 searches for the maximum power point by sweeping Vi, but may be configured to find the maximum power point by sweeping Ii.

It is a block diagram of the capacitor charging device which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining the control mode of the capacitor charging device which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram of the capacitor charging device which concerns on other embodiment of this invention. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the output current of a solar cell, output voltage, and output power.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Solar cell, 2 ... Converter part, 3 ... Capacitor part, 4 ... Voltage detection part, 5 ... Voltage detection part, 6 ... Current detection part, 7 ... Input Voltage signal generating circuit, 8 ... Charging current signal generating circuit, 9 ... Charging voltage signal generating circuit, 10 ... Maximum power point search unit, D1, D2, D3 ... Diode, Vref (in). .. Input voltage reference value setting circuit, Vref (out)... Charging voltage reference value setting circuit, Iref... Charging current reference value setting circuit, I... Charging current, Vc. ..Input voltage

Claims (1)

In a capacitor charging device comprising a solar cell, a power conversion circuit, and a capacitor, converting the output power from the solar cell with the power conversion circuit, and storing the power converted into the capacitor,
A sweep unit that sweeps the input voltage of the power conversion circuit in a predetermined range so as to have a linear proportional relationship with time as a certain period elapses , and a voltage detection unit that detects a charging voltage to the capacitor, and The voltage detector detects a time change of the charging voltage to the capacitor accompanying the sweep of the input voltage by the sweep means, and the input voltage at which the time change of the charging voltage is the maximum is the maximum power point of the solar cell. A capacitor charging device.

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