JP3861208B2 - Breakwater fixed in the land and installed in the deep sea - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
The present invention is a breakwater fixed to the land and installed in the sea, particularly in the deep sea, which is composed of at least one unit caisson partially submerged in seawater. Including an absorption puddle having a wall positioned so as to face, the wall dissipating a portion of the energy of the large waves and providing an opening for discharging at least a portion of the seawater that has entered the absorption puddle. About breakwater.
[0002]
Such breakwaters are particularly known and described in the specifications of French patents 2,590,628, 2,642,481 and 2,693,216. And according to the technique described in the latter French Patent No. 2,693,216, the unit caisson in which the absorption water reservoir is formed is a jacket type moored by a pile on the sea floor. It is supported by one or more tubular metal lattice structures or by a concrete structure that is secured to the seabed under its own weight.
[0003]
At present, the problem is how to install such a breakwater on the aforementioned metal or concrete support structure in the deep sea, for example, deeper than 30 meters. That is, according to the investigations conducted so far, the breakwater is made stable only when the support structure is made very large to withstand severe ambient loads caused by large waves, ocean currents and earthquakes. It is clear that it can be done. However, the method of using such a very large support structure has a problem that its production and installation costs become prohibitive values.
[0004]
The present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and can withstand severe ambient loads caused by large waves, ocean currents and earthquakes, and can be manufactured at an economically acceptable cost. The object is to provide a breakwater that can be installed in the sea.
[0005]
The object of the present invention is to provide a breakwater of the type described above, a) at least one sealed chamber provided in each caisson to provide permanent buoyancy to each caisson, and b) a sea of breakwaters. This is accomplished by including a mooring device mooring the side edges and c) a starting point located on the land side of the breakwater, i.e., a limiting device that limits the movement of the land-side starting point.
[0006]
Thus, since the breakwater according to the present invention is given buoyancy, it does not use a huge and very expensive support structure that must be installed to support the breakwater on the sea level above the seabed Can be removed. Therefore, the cost of manufacturing the breakwater according to the present invention and the cost of installing the breakwater at its final installation position are greatly reduced. Furthermore, the buoyancy of the breakwater significantly reduces the load caused by large waves or earthquakes.
[0007]
According to one embodiment of the breakwater according to the present invention, the limiting device for restricting the movement of the breakwater's land-side starting point is from a second mooring device connected to the breakwater close to the land-side starting point. Become.
[0008]
According to another embodiment of the breakwater according to the present invention, the limiting device limits at least two of the six degrees of freedom of the breakwater's land-side starting point .
[0009]
The above-described features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments, which will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0010]
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings.
[0011]
1 to 3 show a first embodiment of a breakwater according to the present invention. The breakwater 1 is fixed to the land 2 in order to protect, for example, harbor installations from large waves in a direction H substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater.
[0012]
According to an important feature of the breakwater according to the invention (this feature is shown in FIG. 2), the breakwater 1 floats on the sea surface 3 above the seabed 4. FIG. 3 shows one cross-section of a set of unit caissons that are joined end to end to form a breakwater 1 according to the present invention.
[0013]
The caisson of FIG. 3 is made of reinforced concrete and / or prestressed concrete and is configured as a dry dock. The caisson has a water reservoir 5 for absorption whose sea side is limited by a “Jarlan” type vertical wall 6 in which a plurality of uniformly distributed openings 7 ₁ , 7 ₂ ,. Is included. The total area of the openings 7 ₁ , 7 ₂ ,... Drilled in the vertical wall 6 is, for example, 40% of the area of the vertical wall 6. This vertical wall 6 is completely submerged, so that the openings 7 ₁ , 7 ₂ ,... Allow water to flow in both directions between the inside and the outside of the absorption reservoir 5.
[0014]
According to an optional feature (this feature is described in more detail in the specification of French patent application No. 95 01 115 filed on 31 January 1995 by the applicant), the vertical wall 6 is The inclined wall 7 extends above the sea surface 3. The inclined wall 7 is formed like a staircase and has openings 8 ₁ , 8 ₂ , 8 ₃ ,... .
[0015]
The intermediate partition is perpendicular to the vertical wall 6 and includes a plurality of openings 9 ₁ , 9 ₂ ,..., Thereby creating a light and rigid caisson structure.
[0016]
As described in the above-mentioned specification of French patent application No. 95 01 115, the energy of a large wave coming from the sea in the direction of the arrow H is obtained by two mechanisms: Through the “Jalan” type vertical wall 6, and on the other hand through the inclined wall 7 using the “porous beach” effect.
[0017]
According to the important feature of the breakwater 1 shown in FIG. 3, each unit caisson is provided with at least one, in this embodiment, four sealed chambers 10 ₁ , 10 ₂ , 10 ₃ , 10 ₄ , which are sealed. The chamber gives the unit caisson a permanent buoyancy. This buoyancy can avoid the use of expensive support structures moored to the seabed (such support structures were previously recommended for supporting caisson half-submerged). The caisson also includes the base 11 and is designed to facilitate the installation of superstructures such as the wharf 12, road 13 and the sloping wall 7 described above, which do not sink and can enter the boat. The inclined wall 7 is installed as an artificial beach. On the side opposite to the sea, that is, on the land side, an absorption water reservoir 14 similar to the above-described absorption water reservoir 5 is provided, so that the energy of the remaining large waves can be reduced.
[0018]
The floating breakwater 1 having the above-described configuration must be kept against a drift caused by a load such as a large wave, an ocean current, and a wind being applied to the breakwater 1 at a predetermined place particularly with respect to the land. Therefore, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the first anchoring device 15 ₁ to 15 ₆ is one end 1 ₁ of the break water 1, i.e. opposite the landside electromotive start 1 ₂ break water 1 end is provided to stabilize the (sea side end) 1 _1. The second anchoring device _161-164 is connected to the break water 1 close to the land side force starting 1 _2, and thereby stabilizes the break water 1 for land 2. These two anchoring devices generally consist of a suitable tensile chain that is secured at one end to the seabed by means of anchors or piles.
[0019]
Humans and vehicles can travel between the land 2 and the pier 12 of the breakwater 1 using the gangway 17 shown in FIG. The gangway 17 is attached to the land 2 by a joint device 18 and can be raised by a lifting jack 19. The articulation device 18 allows the gangway 17 to take the inclination required to compensate for the height difference between the pier 12 of the breakwater 1 and the land 2. The difference in height between the pier 12 of the breakwater 1 and the land 2 is caused by the action of the tidal current and the surrounding load such as a large wave and wind applied to the breakwater 1. It should be noted that the breakwater according to the present invention is not limited, but in practice it is installed to be exposed to tidal currents that are not so high, especially in the Mediterranean area, for example.
[0020]
5 to 7 show a second embodiment of the breakwater according to the present invention. In FIGS. 5 to 7 and FIGS. 8 to 13 following these drawings, the same reference numerals as those used in FIGS. 1 to 4 indicate the same or similar elements or members. The breakwater 1 shown in FIGS. 5 to 7 is substantially the same as the breakwater 1 described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, and its sea end ₁₁ is the first mooring device 15 ₁ to 15 _4. Is held in a similar manner. 5-7 break water 1 features different from the break water 1 in Figures 1-3, mechanical coupling device the second anchoring device is connected to the land-side electromotive start 1 ₂ break water 1 on land 2 It has been replaced by. This coupling device is constituted by a joint bearing 20 shown in more detail in FIG. 7 which is a cross-section along the line VII-VII in FIG.
[0021]
In FIG. 7, the spherical joint 21 is on the fixed bet plate 22 attached to the support portion 2 ₁ of the land 2 via block 23. The block 23 is made of an elastic material such as neoprene and is attached using techniques commonly used for bridge deck supports. The joint gangway 17 connects the breakwater 1 to the land 2. Also, safety stop pieces 24 ₁ and 24 ₂ are integrally provided on the land 2 and the breakwater 1, respectively, so that the breakwater 1 can be lifted when the breakwater 1 receives an ambient load such as an abnormal large wave or wind. This prevents and stabilizes, so that the operation of the spherical joint 21 is maintained. Such spherical joint 21 to limit three of the six degrees of freedom of the land-side electromotive start 1 ₂ break water 1, will be understood.
[0022]
Next, as a modification of the connecting device using the spherical joint 21 described above, a connecting device using a cylindrical swivel 21A is shown in FIGS. The connecting device, that is, the swivel 21A for connecting the breakwater to the land support, is a pair of neoprene supports installed between the vertical pivot 22A installed on the support and the pivot and the main body of the breakwater. 23A. These supports 23A are sliding supports and thus allow the breakwater to move vertically at its landside origin. This vertical movement is caused, for example, by a change in the average wave height of the tidal current, or by a vertical breakwater swing. Such a swivel 21A has six degrees of freedom of the breakwater's land-side starting point (the six degrees of freedom are two movements in the horizontal plane, vertical movement, and three substantially free rotations). It will be understood that two of them are limited .
[0023]
Next, FIGS. 9 to 12 show four other different modifications of the mechanical connecting device for connecting the breakwater to the land. First, in the modification of the (A) and (B) in FIG. 9, the landside electromotive start 1 ₂ land 2 break water 1, a first fixed neoprene plain bearing 25, the first And a second plain bearing 26 which is spaced apart from the plain bearing 25 in the lateral direction. The second plain bearing 26 can slide in a horizontal plane 27 (see FIG. 9A) passing through the plain bearing 26 . The two degrees of freedom that the breakwater 1 is allowed by these plain bearings 25 and 26 are rotation in the direction of the arrow F ₁ about an axis that passes through the plain bearing 25 and is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater 1. out with: (see FIG. 9 (a) pitch) and: (yaw shown in FIG. 9 (B) see), rotation in the direction of arrow F ₂ around a horizontal axis passing through the plain bearing 25 and 26 is there. The plain bearings 25 and 26 are provided with safety stoppers already known in this field.
[0024]
Then, in the modified example of shown in FIG. 10 (A) and (B), to connecting the landside electromotive start 1 ₂ break water 1 on land 2, for example, a plurality of elastic pads made of elastic material 28 _i (28 ₁ , 28 ₂ , 28 ₃ ) is used. These elastic pads are fixed to the land 2 to absorb the rotation of the breakwater 1 in the horizontal plane. Similarly, the horizontal safety stoppers 29 ₁ and 29 ₂ made of an elastic material absorb the load caused by the breakwater 1 being pushed sideways. Further, the land-side start point of the breakwater 1 is placed on a plurality of other pads 30 _i (30 ₁ , 30 ₂ , 30 ₃ ), and these pads rotate (roll) around the longitudinal axis of the breakwater 1. ). Such a connecting device according to the modification of FIG. 10 substantially limits the five degrees of freedom of the breakwater.
[0025]
Next, in the modified examples of FIGS. 11A and 11B, the breakwater 1 is connected to the land 2 with the outgrowth 31 protruding from the breakwater 1 being formed on the land 2 and the breakwater 1 being broken. Established by engaging a cylindrical cage 32 that opens towards the water 1. In this case, a plurality of elastic pads 33 _{1 to} 33 ₅ are interposed between the outgrowth 31 and the inner surface of the cage 32. It will be understood that the coupling device according to this variant of FIG. 11 is equivalent to a horizontal axis swivel support substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater. Tensile metal cables 34 ₁ , 34 ₂ are attached through the breakwater parallel to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater 1. That is, these cables 34 _1, 34 ₂ in order to provide an elastic restoring force towards the cage 32 to break the water 1, to the sea side edge 1 ₁ of the break water 1 at its one end, and at its other end Fixed to land 2 respectively.
[0026]
Next, in the modified examples of FIGS. 12A and 12B, the elastic restoring force is given by the cables 35 ₁ and 35 ₂ passing on the pulleys 36 ₁ and 36 ₂ , respectively. These pulleys 36 ₁ and 36 ₂ are respectively mounted horizontally on the land ₂ and guide the ends 37 ₁ and 37 ₂ of the cables 35 ₁ and 35 ₂ toward the lateral fixing points of the land 2. Coupling device according to a modification of FIG. 12, provided by the cable 35 _1, 35 ₂ can adjust the elastic restoring force, the cable 35 _1, 35 ₂ of the end 37 ₁ and 37 ₂ and its mounting easy To be crossed. Further, a plurality of resilient pads 38 _1, 38 _2, 38 ₃ are attached to the support portion 2 ₁ of the land 2, to limit movement with respect to land 2 land side electromotive start 1 ₂ break water 1. Furthermore, the other elastic pad 39 and the cables 35 ₁ , 35 ₂ limit the movement of the breakwater 1 along the longitudinal axis.
[0027]
Finally, under severe ambient conditions, or when the breakwater is long compared to the wave length, the bending moment that occurs along the breakwater structure is locally very high. FIGS. 13A to 13C show a breakwater according to the present invention designed to solve such a problem.
[0028]
As can be seen in the plan view of FIG. 13A, this breakwater 1 consists of two unit caissons 1a, 1b which are joined together by joint devices 40 ₁ , 40 ₂ at their interface. It is connected.
[0029]
One of these articulation devices 40 ₁ is shown in more detail in the elevation view of FIG. 13B and the plan view of FIG. The joint device 40 ₁ includes a clevis 41, a tongue 42, and a pin 43 that passes through the clevis and the tongue. The clevis 41 and the tongue 42 are fixed to the unit caissons 1a and 1b by plates 44 and 45, respectively. Further, the pin 43 is substantially horizontal. Furthermore, a plurality of elastic stop pieces 46 ₁ , 46 ₂ , 46 ₃ , 46 ₄ (see FIG. 13B) limit the rotational movement of one caisson about the pin 43 with respect to the other caisson.
[0030]
Thus, the articulation device allows one caisson to rotate in relation to the other caisson in the vertical plane, thereby maximizing the bending moment along the breakwater while maintaining established limits on other degrees of freedom. Can be reduced.
[0031]
According to all the embodiments of the breakwater according to the invention described above, the breakwater caisson is constructed in a dry dock, then the caisson is towed to its final installation location by its inherent buoyancy, and then the present invention is It will become apparent that a breakwater mooring device and other coupling devices can be installed.
[0032]
Of course, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and these embodiments are described merely as examples. Therefore, instead of the coupling device shown in FIGS. 7 to 12, some of the six degrees of freedom (preferably at least two degrees of freedom) of the other coupling device, that is , the land-side start point of the breakwater are controlled. Limited coupling devices can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a first embodiment of a breakwater according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an elevational view of the breakwater of FIG.
3 is an enlarged view of the breakwater shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 along a section taken along line III-III in FIG.
FIG. 4 is a view showing a joint gangway installed between the breakwater of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the land.
FIG. 5 is a plan view showing a second embodiment of the breakwater according to the present invention.
6 is an elevational view of the breakwater of FIG.
7 is an enlarged view of the joint bearing constituting the connecting device between the breakwater and the land in FIGS. 5 and 6 along a section taken along line VII-VII in FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 shows a limiting device that constitutes a connecting device between a breakwater and land according to the present invention and restricts the movement of the breakwater's land-side starting point, (A) is an elevation view and (B) Is a plan view.
FIGS. 9A and 9B show a modification of the limiting device of FIG. 8, in which FIG. 9A is an elevation view and FIG.
10A and 10B show another modification of the limiting device of FIG. 8, in which FIG. 10A is an elevation view and FIG. 10B is a plan view.
FIGS. 11A and 11B show still another modified example of the restriction device of FIG. 8, wherein FIG. 11A is an elevation view and FIG.
FIGS. 12A and 12B show still another modified example of the restriction device of FIG. 8, wherein FIG. 12A is an elevation view and FIG.
FIGS. 13A and 13B show a third embodiment of the breakwater according to the present invention, in which an articulation device is provided at the joint between two unit caissons, FIG. 13A is a plan view, and FIG. Elevation and (C) are enlarged plan views showing a part of (A) in detail.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 break water 1a, 1b caisson 1 ₁ seaward end 1 ₂ RikugawaOkoshi starting 2 land 2 ₁ bearing 3 sea 4 seabed 5 absorbing puddle 6 vertical wall 7 inclined wall 7 _1, 7 ₂ opening 8 _{1-8 3} Opening 9 ₁ , 9 ₂ Opening 10 ₁ to 10 ₄ Sealing chamber 11 Base 12 Wharf 13 Road 14 Absorbing water reservoir 15 ₁ to 15 ₆ Mooring device 16 _{1 to} 16 ₄ Mooring device 17 Gangway 18 Joint device 19 Lifting jack 20 Joint Bearing 21 Spherical joint 22 Bet plate 23 Blocks 24 ₁ , 24 ₂ Safety stop piece 21 A Swivel 22 A Pin 23 A Support body 25 Plain bearing 26 Plain bearings 28 _i , 28 _{1 to} 28 ₃ Elastic pads 29 ₁ , 29 ₂ Elastic pads 30 _i , 301 _{to 303} the elastic pad 31 outgrowth 32 cage 33 _to 333 ₅ elastic pad 34 _1, 34 ₂ tensile metal cables 35 _1, 3 ₂ cable 36 _1, 36 ₂ pulleys 37 _1, 37 end 38 ₁ of the _cable, 38 _second elastic pad 39 elastic pad 40 _1, 40 ₂ joint device 41 clevis 42 tongue 43 pin

Claims (15)

A breakwater (1) with a starting point (1 ₂ ) fixed to the land (2) and installed in the deep sea, consisting of at least one unit caisson partially submerged in seawater, It includes an absorbent sump (5) having a wall (6) positioned to face the incoming large wave of caisson, the wall (6) dissipating part of the energy of the large wave and the absorbing sump. a plurality of openings for discharging at least a portion of the sea water which has entered into the part (7 _1, 7 ₂₎ break water which has a (1), further, a) provided in each caisson, permanent for each caisson At least one sealed chamber (10 ₁ to 10 ₄ ) for providing a typical buoyancy; b) a mooring device (15 ₁ to 15 ₆ ) for mooring the seaside end (1 ₁ ) of the breakwater; c) Landside Point (1 ₂₎ limiting device for limiting the movement of _{(16 1 ~16 4; 20;} 21A, 23A; 25,26; 28 i (28 1 ~28 3), 29 1, 29 2, 30 i (30 1 30 _3); 31, 33 _to 333 _5; 34 _1, 34 _2; 35 _1, 35 _2, 38 _1, 38 _2, 39) and break the water, characterized in that it comprises a. In the break water according to claim 1, wherein the restriction device to consist of a second mooring device connected close to the land side force starting point (1 ₂₎ to break the water (1) _(161-164) Break water characterized by The breakwater according to claim 1, wherein the limiting device limits at least two of the six degrees of freedom of the land-side starting point (1 ₂ ) of the breakwater (1 ) . 4. The breakwater according to claim 3, wherein the limiting device is located between a support portion (2 ₁ ) formed on the land (2) and the lower surface of the caisson at the land-side starting point (1 ₂ ) of the breakwater (1). Breakwater characterized in that it comprises an interposed joint bearing (20), the joint bearing (20) having an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater (1) . 4. The breakwater according to claim 3, wherein the limiting device is located between a support portion (2 ₁ ) formed on the land (2) and the lower surface of the caisson at the land-side starting point (1 ₂ ) of the breakwater (1). It consists of two plain bearings (25, 26) interposed , one of the plain bearings (26) passing through the other plain bearing (25) of the break water in the horizontal plane passing through this plain bearing and said break Break water characterized by allowing limited sliding around an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the water (1) . 4. The breakwater according to claim 3, wherein the limiting device is a cylindrical swivel (21A) installed between a pivot (22A) installed on the bearing (2 ₁ ) of the land (2) and a caisson of the breakwater. A breakwater characterized in that the cylindrical swivel includes a pair of neoprene supports (23A). The breakwater according to claim 3, wherein the limiting device is made of an elastic material and is installed between the land-side start point (1 ₂ ) and the land (2) of the breakwater (1) and A plurality of pads (30 ₁ to 30 ₃ ) on which the land-side starting point (1 ₂ ) rests under its own weight and a breakwater (1) along its longitudinal axis and on the land (2) And a plurality of other pads (28 _i (28 _{1 to} 28 ₃ ), 29 ₁ , 29 ₂ ) for restricting movement toward the land (2) along the axis perpendicular to the axis Break water. The breakwater (31) according to claim 3, wherein the limiting device projects from a land-side starting point (1 ₂ ) of the breakwater (1) and cooperates with a cage (32) formed on the land (2). The breakwater is characterized in that the cage (32) has a plurality of pads (33 _{1 to} 33 ₅ ) made of an elastic material on the inner surface thereof. 9. The breakwater according to claim 3 or 8, further comprising a plurality of elastic cables (34 ₁ , 34 ₂ ; 35 ₁ , 35 ₂ ) passing longitudinally through the breakwater (1), the cables being fixed. Breakwater characterized in that it is elastically restored to the breakwater when it is pulled and pulled along its longitudinal axis or when the breakwater rotates in its horizontal plane. Breakwater according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least two unit caissons, which are connected by at least one articulating device (40 ₁ , 40 ₂ ) at their interface, Breakwater characterized in that the articulation device is substantially horizontal and has an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater (1).   Break water according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising a gangway (17) providing a passage between the break water (1) and the land (2). Water. In the break water according to any one of claims 1 to 11, break the water, characterized in that said anchoring device consists of pulling the chain (15 ₁ to 15 ₆ and / or _161-164).   The breakwater according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising a wharf (12), a road (13) and a wall for absorbing a part of the energy of a large wave used as a beach for berthing the ship. Break water characterized by including the building which comprises at least one of (7).   The breakwater according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein at least a part is made of one or both of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. 4. A breakwater according to claim 3, wherein the restriction device comprises a swivel support with a horizontal axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the breakwater.

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