JP3540935B2 - Improved logical unit - Google Patents

Description

結果的に得られるＦＩＤの「開始点」の「極性」は、関連の情報、例えば、
論理状態「０」に対応する’＋ｖｅ’極性
論理状態「１」に対応する’−ｖｅ’極性
【００４８】
上記装置を用いることによって、１ビットの情報を記憶し、その後読み出すことができる。
【００４９】
例 ２
水、すなわち、狭い（３Ｈｚ）のＮＭＲ（核磁気共鳴）の線幅を有する反磁性の種類のものをスピン系として選択する。それも、長い核スピン「緩和時間」の特性を保持する。このサンプルをプローブヘッドに取り出し、７Ｔの強度の固定された磁界の超伝導電磁石の磁界に配置して、３００ＭＨｚの核磁気スピン共鳴をセットアップする。１ｃｍ^３ の磁界の一様性を約０．０１ｐｐｍとする。スピン系の共鳴励起を、システムデカプラの低電力出力チャネルによる低電力励起を用いたブルカ社のＭＳＬ ３００ Ｐ ＦＴ ＮＭＲ分光計によって実行し、アッセンブラレベルプログラミングを用いて、あり得る最小パルス持続時間（約１２８μｓ）を発生させる。パルス振幅はこの一定のパルス持続時間で変動されて、種々の所望の傾斜（「フリップ」）角にする。スピン共鳴は、１２５ＫＨｚデジタイザを用いて捕獲される。以下の基本的なパルス回転形式は、データ「書込み」中に用いられ、熱平衡中にスピン系で開始する。
論理状態「０」に対応する３６０°パルス回転
論理状態「１」に対応する１８０°パルス回転
それに対して、データを読み出すために、以下のパルス回転形式を用いる。

結果的に得られるＦＩＤの「開始点」の「極性」は、関連の情報、例えば、
論理状態「０」に対応する’＋ｖｅ’極性
論理状態「１」に対応する’−ｖｅ’極性
【００５０】
上記装置を用いることによって、１ビットの情報を記憶し、その後読み出すことができる。
【００５１】
アドレス指定を、０．０００７Ｔｃｍ^−１の振幅勾配の勾配増幅システムを用いたプローブヘッドで発生させたパルス磁界勾配を用いて行う。
【００５２】
例 ３
固体ポリメタクリル酸メチルの陽子（ＰＭＭＡ）をスピン系として選択する。ＰＭＭＡをプローブヘッドに取り出し、約２．７５Ｔのフリンジ磁界強度の固定された磁界の超伝導電磁石の磁界のフリンジに配置して、１１８ＭＨｚの核磁気スピン共鳴状態にセットアップする。磁界の一様性は約３０Ｔｍ^−１に対応する。
【００５３】
システム系の共鳴励起を、システムの高電力の送信ユニットによる高電力励起を用いたブルカー社のＭＳＬ ３００ Ｐ ＦＴ ＮＭＲ分光計コンソールで実行し、アッセンブラレベルプログラミングを用いて約４００〜５００ｎｓのあり得る最小パルス持続時間を発生させる。パルス振幅をこの一定のパルス持続時間で変動させて、種々の所望の傾斜（「フリップ」）角にする。スピン共鳴は、１２５ＫＨｚ／１０ＭＨｚデジタイザによって捕獲される。
【００５４】
以下の基本的なパルス回転形式は、データ「書込み」中に用いられ、熱平衡中にスピン系で開始する。
論理状態「０」に対応する３６０°パルス回転
論理状態「１」に対応する１８０°パルス回転
それに対して、データを読み出すために、以下のパルス回転形式を用いる。

結果的に得られるＦＩＤの「開始点」の「極性」は、関連の情報、例えば、
論理状態「０」に対応する’＋ｖｅ’極性
論理状態「１」に対応する’−ｖｅ’極性
【００５５】
上記装置を用いることによって、１ビットの情報を記憶し、その後読み出すことができる。
【００５６】
本発明の向上した論理装置の主な利点は次の通りである。
１．装置は、スピン系のパルス回転によって規定されたデータを「書き込み」すなわち「記憶し」及び「読み出す」ことができる。
２．スピン記憶装置の順次記憶装置と異なり、メモリのアクセスが任意及び／又は並列モードで可能となる。
３．標準的な分子用システムに比べてより高い再使用可能性となる。
４．情報の記憶及び処理の統合が可能となる。
５．固有の並列処理が可能となる。
６．分子用コンピュータと異なり、半スピン系は完全な双安定システムとなる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】標準的な半導体に基づくコンピュータのブロック図である。
【図２】スピンエコー及び刺激されたエコーを発生させる標準的な磁気共鳴装置を示す図である。
【図３】アドレス指定機能のない本発明の装置の一実施の形態のブロック図である。
【図４】メモリアドレス指定機能のある本発明の向上した論理装置の他の実施の形態のブロック図である。
【符号の説明】
１ 演算論理装置
２ 中央処理装置
３ メモリ
４，１２，２１ ＲＦ源
５，１３，２２ 変調装置／ドライバ
６，１９，２９ パルサ
７，１４，２３ パワーアンプ
８，１５，２４ プリアンプ／レシーバ
９ オシロスコープ
１０，１７，２６ 磁石の極
１１ プローブ
１６，２５ アナログ−デジタルコンバータ
１８，２７ プローブヘッド
２０，３０ コンピュータ装置
２８ 勾配コイル[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an improved logic device. The improved logic device of the present invention provides an implementation of fast logic based on magnetic resonance of a set of interacting or non-interacting spin-1 / 2, hereinafter referred to as a spin system. Such a high speed logic device forms the main feature of a novel spin computer or a hybrid spin computer.
[0002]
[Prior art]
At a basic level, the logic system is essentially based on an array of bi-state switches. Conventional logic devices are based on silicon semiconductor technology. The two states of the system are referred to as the “high” state and the “low” state, which usually correspond to a voltage of 5V and a voltage of 0V, respectively.
[0003]
The computer is based on the logic system shown in FIG. 1 and includes an arithmetic logic unit 1, a central processing unit 2, and a memory 3. The memory 3 operates to “store” information that can be quickly accessed by the central processing unit 2 when operating in the arithmetic logic unit 1. Modern computer memory is typically implemented as “volatile” dynamic random access memory (DRAM), where the memory cells are periodically refreshed. A typical computer is a device in which data is processed “in series”. “Parallel” architectures are also of great interest, resulting in significantly faster operating speeds. Parallel architectures are currently realized based on an array of nodes based on semiconductor-computers.
[0004]
Apart from several developments in semiconductor-based logic and computer systems, “molecular computers”, mainly based on molecular switches, have recently been developed as an alternative to the possible specific applications. In particular, “computers for proteins” and “computers for DNA” are of particular interest from many recent studies. It can be mentioned here that the development of other architectures such as these can lead to applications that cannot currently be considered.
[0005]
L. M.M. Adleman (Science 266, 1021, 1994), R.A. J. et al. Lipton (Science, 268, 542, 1995) and R.C. R. As reported by Birge (Scientific American, 272, 66, 1995), the current tremendous efforts in the development of bimolecular computers have been directed specifically to protein computers using bacteriorhodopsin. Rather it is aimed at DNA computers.
[0006]
In a molecular computer, information is stored during molecular switching, which means that molecular bonds that require a measure of the amount of molecular binding energy and interaction energy are formed, detached or reoriented. The reusability of a logic device is significantly shorter than that of a normal silicon device.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Five years after the discovery of each spin echo, Proctor et al. (Journal of Applied Physics, 26, 170, 1955) and Hahn et al. (Journal of Applied Physics, 26, 1324 1955: Scientific 42A, Memory 42). The possible uses of each spin system as a device were presented. This employs an echo phenomenon in which a series of events “registered” during the linear response management of a spin system are called in reverse order by a spin echo or in a normal order by a stimulated echo. No other development has been reported so far, perhaps because it is a relatively slow device. A block diagram of such a storage device using each spin system is shown in FIG. In FIG. 2, 4 indicates an RF (resonance frequency) source, 5 indicates a modulator / driver, 6 indicates a pulser, 7 indicates a power amplifier, 8 indicates a preamplifier / receiver, and 9 indicates an oscilloscope. 10 indicates a pole of the magnet, and 11 indicates a probe.
[0008]
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved logic device that utilizes a spin system as a logic device / storage unit.
[0009]
Another object of the present invention is to reduce the energy to store and retrieve information compared to molecular computers.
[0010]
Yet another object of the present invention is to increase reusability (lifetime) compared to common molecular computers.
[0011]
Yet another object of the present invention is to integrate information storage and processing into a single device so that it can serve as a key feature in the development of hybrid semiconductor and spin computers.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
An improved logic device according to the present invention comprises a resonant radio frequency (RF) source having a continuous waveform (CW) RF output, and this CW RF output is connected to a modulator / driver connected to a pulser that generates a DC gating pulse. And the resulting RF pulse is connected to a power amplifier, the output of the power amplifier is connected to a probe head containing a spin system at the center of the magnetic field, and the output of the probe head is connected to the RF amplifier A preamplifier / receiver that obtains a reference input from a source, and the output of the preamplifier / receiver is connected to a normal computer device capable of timing and performance control through an analog-to-digital converter; The input may generate an orthogonal gradient pulse that addresses the spin-based storage element. It connects to the gradient control unit which can be.
[0013]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 3, reference numeral 12 denotes an RF source, which can be a typical fixed frequency or variable frequency oscillator or synthesizer. This generates a continuous waveform (CW) RF output at a predetermined frequency.
[0014]
13 represents a modulator / driver that generates the required RF pulse by modulating the CW RF input from 12 with the DC gating pulse from 19 and buffers it for power amplification. .
[0015]
Reference numeral 14 denotes a power amplifier which amplifies the RF pulse from 13 and has a variable computer controlled attenuator at its output.
[0016]
Reference numeral 15 denotes a preamplifier / receiver, which receives an analog signal from 18 with reference to a reference signal from 12, amplifies and phase-detects it.
[0017]
Reference numeral 16 denotes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which is a high-speed and high-resolution unit that converts 15 analog outputs into digital data.
[0018]
17 shows the pole of the magnet, which sets up the bistable state of the spin system.
[0019]
Reference numeral 18 denotes a probe head, which houses the spin system in the center of the magnetic field surrounding the spin system by one or more radio frequency (RF) coils tuned to one or more resonance frequencies. And the signal is routed to 15.
[0020]
19 represents a pulsar, which generates the DC gating pulse pattern required by generating directly in hardware or under software control.
[0021]
Reference numeral 20 denotes a standard computer device, which controls the timing and performance of the rest of the hardware reset.
[0022]
In FIG. 4, 21 denotes an RF source, which can be a typical fixed frequency or variable frequency oscillator or synthesizer. This generates a continuous waveform (CW) RF output at a predetermined frequency.
[0023]
22 shows the modulator / driver, which generates the required RF pulse by modulating the CW RF input from 29 with the DC gating pulse from 21 and buffers it for power amplification .
[0024]
Reference numeral 23 denotes a power amplifier, which amplifies the RF pulse from 22 and has a variable computer controlled attenuator at its output.
[0025]
Reference numeral 24 denotes a preamplifier / receiver, which receives an analog signal from 21 with reference to a reference signal from 27, amplifies, and detects a phase.
[0026]
Reference numeral 25 denotes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which is a high-speed and high-resolution unit that converts 24 analog outputs into digital data.
[0027]
26 shows the pole of the magnet, which sets up the bistable state of the spin system.
[0028]
Reference numeral 27 denotes a probe head, which houses the spin system at the center of the magnetic field surrounding the spin system by one or more radio frequency coils tuned to one or more resonance frequencies and transmits RF power from 23. And 24 to route the signal and in conjunction with the gradient coil to generate a magnetic field gradient under 28 control.
[0029]
Reference numeral 28 denotes a gradient control unit, whereby any combination of three orthogonal gradient patterns can be set up and released when addressing the “storage element” of the spin system.
[0030]
29 represents a pulsar, which generates the DC gating pulse pattern required by generating directly in hardware or under software control.
[0031]
Reference numeral 30 denotes a standard computer device, which controls the timing and performance of the rest of the hardware reset.
[0032]
The present invention
a) a spin system having a sufficiently long relaxation time in a magnetic field and providing a bistable state;
b) a probe head, console and receiver that allow the system to access the bistable state using magnetic resonance excitation and detection;
c) To provide an improved logic device comprising a magnetic field gradient that allows “addressing” of individual memory “cells” of the spin system.
[0033]
Accordingly, the present invention provides a modulator / driver comprising a resonant radio frequency (RF) source having a continuous waveform (CW) RF output and connecting this CW RF output to a pulser (29) for generating a DC gating pulse. 22), and the resulting RF pulse is connected to a power amplifier (23), and the output of the power amplifier is connected to a probe head (27) that houses the spin system at the center of the magnetic field (26). The output part of the probe head (27) is connected to a preamplifier / receiver that obtains a reference input from the RF source (12), and the output part of the preamplifier / receiver (24) is connected to an analog-digital converter (ADC). Connected to a normal computer device (30) capable of controlling timing and performance through the probe (27) An improved logic device is provided, characterized in that the input is connected to a gradient control unit (28) capable of generating orthogonal gradient pulses addressing the spin-based storage elements.
[0034]
In an embodiment of the present invention, the spin system used in the present invention has an ESR (electron spin resonance) line width of up to 1 MHz and / or an ENDOR (electron nuclear double resonance) line width of up to 1 MHz and / or a maximum of 1 MHz. It can have an NMR line width.
[0035]
In another embodiment of the invention, the external magnetic field is generated by a fringing magnetic field of a permanent magnet, electromagnet, superconducting electromagnet or superconducting electromagnet. This spin system is taken from a probe, also known as a probe head, tuned to one or more resonance frequencies and placed in an external magnetic field. Under this circumstance, the system behaves as a bistable system where each spin has two possible spin orientations—up and down halves. The “up” spin state is referred to as logic level “high” while the other, ie, the “down” spin state is referred to as logic level “low”.
[0036]
Data is “written” by controlling the orientation of the spin, which can be done by appropriate means such as application of a magnetic field pulse, resonant RF pulse or microwave pulse or the passage of a non-uniform magnetic field. Controlled. The data, ie the spin orientation, is read again by applying any of the previous methods or by a superconducting quantum interferometer (SQUID). The time scale required to write or read the electron spin orientation by using a resonant pulse is a measure of 1 to 10 ns.
[0037]
Resonant RF pulses can be used to change the orientation of the spin when the burst of radiation is at the appropriate “resonance” frequency v ₀ . This resonance frequency is expressed by the following equation 2v ₀ = νB ₀
Given in terms intensity of the magnetic field B ₀ applied by. Here, ν is a gyromagnetic ratio, which is constant for a specific spin system.
[0038]
The system console illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 comprises a stable fixed frequency RF source whose output is fed to a modulator gated by the DC pulse output of the pulsar. The frequency of operation of the RF source is determined by the strength of the magnetic field in which the probe is located and the identity of the spin system used in the logic device. The strength of the magnetic field is indicated by the poles in FIGS. The output of the modulator / driver is supplied to a power amplifier having a variable computer controlled attenuator at its output. The pulser can be a simple standard wired device, or a complex standard device excited by a computer that allows automated execution of complex excitation / detection pulses as will be described later in logical form. The RF pulse output from this amplifier is fed to a single coil or cross coil excitation / detection probe head, which houses the spin system and is placed in a magnetic field. The signal output from the probe head is fed to a phase sensitive broadband receiver, whose demodulated output is sampled by a high speed (about 10 MHz) digitizer or signal sampler having a sampling frequency in the range of 300 MHz to 2 GHz, and finally a computer / Stored in peripheral device.
[0039]
The following basic pulse rotation forms are used during data “writing” starting with the spin system during thermal equilibrium. The spin system rotates the spin of the longitudinal axis by a predetermined angle parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field in response to the establishment of a specific logic state of the bistable system.
[0040]
Other 180 ° rotations correspond to rotations of other logic states. This is achieved by the resonance means already described.
[0041]
On the other hand, in order to “read” data, it is necessary to use the following pulse rotation mode.
[0042]
The spin is “tilted” in the cross plane, and the “start” point of free induction decay (FID) is sampled at a time note ranging from 1 ns to 100 ms and reoriented to its original state by reversing the pulse rotation. The
[0043]
The “polarity” of the “starting point” of the resulting FID has relevant information.
[0044]
The “read” procedure as described above ends with the recovery of the initial spin state corresponding to a “read” operation that does not change the logical state of the system.
[0045]
The signal from the probe head is detected and demodulated by a pulse detection receiver and a high speed signal sampler. This is a method of reading “data”. The probe head is placed in a magnetic field that applies the desired pulse / constant magnetic field gradient to the sample in any combination of three mutually orthogonal directions, referred to as the x, y and z directions, resulting in a memory Allows addressing. An RF power amplifier having a pulse forming function is arbitrarily used for addressing. The realization of the logical form is achieved by means of suitable modulation of the resonant RF using a pulsar and modulation device that generates the desired pattern of spin pulse rotation.
[0046]
The following examples are given by the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
[0047]
Example 1
As the conductive polymer, a crystal of fluoranthene hexafluorate is selected as the spin system. This polymer is of the durable paramagnetic type with a narrow (20 KHz) ESR linewidth. It is a long electron spin “relaxation time”. This polymer sample is taken out to the probe head and placed in the magnetic field of the variable magnetic field electromagnet to set up the electron spin resonance state. The magnet operates with a nominal magnetic field strength of 0.0107 T, which corresponds to an electron spin resonance frequency of 300 MHz. The current stability of the electromagnet power supply is about 1 ppm, while the magnetic field uniformity over 1 cm ² is about 10-20 ppm. Resonant excitation of the spin system is performed by a Bruker MSL300 P FT NMR spectrometer using low power excitation by the low power output channel of the system decoupler, and possible minimum pulse duration using assembler level programming Generate time (approximately 400-500 ns). The pulse amplitude is varied with this constant pulse duration to achieve various desired tilt (“flip”) angles. Spin resonance is captured using a 10 MHz digitizer. The following basic pulse rotation format is used during data “writing” and starts in the spin system during thermal equilibrium.
360 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “0” 180 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “1” On the other hand, in order to read data, the following pulse rotation format is used.

The “polarity” of the “starting point” of the resulting FID is related information, eg,
'+ Ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '0''-ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '1'
By using the above device, 1-bit information can be stored and then read out.
[0049]
Example 2
Water, ie, a diamagnetic type having a narrow (3 Hz) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) linewidth is selected as the spin system. It also retains the characteristics of long nuclear spin “relaxation time”. This sample is taken out into the probe head and placed in the magnetic field of a 7T fixed magnetic field superconducting electromagnet to set up a 300 MHz nuclear magnetic spin resonance. The uniformity of a 1 cm ³ magnetic field is about 0.01 ppm. Resonant excitation of the spin system is performed by a Bruca MSL 300 P FT NMR spectrometer using low power excitation by the low power output channel of the system decoupler, and using assembler level programming, the minimum possible pulse duration ( About 128 μs). The pulse amplitude is varied with this constant pulse duration to achieve various desired tilt (“flip”) angles. Spin resonance is captured using a 125 KHz digitizer. The following basic pulse rotation format is used during data “writing” and starts in the spin system during thermal equilibrium.
360 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “0” 180 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “1” On the other hand, in order to read data, the following pulse rotation format is used.

The “polarity” of the “starting point” of the resulting FID is related information, eg,
'+ Ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '0''-ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '1'
By using the above device, 1-bit information can be stored and then read out.
[0051]
Addressing is performed using a pulsed magnetic field gradient generated with a probe head using a gradient amplification system with an amplitude gradient of 0.0007 Tcm- ¹ .
[0052]
Example 3
Solid polymethyl methacrylate protons (PMMA) are selected as the spin system. The PMMA is removed from the probe head and placed in the magnetic field fringe of a fixed field superconducting electromagnet with a fixed fringe field strength of about 2.75 T and set up in a 118 MHz nuclear magnetic spin resonance state. The uniformity of the magnetic field corresponds to about 30 Tm ⁻¹ .
[0053]
Resonant excitation of the system is performed on a Bruker MSL 300 P FT NMR spectrometer console using high power excitation by the high power transmitter unit of the system, and a possible minimum of about 400-500 ns using assembler level programming Generate a pulse duration. The pulse amplitude is varied at this constant pulse duration to achieve various desired tilt (“flip”) angles. Spin resonance is captured by a 125 KHz / 10 MHz digitizer.
[0054]
The following basic pulse rotation format is used during data “writing” and starts in the spin system during thermal equilibrium.
360 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “0” 180 ° pulse rotation corresponding to logic state “1” On the other hand, in order to read data, the following pulse rotation format is used.

The “polarity” of the “starting point” of the resulting FID is related information, eg,
'+ Ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '0''-ve' polarity corresponding to logic state '1'
By using the above device, 1-bit information can be stored and then read out.
[0056]
The main advantages of the improved logic device of the present invention are as follows.
1. The device can “write” or “store” and “read” the data defined by the pulse rotation of the spin system.
2. Unlike sequential storage of spin storage, memory access is possible in arbitrary and / or parallel modes.
3. Higher reusability compared to standard molecular systems.
4). Information storage and processing can be integrated.
5. Intrinsic parallel processing is possible.
6). Unlike molecular computers, half-spin systems are completely bistable systems.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a standard semiconductor-based computer.
FIG. 2 illustrates a standard magnetic resonance apparatus that generates spin echoes and stimulated echoes.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the device of the present invention without an addressing function.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another embodiment of an improved logic device of the present invention with memory addressing capability.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 arithmetic logic unit 2 central processing unit 3 memory 4, 12, 21 RF source 5, 13, 22 modulator / driver 6, 19, 29 pulser 7, 14, 23 power amplifier 8, 15, 24 preamplifier / receiver 9 oscilloscope 10 , 17, 26 Magnet pole 11 Probe 16, 25 Analog-to-digital converter 18, 27 Probe head 20, 30 Computer device 28 Gradient coil

Claims (7)

Providing a resonant radio frequency (RF) source having a continuous waveform (CW) RF output, which CW RF output is supplied to a modulator / driver (22) connected to a pulser (29) for generating a DC gating pulse; The resulting RF pulse is connected to a power amplifier (23), and the output section of the power amplifier is connected to a probe head (27) that houses the spin system at the center of the magnetic field (26). 27) is connected to a preamplifier / receiver that obtains a reference input from the RF source (12), and the output of the preamplifier / receiver (24) is controlled by an analog-digital converter (ADC) for timing and performance control. Connected to a normal computer device (30) capable of performing Logical device with improved features to connect to a gradient control unit (28) capable of generating an orthogonal gradient pulses for addressing memory elements of the system. The improved logic device of claim 1, wherein the resonant radio frequency (FR) source is a general fixed / variable frequency oscillator / synthesizer capable of generating a continuous wave (CW) RF output. The improved logic device of claim 1, wherein the power amplifier has a variable computer controlled attenuator at its output and a pulse shaping function. 2. The improved logic device of claim 1, wherein the magnetic field is a permanent magnet field, a uniform field of a superconducting electromagnet, or a fringe field of a superconducting electromagnet. 2. The improved logic device of claim 1, wherein the spin system is a set of interacting or non-interacting spin-1 / 2. The spin system is an electron spin system having an electron spin resonance (ESR) line width of up to 1 MHz or an electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) line width of up to 1 MHz, or a liquid or solid diamagnetic nucleus having a line width of up to 1 MHz. 2. The improved logic device of claim 1, wherein the logic device is a spin system. 2. The improved logic device of claim 1 wherein the probe head is used as a radio frequency coil that is tuned to a resonant frequency.

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