JP2875089B2 - Protective film for magneto-optical disk - Google Patents
Protective film for magneto-optical diskInfo
- Publication number
- JP2875089B2 JP2875089B2 JP1536292A JP1536292A JP2875089B2 JP 2875089 B2 JP2875089 B2 JP 2875089B2 JP 1536292 A JP1536292 A JP 1536292A JP 1536292 A JP1536292 A JP 1536292A JP 2875089 B2 JP2875089 B2 JP 2875089B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- magneto
- protective film
- optical disk
- lubricant
- friction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、例えば超小型光磁気デ
ィスク等の光磁気ディスク用保護膜に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a protective film for a magneto-optical disk such as a microminiature magneto-optical disk.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】光ビームを用いて情報の書込み、消去及
び読出しを行うことができる所謂書込み可能の光ディス
クの一つに光磁気ディスクが知られている。2. Description of the Related Art A magneto-optical disk is known as one of so-called writable optical disks capable of writing, erasing and reading information using a light beam.
【0003】この光磁気ディスク1は、図3に示すよう
に透明基板2上に垂直磁化膜からなる光磁気記録層2が
設けられ、この光磁気記録層3上に金属薄膜例えばAl
薄膜からなる反射膜4が積層され、更に、この反射膜5
上に例えば紫外線硬化樹脂による保護膜5を形成して構
成される。In this magneto-optical disk 1, a magneto-optical recording layer 2 made of a perpendicular magnetization film is provided on a transparent substrate 2 as shown in FIG.
A reflective film 4 made of a thin film is laminated, and the reflective film 5
A protective film 5 made of, for example, an ultraviolet curing resin is formed thereon.
【0004】光磁気ディスクの記録方式としては、磁界
変調方式等が知られている。磁界変調方式の光磁気記録
は、光磁気ディスクを挟んで基板2側にレーザ光を照射
する光ピックアップを、保護膜5側にレーザスポットと
同期して移動する磁界発生手段、即ち磁気ヘッドを配
し、磁気ヘッドに流す電流の方向を変化させることによ
って磁界方向を変化させる。[0004] As a recording method of a magneto-optical disk, a magnetic field modulation method and the like are known. In the magneto-optical recording of the magnetic field modulation system, an optical pickup for irradiating a laser beam on the substrate 2 side with a magneto-optical disk in between is provided with a magnetic field generating means for moving in synchronization with the laser spot on the protective film 5, ie, a magnetic head. Then, the direction of the magnetic field is changed by changing the direction of the current flowing through the magnetic head.
【0005】光磁気ディスクはその中央部を回転中心と
して所定の回転速度で回転される。[0005] The magneto-optical disk is rotated at a predetermined rotational speed about the center of the disk.
【0006】そして、記録信号に対応した磁界がレーザ
スポット付近に形成されることで、光磁気ディスクの書
き換え希望部分がレーザスポットによりキュリー温度以
上に加熱され消磁した後、レーザスポットから移動して
キュリー温度以下に低下したとき、上記磁界方向に磁化
させて記録するようにしている。When a magnetic field corresponding to the recording signal is formed near the laser spot, the portion to be rewritten on the magneto-optical disk is heated to a temperature higher than the Curie temperature by the laser spot and demagnetized, and then moves from the laser spot to the Curie. When the temperature drops below the temperature, recording is performed by magnetizing the magnetic field in the above-described magnetic field direction.
【0007】従来の光磁気ディスク1は非接触メディア
であり、従って磁気ヘッドは光磁気ディスク1の保護膜
5から必要十分な間隔だけ離れて配される。The conventional magneto-optical disk 1 is a non-contact medium, so that the magnetic head is arranged at a necessary and sufficient distance from the protective film 5 of the magneto-optical disk 1.
【0008】上述の光磁気ディスク1の保護膜5を構成
する紫外線硬化樹脂は、一般に潤滑性を有していない。The ultraviolet curable resin constituting the protective film 5 of the magneto-optical disk 1 does not generally have lubricity.
【0009】[0009]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】一方、本出願人は、先
に磁気ヘッドを光磁気ディスクに接触させて記録する超
小型光磁気ディスク装置を提案した。この場合、光磁気
ディスクとしては、磁気ヘッドが接触摺動してもディス
ク面を傷付けないようにする必要がある。On the other hand, the present applicant has previously proposed an ultra-small magneto-optical disk device for recording by bringing a magnetic head into contact with a magneto-optical disk. In this case, it is necessary to prevent the magnetic disk from scratching the disk surface even when the magnetic head slides.
【0010】そこで、光磁気ディスクの保護膜に潤滑性
付与するために、シリコンや高級脂肪酸及びその金属
塩、高級アルコール等の滑剤を添加(内添)又は結合付
与する方法がとられている。しかしながら、このように
シリコン等の滑剤を添加しても、保護膜の摩擦係数を十
分に低くすることは困難であった。また、かかる場合、
滑剤の添加又は結合付与したことによる副作用として、
保護膜の表面又は反射膜との界面への滑剤のブリードに
よる密着性の低下や、エージング後のすべり性の低下な
ど、安定した光磁気ディスク用保護膜としての機能が低
下するという問題があった。Therefore, in order to impart lubricity to the protective film of the magneto-optical disk, a method of adding (internally adding) or bonding a lubricant such as silicon, a higher fatty acid, a metal salt thereof, or a higher alcohol has been adopted. However, it has been difficult to sufficiently reduce the coefficient of friction of the protective film even by adding a lubricant such as silicon. In such cases,
As a side effect of adding or binding a lubricant,
There was a problem that the function as a stable protective film for a magneto-optical disk was deteriorated, such as a decrease in adhesion due to bleeding of the lubricant on the surface of the protective film or an interface with the reflective film, and a decrease in slipperiness after aging. .
【0011】本発明は上述の点に鑑みてなされたもの
で、その目的とするところは、安定した光磁気ディスク
用保護膜としての機能を低下させることなく、保護膜表
面の摩擦係数を低下しうる光磁気ディスク用保護膜を提
供することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and has as its object to reduce the coefficient of friction of the surface of a protective film without deteriorating the function as a stable protective film for a magneto-optical disk. To provide a protective film for a magneto-optical disk.
【0012】[0012]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、オリゴマー及
び反応性希釈剤からなる樹脂に下記一般式The present invention provides a resin comprising an oligomer and a reactive diluent represented by the following general formula:
【化2】 で示されるPO(プロピレンオキサイド)/EO(エチ
レンオキサイド)変性シリコーン系化合物を含有させて
なるものである。この場合、PO/EO変性シリコーン
系化合物を樹脂成分に対して0.03重量%〜5重量%
含有させることも効果的である。Embedded image The product contains a PO (propylene oxide) / EO (ethylene oxide) modified silicone compound represented by the formula: In this case, the PO / EO-modified silicone compound is added in an amount of 0.03% by weight to 5% by weight based on the resin component.
It is also effective to include them.
【0013】オリゴマーとしては、例えばウレタンアク
リレート系、エポキシアクリレート系、ポリエステルア
クリレート系のものが用いられる。また、反応性希釈剤
としては、例えばHDDA(ヘキサンジオールジアクリ
レート)が用いられる。As the oligomer, for example, urethane acrylate, epoxy acrylate and polyester acrylate oligomers are used. As the reactive diluent, for example, HDDA (hexanediol diacrylate) is used.
【0014】[0014]
【作用】かかる構成を有する本発明においては、オリゴ
マー及び反応性希釈剤からなる樹脂に滑剤として上述の
PO/EO変性シリコーン系化合物が含まれていること
から、保護膜表面の摩擦係数が低下する。この場合、エ
ージングしても摩擦係数はほとんど上昇せず、また、保
護膜表面に滑剤がブリードすることもない。In the present invention having such a constitution, since the PO / EO-modified silicone-based compound is contained as a lubricant in the resin comprising the oligomer and the reactive diluent, the friction coefficient on the surface of the protective film is reduced. . In this case, the friction coefficient hardly increases even when aging occurs, and the lubricant does not bleed on the surface of the protective film.
【0015】[0015]
【実施例】以下、本発明を実施例を用いて詳細に説明す
る。実施例1 オーバーコート剤のベースであるウレタンアクリレート
(商品名UV7700B、日本合成化学社製)50重量
部と、希釈剤であるHDDA(ヘキサンジオールジアク
リレート)50重量部と、アセトフェノン系の光重合開
始剤(商品名ダロキュア1173、メルク社製)5重量
部と、滑剤として下記一般式で示されるDESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below in detail with reference to embodiments. Example 1 50 parts by weight of urethane acrylate (trade name: UV7700B, manufactured by Nippon Synthetic Chemical Co., Ltd.) as a base of an overcoat agent, 50 parts by weight of HDDA (hexanediol diacrylate) as a diluent, and start of acetophenone-based photopolymerization 5 parts by weight of an agent (Darocure 1173, manufactured by Merck) and a lubricant represented by the following general formula
【化3】 PO(プロピレンオキサイド)/EO(エチレンオキサ
イド)変性シリコーン系化合物(商品名SM11、松本
油脂社製)0.1重量部と、安定剤等と混合し、紫外線
硬化型のオーバーコート剤を調製した。そして、このオ
ーバーコート剤を、アルミニウムを蒸着した厚み100
μmのPET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)フィルム
の蒸着面に、コイルバーNo12を用い厚みが10〜1
5μmとなるように塗布した。その後、この塗布面に
0.5j/cm2 の積算光量で紫外線を照射してオーバ
ーコート剤を硬化させ、試験片を得た。尚、紫外線照射
はメタルハライドランプを用いて行い、ランプの高さを
10cmとした。Embedded image 0.1 parts by weight of a PO (propylene oxide) / EO (ethylene oxide) modified silicone compound (trade name: SM11, manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Co., Ltd.) was mixed with a stabilizer and the like to prepare an ultraviolet-curable overcoat agent. Then, the overcoating agent was coated with aluminum to a thickness of 100
Using a coil bar No. 12 on the vapor-deposited surface of a μm PET (polyethylene terephthalate) film,
It was applied so as to have a thickness of 5 μm. Thereafter, the applied surface was irradiated with ultraviolet light at an integrated light amount of 0.5 j / cm 2 to cure the overcoat agent, thereby obtaining a test piece. The ultraviolet irradiation was performed using a metal halide lamp, and the height of the lamp was set to 10 cm.
【0016】そして、表面性測定機(商品名HEIDO
N14D)を用い、保護膜の表面の摩擦係数を測定し
た。尚、この表面性測定機のヘッドはサファイアからな
る曲率半径が1mmのもので、測定の際に加える荷重は
100gである。また、摺動スピードは500mm/m
inとした。さらに、85℃の温度下で100時間、9
5%までエージングを行った後、同様の方法により摩擦
係数を測定した。一方、保護膜にブリードが生ずるかど
うか指触により検査した。これらの結果を表1に示す。Then, a surface property measuring device (trade name: HEIDO)
N14D), the coefficient of friction of the surface of the protective film was measured. In addition, the head of this surface property measuring device was made of sapphire and had a radius of curvature of 1 mm, and the load applied during the measurement was 100 g. The sliding speed is 500mm / m
in. Further, at a temperature of 85 ° C. for 100 hours, 9
After aging to 5%, the friction coefficient was measured by the same method. On the other hand, whether or not bleeding occurred in the protective film was inspected by touch. Table 1 shows the results.
【0017】実施例2 滑剤の添加量を5.0重量部としたほかは実施例1と同
様の方法により試験片を作製し、摩擦係数の測定及びブ
リードの有無の調査を行った。その結果を表1に示す。 Example 2 Test pieces were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of the lubricant was changed to 5.0 parts by weight, and the friction coefficient was measured and the presence or absence of bleed was examined. Table 1 shows the results.
【0018】比較例1 滑剤を添加せず、実施例1と同様の方法により試験片を
作製し、摩擦係数の測定及びブリードの有無の調査を行
った。その結果を表1に示す。 Comparative Example 1 A test piece was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 without adding a lubricant, and the friction coefficient was measured and the presence or absence of bleed was examined. Table 1 shows the results.
【0019】比較例2 滑剤の添加量を8重量部としたほかは実施例1と同様の
方法により試験片を作製し、摩擦係数の測定及びブリー
ドの有無の調査を行った。その結果を表1に示す。 Comparative Example 2 Test pieces were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of the lubricant was changed to 8 parts by weight, and the friction coefficient was measured and the presence or absence of bleed was examined. Table 1 shows the results.
【0020】実施例3,4 オーバーコート剤のベースとしてビスフェノールA形の
エポキシアクリレート(商品名SP−1509、昭和高
分子社製)を50重量部添加し、他は実施例1又は2と
同様の方法により試験片を作製して、摩擦係数の測定及
びブリードの有無の調査を行った。その結果を表1に示
す。 Examples 3 and 4 Bisphenol A type epoxy acrylate (trade name: SP-1509, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd.) was added in an amount of 50 parts by weight as a base of the overcoating agent. A test piece was prepared by the method, and the friction coefficient was measured and the presence or absence of bleed was investigated. Table 1 shows the results.
【0021】比較例3,4 オーバーコート剤のベースとして上述のエポキシアクリ
レートを50重量部添加し、他は比較例1又は2と同様
の方法により試験片を作製して、摩擦係数の測定及びブ
リードの有無の調査を行った。その結果を表1に示す。 Comparative Examples 3 and 4 A test piece was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 or 2 except that 50 parts by weight of the above-mentioned epoxy acrylate was added as a base of the overcoat agent, and the measurement of friction coefficient and bleeding were performed. Was investigated. Table 1 shows the results.
【0022】[0022]
【表1】 [Table 1]
【0023】表1から理解されるように、上述の構成を
有する滑剤を添加した実施例1〜4にあっては、滑剤を
添加しない比較例1,3に比べ摩擦係数が大幅に低下し
ている。この場合、滑剤の添加量は少量でも効果が高
い。尚、この点については後述する。As can be understood from Table 1, in Examples 1 to 4 in which the lubricant having the above-described structure was added, the friction coefficient was significantly reduced as compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 3 in which no lubricant was added. I have. In this case, the effect is high even if the amount of the lubricant added is small. This point will be described later.
【0024】一方、添加量の限界は、5重量部程度であ
る。すなわち、比較例2及び4のように添加過剰の場
合、保護膜の表面にブリードが発生し、接着力の低下を
招く。また、ベースとなる樹脂との相溶性の悪さから膜
がくもるという問題も生ずる。尚、ウレタンアクリレー
ト系の樹脂は比較的滑剤との相溶性が良く、過剰添加し
た場合であっても膜は透明性を失わない。これに対し、
エポキシアクリレート系の樹脂の場合は、一般に滑剤と
の相溶性がウレタンアクリレート系の樹脂ほど良くな
く、滑剤を過剰添加した場合には保護膜にくもりが生ず
る。さらに、摩擦係数に関しては、滑剤を過剰添加した
場合、ウレタンアクリレート系の樹脂は低摩擦係数を維
持するが、エポキシアクリレート系の樹脂では増加す
る。On the other hand, the limit of the amount added is about 5 parts by weight. That is, in the case of excessive addition as in Comparative Examples 2 and 4, bleeding occurs on the surface of the protective film, resulting in a decrease in adhesive strength. Further, there is also a problem that the film becomes cloudy due to poor compatibility with the base resin. The urethane acrylate resin has relatively good compatibility with the lubricant, and the film does not lose transparency even when added in an excessive amount. In contrast,
In the case of an epoxy acrylate resin, the compatibility with a lubricant is generally not as good as that of a urethane acrylate resin, and when an excessive amount of the lubricant is added, cloudiness occurs in the protective film. Further, with respect to the coefficient of friction, when an excessive amount of a lubricant is added, the urethane acrylate-based resin maintains a low coefficient of friction, while the epoxy acrylate-based resin increases.
【0025】実施例5 滑剤の添加量を1重量部としたほかは実施例1と同様の
方法により試験片を作製し、摩擦係数を測定した。その
結果を表2に示す。 Example 5 Test pieces were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount of the lubricant was changed to 1 part by weight, and the friction coefficient was measured. Table 2 shows the results.
【0026】比較例5〜7 滑剤としてそれぞれEO変性シリコーン系化合物(比較
例5、商品名SM12、松本油脂社製)、オレイルホス
フェードアミン塩(比較例6、商品名MYA524、松
本油脂社製)、炭素数が12〜14のPOEアルキルラ
ウレート(比較例7、商品名MYB1080、松本油脂
社製)を用い、他は実施例1と同様の方法により試験片
を作製し、摩擦係数の測定を行った。その結果を表2に
示す。 Comparative Examples 5 to 7 EO-modified silicone compounds (Comparative Example 5, trade name SM12, manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Co., Ltd.) and oleyl phosphate amine salts (Comparative Example 6, trade name MYA524, manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Co., Ltd.) as lubricants, respectively. Using a POE alkyl laurate having 12 to 14 carbon atoms (Comparative Example 7, trade name MYB1080, manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi Co., Ltd.), a test piece was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for measuring the friction coefficient. went. Table 2 shows the results.
【0027】[0027]
【表2】 [Table 2]
【0028】表2から、PO/EO変性シリコーン系化
合物を滑剤として用いた場合、他の滑剤よりも摩擦係数
の低減効果が大きいことが理解される。尚、オレイルホ
スフェートアミン塩を用いた比較例6の場合、ウレタン
アクリレートとの相溶性が悪く、均一の塗膜が得られな
かった。From Table 2, it is understood that when the PO / EO-modified silicone compound is used as a lubricant, the effect of reducing the coefficient of friction is larger than that of other lubricants. In the case of Comparative Example 6 using oleyl phosphate amine salt, the compatibility with urethane acrylate was poor, and a uniform coating film could not be obtained.
【0029】図1は、滑剤の添加量と保護膜と摩擦係数
との関係を示すグラフである。同図に示すように、PO
/EO変性シリコーン系化合物の添加量を5重量%以内
にすれば、摩擦係数が小さく、また上述のブリードが生
じないので、例えば超小型光磁気ディスク用の保護膜と
して非常に有効である。尚、保護膜の摩擦係数は、耐久
性、駆動電力の観点から0.1以下であることが望まし
いものである。FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of lubricant added, the protective film and the coefficient of friction. As shown in FIG.
If the addition amount of the / EO-modified silicone compound is within 5% by weight, the coefficient of friction is small and the above-mentioned bleed does not occur, so that it is very effective, for example, as a protective film for a microminiature magneto-optical disk. The coefficient of friction of the protective film is desirably 0.1 or less from the viewpoint of durability and driving power.
【0030】図2は、滑剤の添加量と摩擦係数との関係
を片対数で示すグラフである。同図から、ウレタンアク
リレートをベースとして用いた場合、少なくともPO/
EO変性シリコーン系化合物が0.03重量%以上含ま
れていれば摩擦係数が0.1より小さくなることが理解
される。FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of the lubricant added and the coefficient of friction in a semilogarithmic manner. From the figure, when urethane acrylate is used as a base, at least PO /
It is understood that when the EO-modified silicone compound is contained in an amount of 0.03% by weight or more, the friction coefficient becomes smaller than 0.1.
【0031】[0031]
【発明の効果】以上述べたように本発明にあっては、オ
リゴマー及び反応性希釈剤からなる樹脂に上述のPO/
EO変性シリコーン系化合物を含有させたことにより、
保護膜表面の摩擦係数を大幅に下げることができ、ま
た、この値はエージング後でも増加しないので、摺動時
において保護膜表面に傷がつくことを防止することがで
きる。また、本発明によれば、保護膜の表面又は界面に
ブリードが生じないので、密着性の低下を防止すること
ができる。さらに、本発明は、PO/EO変性シリコー
ン系化合物を樹脂成分に対して0.03重量%〜5重量
%含有させることにより、以上の効果をより一層奏する
ものである。As described above, in the present invention, the above-mentioned PO / PO
By containing the EO-modified silicone compound,
The coefficient of friction of the surface of the protective film can be greatly reduced, and since this value does not increase even after aging, it is possible to prevent the surface of the protective film from being damaged during sliding. Further, according to the present invention, since no bleeding occurs on the surface or interface of the protective film, it is possible to prevent a decrease in adhesion. Further, the present invention further exerts the above effects by containing the PO / EO-modified silicone compound in an amount of 0.03% by weight to 5% by weight based on the resin component.
【図1】滑剤の添加量と摩擦係数との関係を示すグラフ
である。FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of lubricant added and the coefficient of friction.
【図2】滑剤の添加量と摩擦係数との関係を示す片対数
グラフである。FIG. 2 is a semilogarithmic graph showing the relationship between the amount of lubricant added and the coefficient of friction.
【図3】光磁気ディスクの断面図である。FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a magneto-optical disk.
1 光磁気ディスク 2 透明基板 3 光磁気記録層 4 反射膜 5 保護膜 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Magneto-optical disk 2 Transparent substrate 3 Magneto-optical recording layer 4 Reflective film 5 Protective film
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.6,DB名) G11B 11/10 521 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (58) Field surveyed (Int.Cl. 6 , DB name) G11B 11/10 521
Claims (2)
脂に下記一般式 【化1】 で示されるPO/EO変性シリコーン系化合物を含有さ
せてなることを特徴とする光磁気ディスク用保護膜。A resin comprising an oligomer and a reactive diluent is represented by the following general formula: A protective film for a magneto-optical disk, comprising a PO / EO-modified silicone compound represented by the formula:
脂成分に対して0.03重量%〜5重量%含有させてな
ることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光磁気ディスク用保
護膜。2. The protective film for a magneto-optical disk according to claim 1, wherein the PO / EO-modified silicone compound is contained in an amount of 0.03% by weight to 5% by weight based on the resin component.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1536292A JP2875089B2 (en) | 1992-01-30 | 1992-01-30 | Protective film for magneto-optical disk |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1536292A JP2875089B2 (en) | 1992-01-30 | 1992-01-30 | Protective film for magneto-optical disk |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH05210883A JPH05210883A (en) | 1993-08-20 |
JP2875089B2 true JP2875089B2 (en) | 1999-03-24 |
Family
ID=11886689
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP1536292A Expired - Lifetime JP2875089B2 (en) | 1992-01-30 | 1992-01-30 | Protective film for magneto-optical disk |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2875089B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH08106663A (en) * | 1994-08-10 | 1996-04-23 | Tdk Corp | Magneto-optical disk |
GB9426326D0 (en) * | 1994-12-29 | 1995-03-01 | Dow Corning | Curable compositions |
KR20170041010A (en) * | 2015-10-06 | 2017-04-14 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Printed circuit board for fingerprint sensor, fingerprint sensor and manufacturing method of printed circuit board for fingerprint sensor |
-
1992
- 1992-01-30 JP JP1536292A patent/JP2875089B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH05210883A (en) | 1993-08-20 |
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