JP2724838B2 - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents
Liquid crystal display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JP2724838B2 JP2724838B2 JP63189134A JP18913488A JP2724838B2 JP 2724838 B2 JP2724838 B2 JP 2724838B2 JP 63189134 A JP63189134 A JP 63189134A JP 18913488 A JP18913488 A JP 18913488A JP 2724838 B2 JP2724838 B2 JP 2724838B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- crystal display
- display device
- film
- alignment film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims description 56
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業の利用分野〕 本発明は二枚の透明基板で液晶物質を挟持した液晶表
示素子、特に液晶分子の配列を決定する配向膜に関する
ものである。The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device in which a liquid crystal material is sandwiched between two transparent substrates, and more particularly to an alignment film for determining the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules.
最近、スーパーツイストネマチックモード（STN;Supe
rtwisted Nematic Mode特開昭60−107020号公報）のSTN
表示モード液晶表示素子が各種コンピュータ、ワードプ
ロセッサ、データ端末などに代表される情報・OA関連機
器分野で利用されている。Recently, Super Twisted Nematic mode (STN; Supe
STN of rtwisted Nematic Mode (JP-A-60-107020)
2. Description of the Related Art Display mode liquid crystal display elements are used in information and OA related equipment fields represented by various computers, word processors, data terminals and the like.
このSTNモードは、従来のTNモードに比べて、コント
ラストや視野角性の点で優れている反面、スキャッタリ
ングドメイン（光を散乱するドメイン）などの表示欠陥
を防ぐため、チルト角を大きくできるような配向膜を使
用することが必要であり、配向膜の選択が非常に重要で
ある。The STN mode is superior to the conventional TN mode in terms of contrast and viewing angle, but has a large tilt angle to prevent display defects such as scattering domains (light scattering domains). It is necessary to use a proper alignment film, and the selection of the alignment film is very important.
従来、この種の配向膜としては、斜め蒸着による酸化
シリコンなどの無機物質膜あるいはポリイミド樹脂に代
表される有機物質膜等が使用されている。Conventionally, as this type of alignment film, an inorganic material film such as silicon oxide by oblique deposition, an organic material film represented by a polyimide resin, or the like has been used.
しかしながら、配向膜を有機物質膜で形成した場合、
チルト角が５゜〜７゜とあまり大きくできず、コントラ
スト比を高めるために液晶分子の捩じれ角を、例えば24
0゜〜250゜にすると、表示欠陥が非常に発生し易くな
る。即ち、従来の有機物質膜で形成した配向膜を使用す
る限り、液晶分子の捩じれ角を240゜以上にすることが
できず、その結果、充分コントラスト比を得ることがで
きなかった。However, when the alignment film is formed of an organic material film,
The tilt angle cannot be so large as 5 ° to 7 °, and the torsion angle of the liquid crystal molecule is set to, for example, 24 to increase the contrast ratio.
When the angle is 0 ° to 250 °, display defects are very likely to occur. That is, as long as an alignment film formed of a conventional organic material film is used, the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules cannot be increased to 240 ° or more, and as a result, a sufficient contrast ratio cannot be obtained.
一方、配向膜を斜め蒸着による無機物質膜で形成した
場合、チルト角は大きくなるが、高温高湿下では、液晶
分子の配向不良が発生し、表示上の信頼性が乏しいとい
う問題点があった。On the other hand, when the alignment film is formed of an inorganic material film by oblique deposition, the tilt angle becomes large, but under high temperature and high humidity, there is a problem that poor alignment of liquid crystal molecules occurs and display reliability is poor. Was.
本発明は、上述の問題点に鑑み案出されたものであ
り、その目的は高チルト角が容易に達成され、信頼性が
高い配向膜を設けた液晶表示素子を提供するものであ
る。The present invention has been devised in view of the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device provided with an alignment film that can easily achieve a high tilt angle and has high reliability.
本発明によれば上述の問題点を解決するために、内面
に配向膜が形成された二枚の透明基板の間隙に、液晶分
子の捩じれ角が240゜以上の液晶物質が封入されるSTN表
示モードの液晶表示素子において、前記配向膜が斜め蒸
着による無機物質膜と、ラビング処理した膜厚100〜200
0Åの有機物質膜との二層構造を有していることであ
る。According to the present invention, in order to solve the above-described problems, an STN display in which a liquid crystal material having a twist angle of 240 ° or more of liquid crystal molecules is sealed in a gap between two transparent substrates having an alignment film formed on an inner surface thereof. In the mode liquid crystal display element, the alignment film is an inorganic material film formed by oblique deposition, and a rubbed film having a thickness of 100 to 200.
It has a two-layer structure with an organic material film of 0 °.
上述の具体的な手段により、予め基板上に斜め蒸着に
よる酸化シリコンなどの無機物質膜を形成し、その上に
ポリイミド樹脂等の有機物質膜を形成すると、有機物質
膜単層の配向膜に比べて、チルト角が大幅に向上する。
また、無機物質膜を蒸着する際、蒸着角度および膜厚等
を適宜選択することにより、任意のチルト角をえること
ができる。これは、下地である無機物質膜の酸化シリコ
ンなどの分子の配列の溝が、上層である有機物質膜上に
まで反映するため、無機物質膜の配向膜が有する高チル
ト角が達成でき、有機物質膜が、下地の無機物質膜の高
温高湿下での、液晶分子の配向不良を防止し、コントラ
スト比を高めるために液晶分子の捩じれ角を大きくする
ことが極めて容易となるものである。By the above-mentioned specific means, when an inorganic material film such as silicon oxide is formed on a substrate in advance by oblique vapor deposition, and an organic material film such as a polyimide resin is formed thereon, compared to an alignment film of a single organic material film. Thus, the tilt angle is greatly improved.
When the inorganic material film is deposited, an arbitrary tilt angle can be obtained by appropriately selecting a deposition angle, a film thickness, and the like. This is because the groove of the arrangement of molecules such as silicon oxide of the inorganic material film as the base is reflected on the organic material film as the upper layer, so that the high tilt angle of the alignment film of the inorganic material film can be achieved, It is extremely easy for the material film to increase the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules in order to prevent poor orientation of the liquid crystal molecules under the high temperature and high humidity of the underlying inorganic material film and to increase the contrast ratio.
さらに上記有機物質膜を膜厚100〜2000Åで被覆し
て、ラビング処理をおこない、これによって液晶分子の
捩じれ角が240゜以上のSTN表示モードに適する液晶表示
素子が提供される。Further, the organic material film is coated to a thickness of 100 to 2000 ° and subjected to a rubbing treatment, thereby providing a liquid crystal display element suitable for STN display mode in which the twist angle of liquid crystal molecules is 240 ° or more.
以下、本発明の液晶表示素子を図面に基づいて詳細に
説明する。Hereinafter, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
第１図は本発明に係る液晶表示素子の構造を示す断面
図である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a structure of a liquid crystal display device according to the present invention.
本発明の液晶表示素子は、電極3,4および配向膜5,6が
被着された二枚の透明基板1,2で液晶材料７を挟持して
構成されている。The liquid crystal display element of the present invention is configured by sandwiching a liquid crystal material 7 between two transparent substrates 1 and 2 on which electrodes 3 and 4 and alignment films 5 and 6 are adhered.
透明基板1,2は、ガラスなどが用いられ、必要に応じ
てガラスの成分であるアルカリ成分が析出されないよう
に酸化シリコンなどのアンダーコート（図示せず）が形
成されている。The transparent substrates 1 and 2 are made of glass or the like, and an undercoat (not shown) of silicon oxide or the like is formed as necessary so that an alkali component which is a component of the glass is not deposited.
電極3,4は、前記液晶材料の液晶層７に電界を与える
ためのもので、膜厚800〜2000Åで、酸化銀（SnO2）を
５％添加した酸化インジウム（In2O3）からなり、フォ
トリソグラフィー技術により、パターンニングされてい
る。The electrodes 3 and 4 are for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer 7 of the liquid crystal material, and are made of indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) having a thickness of 800 to 2000 Å and containing 5% of silver oxide (SnO 2 ). Is patterned by photolithography technology.
配向膜5,6は、透明基板1,2の電極3,4上に形成され、
液晶層７の液晶分子91のチルト角やツイスト角を規定す
るものである。配向膜5,6は、第２図（一方の基板２の
みを示す）に示すように、透明基板1,2に無機物質膜5
1、61が形成され、さらに無機物質膜51、61上に有機物
質膜52、62が形成され構成されている。The alignment films 5 and 6 are formed on the electrodes 3 and 4 of the transparent substrates 1 and 2,
The tilt angle and the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules 91 of the liquid crystal layer 7 are defined. As shown in FIG. 2 (only one substrate 2 is shown), the alignment films 5 and 6 are made of an inorganic material film 5 on transparent substrates 1 and 2.
1 and 61 are formed, and organic material films 52 and 62 are further formed on the inorganic material films 51 and 61.
配向膜5,6の無機物質膜51、61は、斜め蒸着法によ
り、膜厚500〜2000Åで所定方向に形成される。本実施
例では、酸化シリコン（SiO）を使用し、蒸着する際の
蒸着角度は15〜20゜とした。前記無機物質は酸化シリコ
ン（SiO）のほかに、二酸化シリコンなどの酸化物、窒
化シリコンなどの窒化物がもちいれる。The inorganic material films 51 and 61 of the alignment films 5 and 6 are formed in a predetermined direction with a thickness of 500 to 2000 ° by an oblique evaporation method. In this embodiment, silicon oxide (SiO) was used, and the deposition angle at the time of deposition was 15 to 20 °. As the inorganic substance, in addition to silicon oxide (SiO), an oxide such as silicon dioxide and a nitride such as silicon nitride are used.
配向膜5,6の有機物質膜52、62は、膜厚等により、膜
厚100〜2000Åで形成される。本実施例では、有機物質
としてポリイミド系樹脂（商品名;SE4110、日産化学
製）を使用し、無機物質膜51、61上に塗布した後、窒素
雰囲気下で300゜、１時間程度の加熱硬化後、その表面
を、捩じれ角に応じて液晶分子91の配列方向を決定する
ために、布などで一定方向にラビング処理される。本実
施例において、液晶分子91の捩じれ角が240゜になるよ
うにラビング処理される。前記有機物質は、ポリイミド
系樹脂のほかに、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリオキシエ
チレンなどが用いられる。The organic material films 52 and 62 of the alignment films 5 and 6 are formed to have a thickness of 100 to 2000 に よ り depending on the thickness and the like. In this embodiment, a polyimide resin (trade name: SE4110, manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is used as an organic substance, and is applied on the inorganic substance films 51 and 61, and then cured under a nitrogen atmosphere at 300 ° C. for about 1 hour. Thereafter, the surface is rubbed in a certain direction with a cloth or the like in order to determine the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules 91 according to the twist angle. In the present embodiment, rubbing treatment is performed so that the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecules 91 is 240 °. As the organic substance, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene, or the like is used in addition to the polyimide resin.
上述の構造で配向処理された配向膜5,6を有する透明
基板１、２は、エポキシ樹脂のシール材８をスクリーン
印刷法で、その周端部に形成した後、加熱硬化され、互
いに接着されている。The transparent substrates 1 and 2 having the alignment films 5 and 6 that have been subjected to the alignment processing in the above-described structure are formed by forming a sealing material 8 of an epoxy resin on a peripheral end thereof by a screen printing method, and then heat-cured and adhered to each other. ing.
そして、２枚の透明基板１、２の間隙には、液晶材料
７が封止される。Then, a liquid crystal material 7 is sealed in a gap between the two transparent substrates 1 and 2.
液晶層７は誘電率異方性が正のネマチック液晶にツイ
スト方向を規定するための左旋性の光学活性物質であ
る、例えばＳ−811が約0.95wt％程度添加されている。The liquid crystal layer 7 is added with about 0.95 wt% of a left-rotating optically active substance, for example, S-811 for defining a twist direction in a nematic liquid crystal having a positive dielectric anisotropy.
さらに、２枚の透明基板１、２の外面には、互いの偏
光軸が所定の角度例えば−45゜〜45゜をなすように偏光
板９、10がが貼付され、透過型の液晶表示素子が得られ
る。Further, polarizing plates 9 and 10 are attached to the outer surfaces of the two transparent substrates 1 and 2 so that the respective polarizing axes form a predetermined angle, for example, −45 ° to 45 °. Is obtained.
本発明者は、本発明の液晶表示素子の配向膜と、従来
のポリイミド系樹脂単層の配向膜とのチルト角及びこれ
らの配向膜を設けた液晶表示素子のスキャッタリングド
メインの有無の評価をを行った。The present inventors evaluated the tilt angle between the alignment film of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention and the conventional alignment film of a polyimide-based resin single layer, and the evaluation of the presence or absence of the scattering domain of the liquid crystal display device provided with these alignment films. Was done.
なお、本発明の液晶表示素子の配向膜は、無機物質膜
を1000Å、有機物質膜を1000Åに設定した。そして、従
来の配向膜は、ポリイミド系樹脂の単層有機物質膜を20
00Åに設定した。The orientation film of the liquid crystal display element of the present invention was set at 1000 ° for the inorganic material film and 1000 ° for the organic material film. The conventional alignment film is a single-layer organic material film of a polyimide resin.
Set to 00 °.
その結果、本発明の液晶表示素子の配向膜は液晶分子
のチルト角を、量産ベースでも10゜以上と大きくでき、
また、本発明の液晶表示素子は液晶分子の捩じれ角を25
0゜にしてもスキャッタリングドメインの発生が起こら
なかった。As a result, the alignment film of the liquid crystal display element of the present invention can increase the tilt angle of liquid crystal molecules to 10 ° or more even on a mass production basis,
Further, the liquid crystal display element of the present invention has a twist angle of liquid crystal molecules of 25.
No scattering domain occurred even at 0 °.
一方、従来の配向膜を設けた液晶表示素子の場合、チ
ルト角が３゜程度と小さく、スキャッタリングドメイン
が発生し易い状態であった。On the other hand, in the case of a conventional liquid crystal display device provided with an alignment film, the tilt angle was as small as about 3 °, and the scattering domain was easily generated.
また、本発明者は、本発明の液晶表示素子の配向膜
と、従来の酸化シリコンの無機物質単層の配向膜とで高
温高湿下での信頼性試験の評価を行った。In addition, the present inventor evaluated a reliability test under high temperature and high humidity using the alignment film of the liquid crystal display element of the present invention and the conventional alignment film of a single layer of an inorganic substance of silicon oxide.
本発明の液晶表示素子は、高温高湿（70℃、95％RH、
50時間以上）試験においても、液晶分子の配向不良が発
生せず、信頼性の高いことが確認されている。The liquid crystal display device of the present invention has a high temperature and a high humidity (70 ° C., 95% RH,
Even in the test (50 hours or more), it was confirmed that poor alignment of the liquid crystal molecules did not occur and the reliability was high.
一方、従来の液晶表示素子の場合、50時間も経たない
うちに、液晶分子の配向不良が発生し、所定の表示がで
きなかった。On the other hand, in the case of the conventional liquid crystal display element, the alignment failure of the liquid crystal molecules occurred within 50 hours or less, and a predetermined display could not be performed.
尚、上述の実施例では、透過型液晶表示素子で説明し
たが、一方の基板の外面に反射板が貼付された反射型液
晶表示素子でも構わない。また、２枚の基板で構成され
る液晶表示素子に限定されることもなく、２枚の基板で
液晶材料を封止したセルを、２セル積層した液晶表示素
子にも適用される。In the above embodiment, the transmission type liquid crystal display device has been described. However, a reflection type liquid crystal display device in which a reflection plate is attached to the outer surface of one substrate may be used. Further, the present invention is not limited to a liquid crystal display element including two substrates, and is also applicable to a liquid crystal display element in which two cells in which a liquid crystal material is sealed with two substrates are stacked.
以上、説明したように、本発明の液晶表示素子は、従
来の単層の配向膜の液晶表示素子に比べて、チルト角を
大きくすることができ、且つ高温高湿信頼性に非常に優
れた液晶表示素子が得られる。As described above, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention can increase the tilt angle and is very excellent in high-temperature, high-humidity reliability, as compared with a conventional single-layer alignment film liquid crystal display device. A liquid crystal display device is obtained.
第１図は本発明に係る液晶表示素子の構造を示す断面図
であり、第２図は本発明に係る液晶表示素子の配向膜の
要部を示す断面図である。 １、２……透明基板 ８……シール剤 ７……液晶層 ３、４……透明電極 ５、６……配向膜 51、61……無機物質膜 52、62……有機物質膜 ９、10……偏光板FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a structure of a liquid crystal display device according to the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a main part of an alignment film of the liquid crystal display device according to the present invention. 1, 2 ... transparent substrate 8 ... sealant 7 ... liquid crystal layer 3, 4 ... transparent electrode 5, 6 ... alignment film 51, 61 ... inorganic material film 52, 62 ... organic material film 9, 10 ……Polarizer
Claims (1)
透明基板の間隙に、液晶分子の捩じれ角が240゜以上の
液晶物質が封入されるSTN表示モードの液晶表示素子に
おいて、 前記配向膜が斜め蒸着による無機物質膜と、ラビング処
理された膜厚100〜2000Åの有機物質膜とを積層してな
ることを特徴とする液晶表示素子。1. An STN display mode liquid crystal display device in which a liquid crystal material having a twist angle of 240 ° or more of liquid crystal molecules is sealed in a gap between two transparent substrates having an alignment film formed on opposing inner surfaces. A liquid crystal display device comprising an alignment film formed by laminating an inorganic material film formed by oblique deposition and an organic material film having a thickness of 100 to 2000 mm and subjected to a rubbing treatment.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63189134A JP2724838B2 (en) | 1988-07-28 | 1988-07-28 | Liquid crystal display device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63189134A JP2724838B2 (en) | 1988-07-28 | 1988-07-28 | Liquid crystal display device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0239024A JPH0239024A (en) | 1990-02-08 |
| JP2724838B2 true JP2724838B2 (en) | 1998-03-09 |
Family
ID=16235978
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63189134A Expired - Fee Related JP2724838B2 (en) | 1988-07-28 | 1988-07-28 | Liquid crystal display device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2724838B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014059498A (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2014-04-03 | Seiko Epson Corp | Liquid crystal device, method for manufacturing liquid crystal device, and projector |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01234824A (en) * | 1988-03-16 | 1989-09-20 | Konica Corp | Liquid crystal display element |
-
1988
- 1988-07-28 JP JP63189134A patent/JP2724838B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0239024A (en) | 1990-02-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |