JP2022019807A - 免疫調節剤 - Google Patents
免疫調節剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2022019807A JP2022019807A JP2021189428A JP2021189428A JP2022019807A JP 2022019807 A JP2022019807 A JP 2022019807A JP 2021189428 A JP2021189428 A JP 2021189428A JP 2021189428 A JP2021189428 A JP 2021189428A JP 2022019807 A JP2022019807 A JP 2022019807A
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Abstract
【解決手段】この作用物質は、PD-L1が仲立ちする免疫抑制を阻害し、細胞及びサイトカインが仲立ちする、腫瘍性疾患及び感染症の治療のための免疫を向上させる。
【選択図】なし
Description
本出願は、米国仮特許出願第61/927,907号(2014年1月15日出願)に対する優先権を主張し、その全体が本明細書に参照として組み込まれる。
2-73)。抗体によりPD-1またはPD-L1をブロックすることはCD8 T細胞浸潤、CTL活性を促進し、前臨床及び臨床症状におけるTh1サイトカインIFN-γの存在を増加させた(Zhou et al.(2010)J.Immunol.185:5082-92,Nomi et al.(2007)Clin Cancer Res.13:2152-7、Flies et al.(2011)Yale J.Bio.Med.48:409-21、Zitvogel and Kroemer.(2012)Oncolmmunol.1:1223-25)。免疫制御剤としてのPD-L1抗体は、単剤療法として使用した場合、または他の免疫抑制分子と組み合わせた場合に効果的であることが示されている。
体を形成する、重要な構成成分である(Wei et al.(2001)J.Immunol.167:277-82)。IL15及びIL15Rα複合体、並びにIL15/IL15Rα sushiドメイン融合タンパク質は、IL15のみと比較して、in vitro及びin vivoでCD8 T細胞及びNK細胞を刺激する能力が大変高いことが報告されている(Mortier et al.(2005)J Biol Chem.281:1612-19、Stoklasek et al.(2006)J.Immunol.177:6072-80)。IL15はまた、刺激されたヒトB細胞の増殖及び分化を誘発する(Armitage et al.(1995)J Immunol.154:483-90)。IL15は殆どの場合、Tリンパ球の生残を引き延ばすように作用することで、活性化誘導細胞死(AICD)を妨害することが示唆されている(Marks-Konczalik et al.(2000)PNAS 97:11445-50)。IL15は、NK細胞、並びにメモリー表現型及び抗原特異的メモリーCD8 T細胞の維持を支援する例外的な能力を有する(Ma et al.(2006)Annu Rev Immunol.24:657-79)。したがって、免疫制御における最も活性なサイトカインの中でも、IL15は、HIV、HBV、HCV、LCMV等を含む種々の腫瘍型及びウイルス感染に対して、免疫における多くの重要な側面を仲立ちする独自の能力を有する(Steel et al.(2012)Trends Pharmacol.Sci.33:35-41、Verbist and Klonowski,(2012)Cytokine.59:467-478)。
ルギニン、イソロイシンに対するロイシン、ロイシンに対するイソロイシン、リジンに対するアルギニン、メチオニンに対するロイシン、フェニルアラニンに対するロイシン、プロリンに対するグリシン、セリンに対するスレオニン、スレオニンに対するセリン、トリプトファンに対するチロシン、チロシンに対するフェニルアラニン、及び/またはバリンに対するロイシンの置換が挙げられる。
い。scFv断片にはまた、通常の重鎖定常領域と他の生体分子との相互作用がなく、これは、ある種の実施形態において好ましくない場合がある。
との相互作用により免疫応答も促進する分子も提供する。本明細書で例示するように、かかる分子は、抗体のPD-L1結合領域を、NKまたはT細胞機能を刺激する領域と結合する。かかる刺激領域は、非限定的に、IL2、IL7、IL15、及びIL21等に限定されないインターロイキンまたはインターフェロンに対して応答性の受容体に結合して、受容体を刺激する領域とすることができる。本明細書で例示する刺激領域は、リンカーにより、IL15に結合したIL15Rα鎖のsushiドメインを含むハイブリッド領域(例えば配列番号:261)である。完全分子の例は、配列番号:262により表記される。抗体領域とIL15R刺激領域との間にあり、領域内でのタンパク質分解を阻害する、2つのアミノ酸置換基で修飾されたほぼ同一の分子は、配列番号:263により表記される。本明細書で実証されるとおり、免疫抑制を阻害するPD-L1結合領域、及び免疫応答を促進する第2領域を含む分子は、これらの機能を別々に付与する2つの異なる分子と比較して、増加した免疫細胞活性を付与する。
shiドメインとIL15は、非共有結合複合体を形成する。PD-L1結合領域は、1つ、2つ、3つ、4つ、5つ、もしくは6つのCDR、または、本明細書にて開示した抗体、その抗原結合断片、もしくはその変異体(例えば80%、85%、87%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、もしくは95%同一である変異体)の重鎖及び/もしくは軽鎖可変領域、もしくは、PD-1への結合をブロックする当該技術分野において公知のPD-L1抗体もしくはその抗原結合断片を含むことができる。
egullulin)が挙げられる。EGFR拮抗剤はEGFRの細胞外部分に外的に結合することができ(これはリガンドの結合を阻害し得る、もしくは阻害し得ない)、または、チロシンキナーゼ領域に内的に結合することができる。EGFR拮抗剤としては更に、例えば、EGFRシグナル伝達経路の成分の機能を阻害することにより、EGFR依存性シグナル伝達を阻害する作用物質が挙げられる。EGFRに結合するEGFR拮抗剤の例としては、EGFRに特異的な抗体(及びその機能的等価物)等の生体分子、並びに、EGFRの細胞質領域に直接作用する合成キナーゼ阻害剤等の小分子が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
96、VCH-759、VCH-916、ANA598、VCH-222 (VX-222)、BI-207127、MK-3281、ABT-072、ABT-333、GS9190、BMS791325)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。また、リバビリン、またはタリバビリン(ビラミジン;ICN 3142)等のリバビリン類似体、ミゾリビン、メリメポジブ(Merimepodib)(VX-497)、ミコフェノール酸モフェチル、及びミコフェノレートを使用することもできる。
.Med.321:574を参照のこと)。別の実施形態では、高分子材料を使用することができる(Medical Applications of Controlled Release,Langer and Wise(eds.),CRC Pres.,Boca Raton,Florida(1974);Controlled Drug Bioavailability,Drug Product Design and Performance,Smolen and Ball(eds.),Wiley,New York(1984);Ranger and Peppas,1983,J.Macromol.Sci.Rev.Macro mo 1.Chem.23:61を参照のこと;また、Levy et al.,1985,Science 228:190;During et al.,1989,Ann.Neurol.25:351;Howard et al.,1989,J.Neurosurg.71:105も参照のこと)。
RosetteSepヒト単核細胞濃縮キット(StemCell technologies)を使用した全血からの陰性選択により、CD14陽性単核細胞を単離した。150ng/mLのGM-CSFと50ng/mLのIL-4を含む10% FBSを補充したIMDM中で、CD14陽性細胞を6~7日間培養することにより、未成熟リンパ球由来の樹状細胞(mo-DC)を作製した。RosetteSepヒトCD4濃縮キット(StemCell technologies)を使用して、CD4陽性細胞を全血から陰性単離した。次に、異なるドナーからのmo-DC及びCD4陽性細胞をそれぞれ、CD4細胞に対するmo-DCの比率を1~10にして、共培養した。抗PDL1抗体のブロック機能を評価するために、増量した抗PDL1抗体を、共培養の初めに添加した。場合によっては、増量したIL15もまた、共培養の初めに添加した。6または7日目にて、ELISAによる分泌IL-2及びIFNγの測定のために、上清を収集した。CD4細胞の数、及び増殖マーカーであるKi67の発現を、フローサイトメトリーにより評価した。
Histopaque-1077(Sigma)を使用してPBMCを全血から単離し、10% FBSを補充したIMDM中で培養して、SEB(0.1ug/mL)、PHA(1ug/mL)または抗-CD3クローンHiT3a(1ug/mL,eBioscience)のいずれかにより、3~7日間活性化した。抗PDL1抗体または抗PDL1-SD15融合タンパク質のいずれかの結合を、活性化したPBMC内でフローサイトメトリーにより3日後に評価した。抗PDL1抗体の機能評価は、SEBによるPBMC活性化の間に、増量した抗PDL1抗体を添加することにより行った。2または3日目に
、IL-2及びIFNγの測定のために上清を収集した。抗PDL1-SD15融合タンパク質の場合、抗PDL1-SD15または抗PDL1抗体のいずれかの存在下で、他の活性化を行うことなくPBMCを培養した。6日目に細胞を収集し、フローサイトメトリーによりCD8及びグランザイムB、CD8及びパーフォリン、並びにCD4細胞の数を測定した。
CD4及びCD8陽性細胞を、RosetteSep濃縮キット(StemCell technologies)を使用して全血から陰性単離した。CD4細胞を、抗CD3、または抗CD3及びPDL1 Fcでコーティングしたビーズのいずれかにより、抗PDL1抗体の存在下にてIMDM、10% FBS中で活性化した。5日目に、ELISAによるIFNγ測定のために上清を収集し、フローサイトメトリーを使用して、増殖マーカーであるKi67の細胞での発現を評価した。抗CD3でコーティングされたビーズ、及びIL15または抗PDL1-SD15融合タンパク質のいずれかにより、CD8細胞を活性化した。場合によっては、抗CD3でコーティングしたビーズの代わりに、抗CD3及びPDL1 Fcを使用した。6または7日目にて、ELISAによりIFNγ及びTNFα分泌の測定のために上清を収集した。フローサイトメトリーを使用して、グランザイムB及びパーフォリンマーカーによるCD8の活性化の測定を行うために、細胞を収集した。
抗PD-L1 IL15融合タンパク質を用いる実験においては、融合タンパク質に関してはより短い名称を説明で識別する。融合タンパク質tcclD7HC-SD15は、図の説明ではcD7-SD15と識別する。融合タンパク質tcclF8HC-SD15は、図の説明ではF8-SD15と識別する。
高親和性を有する抗PD-L1抗体を、ファージディスプレイライブラリーを使用して入手した。一手順では、Dyaxライブラリーから増幅したファージFabを3ラウンド分、免疫チューブ(immune-tube)に固定化した、組み換えヒトPDL1-Fc(PDL1 ECD及びヒトFc融合タンパク質、Q9NZQ7)、またはマウスPDL1-Fc(Q9EP73)のいずれかの上でパンニングした。ラウンド2(R2)及びラウンド3(R3)からのELISA陽性クローンをシークエンシングした。
高親和性結合抗PD-L1抗体において、PD-1/PD-L1相互作用をブロックしてT細胞増殖を増加させる機能について測定した。陰性精製したCD4T細胞を、抗PD-L1抗体の存在下にて、αCD3、またはαCD3及びPD-L1 Fcでコーティングしたビーズのいずれかによりin vitroで活性化した。αCD3及びPD-L1 Fcでコーティングしたビーズで刺激したCD4細胞は、αCD3のみでコーティングしたビーズで刺激したCD4と比較して、少ない増殖、並びにIFNγ及びIL-2の分泌を示した。αCD3及びPD-L1 Fcでコーティングしたビーズで刺激したCD4培養液に、機能的活性抗PD-L1抗体を添加することにより、抗体を添加しない培養液と比較して、CD4の増殖が増加する(CD4の総数、または増殖マーカーKi67の割合のいずれかにより測定)(図7A)。αCD3及びPD-L1 Fcでコーティングしたビーズを有するCD4培養液に、機能的活性遮断抗PD-L1抗体を添加することで、CD4によるサイトカイン分泌も増加する(上清に蓄積したIFNγ及びIL-2をELISAにより測定)。
抗PD-L1抗体のみを含む、CD4及びmo-DCの培養液と比較した場合、抗PD-L1遮断抗体及びサイトカインIL15の両方の存在下での、CD4T細胞とmo-DCとのMLRは、CD4増殖(図8A)、IFNγ及びIL-2分泌の著しい増加をもたらした。これらのアッセイでは、IL15は、抗PD-L1抗体と等モル濃度で添加した。抗PD-L1抗体及びIL15が低濃度の場合(0.5nM、図8A)、CD4増殖への幾らかの相乗効果が観察された。
抗PD-L1抗体及びIL15融合タンパク質は、抗体のFc領域を、IL15Rのsushiドメイン及びIL15分子そのものに結合させることにより構築した。IL15Rα sushiドメイン、IRD-11 エクソン3(exone3)、リンカー及びIL15の融合(「SD15」として設計)を、配列番号:261として提供する。SD15は、従来のIgGの重鎖c末端に取り付けた。IL15Rα sushiドメイン、IRD-11エクソン3、リンカー及びIL15を有する融合タンパク質を、tccλD7可変領域及びIgG1 CH1-CH2-CH3可変領域(配列番号:262)の重鎖c末端に取り付けた。この構築物はまた、IgG1重鎖の末端において、(1)「G-K」開裂の可能性を低下させ、(2)ベクターにクローニング部位(BamHI)を加えるため、に、KのSへの置換を含んだ。
する二次抗体の結合に差異が存在し得る。
抗PD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質が、PD-L1を発現する腫瘍細胞に対するCD8 T細胞の、IL15により誘発される細胞毒性を増加させるかどうかを測定するために、腫瘍細胞死の測定前の7日間、CD8 T細胞を、PD-L1を発現する腫瘍細胞に対して結合活性を有しない抗PD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質または抗KLH-SD15の存在下において、ヒトPD-L1を発現するMAD-MB-231腫瘍細胞と共培養した。ヒトCD8 T細胞及び腫瘍細胞を、10% FBSを補充したIMDM内で7日間共培養した。腫瘍細胞殺活性は、FACS内でViability Dye eFluor 780により染色した、死滅腫瘍細胞の数を測定することにより評価した。CD8 T細胞が仲立ちするMDA-MB-231の細胞毒性は、共培養中の抗KLH-SD15による治療と比較して、抗PD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質により著しく向上した(図15)。更に、PD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質であるcD7-SD15は、マウスPD-L1に対する結合活性を有しないビヒクルまたはPD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質sD7-SD15で治療したマウスと比較して、マウスCT26結腸腫瘍細胞を静脈注射したマウスの腫瘍モデルにおいて、PD-L1を発現する腫瘍細胞を有するマウスの生残率を著しく増加させた(図16)。これらの結果は、二機能性抗PD-L1-SD15融合タンパク質により、IL15により刺激された免疫エフェクター細胞を、PD-L1を過剰発現する主要部位に標的化することが、副作用を最小限にしつつ、抗腫瘍免疫を向上させる利点を有することを示している。このタイプの二機能性抗体サイトカイン融合タンパク質は、新規の免疫調節治療薬としての可能性を有し、腫瘍進行の制御においてより大きな抗腫瘍効果を達成する。
CDR-1Hのメチオニン位の3つにアミノ酸置換基を導入し、向上した親和性をスクリーニングすることにより、tccλD7重鎖の変異体を作製した。より詳細には、第1、第2及び第4のメチオニン位を同時に変化させたtccλD7の変異体(約1×108個)を含有するライブラリーを作製した。免疫チューブ上に固定化した組み換えヒトPDL1-Fc(PDL1 ECD及びヒトFc融合タンパク質、Q9NZQ7)、またはマウスPDL1-Fc(Q9EP73)上で、ライブラリーをパニングした(4ラウンド)。ラウンド3及びラウンド4のELISA陽性クローンをシークエンシングした。固有のクローンを競合ELISAにより比較した。表4は、スクリーンから入手した25個の変異体で観察した、親和性成熟したCDR-1H配列、及びCDRを含有する重鎖可変領域に対するアミノ酸置換基を、配列番号と共に示す。これらの変異体のアミノ酸配列はまた、表1に一覧で示した配列に記述されている。
cD7_#1及びtccD7_#2とも~と称する)の2つの変異体を、本明細書の他の場所に記載されているように、IgG、及びADCCの減少のためにヒンジ領域にLeu-Ala置換を含有するIgG形態に転換した。抗体を発現させ、更なる性質決定のために精製した。2つの親和性成熟変異体に対する可溶性PDL1に対する結合の向上を、図17に示す。図18は、ヒトPD1のヒトPDL1に対する結合をブロックした(左パネル)、及びマウスPD1のマウスPDL1に対する結合をブロックした(右パネル)2つの変異体を示す。親と比較して、変異体はMDA-MB-231細胞に対してより高い結合活性を示した(図19)。
Claims (34)
- 配列X1YX2MX3(配列番号:328)(式中、X1はA、G、M、Q、S、Y、またはWであり、X2はA、L、M、Q、R、S、V、W、またはYであり、かつX3はA、F、L、M、S、T、V、またはYである)を有する重鎖CDR-1H、配列番号:243を有する重鎖CDR-2H、及び配列番号:245の配列を有する重鎖CDR-3Hを含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。
- 前記重鎖CDR-1Hが、配列番号:241、配列番号:264、配列番号:266、配列番号:268、配列番号:270、配列番号:272、配列番号:274、配列番号:276、配列番号:278、配列番号:280、配列番号:282、配列番号:284、配列番号:286、配列番号:288、配列番号:290、配列番号:292、配列番号:294、配列番号:296、配列番号:298、配列番号:300、配列番号:302、配列番号:304、配列番号:306、配列番号:308、配列番号:310、及び配列番号:312から選択される配列を有する、請求項1に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記重鎖CDR-1Hが配列番号:266の配列を有する、請求項1に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記重鎖CDR-1Hが配列番号:290の配列を有する、請求項1に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記重鎖可変領域が配列番号:246に少なくとも85%同一である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記軽鎖が、配列番号:247を有するCDR-1L、配列番号:248を有するCDR-2L、及び配列番号:249を有するCDR-3Lを含む、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記軽鎖可変領域が配列番号:250に少なくとも85%同一である、請求項6に記載の抗体または断片。
- 前記軽鎖が、配列番号:247を有するCDR-1L、配列番号:248を有するCDR-2L、及び配列番号:249を有するCDR-3Lを含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。
- 前記軽鎖可変領域が配列番号:250に少なくとも85%同一である、請求項8に記載の抗体または断片。
- 表1に記述するCDR-1H、CDR-2H、及びCDR-3Hを有する重鎖可変領域を含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。
- 表1に記述するCDR-1L、CDR-2L、及びCDR-3Lを有する軽鎖可変領域を含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。
- 表1に記述するCDR-1L、CDR-2L、及びCDR-3Lを有する軽鎖可変領域を含む、請求項10に記載の抗体または断片。
- 表1に記述する重鎖可変領域配列、または、表1に記述する前記重鎖可変領域配列に少なくとも95%同一であるような保存的置換を有する、表1に記述する重鎖可変領域配列
を含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。 - 表1に記述する軽鎖可変領域配列、または、表1に記述する前記軽鎖可変領域配列に少なくとも95%同一であるような保存的置換を有する、表1に記述する軽鎖可変領域配列を含む、PD-L1に結合する抗体またはその断片。
- 表1に記述する軽鎖可変領域配列、または、表1に記述する前記軽鎖可変領域配列に少なくとも95%同一であるような保存的置換を有する、表1に記述する軽鎖可変領域配列を含む、請求項13に記載の抗体または断片。
- 造影剤、治療薬、または細胞毒性剤を更に含む、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片のコンジュゲート。
- 請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体可変領域または断片をコードする、単離した核酸配列。
- 請求項17に記載の核酸を含む、核酸ベクター。
- 請求項17に記載の核酸を含む、原核または真核宿主細胞。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体または断片、及び製薬上許容できる担体を含む組成物。
- PD-L1に結合する第1領域、及びIL15受容体に結合する第2領域を含む、融合タンパク質。
- PD-L1に結合する前記領域が、抗体またはそのPD-L1結合断片である、請求項21に記載の融合タンパク質。
- PD-L1に結合する前記領域が、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片である、請求項22に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 前記第2領域がIL15受容体(IL15R)に結合する、請求項21に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 前記第2領域が、IL15、もしくはIL-15に少なくとも95%同一であるアミノ酸配列、またはそのIL15R結合断片を含む、請求項24に記載の融合タンパク質。
- IL15受容体α sushiドメインを更に含む、請求項25に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 配列番号:325、配列番号:315、配列番号:317、配列番号:319、配列番号:321、または配列番号:323を含む、請求項26に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 有効量の請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片を投与することを含む、対象における、PD1のPD-L1との相互作用の阻害方法。
- 有効量の請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片を投与することを含む、対象における、PD-L1により仲立ちされる免疫抑制の阻害方法。
- 有効量の請求項21~27のいずれか一項に記載の融合タンパク質を投与することを含
む、対象における、PD-L1により仲立ちされる免疫抑制の阻害方法。 - 有効量の請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の抗体または断片を対象に投与することを含む、PD-L1を発現する細胞に対する免疫応答の刺激方法。
- 請求項21~27のいずれか一項に記載の融合タンパク質を対象に投与することを含む、PD-L1を発現する細胞に対する免疫応答の刺激方法。
- PD-L1を発現する前記細胞が腫瘍細胞である、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- PD-L1を発現する前記細胞がウイルスに感染している、請求項31または32に記載の方法。
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