JP2021520867A - Distributed Photobiomodulation Therapy Systems and Methods - Google Patents

Abstract

The phototherapy system includes a channel driver, the first microcontroller, and a pad containing a series of light emitting diodes (LEDs). The pad also includes a second microcontroller that autonomously controls the string of LEDs so that the LED is controlled even if communication between the first microcontroller and the pad is interrupted. [Selection diagram] FIG. 14

Description

(Cross-reference of related applications)
This application filed a provisional application, entitled Claim of Priority US, No. 62/653846, "Distributed Photobiomodulation Therapy Systems and Methods," April 6, 2018.

In connection with an application, the following application, International Application No. PCT / US2015 / 015547, "Sine Wave Driven Systems and Methods for Phototherapy," was submitted on February 12, 2015. International application number PCT / US2016 / 058064 entitled "3D Bendable Printed Circuit Board with Redundant Interconnection" filed on October 21, 2016. And US Patent Application No. 16/377192, entitled "Devices and Methods for Photobiomodulation Therapy Dispersion, Biofeedback, and Communication Protocols," filed April 6, 2019.

Each of the aforementioned applications and patents is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates to biotechnology for medical and health applications, including photobioregulation, phototherapy, and photobioregulatory therapy (PBT).

Biophotonics is a biomedical field related to the electronic control of photons, or light, and their interaction with living cells and tissues. Biophotonics includes surgery, imaging, biometrics, disease detection, and photobiomodulation (PBM). Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT), also known as phototherapy, is a phototherapy control application. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT), also known as phototherapy, controls and applies photons (usually infrared, visible, ultraviolet). , Causes photobiomodulation for medical treatment purposes. PBT applications include fighting injuries, illnesses, pain and immune system distress. More specifically, PBT exposes treated cells and tissues to a stream of photons of a particular wavelength, either in continuous or repeated discontinuous pulses, to stimulate the energy of living cells and tissues. Includes controlling transmission and absorption behavior.

FIG. 1 shows the elements of a PBT system capable of continuous or pulsed light operation. The PBT system includes an LED driver 1 that controls and drives an LED as a source of photons 3 emitted from an LED pad 2 that illuminates a patient's tissue 5. Although the human brain is shown as tissue 5, any organ, tissue, or physiological system can be treated with PBT. Before, after, or during treatment, the physician or clinician 7 can adjust the treatment by controlling the settings of the LED driver 1 according to their observations.

Although there are many potential mechanisms, as shown in Figure 1. 2. The major photobiological processes involved in photobiomodulation during PBT treatment using red and infrared light 22 are all eukaryotic processes, including both plants and animals, including birds, mammals, horses, and humans. It is generally accepted that it occurs in mitochondria 21, which are organelles present in nuclear cell 20. The current understanding is that photobiological process 22 involves transforming adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to higher energy adenosine diphosphate, an upper cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) molecule with photon 23 collision. It functions as a charger to increase the energy content of cells. It converts 24 into ADP) molecules and ADP molecules into higher energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. Charges AMP-, -ADP-, and -ATP sequence 25 in the process of increasing the stored energy, and acts as a storage cell battery with the molecular energy of the charger ATP, which has the action of cytochrome c oxidase molecule 24. Can be regarded as "photosynthesis" of. Cytochrome Cytochrome c oxidase molecule 24 can charge sequence 25 or convert energy from glucose resulting from the digestion of food into the fuel of ATP via a combination of digestion and photosynthesis. To promote cell metabolism, the ATP26 molecule can release energy 29 through the discharge process 28 from ATP to ADP, AMP. Energy 29 is used to promote protein synthesis, including the formation of catalysts, enzymes and DNA polymerases. And other biomolecules.

Another aspect of the photobiological process 22 is that the chitochrome c oxidase molecule 24 is a nitric oxide (NO) molecule 27, which is an important signaling molecule in neurotransduction and angiogenesis, new arterial and capillary growth. Being a scavenger. Illumination of intracellular cytochrome c oxidase molecule 24 treated during PBT releases NO molecule 27 near damaged or infected tissue. The released NO increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the treated tissue, accelerating healing, tissue remodeling, and immune response.

In order to perform PBT and stimulate the cytochrome c oxidase molecule 24 to absorb energy from the photon 23, the tissue intervening between the light source and the light-absorbing tissue cannot block or absorb light. As shown in FIG. 3, the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) molecular absorption spectrum of human tissue is shown in Graph 40 of the absorption coefficient for the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation λ (measured in nm). As shown, FIG. 3 shows cytochrome C (curves 41A, 41b), water (curves 42) and fats and lipids as a function of deoxygenerated hemoglobin (curves 44B) of a relative absorption coefficient S oxygenated hemoglobin (curves 44a). (Curve 43) Wavelength of light. As shown, deoxygenated hemoglobin (curve 44b) and oxygenated hemoglobin, ie blood (curve 44a), strongly absorb light in the red portion of the visible spectrum, especially for wavelengths shorter than 650 nm. More than 950nm from a longer wavelength in the infrared portion of the spectrum, EMR is water curve 42 at a wavelength between 950nm from 650nm are shown as _(H is the absorbed ₂ O), human tissue, essentially clear 45 with a transparent optical window as shown.

Apart from absorption by fats and lipids (curve 43), EMR containing photons 23 with wavelength λ in the transparent optical window 45 is directly absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase (curves 41a, 41b). Specifically, the cytochrome c oxidase molecule 24 absorbs the infrared portion of the spectrum represented by curve 41b, unimpeded by water or blood. Secondary absorption tail for cytochrome c oxidase (curve 41a), illumination with light in the red part of the visible spectrum, partially limits any photobiological response for deep tissue, deoxidized hemoglobin (deoxidized hemoglobin ( Although blocked by the absorption properties of curve 44B), it is still activated in epithelial tissues and cells. Figure 3 therefore shows that PBT for skin and viscera and tissues requires different treatments and light wavelengths of red and infrared for skin and viscera and organs.

Current photonic delivery system

In order to achieve maximum energy binding to the tissue during PBT, it is important to devise a consistent delivery system for consistently and uniformly illuminating the tissue with photons. An early attempt was to use a filtration lamp while the lamp could potentially write to the patient and be very hot and uncomfortable for the patient and to maintain uniform lighting during the doctor, and extended period of treatment. It's very difficult. Early attempts used filtered lamps, which are extremely hot and uncomfortable for patients and can burn patients and doctors. Lamps are very difficult to maintain uniform lighting during prolonged treatment. Due to the filter, the lamp must be operated at very high temperatures to achieve the photon flux required for efficient treatment in a reasonable treatment period.

Unfiltered lamps like the sun are actually too broad in spectrum, limiting photon efficiency. Wide spectrum light stimulates both beneficial and unwanted chemistries at the same time, especially in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is also known that UV light damages DNA, so prolonged exposure to UV light increases the risk of developing cancer. In the infrared spectrum, prolonged exposure to far-infrared electromagnetic radiation and heat can dry the skin and destroy elastin and collagen, causing premature aging.

Alternatively, lasers have been and will continue to be used to perform PBT. It is commonly referred to by the term LLLT, which is an acronym for low-level laser therapy. Unlike lamps, lasers run the risk of burning the patient by exposing the tissue to intense concentrated light power rather than heat. This is also known as ablation. To prevent this problem, special care must be taken to prevent accidental generation of excessively high currents that limit the output of the laser light and produce dangerous light levels. The second, more practical problem arises from the irradiation area, which is the small "spot size" of the laser. Lasers illuminate a small focal area, making it difficult to treat large organs, muscles, or tissues, and overwhelming conditions are much easier to develop.

Another problem with laser light is that its "coherence" prevention prevents the laser beam from spreading, making it more difficult to make and cover a large area during treatment. Studies have shown that PBT with coherent light does not have the additional benefits inherent in it.

For one thing, the life of bacteria, plants and animals evolves and naturally absorbs scattered light rather than coherently. Coherent light does not naturally come from known light sources. Second, a bed of human or animal tissue in which the characters of the coherent incident laser beam are rapidly lost and absorbed as the first two layers of epithelial tissue already destroy any optical coherence. Laser makers are promoting the assumption that the optical interference pattern of laser light, called "speckle", resulting from backscatter enhances the therapeutic effect, but the scientific evidence supporting such marketing-motivated claims is Not provided.

Moreover, the optical spectrum of the laser is too narrow to completely excite all the beneficial chemical and molecular transitions needed to achieve highly efficient PBT. Due to the limited spectrum of the laser, which is usually in the ± 1 nm range from the center wavelength of the laser, it is difficult to properly excite all the beneficial chemistries required for PBT. It is difficult to cover the frequency range with a light source with a narrow bandwidth. For example, see FIG. 3 again. Figure 3 is clearly different from the reaction that produces the absorption tail (curve 41a), which is the CCO absorption spectrum (curve 41b) involved in the chromophore (light absorption molecule) of the chemical reaction. Assuming that the absorption spectra in both regions have been shown to be beneficial, it is not possible to cover this wide range with a light source limited to a 2 nm wide wavelength spectrum.

Sunlight has a very wide wavelength spectrum and photobiologically stimulates many competing chemical reactions with many EMR wavelengths. In contrast, the wavelength spectrum of laser light is too narrow to stimulate enough chemical reactions to provide a complete phototherapy effect. This subject is discussed in more detail in a related application entitled "Phototherapy Systems and Processes Including Dynamic LED Drivers with Programmable Waveforms" by Williams et al. (US Pat. No. 14,073,371), now US Pat. No. 9,877,361, issued January 23, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

To deliver PBT by exciting the entire wavelength range within the transparent optical window 45, i.e., the entire width from about 650 nm to 950 nm, even if four different wavelength sources were used to span that range. Each light source has a bandwidth of approximately 80 nm.

This is more than an order of magnitude wider than the bandwidth of a laser source. This range is too wide for the laser to cover in a practical way. Today, LEDs are commercially available for emitting a wide light spectrum from the deep infrared to the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Bandwidths from ± 30 nm to ± 40 nm give the spectrum of interest because the center frequencies are in red, long red, short near infrared (NIR), and intermediate NIR portions of the spectrum (eg, 670 nm, 750 nm, 810 nm, and 880 nm). It's much easier to cover.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) is clearly distinguishable from photooptical therapy. As shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 4A, PBT involves direct stimulation of tissue 5 by photons 3 emitted from LED pads 2. Tissue 5 is independent of the eye and may include endocrine and immune system related organs such as kidneys, liver, glands and lymph nodes. And musculoskeletal systems, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and even bones. PBT also directly treats and repairs neurons, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and (as shown) brain 5 and brain stem. PBT transcranial treatment penetrates the skull and has an important and rapid therapeutic effect in the recovery of concussion and the repair of damage caused by mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In other words, PBT energy is absorbed by the chromophores of cells that are not related to the optic nerve. In contrast, photooptical therapy is based on stimulating the retina with colored light and images to provoke cognitive or emotional responses and to synchronize the body's circadian rhythms with its surroundings. increase. In such a case, the image 12 from the light source 12 stimulates the optic nerve of the eye 11 to send an electrical signal, i.e. a nerve impulse, to the brain 5.

Some basic tests highlight many and significant differences between PBT and photooptical therapy. For one thing, photooptical therapy works only on the eye, while PBT affects all cells, including internal organs and brain cells. In photooptical therapy, light is directed at cells that perceive light (light transmission), resulting in the generation of electrical signals that are delivered to the brain. PBT stimulates chemical transformation, ion, electron, and heat transport within processed cells and tissues without the need for signal transduction to the brain. The effect is local and systemic without the help of the brain. For example, blind patients respond to PBT but not photooptical therapy. FIG. 4B shows another distinction between photooptical therapy and PBT. In the case of vision, i.e. photo-optical stimulation or vision, the combination of red light 15A and blue light 15B emitted by the light source 14 when received by the eye 11 sends an electrical signal 9 to the brain 5, which provokes the brain. 5. To see the purple light.

When received by a certain light stimulus or vision, transmission of red light 15A and eye 11, the brain 5 of the combination of blue light 15B emitted from the light source 14 recognizes the electric signal 9 and the color of the colliding light as purple. In practice, violet / purple light has a much shorter wavelength than blue or red light and therefore contains photons with higher energy than red light 15a or blue light 15b. In the case of PBT, it is red light 15A and blue light 15B (which is true), as if the cells 16 and mitochondria 17 were the responsive photochemically purple light contained therein. Light source 14 as of now, as if emitting a response that does not. Only true short-wavelength violet light emitted from a violet or ultraviolet light source can generate a photobiomodulation response to violet light. In other words, mitochondria and cells are not "fooled" by blending different colors of light like the eyes and brain. In conclusion, photooptical stimulation is very different from photobiomodulation. Therefore, the technology and development of photooptical therapy cannot be considered applicable or related to PBT.

Etymologically, the ambiguity of the nomenclature has led researchers to abandon the term "phototherapy" or PT and use the more explicit term "photobiomodulation." And PBT. He said that the term photodynamic therapy is commonly used to mean any therapeutic use of light, including (i) phototherapy, with visual stimulation (ii) photobiomodulation therapy or PBT. Cellular modulation involved, and (iii) photodynamic therapy or PDT activation injection chemistry or ointment with light to facilitate the chemical reaction. Similarly broad term "photochemistry", chemical reactions are also ambiguous, optionally stimulated by light. Photochemistry and phototherapy have broad implications today, therefore for all the aforementioned treatments, but PBT, PDT, and photodynamic therapy have specific, non-overlapping interpretations.

Another source of confusion is that the term LLLT originally distinguishes lasers that operate at low power levels (sometimes called "cold" lasers in common presses) from lasers that operate at high power for tissue ablation. Surgery that was intended to mean "low level laser therapy" to do. With the advent of LED-based therapies, some authors have confused the nomenclature of laser-based and LED-based therapies with "low-level phototherapy," which has the same acronym LLLT. This unfortunate behavior caused a lot of confusion in the published art and indiscriminately obscured the distinction between two very different photonic delivery systems. "Low level" lasers are eye safe and burn safe just because they are operating at low levels. If it's cold, the laser is deliberately or accidentally powered up to a high level and it's no longer "cold", which can cause a server with electronic burns and blindness milliseconds. In contrast, LEDs always operate at low levels and cannot operate at high light power densities. An LED that can have any power level does not cause blindness. LEDs can be overheated by passing too much current through them for an extended period, but they can not cause instant burns or can sustain desection or tissue. increase. Therefore, the term low level light has no meaning when it comes to LEDs. Therefore, throughout this application, the acronym LLLT refers only to laser PBT, which means low-level laser therapy, and is not used to refer to LEDPBT.

Current photobiomodulation therapy system

In the current state-of-the-art photobiomodulation treatment system, system 50, illustrated by example, FIG. 5 includes a controller 51 electrically connected to two sets of LED pads. Specifically, the output A of the controller 51 is connected by a cable 53a to the first LED pad set including the electrically interconnected LED pads 52b.

The LED pads 52a and 52 are optionally connected to the LED pads 52b by electrical jumpers 54a and 54b to create a first set of LED pads that operate as a single LED pad containing more than 600 LEDs. The pad set covers a therapeutic area of more than ^{600 cm 2.} Similarly, the output B of the controller 51 is connected by a cable 53b to a second set of LED pads, including an electrically interconnected LED pad 52e. LED pads 52d and 52f is optionally connected to the LED pads 52d by electrical jumpers 54c and 54d, includes an LED of greater than 600, the second operating as a single LED pad covering the treatment area of more than 600 cm ² Create an LED pad set.

In the system shown, the controller 51 not only generates a signal to control the LEDs in the pad, but also provides a power source to drive the LEDs. The power supplied from the controller 51 to the LED pads is considerable, typically 12W for two sets of three pads each. An exemplary electrical circuit diagram of the system is shown in FIG. 1 6A. The controller contains 61, switch mode power supply 220 VAC power supply 64 at least two regulated DC voltage sources, namely 5 control and logic V, and 65 SMPS used for conversion power to 120 V for higher voltage sources, + V _LED is LED pad The standard voltage of the + VLED used to power the string of LEDs in is in the range of 24V to 40V, depending on the number of LEDs connected in series. To facilitate algorithm control, the microcontroller (μC) 67 runs dedicated software in response to user commands entered on the touchscreen LCD panel 66. As a result, a series of pulses that are alternately output in a pattern to the outputs A from the logic buffers 68a and 68b are used independently. Controls the red and near infrared (NIR) LEDs on the LED pad connected to output A. Output B contains a similar arrangement using its own dedicated logic buffer, but the μC67 can manage and control both A and B outputs at the same time.

Next, the signal on the output A is sent through one or more LED pads 62 via a shielded cable 63 including a high current power line grounded GND69a, a 5V supply line 69b, and a + V _{LED supply line 69c, and an LED control signal line 70a.} Routed to. The LED unit 71a of the NIR and the LED control signal line 70b for controlling the conduction of 72 m from the red LED 72a via 71 meters for the conduction for control. They drive the base terminals of the bipolar junction transistors 73a and 73b, respectively, which act as switches to pulse the corresponding LED strings on and off. If the input to either bipolar transistor is low, that is, biased to ground, neither base current nor collector current will flow and the LED string will remain dark. If the input to one of the bipolar transistors is high, that is, biased to 5V, the base current will flow, the collector current will flow in the corresponding way, and the LED in the corresponding LED string will light up. The LED current is set by the LED turn-the current limiting resistor 74A or 74B depending on the voltage. Setting the brightness of an LED using a resistor is not preferable because fluctuations in the LED voltage due to stochastic fluctuations in manufacturing or changes in temperature during operation result in changes in the brightness of the LED. As a result, the uniformity of LED brightness across LED pads, from LED pad to LED pad, and from one manufacturing batch to the next is reduced. An improvement in maintaining LED brightness uniformity can be obtained by replacing the resistor 74a with a fixed value constant current source or sinks 75a and 75b and 74b, as shown in FIG. 6B.

The physical connection between the PBT controller 61 and the LED pad 62 via shielded cable 63 can also be described as a two interacting communication stack in 7-layer open source initiative or 7-layer OSI model terminology. As shown in FIG. 7, the PBT controller 61 can be represented, as the laminate 80 including the application layer -7, and the operating system of the PBT controller is referred to as LightOSv1. During operation, the application layer transfers data to the Layer 1 physical layer or PHY layer, which contains logic buffers. The stack 80 is -1, which transmits 82 electrical signals to the PHY layer in one direction, and is an LED row driver on the communication stack 81 of the passive LED pad 62.

Since the electrical signal contains simple digital pulses, the parasitic impedance of the cable 63 can affect the completeness of the communication signal and the operation of the LED pads. As shown in. As shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, the transmitted square wave electrical signal 82 can be significantly distorted by the received waveform 83. Distortions include a decrease in magnitude and duration 84a, a slow rise time 84b, a voltage spike 84c, a vibration 84d, and a signal ground bounce 84e. A ground loop 89 may be included that affects the. Cable parasites that cause these distortions include power line series resistors 87a-87c, inductances 86a-86c, and inter-conductor capacitances 85a-85e. Other effects include ground loop conduction 89 and antenna effect 88.

Another drawback of using a simple electrical signal connection between the PBT controller 61 and the LED pad is whether the peripherals connected to the cable 63 are actually qualified LED pads or invalid loads. The PBT system cannot be confirmed. For example, the improper LED configuration does not match the PBT controller, the Figure 9 icon is intended to represent the class of electrical load, but should not be considered a particular circuit. In contrast, too few LEDs connected in series, as shown by icon 92, can pose a risk of overcurrent, overheating, and patient burns.

Powering the non-LED load can be from the PBT controller 61 d is the invalid periphery, the image controller, or both. This is especially problematic because one pin of the output of the PBT controller supplies a high voltage of 20V or higher, which exceeds the rating of most semiconductors of 5V and causes permanent damage to the IC. The inductive load represented by icon 94 can cause overvoltage-voltage spikes that can damage the controller. Loads, including motors such as disk drives and fans, can lead to inrush currents that can cause excessive damage. Shorting cables or shorting electrical loads can cause a fire, as indicated by icon 93. The 61, which connects the battery to the PBT controller, is icon 96, by making it as shown, the risk of excess current and fire that can occur due to the electrons. Overcharging or applying chemical cells Overvoltage can also cause a severe fire or explosion. Unknown electrical load, indicated by icon 95, represents an unspecified risk. Of particular concern is the connection between the PBT controller 61 and a power source such as a generator, car battery, or UPS, which can result in complete system destruction and extreme fire hazards. There is. The Figure 9 icon is intended to represent the class of electrical load, but should not be considered a particular circuit.

Other problems occur when mismatched LED pads are connected to the same output. For example, in FIG. 10 different LED pads 62 and 79, the common cable 63 by a power supply, a ground portion 69a, 5V power supply 69b and shared connection _{LED nir} supply 69c to the high voltage + V, and the control signal 70a of the visible light LED _v Near-infrared LED _ground control signal 70b.

As shown, the LED pad 62 includes current sinks 75a and 75b and switches 73a and 73b driving the corresponding LEDs 71a-71m having a visible light wavelength λv and LEDs 72a-72m having a near-infrared wavelength λ _nir. Alternatively, the LED pad 79 includes LEDs with the same current sinks 75a and 75b and switches 73a and 73b, but with different wavelengths, specifically LEDs _{76a-76m with a visible light wavelength λ v2} and a near infrared wavelength λ _nir2 . Drives the LEDs 77a to 77m. Similarly, the parallel connection of 810 nm and 880 nm LEDs driven by the LEDnir signal 70a means that the processing of one wavelength NIRLED can inadvertently drive different wavelengths.

_{The parallel connection of red and blue LEDs driven by LED v} signal 70a during operation means that the processing of red light can accidentally drive blue light. Similarly, the signal 70a means that the treatment of NIRLEDs with a wavelength of _{LED nir} of 880 nm can erroneously drive different wavelengths by connecting in parallel 810 nm and driving the LEDs.

Another problem arises when two or more LED pads are connected to both LED outputs at the same time, as shown in FIG. 11A. As shown in, the PBT controller 51 has two outputs, an output A and an output B. These outputs are intended to drive a separate set of LED pads. As shown, the output A connects to the LED pad 52d via the cable 53a. The output B is connected to the LED pad 52e via the cable 53b, and is also connected to the LED pad 52f via the jumper 54d. However, by chance, the jumper 54c connects the LED pad 52e to the LED 52d, thereby shorting the output A to the output B. The electrical effects of shorting outputs A and B together depend on the treatment program being performed.

FIG. 11B shows the case where both outputs A and B of the buffer 100 are driving the red / visible light output, specifically the buffers 101a and 101c are active at the same time. It is short-circuited to the LED pad 105a via the conductor 102a, to the LED pad 105b via the connector 104a, and finally via the connector 103a. During operation, the frequencies and pulse patterns of the two outputs are asynchronous. That is, any combination of high power bias and low power bias can occur. If the pull-up transistor is too strong, the output buffer can destroy another buffer. Otherwise, the alternating on-signals can leave the LED on with a high duty factor, causing overheating and the risk of patient burns.

In FIG. 11C, the buffer 101a of the output A supplies power to the red LEDs of the LED pads 105a and 105b, while the buffer 101d of the output B also supplies power to the NIR LEDs of the LED pads 105a and 105b. The independent operation of both the red and NIRLED does not represent an electrical problem, but if both the red and NIRLED are conducting at the same time, the LED pad may overheat, the pad may be damaged and the patient may be burned. .. This overpower state is indicated by the waveform shown in FIG. 11D, where the power _Pv of the conductive visible LED represented by the waveform 110 has an average power pavement 113 and the power P of the NIRLED indicated by the waveform 111. _{The mir} has an average power of _Pave 114. Together, the total power waveform 112 has an average power of 115 _{magnitude 2P ave.}

Today's LED pads do not have temperature protection, so overheating for some reason is a problem. As shown in. As shown in FIG. 12, even if the LED pad 109 has temperature sensing, in the one-way data flow 82 in the cable 63, the LED pad 109 notifies the PBT controller 61 of the overheated state or temporarily suspends the operation. There is no way to stop it.

As explained above, today's imitation PBT systems offer a number of PBT system utilities, functionality, safety, and scalability that affect the above. These limits include the following issues:
-Electrical "Signal" Communication to LED Pads-The signal from the PBT controller to the LED pads is a simple digital pulse, not a differential communication between a pair of bus transceivers. These signals are sensitive to common mode noise and ground loops that affect the magnitude and duration of the pulses that control LED operation. As a simple electrical pulse, the system also does not have an error checking feature, so malfunctions cannot be corrected or detected.
• Unidirectional signal flow from PBT controller to LED pad-In unidirectional data flow, the PBT controller cannot authenticate the LED pad connected to the output. Also, once connected, the operating status of the pad cannot be monitored. One-way data also prevents feedback on LED pad status and reporting of other pad information to the host PBT controller.
Unable to detect multi-pad misconnection short circuit-Due to a user error, two outputs of the PBT controller are misconnected to the same LED pad, that is, if two outputs are accidentally shorted, both outputs drive the same LED string. It means that you are doing it. This misconnection error can damage the LED driver circuit, cause LED overheating, risk of patient burns and can cause fire.
-Cannot identify approved LED pads or certified manufacturers-
The PBT system unknowingly drives connected LEDs, including illegal, counterfeit, or counterfeit LED pads, as it lacks the ability to identify the LED pad pedigree. Drive pads that are not manufactured or certified by the system specifier or manufacturer have unknown consequences, ranging from loss of functionality or reduced effectiveness to safety risks. Commercially, the commercialization and sale of counterfeit and counterfeit LED pads also robs IP-licensed PBT device sellers of statutory revenue.
-It's an LED pad that can't identify the connected device-check if the device connected to the PBT control output is an LED pad (rather than being totally irrelevant to the surroundings such as speakers, batteries, motors, etc.) Connecting an unauthorized electrical load to the output of a PBT system without its capabilities will inevitably damage accessories, the PBT controller, or both. When driving an unknown electrical load, there is also a risk of fire if high voltage is present on the output pins of the controller during operation.
· Unable to identify power source-The inability of the PBT controller to identify the connection to the output power source (AC power adapter, battery, car power, generator, etc.) represents a real safety risk. The PBT controller competes with the external power supply. Interconnecting two different power sources can result in excessive current, voltage, power loss, or uncontrolled oscillation, which can damage the external power source, the PBT controller, or both.
Unable to control or limit the driver's output current-Short-circuit load connections such as pad damage, wire shorts, or high inrush current loads (such as motors) are high current risk and can be a fire hazard. I have. Inductive loads, such as solenoids, can also momentarily generate excessive voltage that can damage low voltage components.
Unable to detect the battery connected to the output of the PBT system-Connecting the battery pack to the output of the PBT system will damage the battery pack and accidentally charge the battery under the wrong charging conditions, resulting in overvoltage and overcurrent. There is likely to be. Or the electrochemical cell is overheated. Improper charging of wet chemistry or acid batteries can lead to acid or electrolyte leaks. Improper charging of lithium-ion batteries can cause overheating, fire and even explosion.
Unable to detect LED pad overheating-LED pad overheating poses a risk of patient discomfort and burns, pad damage and, in extreme cases, the possibility of fire.
-Unable to identify the LED configuration in the LED pad-If the series-parallel array configuration of the LEDs in the LED pad cannot be identified, the PBT controller will determine if the pad is compatible with the PBT system or if the LED can be operated. I can't tell. For example, too few LEDs connected in series can damage LEDs that are too high in voltage. If there are too many LEDs connected in series, the lights will be dimmed or will not turn on at all. If there are too many parallel strings of LEDs, the total current of the pads will be excessive, resulting in overheating, as well as a large voltage drop across the interconnects, which will reduce the light uniformity of the entire LED pad and the PCB. Conductive traces can be damaged.
Unable to identify the type of LED contained in the LED pad-Because it cannot detect which wavelength of LED in the pad, the PBT system is suitable for matching the treatment program to the LED array or for each particular waveform of the treatment protocol. There is no way to select a wavelength LED.
-The output of each PBT controller is limited to a fixed number of control signals-
• With only one or two control signals per output, today's PBT controllers cannot drive three, four, or more different wavelength LEDs in the same pad with different excitation patterns.
-Limited mobility-Current medical grade PBT systems require a cable connection to connect the central PBT controller to the LED pad. Such tethered PBT systems are generally accepted in hospital applications (and in some cases clinical settings), but in consumer, emergency medical, and military applications it is useful to restrict movement with cables or wires. Not.
-Waveform synthesis is not possible-PBT systems do not have the technology to drive LEDs with waveforms other than square wave pulses. Square wave pulse operation limits the LED illumination pattern to operation at one frequency at a time. Because the pulse frequency affects the energy binding to a particular tissue type, the single frequency PBT system can optimally treat only one tissue type at a time, extending the required treatment time and patient / insurance costs. .. Analysis also reveals that square wave pulses waste energy and produce off harmonics that are not necessarily beneficial to treatment. LED drives that use sine, string, triangle, sawtooth, noise burst, or audio samples require complex waveform synthesis within the LED pad. The host PBT controller must have sufficient computational power to synthesize such waveforms, but this feature is not useful because the signal cannot be delivered over long cables without suffering significant waveform distortion. Unfortunately, the LED pad cannot perform the task. With inexpensive discrete components, current LED pads cannot perform waveform synthesis, not to mention the lack of the communication protocol required to remotely select or change the synthesized waveform.
· Distributing new LED driver algorithms-Current PBT systems do not have the ability to download software updates from databases or servers to fix software bugs or install new treatment algorithms.
Unable to capture and record real-time patient biometric data-Current PBT systems have the ability to collect biometric data such as brain waves, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood oxygen, and other biometrics during treatment, or this. There is no function to embed the collected data. Recording of treatment files.
Unable to collect real-time images of the therapeutic area-Current PBT systems have no means of measuring or creating images of tissue during treatment. The system also does not have the ability to store still and video images or match the images to the treatment time of a PBT session.
-Users (doctors) cannot create new treatment algorithms-In the current PBT system, users such as doctors and researchers can create new algorithms or combine existing treatments to form complex treatment-specific treatments. There is no function to do it. For example, injected stem cells that optimize the excitation sequence for activation (helps promote stem cell differentiation while reducing the risk of rejection).
-Electronic distribution of documents-Current PBT systems cannot distribute and update documents electronically. It would be beneficial to be able to distribute FDA recommendations or judgments, as well as provide error and updates to PBT operation and treatment manuals, treatment guides, and other documents electronically to all PBT system users. Such features are not currently available on any medical device.
• Treatment Tracking-Current PBT systems cannot track treatment usage history, record system usage in treatment logs, or upload treatment logs to servers. The lack of real-time treatment logs over network connections poses a problem for the widespread commercial adoption of PBT systems by doctors, hospitals, clinics, and spas. The current PBT system cannot support the revenue sharing leasing business model because the lessor cannot confirm the lessee's system usage without the uploaded usage log. Similarly, hospitals and clinics cannot confirm the use of PBT systems for insurance audits or fraud prevention. In the Pay-to-UseSaaS (software as a service) payment model, the PBT service agent cannot see the client usage history.
Electronic Prescriptions-Today's physiotherapy devices, including PBT systems, cannot securely transfer and distribute doctor's prescriptions to medical devices.
· Remote Disable-Current PBT systems do not allow you to disable device operation and stop trading in the black market in the event of no payment or theft.
Location Tracking-Today's PBT systems cannot track the location of stolen PBT systems to track thieves.
· Secure Communication-Since today's PBT systems use electrical signals rather than packet-based communication to control LED pads, hacking and direct measurement of communication between the host PBT system and LED pads is easy. There is no security at all. In addition, today's PBT systems do not have the necessary Internet communication and security methods to prevent content hacking and to prevent identity theft in compliance with HEPA regulations. In the future, encryption alone is expected to be insufficient to protect data communications over the Internet. In such cases, you will also need to connect to a private hypersecure network.

In summary, the current PBT system architecture is completely outdated, a whole new system architecture to promote effective, flexible, versatile and secure solutions for providing photobiomodulation therapy. , New control methods, and new communication protocols are required.

In the photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) process of the present invention, a defined pattern of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) having one or more wavelengths, or spectral bands of wavelengths (eg, square wave pulses, sine waves, or theirs). Organisms (eg, sequences) using distributed systems that include two or more distributed components or "nodes" that communicate using a bus or transceiver (a sequence of combinations) and send instructions or files between components or between components. , Human or animal). Radiation is usually within the infrared or visible part of the EMR spectrum, but it can also contain ultraviolet light.

Single wavelength EMRs can be used, or patterns can include EMRs with two, three, or more wavelengths. The EMR may contain a spectral band of radiation rather than consisting of a single wavelength of radiation. This is often expressed as a wavelength range centered on the center wavelength, for example λ ± Δλ. Pulses or waveforms can be separated by gaps that do not generate radiation, the falling edge of one pulse or waveform coincides in time with the rising edge of the next pulse, or the pulses overlap to two or more wavelengths. Radiation may occur. (Or the spectral band of the wavelength) can be generated at the same time.

In one embodiment, the components of the distributed PBT system communicate with the PBT controller using a one-way serial data bus that sends data, files, instructions, or executable code from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad. Alternatively, it is provided with a plurality of intelligent LED pads. In a second embodiment, the components of a distributed PBT system include a PBT controller and one or more intelligent LED pads that communicate using a bidirectional data bus or transceiver, whereby the PBT controller. Data, files, instructions, or executable codes can be sent to the intelligent LED. In contrast to the pad, the intelligent LED pad can return data to the PBT controller, including the patient's condition, including pad operation status or LED pad configuration data, program status, failure status, skin temperature, or other sensor data. increase. Other sensors may include 2D temperature maps, 2D or 3D ultrasound images, or biometric data such as pH, humidity, blood oxygen, blood glucose, or skin impedance, which are optional. Select to change the treatment conditions. That is, it works in a closed biofeedback loop.

In one embodiment, the EMR is generated by light emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in series "strings" connected to a common power supply. Each LED string may include an LED designed to produce radiation in a single wavelength or band of wavelengths in response to a defined constant or time-varying current. The LEDs are embedded in a flexible pad designed to fit snugly against the skin surface of the human body, allowing the target tissue or organ to be exposed to a uniform pattern of radiation. Power is supplied to each intelligent pad from the cable that connects the LED pad to the PBT controller, or to the LED from a separate power source. In an alternative embodiment, the semiconductor laser diode creates a handheld wand-mounted spot to create a uniform pattern of radiation that can be used in place of the LEDs configured in the array. For, or for small regions of concentrated radiation.

In the distributed PBT system disclosed herein, each LED string is controlled by an LED driver, which is then controlled by a microcontroller contained within an intelligent LED pad. The LED pad microcomputer communicates with another microcomputer or computer that makes up the PBT controller via the communication bus. The communication bus, USB, RS232, HDMI ^(TM), may contain I 2 C, SMB, wired or proprietary formats and communication protocols, such as Ethernet. Alternatively, it includes wireless media and protocols, including cellular radios using Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, 2G, 3G, 4G / LTE, or 5G protocols, or other proprietary communication methods.

A doctor or clinician can use a display, keyboard, or other input device connected to a PBT controller to select a specific algorithm (process sequence) suitable for the condition or disease being treated. Instructions are then propagated from the PBT controller to one or more intelligent LED pads via a wired or wireless data bus, specifying when to start or pause PBT processing and what processing to perform to the pad's microcontroller. Instruct.

In one embodiment, called data streaming, the PBT controller transmits a stream of data packets that specify the LED drive waveform, including when the LED is instructed to conduct current and the magnitude of the conducted current. The streaming instructions sent by the controller are selected from the algorithm's "pattern library". Each algorithm defines a specific process sequence of EMR pulses or waveforms generated by the LED string. Upon receiving a data packet over the data bus, the intelligent LED pad stores the instruction in memory and begins "playing" the streaming data file. In other words, it drives the LED according to the received command. During streaming playback, bus communication from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad is interrupted so that it can respond to system safety checks, the intelligent LED pad can report its status and upload sensor data to the PBT controller. Will be.

Unlike conventional PBT systems, the distributed PBT-based PBT controllers disclosed in do not always send commands to intelligent LED pads. While the PBT controller is silent, such as listening to a bus or receiving data from an intelligent LED pad, each intelligent LED pad is autonomous from the PBT controller and other LED pads connected to the same data bus or communication. And it must work independently. Communication network. This means that the PBT controller must send enough data to the intelligent LED pad, store it in the pad's memory buffer, and support uninterrupted LED playback operation until the next data file is delivered.

In another embodiment, the PBT controller delivers the complete replay file to an intelligent LED pad that defines the entire PBT process or session execution sequence. With this method, the file is delivered before it starts playing, that is, before performing any processing. As soon as the file is loaded into the memory of the intelligent LED pad, the local microcontroller in the pad can perform the playback performed according to the instructions of the file. The transfer playback file defines the treatment period and settings interpreted by the executable code, including the LED player software. The executable code file, (ii), which contains the entire LED driving the waveform command of (I). It may contain any of the playback files, or (iii) contains waveform primitives that are later combined in a predetermined way by the LED pad microcontroller to control the LED lighting pattern and perform PBT processing or sessions. data file.

In the latter two examples, the executable code needed to interpret the playback file, the LED player, needs to be loaded onto the intelligent LED before starting playback. This LED player can be loaded onto the intelligent LED pad when the user instructs the PBT controller to start treatment. Alternatively, it can be loaded into the intelligent pad the day before, such as during or during manufacturing if the LED pad was programmed. Make sure the PBT controller is turned on and the intelligent LED pad is connected to the controller's local area network. The LED player file is stored in the non-volatile memory for the expansion period if it was previously loaded on the intelligent LED pad, and the distributed PBT system checks to see if it is the loaded software. Must include quiescent current or become obsolete. When the system detects that the LED player is up to date, it can start playing the LED immediately. Alternatively, if the PBT controller detects that the LED player is obsolete, expired, or simply not up to date, the PBT controller will immediately or first obtain user approval for the executable code for the new LED player. Can be downloaded by. Is an outdated LED player Some examples of performing processing using executable code can result in improper playback or system malfunction. In such cases, the intelligent pad LED player may be forcibly interrupted by the PBT controller until the software is downloaded and updated.

The ability of an LED pad to function independently and autonomously for a defined period of time distinguishes the LED pad as "intelligent" compared to a passive LED pad. In contrast, passive LED pads are restricted to responding only to real-time signals transmitted by the PBT controller, and when communication is interrupted, the LED pad's operation is immediately interrupted, affecting the LED pulse train or waveform. increase. In other words, bus communication between a PBT controller and one or more intelligent LED pads can be considered a packet-switched local area network (LAN).

Another important feature of the disclosed distributed PBT system is its autonomous safety system-protection and safety features operate on each intelligent LED pad, independent of the PBT controller. Especially for networked specialized medical devices, the safety system must continue to operate reliably even if the network connection is lost. An important feature of the present invention is that during operation, each intelligent LED pad periodically executes safety-related subroutines to ensure that the software operates normally and that there are no dangerous conditions. SE Intelligent LED Pad Includes embedded protection features, "blinking timer related software" subroutine, watchdog timer, overvoltage protection, LED current balance, and overtemperature protection. Autonomous safety features include firmware that is stored in non-volatile memory and configures the intelligent LED pad's local operating system (here referred to as LightPadOS), which is run by an embedded microcontroller located within each intelligent LED pad. ..

When instructed to start treatment, the LightPadOS on a particular pad will start a software timer and at the same time reset the microcontroller hardware counter to start. LightPadOS then invokes the executable code to perform PBT processing, which is performed as a streaming data file or LED player (playback of a specific playback file), in sync with the ongoing program counter. One or several specific intelligent LED pads S as defined by either a shared system clock or precision time reference that advances the program counter at a defined frequency. Such a time reference can be established using an RC relaxation oscillator, an RLC resonant tank oscillator, a crystal oscillator, or a micromechanical machine based oscillator. In this way, you can use pulses with nanosecond precision to synthesize square wave pulses, sine waves, and other waveforms that vary in frequency and duration. The synthesized waveform is used to drive a string of different waveform LEDs in a selected pattern according to a defined algorithm.

During program execution, both the software flash timer and the hardware-based watchdog timer keep counting in sync with the program counter's timebase. When the blink timer reaches a certain predefined time (referred to here as the blink interval), for example 30 seconds, the software timer generates an interrupt signal sent to the pad's local control LightPadOS. This will suspend the treatment program counter and start the interrupt service. Routine or ISR. The ISR then performs the housekeeping function. This includes reading the temperature of one or more sensors in the intelligent LED pad, sending temperature data through the transceiver to the PBT controller, and comparing the maximum temperature measured at the same time with the defined range. .. When the temperature exceeds the warning level, a warning flag is also generated and transmitted to the PBT controller to request the system to take some action. For example, lower the LED duty factor (time per cycle) to lower the pad temperature or discontinue treatment.

However, when the measured maximum temperature exceeds a certain safety threshold, the intelligent LED pad immediately suspends the execution of the treatment program and at the same time sends a message to the PBT controller via the transceiver. The overheated intelligent LED pad will remain off indefinitely unless the PBT restarts the program. Thus, if an overheat condition occurs when the PBT controller is unavailable or malfunctioning, or if the network or communication bus is busy or unavailable, the default condition is to stop treatment.

During ISR, the intelligent LED pad can perform other safety tests. For example, checking for excess input voltage due to power failure, excess current due to internal pad short circuit, and detection of excess moisture due to sweat or water contacting intelligent LEDs. pad. There may be no or improperly applied hygiene barrier between the patient and the LED pad. In either case, the malfunctioning intelligent LED pad first pauses and then sends a message to the PBT controller informing the distributed system of the failure. In such cases, the other LED pads can continue to operate independently (even if one pad stops working), or all intelligent LED pads can be shut down at the same time (PBT controller or direct pad). Via inter-communication). When the ISR is complete, control returns to PBT processing execution by restarting the program counter, restarting the software blinking timer, and restarting the watchdog timer.

If a software execution error occurs in either the LED reproducible code or the ISR subroutine, the program counter will not resume operation and the blinking timer will not be reset or restarted. If the watchdog timer reaches the full count without being reset (for example, in 31 seconds), it means that the software has failed to run. The watchdog timer timeout immediately generates an interrupt flag, suspends program execution on the problematic LED pad, and sends a failure message to the PBT controller and optionally other LED pads. As a result, software failures are always inactive by default for malfunctioning LED pads to ensure patient safety even when there is no network connection.

Apart from the autonomous safety function, in another embodiment, the disclosed distributed PBT system includes centralized protection of networked components managed by a PBT controller. Specifically, the PBT operating system running on a PBT controller, referred to herein as LightOS, often includes the ability to detect whether a component connected to a network or communication bus is an authorized component or fraud. Includes protection provisions. If the user's attempt denies access to a network of optical pads or other components of the PBT controller that may not be able to go through the prescribed authentication process to which it connects. The LightOS operating system of the PBT controller can be banned, sending data packets to the IP address of the rogue device, or unencrypting commands, shutting down the entire distributed system until the offended device is removed, etc. Unrecognized components by accessing them in different ways.

The multi-layer secure communication distributed PBT system, operating PBT controller system (LightOS) and operating system intelligent LED pad (LightPadOS) disclosed to achieve use a consistent protocol that is not identifiable within the parallel communication stack. , Shared secrets to device operators, hackers, or unauthorized developers. Therefore, the distributed PBT system is a protected communication network having a function of executing security in an arbitrary number of communication layers including a data link layer 2, a network layer 3, a transport layer 4, a session layer 5, and a presentation layer. Works as. 6, or application layer-7.

For example, if you use a numeric code that is installed on both the PBT controller and the intelligent LED pad and is hidden in the code, that is, a shared secret, you can check the reliability of the intelligent LED pad connected to the network without leaking the key itself. I can do it. One way of LED Pad verification layer-Running on the data link 2, the PBT controller passes a random number to the intelligent LED pad over the network or communication bus. Correspondingly, the microcontroller in the LED pad decrypts the copy of the shared secret (numeric code), merges it with the received random number, and then performs an encryption hash operation on the concatenated number. The intelligent LED pad then returns the encrypted hash value openly over the same transceiver link.

At the same time, the PBT controller performs the same operation to decrypt its own copy of the shared secret (numeric code), merges it with the generated random number sent to the LED pad, and then encrypts the concatenated number. Performs a cryptographic hash operation. The PBT controller then compares the received hash value with the locally generated hash value. If the two numbers match, the pad is genuine, that is, it's on an "allowed" network to connect. The authentication algorithm described above can be performed on any PHY Layer 1 and / or Data Link Layer 2 connection over any data bus or packet-switched network, including USB, Ethernet, WiFi, or cellular wireless connections. When connecting to WiFi, we provided WiFi that can also be established using a data link to protect the access protocol WPA2.

For "management" purpose and security tracking, approval date and time (available as GPS location) stored in the non-volatile memory of the authentication component and to the upload server as needed. The advantage of adopting secure communication and AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Management) verification of all components connected in a distributed PBT system is the deliberate intention of an unauthenticated, potentially insecure fraudster device. It is important to ensure the safety and protection from the connection. As such, fraudster devices cannot be driven by a decentralized PBT system. AAA verification is an accidental device that is not intended to operate as part of a PBT system, such as lithium-ion battery packs, unauthorized power supplies, speakers, disk drives, motor drivers, high-power Class III and Class IV lasers. It also protects from connections. The potential danger is independent of the PBT system.

The security of distributed PBT systems using packet-switched networks (such as Ethernet and WiFi) can also be enhanced by using dynamic addressing at network layer 3 and dynamic port allocation at data transport layer 4. .. Unconnected PBT controller in operation The PBT controller generates a dynamic IP address and dynamic port address for the Internet or other local area networks, and the intelligent LED pad has its own dynamic IP address and its own. Broadcast the address to other network-attached devices that respond with a dynamic IP address. Dynamic port address. If your distributed PBT system is connected to a router or the Internet, use Dynamic Host Configuration Processor (DHCP) to assign dynamic IP addresses. Similarly, use remote procedure call (RPC) to perform dynamic port number assignment. The dynamic IP address and dynamic port change each time the device is connected to the network, reducing the cyber attack surface. Additional Layer-4 security is a "transport layer security", IPsec security protocol, or other protocol that can be added using TLS.

Once the components of the distributed PBT system are established, Layer 2 authentication, and Layer 3 and L-Yar-4 networks and port addresses are assigned, and the distributed PBT system is ready to perform treatment. LAyer's -5 session that establishes a user "start" command during received PBT control between the PBT controller and networked intelligent LED pads for the exchange of encryption keys or digital certificates and the start of PBT processing. When a session is opened, the PBT controller and intelligent LED pads maintain a secure link during the exchange of files and commands until the treatment is complete or finished. Additional network security can be done using presentation encryption at layer-6 or application layer-7.

As disclosed, a networked distributed PBT system acts as a single integrated virtual machine (VM) that can reliably and safely perform photobiomodulation therapy using multiple intelligent LED pads.
-No waveform distortion due to cable infestation-Bidirectional communication between PBT controller and intelligent LED pad-Ability to detect short circuit of multi-pad misconnection-Ability to identify approved LED pad or certified manufacturer- Ability to identify connected devices Intelligent LED pads-Ability to identify power sources and control their operating voltage-Functions to control and limit the LED current of the driver-Ability to detect batteries and them The output of the PBT system is used to prevent the connection of the LED. ・ The ability to detect the overheated state on the LED pad. ・ The ability to identify the LED configuration in the LED pad. -Ability to control multiple outputs independently-Ability to perform distortion-free waveform synthesis within an intelligent LED pad-Ability to distribute a new LED driver algorithm to an intelligent LED pad-Capture and record real-time patient biometric data・ Ability to collect real-time images of the treatment area ・ Supports the function of users (doctors) to create new treatment algorithms ・ Function to support electronic distribution of documents ・ Function to perform treatment tracking ・ Distribution of electronic prescriptions Ability to manage-Ability to support remote control connected to the network-Ability to perform location tracking of PBT systems-Ability to perform secure communication between components

In another embodiment, the disclosed distributed PBT system provides a dynamically multiplexed multi-channel LED driver capable of digital waveform synthesis, PWM pulse generation, and square wave, triangle wave, sawtooth wave, and sine wave waveforms. Includes 3-step waveform generation. Waveforms consist of a single periodic function or strings of multiple frequency components.

In another embodiment, the disclosed waveform generator may generate chords, eg, chords containing two, three, or four different frequencies, including noise filtering, based on a given key and frequency scale. can. LED-driven waveforms can also be generated from audio samples or by combining the code of scalable audio primitive waveforms of different resolutions and frequencies. Waveforms can be stored in the library based on the waveform synthesizer's parametric, PWM waveforms, and PWM codes such as major, minor, diminished, augmented code, octave, and inversion. Software-controlled LED drivers include I / O mapping, dynamic current control, and a variety of dynamically programmable current references.

In another embodiment, the distributed PBT system comprises a plurality of sets of intelligent LED pads controlled from a centralized multichannel PBT control station. An optional WiFi PBT remote control is included for easy local start-start and pause control. In yet another embodiment, the PBT controller comprises an application running on a mobile device or smartphone that controls an intelligent LED pad. The mobile application includes intuitive UI / UX controls and biofeedback display. The app can also connect to the internet or PBT server as a treatment database. In another embodiment, the PBT system comprises a fully autonomous LED pad set programmed on the network.

The distributed PBT system controls the LEDs attached to the mouthpiece to combat gingival inflammation and periodontal disease, or drives individual LEDs attached to earphones inserted into the nose or ears to drive the sinuses. It can also be used to kill the bending of bacteria. Variations of individual LED buds can be used as "spots" placed at acupuncture points.

The distributed PBT system described above is not limited to driving LEDs, but energy placed adjacent to the patient to inject energy into living tissue, such as the emission of coherent light from a laser or a time-varying magnetic field. It can be used to drive the emitter. (Magnetic therapy), microcurrent (electrotherapy), ultrasonic energy, infrared, far-infrared electromagnetic radiation, or any combination thereof.

In one such embodiment, the LED or laser handheld wand is an integrated safety system as a large area head unit and pivot handle, an integrated temperature sensor, a battery charger, a step-up (boost) voltage regulator, and a proximity detector. To be equipped with. In yet another embodiment, the magnetic therapy apparatus comprises a multilayer printed circuit board mounting coil used to generate a time-varying magnetic field. The magnetic therapy device can be mounted on a pad or wand. Magnetotherapy used to reduce inflammation and joint pain can be operated independently or in combination with PBT.

Another handheld wand version includes a modulated voice coil that acts as a vibrator that applies pressure to muscles and tissues at ultrasonic frequencies, or less than 10 Hz, which penetrates deeper, similar to massage therapy. Infrasound therapy, used to reduce muscle relaxation and improve flexibility and range of motion, can be done independently or in combination with PBT.

In another embodiment, the n ultrasonic therapy devices include a flexible PCB with one or more piezoelectric transducers modulated into the ultrasonic band for 20 kHz to 4 MHz. Pads with piezoelectric transducers may also include LEDs modulated by pulses in the audio spectrum. One application of ultrasound-LED composite devices uses ultrasound to destroy scar tissue with PBT, which is used to improve circulation and then remove dead cells.

It shows a PBT system operating under the control of a therapist. It shows the photobioregulation of mitochondria. Shows the light absorption spectra of various biomaterials. It contrasts the difference between photooptical therapy and photobiomodulation therapy. Shows photochemical stimulation of intracellular organelle mitochondria by blending wavelengths. Represents a distributed PBT system with active LED pads. It is the schematic of the passive LED pad and the system using the current limiting resistor of PBT. It is a schematic diagram of a passive LED pad and a system using the current control of PBT. A network description of a PBT system with an active LED pad that uses only physical (PHY) layer 1 communication. This is the effect on the equivalent circuit of the communication cable and its electrical signal. Representation of the interconnection of photobiomodulation treatment systems to the iconic IC unqualified or inappropriate electrical accessories and LED pads. It shows a photobiomodulation therapy system that drives different LED pads with a common set of electrical signals. Inappropriate "short-circuit output" connection of two LEDs System output to one common LED pad of PBT showing. The drive Ted output connection red LED string indicating the shore is multiple conflict control signals. Shows a short-circuit output connection that drives both NIR and red LEDs on the same LED pad at the same time as duplicate or simultaneous control signals. Shows the power output waveform for short-circuiting the output that drives both the NIR and the red LED to the same LED pad as the duplicate or simultaneous control signal at the same time. A PBT system that lacks temperature sensing, protection, or feedback. Represents a distributed PBT system with active LED pads. FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a distributed PBT system with intelligent (active) LED pads. FIG. 5 is a network diagram of a PBT system with intelligent (active) LED pads using a 3-layer OSI stack. It is a flowchart of the LED pad authentication sequence. A block diagram of an active LED pad with an identification data register is shown. A block diagram of an active LED pad with LED configuration registers is shown. It is a schematic diagram of an array including three wavelength LEDs of N model LED and drive electronics. It is the schematic of the switch draw side LED driver of the current sink type which includes the N channel MOSFET and the current detection gate bias circuit provided with the reference current input I _ref. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of _{a REF} having an N-channel MOSFET with a current sink type including a switching low-side LED driver and a reference current input I of a current detection gate bias circuit. FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an exemplary current sink type low side switched LED driver implementation, including a current mirror sensor, _{a transconductance amplifier bias circuit with a reference current input IF, and a transmission gate with a digital input.} Schematic diagram of the sample YDAC resistor current trim multi-channel current reference generator. Schematic of a sample Y A multi-channel current reference generator with a gate for the current trim width DAC MOSFET. Multi-channel current reference generator and arithmetic logic unit calculation input with DAC with current calibration and target reference input current, which is a schematic of the sample. FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a high-side switch current control element or “current source” driving a series of LEDs including an “m” LED. _{A high-side LED driver (-I ref} ) with a switching P-channel MOSFET and a current sensing gate bias circuit with a reference current input, which is a schematic representation of the current source type. Schematic of an exemplary current source type switched high side LED driver implementation, including a current mirror sensor, a transconductance amplifier bias circuit with a reference current input (-Iref), and a transmission gate with a digital input. .. It is a schematic diagram of a "current source" that drives a series string of LEDs including a high-side current control element or an effective low-side N-channel MOSFET digital and an "m" LED. A current source type high side LED driver including a P-channel MOSFET and a low reference current input (-I and _ref, which is a schematic diagram of the current detection gate bias circuit) drive a series LED string-side N-channel MOSFET. Digitally enabled. Schematic diagram of the sample Y current mirror sensor, mutual conductance amplifier bias circuit with reference current input (-I included current source type high side LED driver mounted _REF low drives a row of LEDs connected in series) -Side N-channel MOSFET digital enablement. LED drive based on master / slave and streaming data, which is the flowchart to be explained. It shows real-time streaming data transfer to an LED pad using packet transfer via USB. Shows just-in-time and "JIT" sequential data transfer method stream-based LED drive. Transfer indicates-forward-and-shift method stream-based LED drive. Compare JIT with LED drive transfer-forward-and-shift methods. It is a flowchart of LED pad autonomous pad reproduction using an unencrypted file. Shows the memory of the executable code file in the active LED pad. An exemplary treatment protocol is shown that includes three PBT "sessions", each of which constitutes three consecutive treatment algorithms. Treatment to illustrate the LED control sequence, where each of the exemplary Ys is on and awards and period off. An Ernto-Schultz biphasic dose response model of PBT is shown. It shows a 4-layer serial bus-based LightOS communication protocol stack. It shows the encrypted packet preparation of the PBT processing file. It shows the encrypted packet preparation of a PBT session file. Shows active LED pad decryption and storage of incoming encrypted packets. It is a flowchart of LED pad autonomous pad reproduction using file decoding after transfer. It shows the memory of the ciphertext file in the active LED pad. It is a flowchart of LED pad autonomous pad reproduction which uses on-the-fly decoding during reproduction. This is a file comparison between bulk file decoding before playback and on-the-fly decryption during playback. After showing the file download, LED player LED pad. It is a flowchart explaining operation of a "waveform synthesizer" module. It is a flowchart explaining the operation of a "PWM player" module. An "LED driver" module, which is a flowchart illustrating operation. It is a block diagram which shows the waveform generation using the waveform synthesizer, the PWM player, and the LED driver module. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing details of waveform synthesizer operation, including synthesis by either a unit function generator or a primitive processor. Examples of waveforms generated by unit functions are shown, including constants, sawtooth waves, trigonometric functions, sinusoidal waveforms, and sinusoidal waveforms. This is a functional description of the synthesizer addition node and autorange operation used in waveform synthesis. Examples of sine waves of various frequencies and their blended chords are shown. Demonstrates a counter-based sinusoidal synthesis system capable of blending chords over 10 octaves with independent weighting and autorange capabilities. Shows the synthesis of two sine wave codes using a counter-based sine wave synthesis system. The counter-based sine wave synthesis method is adopted. The synthesis of three sine wave codes is shown. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a counter-based sinusoidal code synthesizer using a single sinusoidal primitive with 24-point angular resolution. Here is an example of synthesizing two sinusoidal codes using a single fixed resolution primitive. Here is an example of synthesizing three sine wave codes using a single fixed resolution sine primitive. Illustrative Y Single fixed resolution sine primitive emphasized sine wave and blended chords using quantization noise. Here is an example of three sine wave code compositing using multiple scaled resolution sine primitives. Illustrative Y Sine waves and blended chords using multiple scaled resolution sine primitives to completely eliminate quantization noise. This is a comparison of fixed resolution and scaled resolution sine wave synthesis for a three-sine wave mixed code. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a counter-based sine wave code synthesizer using a sine primitive with scaled resolution and four clock scale ranges. It is a block diagram of a universal primitive sine wave code synthesizer applicable to a sine wave primitive of any resolution. Shows the global key for sine and chord synthesis and the UI / UX interface for setting notes in the fourth octave based on even temper scales-based keys. Shows the global key for sine and chord synthesis and the UI / UX interface for setting notes in the fourth octave based on other scales-based keys. It shows a UI / UX interface for setting global keys for sine wave and string synthesis based on customized frequencies. A block diagram of an algorithm chord builder for triad / quad synthesis of musical chords (optionally with +1 octave notes), including major, minor, augmented and diminished chords. Shows the UI / UX interface of a custom triad code builder with an optional +1 octave note. No autorange function Indicates compression of three sine addition composite signals. Use to compare the waveform with three sine additions without autorange amplification. It is a functional diagram of the PWM generator function used in a waveform synthesizer. Examples of waveforms generated by non-sinusoidal waves and their corresponding PWM representations are shown. It is a figure which shows the operation of the chopping function of a PWM player. Shows a schematic functional equivalent of a pulse width modulator used in a PWM player. The block diagram of the LED driver operation is shown. Shows the waveform of the PWM player configuration that generated a square wave with a 50% duty factor and 10mA average LED current. Shows the waveform of the PWM player configuration that generated a square wave with a 20% duty factor and a 10mA average LED current. Shows the waveform of a PWM player configuration that generated a square wave with a 95% duty factor and 10mA average LED current. Fig. 10mA average LED current showing the configuration waveform of the PWM player that generated a square wave with a duty factor of 50%, the subsequent step is up PED 13mA. The 50% duty factor and 10mA average LED current show the waveform of the square wave configuration generated by the LED driver. An ADC (Analog-Digital Converter) is a diagram showing the waveform of the LED driver configuration. Sine wave and 10mA average LED current. Shows the constituent waveforms of an audio sample generated by an LED driver ADC (Analog-Digital Converter) that plays the strings of a guitar with an average LED current of 10 mA. The waveform of the configuration of the LED driver ADC (analog-to-digital converter) that generated the audio sample of 10mA average LED current and cymbal crash is shown. The PWM configuration waveform shows a 10mA average LED current combined with a sine wave. After that, the waveform of the composition of boosted 10mA average LED current and PWM combined sine wave is shown at 13mA. The waveform of the composition of the PWM synthetic audio sample including the sine wave code of 10mA average LED current is shown. It shows the constituent waveform of a PWM composite triangle wave with an average LED current of 10 mA. The waveform of the composition of the PWM synthetic audio sample including the string pluck of the guitar with the average LED current of 10mA is shown. The waveform of the composition of the PWM composite audio sample including the cymbal crash with the average LED current of 10mA is shown. The constituent waveform of the sine wave synthesized by PWM is shown. The average LED current is 10mA, which is then stepped up to 13mA by the PWM player. Indicates the download of the playback file to the LED pad. The ID of the LED reproduction data file reproduction file included in FIG. 67 is a primitive of the synthesizer parameter file, the file, the PWM player file, the LED driver file, and its components. _{The Φ REF} of the firmware used to control the view PWM player clock, which is roughly analog. It consists of the communication stack of an Ethernet-based distributed PBT system. Configure the communication stack for a WiFi-based distributed PBT system. It is a block diagram of the WiFi communication compatible PBT controller for the distributed PBT system. It is a block diagram of the LED pad for WiFi communication for the distributed PBT system. Multi-user distributed PBT system and communication network. It consists of a mobile phone-based distributed PBT system communication stack. Demonstrates a decentralized PBT system that uses mobile phone apps and WiFi-based controls. UI / UX menu for PBT control using mobile device application program. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view, a top view, and a bottom view of a handheld PBT wand for LED or laser treatment. It is a block diagram of a handheld PBT wand for LED or laser treatment. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view and a bottom view of a PBT wand eye safety system for a laser PBT that utilizes capacitive contact sensing. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an eye safety system for laser PBT utilizing capacitive contact sensing. It is the schematic of the distributed system laser PBT drive circuit. Cross section, top view, and side view of an intelligent LED pad with an autonomous integrated switch. It is a flowchart explaining the program switch sequence of the autonomous intelligent LED pad. It is a cross-sectional view of a rigid flex PCB. It is an exploded view of plane magnetism used in a magnetic therapy pad. It is a side view of the magnetic therapy pad provided with planar magnetism. It is a top view of the magnetic therapy pad provided with planar magnetism. It is the schematic of the distributed system magnetic therapy drive circuit. It is sectional drawing of the magnetic therapy pad using individual magnetism. A magnetic therapy pad containing an array of electromagnets. A magnetic therapy pad containing an array of electromagnets and permanent magnets. A magnetic therapy pad containing an array of electromagnets and a stacked hybrid electromagnet permanent magnet. A magnetic therapy pad consisting of an array of electromagnets and a stack of hybrid permanent magnet electromagnets. A handheld magnetic therapy device compatible with distributed systems. It is a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a U-shaped PBT periodontal mouthpiece. It is a side view of the manufacturing process at the time of manufacturing a U-shaped PBT periodontal mouthpiece. It is a side view of the manufacturing process at the time of manufacturing the H-shaped PBT periodontal mouthpiece. Figure 92B is a side view of the manufactured H-shaped periodontal PBT mouthpiece. It shows the coupling process in the manufacture of H-shaped PBT periodontal mouthpieces. The circuit diagram of the periodontal PBT mouthpiece is shown. A circuit diagram of a combination of ultrasonic PBT pads equipped with an H-bridge drive is shown. A circuit diagram of a combination of ultrasonic PBT pads equipped with a current sink drive is shown. Perspective view including a combination ultrasonic PBT pad.

To overcome the aforementioned existing generation PBT system confrontation limits, the architecture required for a completely new system. Specifically, the combined sine wave and code generation of the sine wave must occur very close to the driven LED to avoid significant waveform distortion due to cabling. Such design criteria require the waveform synthesis to be rearranged and moved from the PBT controller to the LED pads. To achieve this seemingly minor feature repartitioning is actually a significant design change that requires converting LED pads from passive components to active systems or "intelligent" LED pads. Passive LED pads include only arrays of LEDs, current sources, and switches, while intelligent LED pads include microcontrollers, volatile and non-volatile memory, communication transceivers or bus interfaces, LED drive electronics, and The LED array needs to be integrated. Because the time reference for microcontrollers with the need for long cables or wireless operation must also be rearranged in the LED pads. Basically, each intelligent LED pad becomes a small computer and can generate LED excitation patterns individually when instructed.

So instead of using a centralized PBT controller that generates and delivers electrical signals to passive LED pads, the new architecture is "distributed" and autonomously operating electronic components that lack centralized real-time control. Consists of a network of. The first distributed PBT system of this kind requires the invention of intelligent LED pads. This is a therapeutic optical delivery system in which the LED pads generate a dynamic LED excitation pattern and accordingly perform all the calculations necessary to safely perform the LED drive. In distributed PBT operations, the role of the PBT controller is dramatically reduced to the role of the UI / UX interface, allowing the user to select a treatment or session from the available protocol library and start, pause, or end treatment. ..

This lack of central hardware control is virtually unprecedented in medical devices, as ISO13485, IEC, and FDA regulations always require hardware control for safety reasons. In this way, the implementation of a safety system that is effective for distributed hardware medical D has to execute new necessary safety functions locally and convey the system, an innovative approach-wide. SPEs that must have such a safety protocol are designed, civilized, verified, verified and documented according to the FDA's design rules and international safety standards.

Another meaning of distributed PBT systems with intelligent LED pads is to replace electrical signal communication with command-based instructions containing data packets. Such command-based communications include the design and development of packet-switched private communications networks between the components of distributed systems, adapting digital communications to meet the unique and stringent requirements of medical device control. Packet routing, security, and data payloads must be designed to prevent hacking and system malfunctions, and must carry all the information needed to perform all the necessary PBT operations.

Implementing a distributed PBT system using intelligent LED pads requires two interrelated innovations. This application discloses the behavior of intelligent LED pads, including time-based LED excitation patterns delivered by streaming or file transfer. The disclosure also considers a three-step process of waveform synthesis, PWM player operation, and dynamic LED drive, as well as in-pad generation of waveforms using the required safety features. Relevant US Application No. 16/377192, named "Distributed Photobiomodulation Therapeutic Devices and Methods, Biofeedback, and Communication Protocols Therefore," data communication hierarchy stacks and control protocols are disclosed.

Distributed PBT systems are disclosed herein and are any time-based sequence of instructions (referred to as streaming) that LED regeneration can be used to control, or command-based waveform generation and synthesis through. In either case, the data packet digitally transmits the LED excitation pattern in the payload. During operation, the user or therapist agrees to select a PBT treatment or treatment session via a graphical interface and begin treatment. The command is then packetized. That is, it is prepared, formatted, compressed, packed into communication packets and delivered to one or more intelligent LED pads via serial peripheral communication buses, LANs, broadband connections, WiFi, fiber, or other media. The payload data carried in each data packet is digital, containing bits organized as octets or hexadecimal words, but the actual communication medium is analog, containing differential analog signals, radio waves, or modulated light.

In wired communication, the communication bus typically uses an electrical signal that contains an analog differential waveform modulated at a specified rate called the symbol rate or baud rate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_rate). .. Each symbol can contain a defined duration frequency or code. The detection of each sequential symbol is unaffected by distortion caused by reactive parasitic elements or noise sources in the cable, thus overcoming all the problems associated with digital pulse signal transmission in traditional PBT implementations. In WiFi communication, incoming serial data is divided and transmitted in small packets over multiple frequency subbands called OFDM. That is, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing provides high symbol rates and low bit error rates. Similar frequency division methods are used in Fiber Channel and DOCSIS communications to achieve high symbol rates. The data rate of the serial bus bit is higher than the symbol rate of the media because each symbol transmitted can represent multiple digital states. Some effective bit data rates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bit_rates) of the most common serial and wireless communication protocols above 50 MB / sec are summarized below.

The PBT controller responds to the user's command and translates the command into a communication data packet. This packet is sent to all connected and certified LED pads. The LED pads receive commands and responses accordingly to start a treatment session or perform other tasks. Due to the high bandwidth communication, the user experience of the PBT system is that the processing is instantaneous. That is, the user recognizes the real-time UI / UX response, even if the system operation is actually performed as a series of device-to-device communication, an autonomous task.

The disclosed distributed PBT system includes a plurality of interacting components, each of which performs a dedicated function within the distributed system. The number of unique components integrated into a system affects the overall complexity of the system and the sophistication of the communication protocol, the "language" used in device-to-device communication. The various components of the disclosed distributed PBT system may include:
A user interface consisting of a central PBT controller or mobile application used to execute UI / UX-based commands and dispatch instructions over a communication network.
-Intelligent LED pads for performing dynamic photobiomodulation therapy treatment with local in-pad excitation pattern generation and waveform synthesis, and optionally integrated sensors or imaging capabilities.
· Distributing or uploading computer servers, private communication networks and PBT treatments, sessions, and protocols used for access or retention on the Internet, patient responses, case studies, or clinical trial data and related files (eg,) MRI, X-ray, blood test).
-Optional therapeutic accessories such as laser wands and ultrasonic therapy pads.
-Optional biometric sensors used to capture and upload patient samples or real-time data (eg, EEG sensors, ECG monitors, blood oxygen, blood pressure, blood glucose, etc.).
-Computer peripherals including high resolution displays, touch screens, keyboards, mice, speakers, headphones, etc.

By combining and excluding various components of the PBT system, different performance and system costs can be tailored to a wide range of users covering hospitals and clinics for individual users, consumers, spas, estheticians, and sports. It can be expanded to trainers, athletes, etc. The same is true for professional mobile applications for emergency medical, police, or military field doctors. Because PBT components use voltages above 5V, the disclosed design takes care to prevent users from accidentally connecting USB peripherals to high voltage (12V-42V) or bus connections.

LED control of distributed PBT system

One basic implementation of the distributed PBT system shown in FIG. USB cable 122nd with three accompanying PBT controller 120-components, power supply 121, and single intelligent LED pad 123. FIG. 14 illustrates a PBT controller and bus transceiver 131, including an exemplary block diagram Y distributed PBT system implementation, an intelligent LED pad 337 above E, a USB cable 136, and an external power supply "brick" 132. The power brick 132 is shown as a separate component in the figure, but in systems where the PBT controller and bus transceiver 131 use a wired connection to the intelligent LED pad 337, instead of using power, the PBT controller and transceiver You can include a power supply inside. Another component. As shown, the PBT controller and bus transceiver 131 include the main microcontroller μC or operate the MPU 134, touch screen LCD 133, non-volatile memory 128, volatile memory 129, interface bus 135, and system clock clock 124. Rate Φ _systems . The clock and memory elements are shown separately from the main MPU 134 to represent their functionality and are not intended to describe a particular implementation or component division. The ARTC real-time clock (not shown) may also be included in the PBT controller 131 ARTC, which can only be continuously synchronized to N very low power international time standards for execution consumption clocks and network times.

Construction of the main MPU 134 may include a fully integrated single-chip microcontroller or microprocessor-based module, optionally one of the main system clock 124, bus interface 135, and non-volatile memory 128 and volatile memory 129. Includes part. Any number of partitions is possible. Includes use as multiple silicon integrated circuits (ICs), system-on-chip (SOC) integration, system-in-package (SIP), or modules. For example, the volatile memory 129 may include a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or a static random access memory (SRAM). This memory may be fully or partially integrated within the main MPU 134, or it may be implemented by a separate integrated circuit. Similarly, the non-volatile memory 128 may include electrically erasable programmable random access memory (E ² PROM) or "flash" memory, which may be integrated, in whole or in part, within the MPU 111. Large capacity non-volatility in PBT controller 131. Data storage can also be achieved using mobile media storage such as optical discs (CD / DVD) by magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) and even via a network connection to cloud storage.

The role of the non-volatile data storage 128 within the PBT controller 131 is versatile, including storage for the main operating system, referred to herein as LightOS. For security reasons, it is generally stored in encrypted form, as well as to maintain a program library of PBT treatments and sessions. Non-volatile memory 128 can also be used to capture treatment logs, upload sensor data, and optionally retain treatment metadata. In contrast to its non-volatile counterpart, the role of volatile memory 129 in the PBT controller 131 is primarily the role of scratchpad memory, which temporarily holds data during the execution of calculations. For example, when preparing a PBT session that includes a series of individual PBT processes, the encrypted processing algorithm is first decrypted, assembled into the PBT session, re-encrypted, and then the communication packet ready for network transfer. Must be assembled to. Volatile memory holds data content during the process of assembling communication packets.
Another consideration in distributed PBT systems is the power distribution required to power the PBT controller and LED pads. The options are:
-The internal power supply is used to supply power to the PBT controller, and the LED pad is supplied to power via the communication bus.
-Power is supplied to the PBT controller using an external power supply (brick), and power is supplied to the LED pad via the communication bus.
-The internal power supply is used to power the PBT controller, and the dedicated external power supply or power supply (brick) is used to power the LED pads.
-The external power supply (brick) is used to supply power to the PBT controller, and the dedicated external power supply (brick) is used to supply power to the LED pad.

In the example shown, the external power supply brick 132 powers the entire PBT system, provides 5V to the integrated circuit, and provides a + V _LED for the string of LEDs. The USB cable 136 has a 1-interface bus 35PBT controller and a 3-interface bus 38LED pad 337 on the bus transceiver 131 from the transceiver-supported symbol data.

The USB cable 136 also supplies power. Specifically, connect the ground (GND), 5V, and + V _LEDs to the intelligent LED pad 337. These are usually transmitted on low resistance copper conductors that are thicker than the signal lines of the cable. Each LED pad 337 includes pad μC339, bus interface 338, RAM volatile memory (eg, SRAM or DRAM) 334a, NV-RAM non-volatile memory (eg EEPROM or flash) 334B, time reference clock 333, LED driver 335, And LED array 140.

The LED driver includes switched current sinks 140, 141, and others (not shown), typically one current sink for each string of LEDs. The LED array 140 includes a series of series connected LEDs 142a to 142 m for producing light of wavelength λ1 and a series of series connected LEDs 143Aa to 143 m for producing light of wavelength λ2, and typically others. Includes a series of LEDs (not shown).

Internal memory LED pad 337 Similar to including both volatile memory 334A and 334B non-volatile memory Adopting semiconductor memory PBT controller except that the total capacity is small, preferably lower power can be consumed. To 131. Memory in semiconductor solutions including LED pad 337 masts Integrate fragile data storage into LED pad 337 Moving media storage The risk of mechanical shock or damage is specifically the volatile memory 334a in LED pad 337 (labeled RAM). ) Can include dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static random access memory (SRAM) that can be fully or partially integrated within pad μC339.

With LED pads, volatile memory helps hold data that you don't need to hold when you're not in use. As LED streaming file, LED player file, LED playback file. The advantage of temporarily holding only the executable code needed to perform the current PBT treatment (rather than the entire treatment library) is that the amount and cost of memory in the LED pad 337 is that of the PBT controller 131. It can be significantly reduced compared to the ones. It also has the advantage of making reverse engineering and copying of treatment programs more difficult as all data is lost when the LED pad 337 is powered off.

Non-volatile memory 334b may include electrically erasable programmable random access memory (E ² PROM) or "flash" memory, which can be fully or partially integrated within pad μC339. Non-volatile memory 334B (NV-RAM indicator) Infrequently used, preferably used for hold firmware, as an operating system for such LED pads, as used herein, together with manufacturing data including pad identification data. , LightPadOS is the LED pad ID register and the manufacturing related LED configuration data. The non-volatile memory 334b can also be used to hold a user log of what treatment was performed. The low cost design of LED pads is another important economic consideration, as one PBT controller is often sold with multiple LED pads (up to 6 or 8 per system). Decreasing the overall memory is beneficial for PBT controllers with a single device, concentrated memory, especially non-volatile memory, and costs, incurred to minimize the memory contained within each LED pad. Multiple instances can be created for each system.

During operation, the user command input on the touch screen LCD 133 of the PBT controller 131 is reinterpreted by the main MPU 134, which in turn acquires the processing files stored in the non-volatile memory 128 and retrieves these files. Transfer via USB bus interface 135 via USB cable 136. To the bus interface 338 in the intelligent LED pad 337. When the processing file is transferred, it is temporarily stored in the volatile memory 338a. Pad μC339 operates according to the LightPadOS operating system stored in non-volatile memory 334b, then interprets the process stored in RAM volatile memory 334a and controls the LED driver 335 according to the LED excitation pattern of the selected process. do. Array 336 illuminates strings of LEDs of various wavelengths in the desired manner. Since PBT controller 131 and the LED pad 337 is operated using their own clock 297 and 299, distributed PBT system operates asynchronously different clock frequencies, specifically a [Phi _sys and [Phi _Pad respectively.

Since the two systems operate at different clock rates, communication between the PBT controller 131 and the LED pad 337 is asynchronous, that is, without a common synchronous clock. Asynchronous communication is compatible with the indicated USB136 or a wide range of serial bus communication protocols including Ethernet, WiFi, 3G / LTE, 4G, and DOCSIS-3. Synchronous clock versions of distributed PBT systems, or versions with shared clocks, are technically possible, but synchronous operations do not offer the performance or effectiveness advantages over asynchronous operations. In addition, the distribution of high frequency clocks over long cables has problems such as clock skew, phase delay, and pulse distortion.

The architecture of FIG. 1 includes a distributed PBT system with two or more microcontrollers or the "brain" of a computer, FIG. 14 is an active driving an all-in-one pad or passive LED pad that would otherwise generally have an integrated controller. Represents a basic architectural change in a PBT system, including one of the PBT controllers. We know that PBT controllers may optionally include application programs that run on mobile devices such as notebooks or desktop personal computers, computer servers, tablets or smartphones, instead of being separate hardware devices. Should be kept. Or other host devices that can run computer software such as video game consoles, and IoT devices and above. Examples of such alternative embodiments are shown throughout this application.

As shown in Figure 15, PBT operations can be interpreted as a series of communications used to control hardware operations. Is an implementation or OSI representation of a singing open system, an application layer 7, a data link layer 2 and a physical layer 1 that includes a communication stack 147 included in the PBT controller 120. Within the PBT controller 120, application layer 7 is implemented using a customized operating system for photobiomodulation called LightOS herein. The instructions received by the LightOS User Awards use the USB protocol, using the -1 with the PHY layer and the USB differential signal 332 to the corresponding PHY layer along with being passed to the layer 2 data link layer. Communication-Communication stack in intelligent LED 1148 Residential Pad 123. Therefore, the electrical signal constitutes layer 1 communication, but the USB data structure is such that the PBT controller and intelligent LED pad are layer 2 and communicate with packets placed in time as USB data "frames". Works with. When the communication stack 148 receives the USB packet, the information is transferred to application layer 7 executed by the LED pad resident operating system referred to herein as the light pad OS. If the PBT controller LightOS and the intelligent LED pad operating system LightPadOS are designed to communicate and execute instructions in a self-consistent manner, the bidirectional link between communication stacks 147 and 148 is at the application layer. Acts as a virtual machine. The device behaves as if it were a single piece of hardware.

The components to ensure can exchange information and execute instructions at a high level of abstraction, and at one application layer, the upper two operating systems LightOS and LightPadOS use the same encryption and security methods. It is important to develop in parallel structure and any layer protocol. These criteria include adopting a common shared secret, performing a predefined validation sequence (required for the component to join the system's private network), and performing a common cryptographic algorithm.

To ensure that the two components can initiate communication and perform the task, the PBT controller needs to establish whether the first LED pad is actually an approved manufacturer, the system- Validation component. This test, called "certification," is shown in the flowchart of FIG. FIG. 16 shows two parallel sequences, one occurring in a LightOS acting as a "host" and the other occurring in a LightPadOS acting as a "client". As shown, once the establishment of the physical USB connection, i.e. the insertion 150, is complete, the controller's LightOS operating system initiates a subroutine 151a called "light pad installation", while at the same time the LED pad's LightPadOS operating system is a subroutine. 151b is started. In the first step 152a used to determine if the client is power (reject if it is power), the PBT controller performs check 158 and the USBD + and D- pins are shorted. Check for any. These data pins may be short-circuited, according to the USB standard, the peripheral device is not the power source LED PA D, the system refuses the connection, terminates the authentication, the LightOS peripheral is not the active ingredient, the user Please unplug immediately. If the pins are not shorted, the LightPadOS, installation approval process may continue.

In steps 153a and 153b, the two devices negotiate the maximum data rate that each can understand and reliably communicate with. Once the communication data rate is established, the symmetric authentication 154a and 154b processing is started. During symmetric authentication, in step 154a, LightOS first queries LightPadOS to check the data stored in the LED pad ID data register 144 to see if the LED pad 123 is a valid manufacturer-approved device. To judge. In the mirror authentication process of step 154b, the LED pad 123 verifies that the PBT controller is a valid device with a valid manufacturing ID approved for use with the LED pad 123. This exchange modifies certain encrypted security credentials and manufacturer identification data such as serial number, serial code, GUDID number, and both the PBT controller 120 and the intelligent LED pad 123 are from the same manufacturer. It is guaranteed to be (or licensed as approved). device). If authentication fails, the host LightOS notifies the user that the LED pad is not approved for use in the system and instructs them to remove the LED pad. If LightOS cannot authenticate the LED pad 123, the PBT controller 120 will stop communicating with the peripheral device. On the contrary, when the light pad OS of the peripheral device cannot determine the authenticity of the PBT controller 120, the LED pad 123 ignores the instruction of the PBT controller 120. The operation can be continued only when the symmetric authentication is confirmed.

You can perform any number of authentication methods to establish a private network and authorize the device to connect to the private network. These methods include symmetric or asymmetric encryption and key exchange, adoption of "certificate authority" based identity verification by exchanging digital CA certificates, or exchange of encrypted hash data so that devices share the same shared secret. This includes making sure you are holding it. Qualified manufacturer. For example, if you use a numeric code that is installed on both the PBT controller and the intelligent LED pad and is hidden in the code, that is, a shared secret, you can check the reliability of the intelligent LED pad connected to the network without leaking the key itself. I can do it. In one such method of LED pad validation performed at data link layer 2, the PBT controller passes random numbers to the intelligent LED pad over the network or communication bus. Correspondingly, the microcontroller in the LED pad decrypts the copy of the shared secret (numeric code), merges it with the received random number, and then performs an encryption hash operation on the concatenated number. The intelligent LED pad then returns the encrypted hash value openly over the same transceiver link.

At the same time, the PBT controller performs the same operation to decrypt its own copy of the shared secret (numeric code), merges it with the generated random number sent to the LED pad, and then encrypts the concatenated number. Performs a cryptographic hash operation. The PBT controller then compares the received hash value with the locally generated hash value. If the two numbers match, the pad is genuine, that is, it "allowed" to connect to the network. The authentication algorithm described above can be performed on any PHY Layer 1 and / or Data Link 2 connection over any data bus or packet-switched network, including USB, Ethernet, WiFi, or cellular wireless connections. For WiFi connections, the data link can also be established using the WiFi protected access protocol WPA2.

For "administrative" purposes and security tracking, the authentication date and time (and GPS location, if available) of the authenticated component is stored in non-volatile memory and optionally uploaded to the server. The advantage of adopting secure communication and AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Management) verification of all components connected in a distributed PBT system is the intention of an unauthenticated, potentially insecure fraudster's device. It is important to ensure the safety and protection from the connection. As such, fraudster devices cannot be driven by a decentralized PBT system. AAA verification is an accidental device that is not intended to operate as part of a PBT system, such as lithium-ion battery packs, unauthorized power supplies, speakers, disk drives, motor drivers, high-power Class III and Class IV lasers. It also protects from connections. Potential danger unrelated to the PBT system.

The security of distributed PBT systems using packet switch networks (such as Ethernet and WiFi) can also be enhanced by using dynamic addressing at network layer 3 and dynamic port allocation at data transport layer 4. .. On the Internet or other local area networks, the PBT controller generates a dynamic IP address and dynamic port address, and the intelligent LED pad responds with its own dynamic IP address and its own dynamic port to other network-attached devices. Broadcast the address. address. If your distributed PBT system is connected to a router or the Internet, use Dynamic Host Configuration Processor (DHCP) to assign dynamic IP addresses. Similarly, use remote procedure call (RPC) to perform dynamic port number assignment. The dynamic IP address and dynamic port change each time the device is connected to the network, reducing the cyber attack surface. Additional Layer 4 security can be added using TLS Transport Layer Security, IPSec security protocols, or other protocols. Once the intelligent LED pad is connected to the network, it can exchange additional information such as LED configuration data to allow the component to operate as part of a distributed PBT system.

In step 155a, the LightOS requests information about the LED configuration of the LED pad. In step 155b, the configuration in the response of LightPadOS by relaying information is 120 to the PBT controller of register 145 LED pad 123. In addition, the configuration file containing a detailed description of the LED array also specifies the specified maximum, minimum and power requirements for the LED string of the target voltage array for the manufacturer to specify. He also needed the current required to drive the specified minimum LED in the configuration file. If there is more than one L, LightOS solicitation receives the same information from the LED pad connected to the output and all attached LED pads and analyzes the entire network of a connected device.

At step 156a, LightOS inspects the voltage requirements of each pad and compares that value to the output voltage range of the high voltage power supply. High voltage power supply capable of fixed output voltage + V _LED for PBT controller, LightOS operating system is PBT controller using high voltage power supply capable of _{fixed output voltage + V LED, LightOS operating system is this voltage is V min Make} sure that each LED pad from to V max is within the specified voltage range. The system also ensures that the total current required for all "n" LED strings does not exceed the power supply's rated current (this is generally not a problem, included to support current checks. Has a low cost consumer PBT device design, but has limited power).

If, in step 156a, the output of the power supply meets the operating range of all connected LED pads, V _min ≤ + V _LED ≤ V _max , then the PBT controller 120 will provide a high voltage supply + V _LED . In step 156bPBT controller 120 can LED pad notification 123 document the last supply voltage of the selected power supply voltage, stored in non-volatile memory 334B (useful in inspecting quality problems and field failures), LED pad Delivered to. If PBT controller 120 employs a programmable voltage source, LightOS operating system, select the optimum voltage on the basis of the operation _{V target} of LED pad 123 stored in the LED configuration registers 145 of the pad. Mismatch, LightOS operating system _{chooses voltage for + V LED} as some compromise of various reported voltages. The term "high voltage" in this context means a voltage between a minimum of 19.5V and a maximum of 42V. Typical supply voltages include 20V, 24V, or 36V. Even after the + V _LED is enabled, this high voltage will not be connected to the output socket or supplied to the LED pad until the treatment is selected and the treatment is started.

During the authentication process and for user inquiries, the PBT controller 120 must request information regarding the manufacture of LED pads. This data helps you comply with medical device regulations for traceability, debug quality and field failures, or process return merchandise authorization (RMA). FIG. 17 shows an example of the type of product manufacturing information contained in the “LED pad identification data register” 144 stored in the non-volatile memory 334b of the LED pad. This data includes the manufacturer's part number, manufacturer's name, unit serial number, manufacturing code linked to a specific description of manufacturing history or pedigree, and the US FDA-designated Global Unique Device Identification Database (GUDID) number. It may be. [Https: // accessgudid. nlm. nih. The number of 510 (k) associated with the application of [gov / about-gudid], and the like. The register can optionally contain a country-specific code for importing the device and other customs-related information such as license numbers and free trade certificates. This register is stored in the non-volatile memory 334b during manufacturing. The LED pad identification data register 144 also contains security credentials (such as an encryption key) used in the authentication process. The security credentials are either static, installed at the time of manufacture, dynamically rewritten each time the LED pad is authenticated, or rewritten after a specified number of valid authentications.

As described, during the authentication process, the PBT controller 120 collects information about the LED configuration of all connected LED pads. As shown in FIG. 18, the LED configuration information of the pad is stored in the non-volatile memory 334b of the LED pad in the "LED configuration register" 145 written during the pad manufacturing process. The register is a large number of LED strings "n" is a description of the LEDs in the string containing the wavelength λ of the particular information LED and the number "m" of LEDs connected in series for each string. During operation, this LED string information is used to match the LED processing to a particular type of LED pad. For example, if an LED pad containing a blue or green LED is installed, a process designed specifically for driving a red LED will not work. The user's UI / UX, or PBT controller touchscreen menu selection, is adjusted according to the LED pads connected to the system. If the corresponding LED pad is not installed, menu selections that require that type of pad will be hidden or grayed out.

The LED configuration register 145 is essentially a tabular description of the LED pad schematic. Part of the LED pad drawn with reference to the schematic of FIG. 19 Through the LED control circuits 161a and 161c including the LED driver 335, the current sink 161a and the LED array 336.
-Character string # 1 LED configuration register 145 contains 6 series connected in the vicinity of the infrared LED of wavelength λ. Character string 162a Description λ _{1 = 810 nm, the carrier current I LED1} driven by the current sink 161a.
The string # 2 LED configuration register 145 describes a string 163a containing four series-connected red LEDs of wavelength λ. λ ₂ = 635 nm current I transport 161b I _{LED 2} driven by a current sink.
- String # 3LED configuration register 145, the _{I LED 3} of the drive by a current sink 161c string 164a carries description lambda ₃ = 450 nm current I for containing four series-connected blue LED wavelength lambda.
The character string # 4 LED configuration register 145 is a 162b column including the vicinity of an infrared LED having a wavelength λ connected in series. Description λ ₁ = 810 nm current I Driven by a current sink 161a carrying _{LED4 =} I _LED1 .
The string # 5 LED configuration register 145 contains a string 163B containing four series-connected red LEDs of wavelength λ Description λ ₂ = 635 nm current I transport 161b I _{LED5 =} I _LED2 driven by a current sink.
The LED configuration register 145 of character string # 6 is driven by a current sink 161c that carries four series-connected blue LEDs of wavelength λ and a string description λ _{3 = 450 nm current I LED 6 =} I _{LED 3} .

The above does not represent a particular design and is intended to illustrate, but is not limited to, the data formats of the LED configuration registers 145 and their corresponding equivalent schematics. In particular, the number of LED strings "n" and the number of LEDs connected in series with the particular string "m" contained within the LED pad is likely to exceed the number shown in this example. In reality, the number of LEDs in different strings can be the same or different for each string. For example, an LED pad may include 15 strings, including 14 LEDs in series, or 210 LEDs. These LEDs can be placed in three groups, each consisting of five LED strings. One-third NIR, one-third red, and one-third blue. Each LED type can consist of 5 parallel strings and 14 connected LEDs in series, that is, 3 14s5p arrays.

The LED configuration register 18 also includes the minimum and maximum operating voltages of the LED pads. Power supply voltage + V _LED must exceed the minimum voltage for _{proper LED operation Specifications V min} LED pad should be avoided from excessive voltage damage or overheated power supply voltage to ensure uniform illumination Not the specified maximum voltage V _max . In other words, the value of the power supply voltage allowed to power the LED pad must meet the criteria V _min <+ V _LED ≤ V _max . Specified value manufacturer _{V min,} is stored in the LED structure register 145, a reference that _V min <+ V as long as to ensure that the maximum voltage column LED in the pad of the exceeded based on the mast statistical LED _{It is LED} , the string s of the maximum voltage of the holding pad is still, it works perfectly and lights up. If the V _min voltage is specified too low, some LED pads may cause individual LED strings to be darker than others during treatment. Poor brightness uniformity limits the peak and average power of PBT treatment and reduces the total energy (dose) of the treatment, which adversely affects the therapeutic effect.

The maximum voltage string for an LED pad is determined by both design and stochastic voltage fluctuations in LED manufacturing. Each LED string is included but in series m is-connected LEDs, each LED has its own forward conduction voltage _Vfx , x varies from 1 to m, and the total string voltage is the sum of these individual LEDs. Is the voltage ΣV _fx . Higher voltage, series-connected LEDs that are less likely to occur in strings, or lower forward voltage LEDs that it produces in strings that contain a large number of possibilities. LED pad manufacturers should use statistical sampling data of LED forward voltage from lot to lot to ensure that the LED string voltage is _{not manufactured above the specified value of V min.}

Although less accurate, the power supply must be able to provide the _{minimum average current I min} required to light all LEDs of a particular color (wavelength) at once. In general, with a dual wavelength LED pad, 50% of the n LED strings may be conducting at the same time. With a three-color LED pad, only one of the three LED wavelengths may light up at a time to avoid overheating, but in the worst case, use the assumption of 2/3 or 67% of the n-string. Can be calculated by In continuous operation, the peak current of the conduction LED is 30mA (mA) per string, which is not the worst case, and I _LED ≤ 30mA when it exceeds. This worst-case assumption, using a pad with n = 30, 67% of the irradiation string, and I _LED ≤ 30 mA with I would require a value of I _min = 30 (2/3). (30mA) = 600mA.

_{The value of I max} specified in the LED configuration register 145 is not an explanation of the maximum current flowing through the LED, but an explanation of the maximum safe current at the 50% duty factor of the conductive trace of the pad. This current is the current that flows through the LED pad. Any current that adds the LED string of itself is connected to another LED pad via the LED pad. This specification is included to prevent pad operation that causes significant voltage drops on the LED pad power lines, resulting in heating, malfunction, electromigration, or metal fusion. One possible design guideline for printed circuit boards (PCBs) on LED pads is to use copper conductors that can carry more than twice the rated current. In other words, the pad can safely carry its own current and the current of another LED at the same time. An additional design guard band of δ = 25% is included as a safety margin. For example, if I _{min =} 600mA and a 25% guard band is used, I _{max =} 2I _min (1 + δ) = 1500mA. The configuration register 145 also includes a mirror ratio α used to convert the reference current I _ref to the LED string current I _{LED (or vice versa) according to the relationship I LED} = αI _ref. Different ratios can be appropriately modified to include α in the table when used for each channel ₁ , α ₂ , α ₃ . .. .. _{ILED 1 = α 1Iref1, I LED2} = α 2 I ref2 and that.

Referencing FIG. 19 again, the current I _LED1 in each NIRLED string is controlled by a dedicated series-connected current sink 161a and conducts an on-state current in proportion to _{I ref1. The current I LED2} of each red LED string is controlled by a dedicated series-connected current sink 161b, and the current in the on state flows in proportion to _{I ref2. The current I LED3} of each blue LED string is controlled by a dedicated series-connected current sink 161c, and the current in the on state _{flows in proportion to I ref3.} A current control device connected in series with each LED string is either connected to the cathode side as a current "sink" (as shown in FIG. 20A) or to the anode side of the LED string as a current "source". Obtain (as shown in FIG. 22A). In the implementation of both the current sink 161a and the current source 200a, the current I _LED flowing through the current control device and the LED string 165 or 201, respectively, is controlled by an analog reference current I _ref and a digital enable pulse En. The origin of these two signals in a distributed PBT system will be discussed later in this application. (Note: The terms "current source" and "current sink" are used to refer to components whose magnitude is relatively unaffected by the magnitude of the voltage across them ("sink"). Well-known ingredients in the technical field.).

The gate drive current sense and control element 166N channel MOSFET 167 shown in the block diagram of the ideal current sink 161A shown in FIG. 20B. MOSFETs (or bipolar junction transistors) maintain a controlled current while maintaining the voltage between the drain and source terminals. The gate bias is provided by the current detection and control element 166 to maintain a constant current despite fluctuations in the drain-source voltage. FIG. 20C shows that one implementation describes a constant current sink and the MOSFETs 168a and 168b of the N-channel current mirror are sense current I _LEDs . The gate width of the MOSFET 168A with a ratio of β is less than the gate width of the MOSFET 168b. Mirror MOSFET 168a (I _LED ; reflected by a unity current mirror including P-channel MOSFETs 169a and 169b, with this measured current, where W matches the gate width _p translates the sense current with a 5V power supply of the _{large βI LED for reference current and ground.} from the reference current. _then, the differential "error" signal [Delta] I _err including the difference between _{I ref} and beta I _LED is amplified by transconductance amplifier 170, is converted in proportion to the voltage _VG, a current control element, That is, it is supplied to and formed at the gate of MOSFET 167. Closed loop feedback path. During operation, drive that error signal of the transconductance result at _{gain G m gate bias V to zero ΔI err} , thereby forcing I _{REF =} βI _LED . For convenience, we redefine β = 1 / α and we can express the current source transfer function as I _LED = αI _ref . All LED strings in the same LED pad have the same reference current. It is distributed and guarantees uniform brightness for all LEDs.

Current sink, digital inverter 171 for switching, analog transmission gate including P-channel MOSFET 172 and ground, connect N-channel MOSFET 173 controls the gate of N-channel current sink MOSFET 167, which effectively performs the function of digital En input. increase. Specifically, when enabled, the signal E is N high, and the output of the inverter 171 is grounded to the P channel gate, so the transmission gate 172 of the P channel MOSFET is turned on, the N channel MOSFET 173 is turned off, and it is on the ground. it is biased fully on, passing an analog voltage V _G, a linear region, such as resistors, and the output of the transconductance behavior N-channel current sink 167 opposite gate 170 amplifiers, the enable signal En is low (digital 0) Yes, the output of the inverter 171 connected to the P-channel transmission gate MOSFET 172 is biased to 5V, the P-channel is turned off, and the gate of the N-channel current sink MOSFET 167 is a transconductance output amplifier 170 at the same time.

The N-channel MOSFET 172 is turned on, the pulling gate current sink MOSFET 167 is grounded, and the current sink is off MOSFET 167, i.e. _LED = 0. In conclusion, Figure 20C represents the circuit, one circuit for implementing the switch control current sink. When the current sink is enabled, the current sink continuity (En digital = 1) and the control current transfer I _LED = αI _ref . If the current sink is disabled (En digital = 0), the current sink is off and the I _LED = 0.

In a similar manner, the current source 200a of FIG. 22A can be realized by supplying a controlled current from a + 5V power supply to the anode of the LED string 201 using a P-channel current mirror MOSFET. FIG. 22B shows the gate drive current sensing and control element 202 of the P-channel MOSFET 203 the MOSFET, maintaining the controlled current (or bipolar junction transistor) while maintaining 203 as shown in the block diagram of this ideal current source 200a. The voltage between the terminals from the drain to the source. The gate bias is provided by the current detection and control element 202 to maintain a constant current despite fluctuations in the drain-source voltage.

FIG. 22C shows one implementation of the constant current source description, in which the MOSFETs 204a and 204b of the P-channel current mirror are sensed load current I _LEDs . The ratio of the gate width of the MOSFET 204b to the gate of the MOSFET 204a is β, and β <1, 204b mirror MOSFET has a small part in the current sense, and the load current of the LED at an accurate ratio. This current measurement represents + V _LED , high voltage magnitude βI _LED supply reference current, then compared to the input to the 206 amplifier differential transconductance, the reference current I _REF , still the high voltage supply of the mirror to the _{+ V LED} rail. Differential _REF and beta I _LED that includes the difference between the "error" signal [Delta] I _ERRI is then converted in proportion to the amplified voltage is supplied to the gate of the amplifier 206 by -V _G conductance, current control element P The channel current source MOSFET203 forms a closed loop feedback path. During operation, the result -V _G error signal [Delta] I _err drive zero gate bias of the gain _{G m} conductance of 206 amplifiers, forced _{I ref =} beta I _LED to thereby. For convenience, we redefine β = 1 / α and we can express the transfer function of the current source as I _LED = αI _ref . The same reference current is distributed to all LED strings in the same LED pad, ensuring uniform brightness for all LEDs.

Current source switching An analog transmission gate including digital inverters 211A and 211b and P-channel MOSFET 207 and + V _LED , P-channel MOSFET 208 is connected to execute the digital enable function of En input and controls the gate. P-channel current source Specifically, when the MOSFET 203 is enabled, the signal E is increased by N, the ground where the output inverter 211a is located and 211b which is 5V, and the output of the inverter is the TUR Ning high voltage level shift N channel MOSFET 210a and the high voltage level shift N. Channel off MOSFET 210b. When the high voltage level shift N-channel MOSFET 210a is on, the current is conducted through the resistor 209a, pulling the gate of the P-channel MOSFET transmission gate 207 down to a voltage near ground and turning on the transistor. MOSFET207 for P channel ground near the gate is biased, the device behaves like a resistor in its linear region of operation, the fully transconductance amplifier an analog voltage passing -V _G Output P-channel current source MOSFET 203 at 206 gates. At the same time, the subsequent high voltage level shift N-channel MOSFET210B is off, no current flows through resistor 209b, and the gate voltage of the P-channel pull up to MOSFET208 is connected to its source _{, and some + V LEDs} , and transistors are off. is. P-Channel Current Source Thus, the MOSFET 203 is on and has no effect on the gate voltage at P-channel pull-off to MOSFET 208. P-Channel MOSFET Current Source 203.

Conversely, when the signal En was enabled low (digital 0), the output inverter 211B was biased to the high voltage level shift N-channel MOSFET 210a extinguished ground. Since the high voltage level shift N-channel MOSFET 210a is off, no current flows through the resistor 209a, the gate voltage of the P-channel transmission gate MOSFET 207 _{is biased to the + V LED,} and the P-channel transmission gate is turned off. The outputs of the MOSFET 207 and the transconductance amplifier 205 are cut off from the gate of the P-channel current source 203. At the same time, the N-channel MOSFET 210b is turned on, passing current through the resistor 209b and pulling the gate of the P-channel pull-up MOSFET 208. Go down near the ground and turn on MOSFET 208. When the P-channel pull-up MOSFET 208 is on, the gate of the P-channel current source 203 is _{biased to the + V LED,} which biases the current source off and I _LED = 0. In conclusion, the circuit in Figure 22C represents one circuit for mounting a switch controlled current source. When the current sink is enabled, the current sink continuity (En digital = 1) and the control current transfer I _LED = αI _REF . When the current sink is disabled (En digital = 0), the current sink is off and ILED = 0.

Note that the implementation of the current sink circuit of FIG. 20C is as follows. In essence, it's a low voltage circuit. The only component that requires specifications that can withstand high voltage LED supply + V _LEDs is the N-channel current sink MOSFET 167. This does not apply to the current source circuit of FIG. 22C, which is a MOSFET with a high off-state drain-source blocking function, especially a P-channel current that must conduct a controlled current while maintaining a high voltage. It requires the source MOSFET 203, the current source MOSFET. Demonstrates a wide safe operating area with no secondary failures (snapbacks) or hot carrier reliability concerns. Of particular concern is the maximum gate-source voltage rating of the P-channel MOSFETs 207 and 208, or _VGSp (max). To avoid damage to the gate oxides of these devices, the values of resistors 209a and 209b should be carefully selected so as not to produce on-state gate drives that exceed _{the device's VGSp (max).} I have. As a precautionary measure, Zener diodes can be included across the source terminals from the gates of MOSFETs 207 and 208, respectively, to clamp the maximum gate bias to a safe level. In some integrated circuit processes, manufactured high-voltage P-channel transistors can optionally take advantage of thicker "high-voltage" gates, but this option depends on the wafer foundry used to manufacture the IC.

FIG. 23A shows another way to achieve a switching current source. In this case, the analog current control circuit is separated from the digital enable function, whereby the LED string 201 is connected in series between the control current source 200a and the grounded N-channel enable MOSFET 212. A block diagram of this circuit shown in FIG. 23B, a "low side switching" current detection and control circuit 202 and high, which is considerably simpler than that of a circuit mounting current source that includes an ideal current source that realizes the illustration. Voltage P-channel current source MOSFET 203 is a fully integrated switch current source in FIG. 22C. The current detection remains unchanged, and in this embodiment all high voltage levels are used using 206 amplifiers P-channel MOSFETs 204a and 204b, current-sensing mirrors including differential input mutual conductance between P-channel MOSFETs 205a and 205b including current reference mirrors. The shift, transmission gate, and gate pull-up circuits have been completely eliminated and replaced by a single grounded N-channel MOSFET 212 driven by the low voltage gate drive inverters 221a and 211b. In both high voltage current source circuits of FIG. 2, FIGS. 22C and 23C, the required reference current is the ground reference current sink current-I _ref . Most currents refer to the source current, not the sink, so you need a current mirror from the source to the sink. This mirror is used by the N-channel MOSFET 213b for the mirroring power supply + V _LED to generate the current sink reference current-I _{ref of the ref} indicated by the threshold value connected to the current reference input by the N-channel MOSFET 213a. MOSFET 205b with reference to the P-channel current mirror. It should be understood that it is the reverse of the circuit shown in FIG. 23C. A high voltage P-channel MOSFET and level shift circuit are used for the enable function, and a ground current sink is used for current control. However, in general, the high-side switches the current sink without any special advantage over the fully integrated switched current sink shown in Figure 20C. Therefore, it is not explained in this application.

In all the circuits mentioned above, LED current control relies on a common reference current. To achieve the accuracy required to control the brightness of the LED, the reference current I _ref requires active trimming during manufacturing. One method for trimming the reference current is shown in FIG. 21A using a resistor. The reference current I _ref0 is determined by a threshold-connected p-channel MOSFET 180a and refers to being connected in series with the threshold of the resistor 181 to create two MOSFET terminals with a gate connected to its drain. Here, V _{GS =} V _DS . Since the term "threshold" is used, it represents a sudden voltage and an increasing drain current occurs, and at a voltage _{near the threshold voltage V tp} , the device has a _{VGS =} V _DS ^~ V _t (~ is an approximation). Represents. The same applies below). Since the current of the P-channel MOSFET180A _About, ^I ref0 ~ - a _{(V-5V tp) / R} o. The reference current, a plurality of alignment reference current i of agricultural products that is mirrored to other criteria MOSFET of 180m to 180e of the same configuration and the gate width, _{I ref1} by the common gate _{connections, I ref2 is I ref3 is} , I _ref4 , etc. The mismatch gate width W W _p0 = W _p1 = W _p2 = W _p3 = W _p4 etc. is not an important cause of the variation of the comparison, but the resistance of the variation R ₀ can be made to the integrated circuit resistor 181. A circuit that compensates for manufacturing variations in the electrical trim, an I _ref trim circuit, the resistor 182 includes an array, and resistors 184a, 184b. .. .. Corresponding resistance values with 184n are R ₁ , R ₂ ... R _n by electrically connecting the can to resistor 181 in parallel, or N-channel MOSFETs 184a, 184b ... 184n are gate drivers, respectively. It depends on whether the conduction state is biased by 185a, 185b ... 185n. For each activated transistor, the corresponding resistor is placed in parallel with the resistor 181 to _{reduce the effective resistor R 0 and} increase the magnitude of the current I _{ref 0.} Such a trimming method is to trim the resistor in one direction and increase the current. That is, the initial values are the maximum resistance and the minimum current. In manufacturing, the combination in which the trim MOSFET is turned on and off is adjusted by changing the digital value calibration register 186 until the LED current is measured and the contents of the adjustment register 186 reach the target current written to the non-volatile memory. This method of describing switched parallel resistors represents one resistor trimming method, while the other method involves series-connected resistors shorted by conducting MOSFETs. In this series trim scheme, the resistance value with all MOSFETs off starts at the maximum with the least current, and more resistors are shorted as the trim progresses and the MOSFETs turn on.

FIG. 21B is a diagram showing another trimming method using the gate of the scaling width MOSFET. As shown in the resistance reference circuit of FIG. 21A, in this reference circuit, the reference current I _ref0 conducted by the threshold-connected P-channel MOSFET 180a is mirrored to multiple outputs from the same size MOSFET 180b via 180e. Will be done. However, unlike the previous case, the _bandgap reference circuit 190 with the output V bandgap produces a reference current.

Bandgap voltage is converted to a current by the series resistance, it is mirrored by the threshold current mirror connection N-channel MOSFET192a gate width _{W n,} being mirrored MOSFET192b gate width GanmaW _n, and generates a reference current Iref0. The temperature-dependent output voltage V _bandgap (T) of the bandgap voltage reference 190 can be designed to significantly offset the temperature change of the resistor 191 where γ [V _bandgap (T) / R ₀ ( T)] = I _ref0 Here, I _ref0 becomes constant with temperature. Constant with respect to temperature. Trimming is performed by threshold-connected MOSFETs 193a, 193b. .. .. _{W px1} , W _px2 ... W _pxn having their respective gate widths W, which are generated by changing the effective gate width of the P-channel MOSFET 180a by arranging an arbitrary number of 193n in parallel, are turned on and off according to digital. P-channel MOSFETs 194a, 194b. .. .. 194n switch, digital inverter 195a, 195b. .. .. Controlled by 195n. For example, if the MOSFET194b is turned on by the inverter 195b, MOSFET193b essentially becomes parallel to the P-channel MOSFET180a, the gate width of the current mirror will be greater from _{W p0 (W p0 + W px2} ). The large gate width of the thresholded MOSFET pair means that the output reference current current is reduced because less voltage is required to carry the same reference current. In other words, for _example, a current mirror ratio between the _{I ref0} and _{I ref3} will change in specific small specific from _{[W p3 / W p0] [} W p3 / (W p0 + W px2)]. This means that active trimming reduces the output current. Therefore, the trim is unidirectional, starting with the maximum output current when the trim MOSFET is off and decreasing when more transistors are connected in parallel. In manufacturing, the combination of turning the trim MOSFET on and off is adjusted by changing the digital value calibration register 186 until the LED current is measured and the contents of the adjustment register 186 reach the target current written to the non-volatile. NS. memory.

Dynamic data, which can be digitally changed by overriding the calibration, adjusts or adjusts the brightness of the LED to dynamically change the reference current and thereby the LED current. Register 186, but doing so is disadvantageous to lose accuracy achieved by calibration reference trim in production. This problem is overcome by the dynamically programmable reference circuit of FIG. 21C-the _Iref calibration register 186 described above, and a separate dynamic target reference current register 199a specific to a particular PBT treatment. including. The dynamic target reference current 199a changes over time, but the calibration table does not. In this regard, the data in the calibration table 186 can be considered as a fixed offset with respect to the data in the dynamic target reference current register 199a. The two registers are easily combined using a simple subtraction performed by the arithmetic logic unit ALU198 to produce a compensated dynamic drive current register, specifically the "I _ref input word 199b". .. This digital word is used to drive a digital-to-analog (D / A) converter 197, which is a digital-to-analog converter 197 that outputs an analog voltage as a function of the digital input. Accuracy may be in the 24-bit range with 8-bit resolution, but 16-bit DACs commonly available in many microcontrollers produce 1024 combinations-sufficient required waveform synthesis. Resolution. As shown, D / A converter output voltage _{V DAC is} converted to a current by resistor 191, is mirrored by N-channel MOSFET192a and 192b, wherein generating the reference current _{I ref1, I ref1} ^~ β [(V _DAC -V _tun ) / R ₀ ]. This reference current is the threshold connected P-channel MOSFET180a and matching MOSFET180b, mirrored 180c, 180d, by 180e, corresponding current reference output _{I ref1,} I _ref2, and _generates a like I _{ref3, I ref4.} The D / A converter 197 may also include a current output D / A converter that produces an analog current instead of generating a voltage. In such cases, the value of resistor 191 is not important and can even be eliminated.

Once the components of the decentralized PBT system have been established by layer 2 authentication, layer 3 and layer 4 networks and port address assignments, and the LED pad configuration data has been exchanged, the decentralized PBT system is ready to perform processing. increase. When the PBT controller receives the user's "start" command, the PBT process starts by exchanging an encryption key or digital certificate between the PBT controller and the networked intelligent LED pad to establish a Layer 5 session. to start. When a session is opened, the PBT controller and intelligent LED pads maintain a secure link during the exchange of files and commands until the treatment is complete or finished. Additional network security can be performed using encryption at Presentation Layer 6 or Application Layer 7. Execution of PBT processing is initiated using either the data streaming or file playback method described below.

Data streaming in a distributed PBT system

By incorporating all the LED drive circuits, the LED pad, FIG. 18, shown above, the PBT controller of the distributed PBT system, how the pad selects a specific LED string, how to control the LED current, or of the LED. It does not have to be related to the method used to pulse or modulate the continuity. Instead, the PBT controller performs user interface tasks and prepares drive instructions for the selected treatment. These drive commands can be transferred from the PBT controller to the LED pad in two ways. In one method, software called an LED player is first installed on the pad and later used to interpret and execute the treatment. Next, an instruction set called a play file is transferred, telling the executable code of the LED player what to do. Another approach is for PBT to send streaming files.

In master-slave data streaming, a series of LED instructions are sent in sequence, telling the LEDs when to turn them on and off. As with audio streaming files, data transfer from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad must be done before performing any particular step. Incoming instruction packets are sent, and one in a row must remain the treatment execution first. Otherwise, treatment will be stalled due to lack of instructions. This process shows the LightOS operations that occur on the PBT controller host and the LightPadOS operations that occur in parallel on the intelligent LED pad client, as shown in the flowchart of FIG. Specifically, after selecting treatment session 250, both the controller and pad operating system initiate executions 251a and 251b of the selected session 250. In step 252a and at the time t ₁ LightOS transfer 1st place LED pad processing segment during the LightPadOS one execution step 252b in the treatment segment. In step 253a, at time t ₂ LightOS transfer 2nd place processing segment LED pad, in step LightPadOS execution 253b 2nd place treatment segment. In step 254a, the _{processing segment is assigned to the 3rd LightOS transfer 3rd LED pad at time t, the 3rd} processing segment is assigned to the 3rd position LED pad at time LightPadOS execution 254b, and so on. Finally. In the step at the time _{of the processing segment to the time t n} LightOS transfer nth LED pad in step 256a, the LightPadOS executes the 256bnth treatment segment, both sessions after the end of 257a and 257b.

An example of USB data packet transfer and instruction execution during master-slave streaming is shown in Figure 25. The red LED is represented by a hexadecimal code that represents the 261 sample "LED lighting" command that begins with the FF, LED command, while the preparation of the processing instruction 260a occurs. Instruction 261 then sends a USB packet as an embedded payload to the combined payload, instruction 261 and header 262 step 263 then to the LED pad 263 from the PBT controller. Instruction 261 then describes that it is not supposed to be extracted and decoded into bit 264 and the LED turned on. The E-bit of the eye changes the time 266 of the red LED to be executed with the LED register 265 being loaded subsequently from off to on, turning off all the LEDs, creating and loading the next instruction. Starts the timer. The switching of the red LED is shown in the lower graph of FIG. 25 by the off-to-on transition 267a and the on-off transition 267b.

Just-in-time (JIT) sequential transfer methods and transfer-forward-and-shift methods that can be performed using two techniques for streaming instructions. In the JIT sequential transfer method shown in FIG. 26A, the serial packet data is a color shift register that streams 272 transmitted from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad interpreted by the decoder 270 according to the decoding tables 271 obtained by the two. 279A and time shift register 279b are respectively. Each continuous interval includes the on and off times of the interval. The elapsed time is calculated one interval at a time as the shift register advances in sequence. For example, t ₅ = t ₄ + ( _ton4 + _tooff4 ). This process is performed using a first-in, first-out algorithm, and only the first-in, first-out shift register data frame 277 drives the LED driver 278. All subsequent frames and all previous frames waiting in the queue are discarded once executed. Shift register of corresponding color Foreign company whose concrete LED in data frame 277 is illuminated by LED driver 278 For example, the register [| blue | red NIR1 | NIR2] drives only 1000 with bit string 0100, only blue LED. The LED, and 0011, drive both the NIR1 and NIR2 LEDs. The resulting light output includes both the red pulse 275a, the blue pulse 275b, the NIR1 pulse 275c, and the NIR2 pulse 275d, and both the simultaneous NIR1 and NIR2 pulses 275e. _{This method speeds up or slows down to on} and _off , based on the value of shift register advances at variable rates.

The transfer-destination-and-shift methods are shown in FIG. 26B. The 27 decoder 0 clocks the bit strings 275a, 275b, 275c, and 275d, red, blue, NIR1, and NIR2LED, which simultaneously drive four outputs separately, against a fixed rate clock. The on-state bits are repeated throughout the on duration to extend the duration of the LED lighting. In the transfer-destination-and-shift method, the file containing the lighting pattern is transferred to the LED pad and decoded before LED playback.

Contrast JIT sequential transfer method of FIG. 26C Transfer-forward-and-shift method. The JIT method decodes the four LED color registers 279 and drives them at specified intervals until the color registers change, whereas in the transfer-forward-and-shift method, the transfer is continuously decoded into a 4-bit sequence. Is stored, stored, and then replayed. From memory. Both methods have the advantage of data streaming that the LED pads do not require critical memory to store treatment data. Streaming has the disadvantage of requiring a stable data flow from the PBT controller to the LED pads.

Another approach is to transfer the entire playback file from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad before starting the LED treatment. It is shown in the flowchart of FIG. This operation shows two parallel processes, one running by the LightOS operating system in the PBT controller, another light-day LED pad running by the host, and a LightPadOS inside the client, with the transfer program running after the file. Autonomously generated in the LED pad of the PBT controller without intervention. After the program is selected in step 300, the replay file for driving the LED sequence is transferred from the host to the client. The LED pad is a layer 2 MAC data, checksum of files such as headers to extract 302 unpacked files, payload data to volatile memory and loading in the transfer step in the file receiving step. Bits, stripping static RAM, etc. In this process, the incoming USB packet 310 of FIG. 28 shown in the graph is a bus interface 338 intelligent LED pad 337 to a USB or the like transmitted via a physical medium. Upon receipt, the payload 311 is extracted and then unpacked (step 312) to perform the decompression or file format required to create executable code 313. The executable code 313 is then stored in the volatile memory 334a. Executable code 313 includes hard enough to run the system on a running LightPadOS without the need for any other files of its own or subroutines other than the operating system of the LED pad-for the treatment of PBT. The coded data of the algorithm 314 used is one of a single treatment, or the entire PBT session. This code can be implemented, for example, in C ++ or other popular programming languages.

As shown in Return to FIG. 27, when the playback file is unpacked and stored in RAM in step 303, in step 304b the LightPadOS notifies the host PBT controller that it is ready to start a session. do. When the user confirms that he / she is ready by selecting the treatment start button 309, in step 304a, the session start command is started from step 305a in which the session start command is transmitted to the LED pad, and the session execution command becomes effective. By initiating, the LED pads occasionally report their status (to step 306b), time, temperature, or otherwise, as the process progresses by performing the LightPadOS response processing algorithm 314 in step 305b. The PBT controller can be displayed on the host PBT controller containing the relevant program status information of the above in step 306a. If a failure condition occurs in the LED pad, the LightPadOS interrupt service routine 307b and LightOS 307a may communicate and negotiate what to do about the condition that caused the interrupt. For example, if the LED pad is unplugged and accidentally reconnected during a session, the session will be paused, notifying the user of connection errors and telling the user how to fix the failure. When the fault is corrected, the interrupt routine is closed and treatment resumes until the LED pad notifies the host PBT controller in step 308b that the treatment program is complete. In response, at session end step 308a, the PBT controller notifies the user that the session or treatment is complete.

In this discussion, the term "treatment" is designed to be called photobiomodulation, typically 20 minutes and into a particular tissue type or organ, during a period defined as a single treatment procedure. In addition, a "session" consists of a series of treatments. As shown in FIG. 29, for example, a treatment algorithm for recovery from an injury (eg, treatment of a sprain and amputated ankle from a bicycle accident) has three "injury" sessions 315a, 315b, and 315c every other day. Each session contains three consecutive treatments, including different algorithms that vary the wavelength of light, power level, modulation frequency, and duration. For example, for PBT session 315a, it is intended to promote healing by accelerating (but not eliminating) the inflammatory phase of the "inflammation," healing process called. Session 315a comprises a sequence of three steps 314a, 314f, and 314b, each containing algorithms 23, 43, and 17. FIG. 29B, shown in Session 315b, entitled "Infectious Diseases," comprises a sequence of three steps 314c, 314b, and 314g, each comprising algorithms 49, 17, and 66. Note that algorithm 17 included its treatment 314b I had inflammation and infection sessions in both. Session 315c, entitled "Healing", comprises a sequence of three steps 314g, 314h, and 314g, each containing algorithms 66, 12, and 66. Note that the treatment algorithm 66 was used once in the infection session 315b and twice in the healing session 315c.

The step sequence of performing sessions for inflammation, infection, and healing first optimistically accelerates the inflammatory stages of healing, including fibroblast and collagen scaffolding, cell apoptosis, and phagocytosis. By fighting secondary microbial infections that attempt to create an injury protocol 316 together to colonize the wound. Finally, after the inflammation has subsided and all infections have been eliminated, the final step in the injury protocol is wound healing by improving the thermodynamics and energy supply needed to supply healthy tissue regeneration. promotes it. Injury Protocol 316 does not employ daily treatment sessions, but intentionally extends the first three sessions over a five-day period. The need to intervene during the break, rather than daily treatment, is illustrated by graph 317 shown in FIG. 30, Arndt-Schultz [https: // en. wikipedia. org / wiki / Arndt% E2% 80% 93Schulz_rule] describes a generalized biphasic dose-response model. According to Wikipedia, "There are Arnto-Schultz rules and Schulz's law n is the law on the effects of pharmacology at various concentrations observed. It states for all substances: A small amount stimulates. Moderate doses are suppressed; kill in large quantities. There are many exceptions to pharmacology, although the theory has evolved into the corresponding "formesis" of our time, for example, when nothing happens with a small amount of drug. The underlying principles are the same, and there are optimal treatments in medicine. Dose beyond which the therapeutic effect may be diminished or recovery may actually be impeded.

Despite the controversy over the results of pharmacological studies, the biphasic model of "energy medicine" has been reaffirmed by many studies from radiation therapy to photobiomodulation of carcinoma. For example, in cancer treatment, small doses of radiation do not properly kill cancer cells, but large doses of radiation are toxic and can kill patients much faster than leaving the cancer untreated. There is sex. When the two-phase model is adapted to photobiomodulation, graph 317 represents a pseudo 3D representation of the PBT state and the axis represents treatment time. The normal projection y-axis is the power density description W / cm ^{2 of the PBT processing scale, and 2} or electron volt to measure the amount of energy effective on the vertical axis J / cm ² or eV / cm ² , product of power and time. And the therapeutic effect scaled by the observed magnitude of photobiomodulation and otherwise observed. Topographically, the graph is displayed as two coasts, a mountain range and an inner valley. As shown in low-dose treatment, known as subthreshold dose, treatment has insufficient force to do anything, the rate of energy supply. Similarly, for a very short period of time, regardless of the power level, there is not enough energy to invoke photobiomodulation. In other words, too fast or too little energy does not cause photobiomodulation.

A combination of moderate power density and duration results in irritation, resulting in a peak response curve for power density or total energy dose above this level, with a rapid decline in beneficial PBT response and therapeutic effect, healing. It can even hinder. Of course, excessively powerful levels of laser can cause burns, tissue damage, and excision (cutting). Also, although LEDs do not support the output density of the laser, they can still be driven by high currents and cause overheating. However, these treatment conditions occur well beyond the power levels and energy doses shown in the graph. Right side of the graph of Case Study [1] is the effectiveness of the dose (fluence) dependence actually biphasic PBT, minimum response at 1 J / cm ^2, the peak response in ^{2J / cm 2, 10J / cm} 2 We have confirmed that the profit is reduced at, and inhibition at ^{50 J / cm 2.} Therefore, for this reason, with concerns about safety and patient comfort, PBT treatment should spread over time, limiting output and dosage (duration).

Data security for distributed PBT systems

To achieve multi-layer secure communication in the disclosed distributed PBT system, the PBT controller operating system (LightOS) and the intelligent LED pad operating system (LightPadOS) use consistent protocols and shared secrets for parallel communication. Includes stack. Device operator, hacker, or unauthorized developer. Therefore, the distributed PBT system can operate as a protected communication network and perform security at any number of communication layers including the data link layer 2, the network layer 3, the transport layer 4 being set up, and the session layer 5. increase. Presentation layer 6 or application layer 7 in operation.

As disclosed, "therapeutic, session, and protocol" patterns that define the sequence of photoexcitations, modulation patterns and frequencies, including LED wavelengths of operating parameters, treatment duration, and LED intensity (brightness). Together, determine the instantaneous power, average power, therapeutic dose (total energy), and finally the therapeutic effect. To prevent copying and duplication, these sequences must be securely stored and communicated using encryption and other methods. Some data security methods and associated security certificates can be run as part of the application, but can be achieved by including the LightOS and LightPadOS, an additional level of security, the "Presentation" layer. Can-intelligent LED pad client connected to 5PBT controller host and network with communication stack.

The presentation layer is schematically shown in FIG. The PBT controller 120 includes an OSI communication stack 330, an application layer-6, a presentation layer-5, a data link layer 2, and a physical layer 1. As mentioned earlier, in the PBT controller 120, application layer-6 is implemented using a PBT-specific operating system called LightOS. In the operation, the execution result of the 6LightOS program is an action that requires communication to the layer-intelligent LED pad. These actions are passed to the presentation layer encrypted-as a ciphertext, a communication layer in encrypted form at a level lower than 5. Specifically, the encrypted text passed to the Layer 2 data link layer is packetized. That is, it is translated into a series of communication packets containing unencrypted headers and encrypted text payloads according to certain communication protocols such as USB. I ² C, FireWire communicates with LED pad via the physical PHY layer 1. For example, the corresponding PHY layer 332 with PHY layer 1 can communicate using the USB protocol using the USB differential signal-the 1331 resident of the communication stack is 123 in the intelligent LED pad, so the electrical signal is layer 1 communication. As if the PBT controller and intelligent LED pad are layer 2 and communicate with packets placed in time as USB data "frames", including the data structure of USB behavior.

When the communication stack 331 receives the USB packet, the extracted encrypted text payload is transferred to Presentation Layer 5, where it is decrypted and converted to plain text. The plaintext file is then passed to application layer 6 and executed by the LED pad operating system LightPadOS. Bidirectional links between communication stacks 330 and 331 application virtual machines, provided they are designed to communicate the PBT controller's LightOS with the intelligent LED pad operating system LightPadOS and execute instructions in a self-consistent manner. Acting as LAyer's -7, a distributed device, acts as if it were a single piece of hardware, performing encryption and decryption in both directions at the presentation layer. In this way, data can be transferred between the PBT controller and the intelligent LED pad. However, to prevent copying the source code, the processing library is stored in encrypted form. For added security, the encryption key is separate from the communication key used to store the algorithm. Therefore, the treatment file must first be decrypted before it can be safely communicated.

The process for preparing, communicating, and performing the encrypted process is library 340 algorithm-encrypted 342 from the user-selected treatment via the graphical UI 341, which is schematically shown in FIG. When the encryption algorithm 17 is subsequently decrypted using the system key 343 that converts the encrypted text into plain text, the encryption processing 345 plain text file that restores the unencrypted process 344 is used. The algorithm 17 is an intelligent LED. It is re-encrypted using the encryption key 346 exchanged with the pad client. The resulting ciphertext 347 containing the re-encrypted algorithm 17 is then packetized 348 and transmitted 349 using UV or another suitable communication medium.

In addition to the treatment data, the same method can be used to prepare the PBT session data and transfer it from the PBT controller to the LED pad. This process, FIG. 33, where the user selects session 352 constructed from a library of encrypted algorithms 340 via a graphical UI 351 and includes three encrypted algorithms in this example. The system encryption key is then used to decrypt the ciphertext and convert the ciphertext to plaintext. The three plaintext files are then merged and 354 and then encrypted using the encryption key 356 that is exchanged with the intelligent LED pad client. The resulting ciphertext 357 containing the encrypted merged algorithm is then packetized and 358 and transmitted using USB or another suitable communication medium.

As shown in FIG. 34, the incoming data packet 359 received by the bus interface 228 of the LED pad 337 is processed first and the packet header that extracts the payload 360 is removed. Pad μC339 then decompresses 361 to extract the encrypted merge algorithm 362. The encrypted text is then decrypted using key exchange 363. Extract the plain text file 364 containing the processing algorithm, or in the case of a session file, the merged algorithm. An algorithm containing executable code 365 in volatile memory 334a or an algorithm 366 merged. The processing is stored in RAM, which erases files when power is turned off, making it difficult to copy unencrypted executable code. Autonomous pad playback of PBT sequences using post-transfer (pre-playback) batch decoding as shown in FIG. 35 includes user selection for session 300. For this, the 302 encrypted file received by the LED pad is decrypted and loaded into RAM 390. Host PBT controller 304B process ready to start a session to inform LightPadOS. Upon confirming that the user is ready by selecting the treatment start button 309, in step 304a the session start command is activated starting from step 305a when the session start command is transmitted to the LED pad. .. LightPadOS responds in step 305b by initiating treatment by executing treatment algorithm 314. As the procedure progresses, the LED pad displays its state 306b, including time, temperature, or other relevant program state information, and which PBT controller is available, in step 305a, which occasionally reports to the host PBT controller. If a failure condition occurs in the LED pad, the LightPadOS interrupt service routine 307b and LightOS 307a may communicate and negotiate what to do about the condition that caused the interrupt. When the fault is corrected, the interrupt routine is closed and treatment resumes until the LED pad notifies the host PBT controller that the treatment program is complete in step 308b. In response, at session end step 308a, the PBT controller notifies the user that the session or treatment is complete.

Higher security can be achieved by storing the algorithm in an encrypted format on the LED pad. As shown in FIG. 36, the incoming packet 359 received by the bus interface 338 in the LED pad 337 is processed to extract the payload 360, followed by decompression 361, and then volatile. It is stored in the memory 334a as the ciphertext 368. The file is decrypted and played during playback when the user starts a session, during file execution, that is, during autonomous playback. This process, known as "on the fly" decryption playback, is shown in the flowchart of FIG. After this process is received by the LED pad except for the 35 points which are the same as the process of the bulk decoding process flow shown in FIG. 1, the sequence file 302 requires the next step to simply unpack the file 303. According to the decompression, but it does not decompress it. During the replay of step 391, the ciphertext is read from the SRAM volatile memory and executed on the fly, i.e. as the replay progresses.

Figure 38 contrasts the bulk discount with the on-the-fly playback method. In batch decryption, the entire playback file 368 stored in the ciphertext is read from the volatile memory and decrypted to extract the plaintext instruction set 365 executed to play the entire file. In contrast, in on-the-fly playback decoding, portion 368a of the stored playback file is read, decrypted 365a, and then 392a is executed by adding a new plaintext instruction to the playback buffer. Meanwhile, another section of ciphertext 368a is read from volatile memory, decrypted 363 to recover the plaintext executable 165b, and then executes 392b by adding this file to the end of the playlist. ..

Distributed PBT system with LED pad player

Streaming-based data for LED drive control, real-time data delivery PBT controller and one or one that JIT or transfer can be used to control LED pads in-forward-and-shift-distributed PBT systems. LED pads are a problem when more sophisticated algorithms are needed over a multi-connection communication network. Even when high-bandwidth communications are available, streaming clock signals or multi-MHz digital data represents suspicious commands and control methods, especially in safety-critical applications such as medical devices. An alternative made possible by the disclosed distributed PBT system is to employ a two-step process for driving the LEDs, first downloading the "LED player" to the LED pad and then the specific PBT. Download the "LED playback file" that defines the process. Or a PBT session to run. In this disclosed method, LED drive execution is performed autonomously within the intelligent pad based on commands from the PBT controller. Since the LED driver is local within the LED pad, it can provide advanced features such as waveform synthesis and sine wave drive. If you want to perform multiple processes or sessions, you only need to download a new "LED Playback" file. You can keep the original LED player.

The first step in intelligent LED pad playback is to download the LED player from the PBT controller to the LED pad. In a manner similar to the streaming file transfer process shown in FIG. 36, the download process shown in will transfer the encrypted playback file 480 shown in FIG. 39 from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad. include. The download process involves creating an encrypted LED player file 480b, where the encrypted LED player file 480a is decrypted with the system key 363 and then re-encrypted with the LED pad (client) key 356 370. .. This ciphertext then propagates the payload to the intelligent LED pad, where the extraction and 361 decompression n is stored in the decrypted volatile memory 482 as 363. The downloaded LED player content is the waveform synthesizer 483, PWM player 484, LED. Includes driver 485.

Waveform synthesis uses an algorithm to generate excitation patterns such as sine waves and sine wave strings, but it can also generate triangular and saw waves and play audio samples. Waveforms shown in Figure 40. Input of 483 conversion including operation of synthesizer 483, waveform synthesis of waveform parameter file 486 of Φ system clock to _{generate Φ sys} synth waveform f (t) is expressed as data table 489, external synth, certain function The including table f (t) is for a pair of elapsed times t. Next, the PWM generator 555 converts the function table into a high frequency PWM pulse train 490 to generate a composite file 488 containing the composite waveform 491 embedded in the PWM output 490. Depending on the algorithm, the waveform synthesizer 483 can also utilize the waveform primitive 487. Synthesizers can be implemented in hardware, but can be easily implemented using software in waveforms up to 20 kHz, that is, in the audio range. For example, in the case of 0.5 to 1.0 ms, the value is f (t) = 0.6545. The process Ψ _P [f (t)] converts the function f (t) into a PWM pulse train of on-time and off-time, where the output is in a high (on) state of 65.45% at the specified interval. It is 0.500-0.827ms, and 0.827-1.000ms is in the low (off) state. Therefore, the duration to _on = 0.827-0.500ms = 0.327ms and the off duration to _off = 0.500-0.327ms = 0.173ms. In other words, the value f (t) is the duty factor D = to _on / T _PWM and T _PWM = to _on + to _off during the period.

Duty factor D is an analog value limited between 0% and 100%, so for convenience, f (t) is limited to any value between 0.0000 and 1.0000. If f (t) is allowed to exceed 1.000, the value must be scaled by the maximum value of the function, i.e. f (t) = [f (t) _unscaled ) / f (t) _max]. I have. Otherwise, the waveform will be clipped as follows: _{Value 1.000Ψ P} [f (t)] depending on the process. _{The clock Φ sym} of the PWM clock frequency called the symbol rate is given by Φ _sym = 1 / T _PWM . Symbol rate is derived from the system clock Φ _sys, the highest frequency waveform or more than f (t), which is synthesized, it must be described as mathematically _{Φ sys> Φ sym> f (} t).

The second process in the LED player is the PWM player function 484 shown in FIG. 41, which processes the synth out data file 488 in response to _{its input PWM parametric 491 and reference clock Φ ref to process the PWM player output 493a.} And 493b are generated. During operation, the PWM player 484 generates a pulse width modulation (PWM) pulse train 492G _pulse (t) _{including algebraic products G synthesis} (t) and G _{pulse (t).} Waveform G _pulse (t) is composed of a duration _t on _{= DT PWM,} consists of repetitive pulses turned off for a duration _{t off = (1-D)} T PWM. The PWM player function can be executed in hardware, but it can be easily executed in software. When written in logical pseudocode in terms of fast counters and x (incremented in each loop):

This means that in each cycle of duration T _{PWM from time xT PWM} ≤ t <(xT _PWM + DT _PWM ), the output magnitude of the PWM player is equal to the input (on state) and the interval (xT _PWM + DT _PWM ) ≤ The output of the t <(x + 1) T _PWM PWM player is grounded and digital "0". By chopping the input G _synthesize (t) with the PWM pulse G _pulse (t), the waveform of the output 493a is digitized with the same value as _{the G synthesize} (t) and G _{pulse (t).} The underlying waveform is overlaid on the PWM signal 494. Normally, the PWM player 484 outputs only a single digital waveform, but can generate multiple outputs as needed. For example, in the example shown, output 493a contains a combination of multiplication of two PWM pulses, but output 493b is the _{same as G pulse} (t) _{, meaning G synthesize} (t) = 1. The PWM player 484 can also output an invariant value at a certain time. G _synthesize (t) ・ G _pulse (t) = 1.

The third step in operating the LED player is the LED driver 485. As shown in FIG. 42, _{the LED driver 485 synchronized with the reference clock Φ ref} combines the driver parametric 495 with the output of the PWM player 484 to generate the LED drive stream 497. Unlike the waveform synthesizer 483 and the PWM player 484 that output digital signals, the output of the LED driver 485 is analog. Using the driver parametric 495, a programmable reference current 496 is _{generated with magnitude αI ref} (t) and multiplied by the output of the PWM player 484, specifically G _synthesize (t) · G _pulse ( t) produces an output 497 consisting of _{αI ref} (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _{pulse (t). The output waveform I LED} shown in Graph 498 shows a time-varying waveform, specifically a sine wave, a digital pulse, and a current that changes over time. The PWM player 484 can output a single output as an input to the LED driver 485, but can also provide two or more different outputs, if desired. Such cases can be useful, for example, in large PBT systems where each part of the body is unique, that is, many zones are needed to increase the specificity of the tissue.

The entire process of LED regeneration utilizes the waveform synthesizer 483, the PWM player 484, and the LED driver 485 sequentially, which are summarized in the example of FIG. 43, to generate the LED drive stream 497. Unlike the LED drive generated in the disclosed distributed PBT system, the prior art method has a common PBT controller, LED pad that maintains all processing libraries and PBT system control in an advantageous manner while being completely within the LED pad. Or separate from the pad. Waveform generation processing [Phi _sys generating a frequency utilization system clock I eliminates the need to distribute the high-speed clock on the long line whereby the LED to perform, to work. And PWM player 484, an electronic waveform synthesizer 483 to ensure synchronization of the LED driver 485, the system clock [Phi _sys, references are resolved using software or hardware counter agricultural reference clock [Phi. Therefore, the LED playback within a particular LED pad is perfectly synchronized. Both the waveform synthesizer 493 and the PWM player 484 output digital PWM signals containing repetitive transitions between digital 0 and 1 states of various durations, but the LED driver output is analog and produces a sine wave. The LED brightness can be driven by any waveform, including but not limited to these. Sine waves, sinusoidal strings, triangular waves, serrated waves, audio samples of acoustic or electronic music, audio samples of cymbal crashes and other noise sources, and any frequency within the audio spectrum from 20Hz to 20kHz. From 0 ^th to 9 ^th of music octave. Further, regulated production of LED conductivity in the range of frequency sounds, some ^position-1 and -2 ^th octave, up-down 0.1Hz for illustration, or by driving the LED with direct current (0 Hz), Continuous Provides wave (CW) operation.

Strictly speaking, the disclosed distributed PBT is an asynchronous system, as each pad independently communicates asynchronously with the PBT controller and each LED pad generates its own internal time reference for LED regeneration. Please note. However, due to the high clock rate, accurate time reference, and high-speed communication network, the timing mismatch between LED pads is in the microsecond range and cannot be recognized by UI control and UX response, which affects the effectiveness of PBT. Does not give.

Waveform synthesis in a distributed PBT system

In a distributed PBT system, one PBT controller controls many intelligent LED pads such as 3, 6, or more. Because the number of intelligent LED pads is needed, the economic considerations are the complexity of the LED pads, the processing capacity pad μP339 with the cost of limited compulsion. Similarly, to manage product costs, the total memory in the LED pads should also be limited. Due to limited computing power and memory, some criteria must be met to synthesize waveforms within the LED pads of a distributed PBT system.
-It is necessary to limit the amount of data transferred or stored on the LED pad.
-Calculations performed on LED pads should include simple arithmetic calculations such as addition and subtraction, avoiding complex iterative processes such as functions and matrix operations, unless absolutely unavoidable or rare. ..
-Calculations should be done in real time with minimal power consumption or heating.

The detailed operation of the waveform synthesizer 483 is shown in FIG. 44. The input file synthesis method 550 includes a waveform synthesizer parametric 486 when the load 483 is selected for the waveform synthesizer used to calculate the function f (t) 553. _Synthetic execution to all system clocks Φsys of either utilization unit function generator 551 or primitive processor 487. For waveform synthesis, the primitive processor 487 requires access to a detailed waveform description, specifically the waveform primitive 487. The resulting function f (t) 553 includes a Cartesian pair of time t vs. f (t) graphically shown in Function Table 554. The function table 554 then generates a synth out file 488 using the _{process Ψ P} [f (t)], which is converted into time-varying digital data by the PWM generator 555. Synthesizer output 488 is represented graphically as a _G synth (t) 490 that includes a synthesizer output table 489 and the numerical equivalent of the digital PWM file.

Waveform synthesis by unit function generator

The operation of the unit function generator 551 is shown in FIG. 45, which involves selecting a mathematical function and calculating the value of the function over a series of times to generate the function table 554. These functions are called "unit" functions because they have analog values limited to real numbers from 0.0000 to 1.0000. An example of the unit function of the time-varying function f (t) = 1, that is, the "constant" is shown in the graph of 560. The unit saw tooth shown in another function, graph 561, is expressed by an equation f (t) = MOD (tf, 1) where (tf) is the argument of the modulus function and 1 is the base. That is, the function is a linear decimal fraction from 0 to 1. For any number greater than a multiple of 1, the modulus function remains, for example, if (tf) = 2.4, then MOD (2.4) = 0.4. For saw teeth, the function goes up to 1 and then back to 0 and repeats. For one thing, the lamp-up function and the lamp are symmetrical to the back-down zero, which is the triangular wave shown in the graph 562 given by the equation f. F (t) = 1-2 · ABS [MOD (tf, 1)- 0.5]. Frequency _{f a, f b, f c} , and the relative size _{A a, A b, A c} , each of the synthesis of a single sine or more than two sinusoidal codes of formula f (t _{) = A α (0.5 + 0.5} [A a sin (2πtf a) + A b sin (2πtf b) + A c sin (2πtf c)] / [(A a + A b + A c)]) + 0.5 (1 -A _α ). This mathematical process, shown in FIG. 46, mixes three sine waves 564, 565, and 566 with gains 580, 581, and 582, respectively, and sums them in a digital mixer 583 using a linear sum of digital words.

Digital addition, binary, octal, and hexadecimal arithmetic additions are the same as base additions, except that the numbers contain a binary or binary equivalent representation of the numbers, the two bases (b2) are. , Base 8 (b8), or hexadecimal (b16) instead of decimal (b10). Digital addition can be performed using a dedicated device, but the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) within the microcontroller function of the LED pad makes it easy to perform the tasks required in binary mathematics. You can get the same result by converting the number s to another radix, then adding them to the alternative radix and back to the radix 10. This equivalence principle is shown in the example table below for adding three numbers with different radixes. In the context of waveform synthesis, the added numbers represent the instantaneous values of the three sine waves at any given time and are summed to generate a digital sum of the three numbers. An exemplary purpose for, if the value of the sine wave is 10 times magnified by, then A _x f _x (t ₁ ) and here for A _x = 10, x = 1-3. _{For example 1} , at a particular time t, the value of the function _fa (t ₁ ) = 1, f _b (t ₁ ) = 0.5, and f _c (t ₁ ) = 0.5. If the gain coefficients are evenly weighted, that is, where A _a = 10, _Ab = 10, and _{Ac =} 10, then a total of 10 (Σf _x (t ₁ )) = 20 units the function is numbered. The sum obtained is the result between task-0.000 and 1.000 performed by the autorange function 584, which must be scaled to a fraction between.

_{T x} for each time point, dividing _{A x (Σf x (t x} )) gain multiplier by the sum of _{(A a + A b + A} c) Average provide blends chords. In the case of equal weighting, that is, when A _x = 10, the sum of these gain coefficients (A _a + _Ab + _Ac ) = 30. When applied to the above totals, automatic range scaling transforms a total of 20. It is the same as the number obtained by averaging three numbers with instantaneous values of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5 for the automatically range-scaled number 20/30 = 0.666. The autorange feature also works when the sine waves are blended with non-uniform weighting. In this case, one or more sinusoidal frequency components dominate the mixture. For example, _a blend of A a = 20%, _Ab = 40%, and _Ac = 40% will produce the following signal combinations:

In this case, ((A _a + _Ab + _Ac ) = 100, g (t) = 70, so the output of the autorange function is 0.7. The autorange function uses a positive multiplier. Scaling the signal using A _α > 0 to correct the amplitude compression, because _{not only the scalar A α} shift function, but also its shift average value, DC offset correction term 0.5 (1-A _α ). The sum of the sinusoidal waves added to the recenter 0.5 is the average back of the function.

FIG. 47 shows some sine waves and sine wave codes created according to the unit function generator. In the example shown, three sine waves spaced respectively one octave _{(i.e., f c = 2f b = 4f} a) is produced in a variety of gain factors, it will produce a variety of complex functions. The gain coefficients [A _a , _{Ab, Ac} ] control the mixing or "blending" of frequency components. The components are averaged, so the gain factor can be any positive real number. However, for convenience, you can scale the three elements as a percentage. In some cases, the weighting factor is zero, which means that no sine wave of a particular frequency is present in the mix. For example, in the graph _{564, [A a, A b} , A c] = [1,0,0] Only sine wave f is So exists. _{Similarly, [A a, A b,} A c] = [0,1,0], the graph 565 is the center of the octave sine wave _{f b} only exists in the graph 566 is a _[A a, A _{b, a c] = [0,0,1} ] ,, only the most high octave sine wave exists.

This figure also shows various mixed blend codes. _{Graph 567 shows f a} and f _b showing a uniform weighted mix blend of sine waves of frequency f, graph 568 shows a uniform weighted mix blend of sine waves of frequency f _b and f _c , and graph 569 shows a sine wave of frequency. Indicates an evenly weighted mix blend of f _b and f _c . Sine wave _{f b} of the two weighting sine wave of the heterogeneous mixture blended frequency f and 1/3 ^th frequency f with 2/3 ^th, is shown in the graph 570. The three sine wave mixes include an evenly weighted code 572 and an unequally weighted sine wave code 571. Here _{[A a, A b, A} c] = [0.2,0.4,0.4]. is. Algebraic calculation sin sin (θ) where _{t for θ = f x} t, x = a, b, c ... .. .. Required calculation series [http://www2. clarku. edu / ~ trigonometry / trig / complete. html] is evaluated every sin (θ) here

Here n! = N ・ (n-1) ・ (n-2) ... 3 ・ 2 ・ 1. Note that the same method can be used to generate the cosine waveform. This is because the phase of the wave is shifted by 90 °. Generating three sine-wave code _{A x (Σf x (t x} )) sinusoidal ^ninth accuracy of 360 degrees octave with the highest frequency of about 20kHz is required for all the above calculations along the PWM generating Ψ _P [f (t)] must occur at a rate of 7.2 MHz, that is, within 138 ns. This approach is computationally intensive, wasting computational cycles and combustion power, especially when synthesizing high frequencies since the waves.

Waveform synthesis using a primitive processor

A much less computationally intensive alternative that better matches the limited computational power of the LED pad μP339 is the use of table lookups to evaluate the function. In the case of a periodic function, for example, the value of the function in regular increments of the period at a fixed angle or fixed percentage can be pre-computed and loaded into a table referred to herein as a function "primitive". For example, the value of sin (θ) depends on the angle θ of its argument, so here

Since then, there is no reason to recalculate the same value that each time evaluation sin (θ) is required, where the sine function is periodic. In such cases, using a look-up table is potentially beneficial.

Lookup tables, however, have some basic hurdles-in any, the table can return the value of a function, which is why it was previously calculated with the same input conditions. Same arguments as there are. J means sin (45 °), which does not mean that you know the value of sin sin (22 °), because the table contains the value of sin. In a subroutine call to a lookup table, ensuring that the input arguments match the available arguments is unlikely unless the two are co-developed to ensure that they use the same value. Another problem in use is a look-up table in use, which is a problem of stiff equations, synthesized over a high-execution-resolution waveform over many orders of high frequencies. Sine wave 20kHz, for example, ^(9th octave) are using the 16-bit precision PWM method synthesis, sample rate required ^{(20,000Hz) (16 2) =} 1,310,726,000Hz Hz or Approximately 1.3 GHz. In the same simulation, 0.1 Hz if ^(position -2 octaves) of ultra-low frequency sound excited pattern is added to the string, the period of the low frequency component is T = 1 / f = 1 / (0.1Hz) = 10 seconds is. This means that a table of (1.3 GHz) (10 seconds = 13 billion data points is needed) to maintain the required resolution in 9 octaves while synthesizing a single 10 second infrasound. This means that such a huge data table not only takes too long to transfer from the PBT controller to the intelligent LED pad, but also requires a lot of memory.

Subroutine calls and lookup tables between subroutine calls and lookup tables that reliably match the problem while resolving stiffness, the methods of the invention use the disclosed periodic wave form primitives predefined herein, such as sinusoidal or linear. As a function of (scalar), a series of synthetic counters, bases for illustration sharing a common numerical base. The argument of what was explained using is the absolute non-time specified for the period T of the function. For example, for linear functions such as serrated waves, entering a straight (Cartesian) argument in the lookup table returns a unique value. In a linear unit saw that slopes from 0 to 1 over the period T, the input p has no unit, 25% of T has a value of the function "saw (p)" of 0.25, and 78% of T has a function of 0. The value of saw saw (p) will be .25, such as 0.78. To accommodate iterative cycles, it is convenient to use the modulo function MOD (argument, limit) to represent the argument input "p". A positive input MOD (p, 1) returns a value. Enclosed between 0 and 1, that is, the remainder divided by an integral multiple of the maximum limit. For example, for any z value, MOD (0.78, 1) = 0.78, MOD (5.78, 1) = 0.78, MOD (z.78, 1) = 0.78. .. Therefore, only the data that covers one cycle T is required to describe the repeating waveform.

The same function applies to polar coordinates. Evaluating sin (MOD (θ, 360 °) produces a repeating sequence of values between sin (0 °) and sin (359.99 ... °). At 360 °, sin (MOD (MOD (MOD (MOD)). Since 360 °, 360 °)) = sin (0 °), the entire cycle repeats. In a real code or spreadsheet, the angle argument θ for sin or other trigonometric functions is represented by radians instead of degrees. However, keep in mind that the principles of trigonometric functions and their applications remain the same. The size lookup of any periodic function, which is disclosed to sing a modal function, can be dramatically tabled. The size of each data pair is limited to a single period of time, so the lookup table provides one pair equal to the ξ main resolution, Φ is one correspondence between inputs _{x is the} lookup table and f Make a lookup table subroutine call to its output that describes the transformation performed by the _{relation Φ x} = ξ _x f _{x for Φ x} arbitrary octave x.

While these function primitives consist of a time-independent collection of states that describe mathematical functions, waveform synthesis involves an oscillator that contains either a digital clock or an analog clock to generate a time-varying waveform. Must be combined. In particular, in the case of a linear function with a period T such as a triangular wave or a sawtooth wave, the argument x can be expressed as x = t / T, and the unit function θ = tf of a sine wave, a sine wave code, and other trigonometric functions. If. In either case, a time source is needed to convert the time-independent waveform primitive to a time-varying function. Again, the range time source that produces one such implementation is shown in Figure 48A Algorithm presentation is that a series of combination binary (÷ 2) digital counters 598 to 590 generate 10 synchronous clock frequencies from Φ ₉ to Φ ₀ common clocks. It has a concrete symbol clock rate of Φ _sym and a programmable frequency. It is desirable for the clock to make such a sine wave-like periodic function _{9 F to 0} octave zero below the th octave and mix them, the synthetic speech spectrum used to do so has a frequency f correspondence. In various combinations such as. The same method, not shown, can be used to generate infrasound, that is, vibration waveforms below 20 Hz, and ultrasonic waves containing frequencies above 20 kHz (if suitable transducers are used).

During synthesis, each clock is transformed into a time-varying waveform f (t) using a periodic function lookup table. For example, sine wave, sine wave code, triangle wave, sawtooth wave. Each clock is paired with the waveform it created. _{Application for example Φ 8} Sine wave lookup ξ ₈ Table 618 with primitive resolution f ₈ to generate sine wave frequency ₈ , Φ ₃ applications to generate a wave sine lookup xi] primitive resolution table 613 to generate xi] ₃ sine wave frequency f _3, and [Phi ₁ uses a sine wave lookup xi] sine wave frequency table 611 f ₁ of the primitive resolution with xi] ₁ And here

And the general f _x = Φ _x / ξ _{x in} . So in operation, 10 octave waveform total implementation primitive processor 552 applications to generate 10 clock frequencies including inputs to 9 binary counters 598590, Φ ₉ = Φ _sym and clock Φ ₈ to Φ ₀ Sine wave correspondence The driven look-up table 619 is combined with 610 and the sine wave of f is combined with f ₉ and f ₀ .

The mixing process uses octave data switches 609-600 to select different combinations of sine waves, the selected sine wave components are mixed at the digital mixer add-on node 630, and the components vary by digital gain amplifiers 620-629. Includes being weighted by a percentage. The blended sum is scaled to the range 0.000 to 1.000 by the automatic range function 631. Primitive processors can be implemented in hardware or firmware controlled hardware, but the functionality is fully emulated using software that the mixer 630 runs digitally using binary addition. The auto-range function 631 can be performed using executable binary mathematics o by some NE division algorithms (https://en.wiquipedia.org/wiki/Division_algorithm). To avoid performing unnecessary operations, the primitive processor 552 performs operations only on the selected octave switches 600-609.

Using the method shown in FIG. 48A is decades of wideband waveform synthesis and construction on code with the implementation primitive processor 552 described above, spanning 10 octaves over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. , Use only look-up table S and a series of counters. The disclosed method requires minimal memory or computational power to perform in the computation, unlike the unit function generator 551 of Figure 44, which does not include real-time evaluation of power series. An important function of synthesizers in wideband algorithm waveform generation is the role of counter manipulation. The counters 599-500 are combined to generate a 10 octave clock frequency used as an input to feed the corresponding lookup tables 619-610. Since each octave is supplied by its own dedicated clock frequency, the number of points in the corresponding table and the table is limited to the accuracy required for that particular octave, including data used in other frequency bands. Not done. Thus, the disclosed look-up table in combination with the counter overcomes the problem of the stiff equations mentioned above. To further minimize computational intensity and avoid unnecessary computations, lookup table subroutine calls are restricted to the table selected by the octave switch.

To avoid aliasing, the 698 phase shift distortion from the counter cascade 590 are synchronized to a common clock, the output from the [Phi _sym convenience tuner (counter) 599 called symbol rate, symbol rate [Phi _sym is It is a waveform synthesis of the octave corresponding to the clock signal Φ _{9, but this relationship is arbitrary.} PWM resolutions to combined frequency, [Phi higher [Phi _sym ≧ than any symbol rate from _{sym ξ sym} f _max. Will is enough. Counter cascading can be achieved using hardware or software. Ripple counters can be used, but synchronous counters are recommended to prevent clock phase shifts. Ripple counters are a counter cascade that is readily available as soon as the output of each counter stage is input to the next stage. Due to the propagation delay through each counter stage, the output of the high frequency clock changes state before the low frequency clock. The state thus changes the "ripple" first clock Φ ₉ cascade, the down change state continues momentarily by _{Φ 8 , and then undulates like waves across Φ 7} , Φ ₆ , Φ _{5 on} the surface of the pond.

In contrast, synchronous counters work synchronously. It takes time for the digital count to ripple through the counterchain, but the output changes only at the same time as the synchronous clock pulse. In this way, signal ripple through the counter cascade is invisible to the user. More specifically, whether or not it is implemented by hardware or software, the synchronization counter operates as follows. The ripple counter is a wit D type flip-flop [https://en. wikipedia. org / wiki / Flip-flop_ (electronics)] Latch output. It holds the D flip-flop until it is enabled by a latch signal with a corresponding truth table, and in the previous state, a certain th data input high or low state is copied to the latch output as much as the synchronous clock goes high. Then the sync clock can return low and the flip-flop output remains latched at the D input at the time of the last sync clock pulse until the next sync pulse occurs. During that interval between clock pulses, the output of each counter stage can change without displaying a transition at the counter output. To generally avoid confusion, counter 599590 may represent a synchronous counter without declaration as a D flip-flop, latch, or synchronous clock input. To guarantee, the Φ _{0 synchronous clock pulse via Φ 9} derives from the state transition of the lowest composite frequency clock that the clock transition completely propagates through the counter cascade before updating the state of the output clock. to, ₀ expressed as [Phi ₀ in this example.

Symbol rate [Phi _sym counter supplying cascade, the maximum output frequency _{f max} resolution xi] _sym generated speed [Phi _sys using programmable counter that is generated from the system clock to produce _sym "tuner" 599 symbol clock rate [Phi. Primitive resolution ξ _sym value, waveform synthesis is programmable input to tuner 599 that can be changed according to execution. Numeric variable ξ _sim , defined as the resolution of the "primitive symbol resolution" referred to herein ξ Maximum synthesis frequency ξ _sim = Φ _sym / f _{max In} the range of 24 to 65,536 depending on the required synthesis accuracy. Has a possible value. For example, the selected ξ _{sym =} 96 sine wave F in the sine wave synthesizing means or the highest pitch sine wave of the synthesizing is related to the symbol clock rate Φ _sim = ξ _sym f _max = 96f _max 90 ° 24 points for arc applications 3.75 1 point for each °. Then, the operation ettington's Uner 599 is tuned to the cascade origin of the frequency of the whole production and the symbol clock rate Φ _sym. The resolution ξ _sym resolution does not have to match the lower octave look-up table. Lookup tables 600 to 619 that can be used for different accuracy levels ξ _x or alternatively the same accuracy lookup table may be used to generate some or all of the required frequency components. .. Alternatively, you can use the same look-up table for all generated sine waves. In such a case, f _x all sine wave frequencies have the same accuracy ξ Yes _{9 =} ξ _{8 =} ξ ₇ ... ξ ₁ = ξ ₀ .

Since the global counter cascade is driven at a common symbol clock rate, _{the exact frequency relationship of the Φ sym} composite waveform is defined by the exact counter frequency Φ, _{and the resolution of Φ x} and the corresponding lookup table ξ _x . This relationship is shown using a binary (divided by 2) counter, but there is no limit to the divisor of the counter. Dividing by 2 halves the frequency, which is convenient because it corresponds to one octave or 12 semitones in the scale. However, the counters can take advantage of a cascade of counters, each with a different divisor. Alternatively, you can use a programmable counter whose counts are loaded into the counter. _{Furthermore, since the counter is a data point of perfect oscillation period X} at all ξ operating at a fixed clock rate, one complete cycle lookup table is relative timing and any two. The phase of the periodic function is known exactly. Two sine waves, for example, the predetermined frequency f _x and where a f _y,

Next, the frequency ratio of the waveform is given by the following equation.

This ratio illustrations certain frequency scaling, clock [Phi _x can be carried out by a change xi] _x or _X look-up table by changing the resolution _xi],. For example, if ξ _{x =} ξ _{y =} 24 are used if there is a lookup table of predetermined resolution, only the ratio of the clock speed of the synthesized sine wave of the frequency ratio f _{x /} f _y depends Φ _{x /} Φ _y Or

In such a case, although the two sine waves of the ratio Φ _x / Φ _y = 4,2 octave away the same note clock frequency is obtained, the ^fourth note A440Hz between ^A-th octave 1760Hz to note 6 octave. FIG. 48B are used, for example, the addition dual showing sine wave only 6 and ^fourth octaves 606 and 604 switches to access each waveform data has an effective and sine wave look-up table 616 and 614ξ primitives resolution ξ ₆ = ξ ₄ = 24. The output b is the amplification Y digital gain is 626 and 624 amplifiers, and the ED waveform output for generating a mixed 630 blend with the digital addition node. In operation, the tuner (counter) 599 is _{Φ sys} from the generation system clock of _{the symbol clock Φ sym} . Two counters 598,597, and 596 divided symbol clock [Phi octave clock cascade producing 6 ^first configuration of ÷ of _sym [Phi ₆ and 4 ^the octave clock [Phi ₄ by ^the generated counter 595 and 594.

The resulting two sinusoidal strings are given by the sum.

The multiplier [0.5 + 0.5 · (periodic)] is used to scare the peak magnitude of the sine wave centered on the zero mean from ± 1 to ± 0.5. Adder 0.5 shifts the curve up by +0.5 and spans the positive range from 0.000 to 1.000. By enabling the octave switch 601 as shown in Figure 48C, component _{1 of} the look-up table 611 driven by clock Φ is added to the code. Clock [Phi _1, is given by adding the ^first octave frequency components using the clock [Phi ₄ generated from the counter 593,592, and 591.

It is given by adding the obtained 3 sine wave codes.

As mentioned above, the above synthesis method utilizes a single waveform primitive to generate two or three sinusoidal codes at the same time.

Additional details of primitive processor operation are shown in the single primitive code synthesis shown in FIG. Shown as two counters including tuner 599-system, clock counter 640 and symbol C lock counter 641 system clock counter is converted μC system clock is a _{counter that has frequency Φ sys} reference clock frequency Φ _ref convenient At a fixed frequency (eg 5MHz). Symbol clock counter Then used to define the reference frequency of the counter cascade for sine synthesis in the symbol clock rate Φ _{sym of the conversion Φ ref.} In the example shown, the counters 598 to 593 include binary counters, each generating a plurality of sinusoidal frequencies one octave apart, as described in the table above. Further inspection reveals that there is no binary counter cascade.
• Φ _x is a multiple of 2 for the _{symbol rate Φ sym} for all octaves of the clock rate.
- the frequency f _x all octaves in be f _max, 2 multiples of the maximum combined frequency, but are not limited to, ^9-th octave scale shown.
_-The relationship between the symbol clock rate Φ sym and the maximum combined frequency f _max is determined by the resolution of the highest frequency waveform to be synthesized, ξ _sym. F-multiplication product f _max ξ _sym = Φ _sym Sets the maximum clock rate in the counter cascade.
-The relationship between the symbol clock rate Φ _x and the combined frequency f _x each octave x is the primitive resolution of the waveform in that octave, which is determined by _{ξ x.}

A single primitive binary counter for all clock speed-frequency relationships He includes the exact proportions present at other frequencies in T in the cascade, including the primitive processor, any frequency and resolution setting 1 frequency of the composite waveform. F _x and ξ _x automatically determine the frequency of all combined frequencies and clock Φ _sym and maximum frequency f _{max in} the whole counter cascade including symbol rate. The frequency scaling of the primitive process is summarized in the following table.

In this regard, the primitive processor is the entire multi-octave synthesizer, which represents a "tuning" system that is set to a single "key" frequency, with disclosed tuning-like monaural instruments as single notes or keys, such as tuning instruments A. key of. For this reason, the operating symbol clock counter 641, ie f _key , is set by two parameters, 642 and the lookup table 645 is a selection key having _{a primitive resolution ξ sim.} Some identifiers such as table 645 stored in either volatile or non-volatile memory in the illustrated L and LED pad, hexadecimal code 643 as selected, or any binary equivalent code 644 thereof. ..

Because it is adjust the overall synthesizer to a multiple of the octave, select input 642 of the selection key of the f _key is optional. For convenience, digital tuning can comply with the international frequency standard for pitch. For example, pitch "A" center C with a frequency of 440 hertz within the fourth octave. This 440Hz tone is considered a common tuning standard for music pitch [https://en. wikipedia. org / wiki / A440_ (pitch_standard)]. A440, _{A 4} or the International Standards Organization, called the Stuttgart pitch, has been classified as ISO-16. When this standard is adapted to a primitive processor, the disclosed synthesizer is tuned to a specific key by selecting a 4-octave note or frequency.

Specifically, ton he input "select a key," the ^fourth set of 642, an octave where notes and whole-frequency synthesizers are tuned. If the maximum combined frequency in time octave and any speech spectrum was chosen to be NINT, octave as the frequency input range for adjusting the selected ^second synthesizer 4, 9 ^th octave and fourth Octaves differ by only 5 octaves. Select the setting key 642 for according to ²⁵ = 32, the means f _max = f _{9 = 32 f 4, and the maximum frequency f max = 32 f key} . Φ _sym = ξ _sym f _max Considering Φ _sym = ξ _sym (32f _key ) For example.

The setting "Select a key," f _{4 =} 440 Hz and f _{max = 32 f key} = 32 (440 Hz) = 14,080 Hz to 440 Hz (center C above standard A) automatically scales the entire composite frequency spectrum. The f ₉ = 14,080 Hz, f ₈ = 7,040 Hz, f ₇ = 3,520 Hz, f ₆ = 1,760 _{Hz, f 5} = 880 Hz, f ₄ = 4400 _{Hz, f 3} = 220 Hz, f ₂ = 110 Hz, f. ₁ = 55Hz, f ₀ = 22.5Hz, andf _-1 = 11.25Hz. If the f _key is set in the center of the D, it will also be a multiple of D all of the synthetic frequency f _x. Or, if the f _key is ^{set to A # in the} center, all binary composite frequencies will also be A ^# multiples. The synthesis of sinusoidal waves other than octave multiples will be described later in this disclosure.

The lookup table 645 contains a typical primitive description of a sine wave with a resolution of 24 points, as shown in Rereferencing the implementation of the primitive processor in FIG. This tabular primitive description of the sine wave is time independent, based solely on the argument θ of sin (θ) as input. The key f _key primitive processor selects 642 with the select key, for example, _{waveform ξ sym} = 24, then symbol clock rate Φ, with table 645 with primitives established by having _{440 Hz and selecting resolution ξ sim. It} is given by sym and the corresponding cycle T _sym.

In the case of the f _max synthesis maximum frequency in the octave corresponding to this symbol rate, f _max = f ₉ = Φ _sym / ξ _sym = (337,920 Hz) / 24 = 14,080 Hz Corresponding period and T ₉ = 1 / f ₉ = 71.02 μs Also, T _sym ξ _sym = (2.9592 ... μs) (24) = 71.02 μs.

By establishing a time reference using the binary counter cascade, the time-independent sinusoidal table 645 is transformed into a time-based description of the function 646a, specifically g (t). The same clock symbol clock [Phi _sym time for generating basis using clock [Phi ₆ and [Phi ₄ 6 and ^fourth Specifically, the octave sine wave 647a and 648a

These clocks, and a sine wave f ₆ and f ₄ order frequency with a synchronization frequency used for two synthetic.

In a given way, sine waves with the same resolution but different frequencies can be combined using a common clock and a single waveform primitive. In other words, the primitive table sets the shape of the waveform, and the resolution ξ and counterclock determine the frequency of the generated sine wave. The following example table corresponds to the arguments of the sinusoidal function θ measured in degrees (or radians), the normalized unit sinusoidal function 0.5 + 0.5 sin (θ), and the sinusoidal state oscillating at frequency. Shows the relationship of time to do. And the time corresponding to the state of the sine wave oscillating at the frequency f _{max of 9 octaves, f 6 of} 6 octaves, and f _{4 of 4 octaves.}

This table shows a detailed pattern between 0 ° and 90 °, but for the sake of brevity, the detailed 15 ° description of the other three quadrants is redundant and excluded (sine wave). Is a symmetric function, so all four quadrants are data in one quadrant). The time required to complete a 360 ° cycle of a sine wave, or period T, depends on the frequency of the sine wave. For example, in agreement with the above calculation, _{the sine waves at frequencies f 9} , f ₆ and f ₄ contain periods of 71 μs, 568 μs and 2,273 μs, respectively. Specifically, the value of the function 0.5 + 0.5 sin (θ) = 1 when the argument θ = 90 ° = π / 2. The period of the sine wave T occurs at 4 times this duration when θ = 360 ° = 2π. For example, a 6-octave sine wave tuned to the A key requires 142 μs to complete a quarter of its cycle, so its period is T ₆ = 4 (142.05) = 569. It is 2 μs.

Code synthesis shown in FIG. 50 Clock generation using a single primitive waveform with two sine waves to be blended Time-independent time-based from a binary cascade counter In this example, the resolution of the primitive waveform is ξ _sym = ξ _{x The frequencies f 6} = 1,168 Hz and converted to the time-based sinusoidal tables 647 and 648 with the D key containing = 24 (not shown) _{are f 4} = 292 Hz, respectively. The component sine wave is then increased or decreased in amplitude by digital gain amplifiers 626 and 624 with _{gain multipliers A 6} and A _{4 performed arithmetically using digital multiplication operations.} The two sine waves are then mixed by the digital add-on node 630 to produce an add-on g (t), where ...

Using the weighted average as a divisor (A ₆ + A _{4) gives:}

During averaging, _{the term [A 6} + A ₄ ] does not affect the 0.5 offset because it appears in both the numerator and denominator of the fraction that changes the mean of the function. The second purpose of the autorange function is to make the component A _α full scale by maximizing a sine, which is not the actual change in the mean of the function. To avoid a shift of the mean of 0.5, the automatic range function disclosed here uses an additive correction factor of 0.5 (1-A _α ).

As described, his sum g (t) is scaled by the scalar [by autorange function 631 [A _α / (A ₆ + A ₄ )] multiplied by the weighted average execution gain factor A of the sinusoidal component along with the digital. Time variation waveform f (t) 553 resulting shown in tabular form 649, an average value of 0.5, the range over periodic function amplitudes of two frequency f ₆ and f ₄ has the ability to maximize the From 0.000 to 1.000, representing the sinusoidal string 655, there is no signal clipping or distortion. The PWM generator 555 then provides a data 488-out production synth containing a PWM sequence of data 499 called _{the PWM conversion Ψ P [f (t)] of the process.} Unlike the analog f (t), the G _synthesize (t) is a digital that undergoes an amplitude transition as a series of pulses between the 0 (low) state and the 1 (high) state, and analog information is embedded in various pulse widths. increase.

One problem that arises from the disclosed synthesis method is quantization noise. A single sine wave does not cause this problem, but adding more than one sine wave causes noise in the waveform. This origin of noise is that the cascade of binary counters shown in FIG. 51A 593 to 596 is used to generate three clocks, Φ ₆ , Φ ₅ and Φ ₄ each half the frequency of its input. .. The inspection of 651 shown tabularly in the data tables for _{f 6} , f ₅ , and f ₄ with the fixed primitive resolution of the sinusoidal resulting from ξ = 24, frequency f _{is clearly for frequency f 6} . of the corresponding of the fact that data is present will have a one unique pair to one clock time Φ _6, other frequency does not change rapidly. For example, if both t = 0.1727 and t = 0.1784, even sinusoidal f6 is changed, the data value of the sine wave _{f 5} remains constant at 0.7500. Similarly, if the low frequency of the sine wave _{f 4,} be varied _{f 6} data four times, the data output at intervals from t = .1427 to .2497 remains constant at 0.6294 ..

The effect of using fixed resolution primitives at different clock rates is shown in FIG. In FIG. 51B, various curves are contrasted at regular time intervals. Shown duration, the digitization noise that does not show exhibition 652 points to the sine wave graph of the frequency f _6. Although small exhibit noise graph 653 points generated by Φ _{6 /} 2ξ in contrast sinusoid of frequency f ₅ shows a remarkable degree. _{f 4} sine wave graph 654 of two octaves under f _6, i.e., the case of _{f 4} = _{Φ 6} / _4ξ at xi] = 24, we see significant noise. The problem of is is prominent in the two sine wave code of graph 655, which is a combination of _{f 6} and f ₅ , and is further exaggerated in graph 656, which shows the sum of the sine waves of _{frequencies f 5} and f _4.

One solution to this problem is shown in Figure 52A. Three different frequencies f ₆ , f ₅ , and f _{4 are} generated from the common clock frequency Φ _6. Instead of scaling the clock frequency, it scales the resolution and uses higher resolution primitives to produce lower sinusoidal frequencies. Specifically, in the look-up table 616, ξ ₆ = 24, in the look-up table 615, the primitive resolution is doubled ξ ₅ = _{2 ξ 6} = 48, and similarly, in the look-up table 614, ξ ₄ = 4ξ ₆ = 96.

Therefore, the sinusoidal frequencies f ₆ , f ₅ , and f ₄ generated from the common clock Φ ₆ are all factors of 2 to each other, as shown in Table 661. Thus, as shown in Table 661, the time step is constant for all frequencies generated. The resulting curve shown in FIG. 52B contains sine waves 662, 623, and 624, as well as codes 665 and 666, but does not show signs of quantization error at this resolution. The frequency ratio of any two sine waves using this method remains accurate due to the previously defined criteria.

If maintained Φ _x = Φ _y .

This method, referred to herein as the scaled sum of primitives 660, is in contrast to the single sum of primitives 650 of a string that blends the three synthesized sine waves of FIG. 52C. Block diagrams of sinusoidal looks up to a single primitive sum 650, tables 616, 615 and 614 are identical at their resolution ξ = 24, but are supplied by three different clocks Φ ₆ , Φ _{5 =} Φ. _6/2, and was generated from Φ _{4 =} Φ _6/4 binary cascade counter. The resulting time graph of code 659 shows significant digitization noise. In contrast, the primitive sum 660 drives three different resolution lookup tables 616, 615, and 614 with increasing _{common clock Φ adoption scale 6 resolution x = 6, 5 for ξ x} = 24, 48, 96. 4, to correspond. The resulting waveform 669 shows no signs of digitization noise at this resolution.

To limit the maximum size of the primitive lookup table, you can split the audio spectrum into bands (for example, top, middle, and bottom scales) and zero and negative infrasound bands (that is, less than 20Hz). octave. Such an approach is adopted in the quad range scaled primitive composite block diagram shown in FIG. Model primitive processor in this, the tuner 599, the conversion system clock [Phi _sys thereof to a fixed reference frequency [Phi _ref ,, for example 5MHz, including a system clock counter 640 and symbol clock counter 641, where the symbol counter [Phi _sym clock frequency generator define by being the ratio _{Φ sym / Φ ref = (32ξf} key) / (5MHz) key selection input 642 in the octave was according to the note or key. The tuner 590, the counter cascade of 38 divided counters 672, 673 and 674, co-produced Φ _sim , Φ ₆ = Φ _sim / 8, Φ ₃ = Φ _sim / 64, and Φ ₀ = Φ _sym / 512. A three-stage binary cascade counter that passes through counter 672 but contains 6734 each, and is shown as a single ÷ 8 counter for brevity.

The highest frequency clock of the cascade, the symbol clock Φ _{sym, is} then used to synthesize a sine wave into four bands. _{According to the f 9} , f ₈ and f ₇ selectors 609, 608 used to generate a _{Φ sym} sine wave in the upper band, and 607 respectively. If the selector switch is enabled, _{f 9} , f ₈ and f 9, f 8 and passed to the corresponding sine wave look up to table 699, 698, or 697 to generate a sine wave of the clock pulse for _{Φ sym.} f _{7 is} desired.

Specifically, in terms of resolution, sine wave 699ξ _{9 =} 24, when valid, F sine wave generation ₉ frequency f ₉ = Φ _sym / ξ ₉ . The sine wave selection key frequency and 1/24 ^th symbol frequency with 32 times _{f key} frequencies, the [Phi _sym. The same upper scale, xi] ₈ = 48 in the sine wave 698 resolution, if enabled, F sine wave generating ₈ frequency _{f 8 = Φ sym / ξ 8} = Φ sym / (2ξ 9). The sine wave selection key frequency and 1/48 ^th symbol frequency with 16 times _{f key} frequency, [Phi _sym. Similarly, in resolution, sine wave 697ξ _{7 =} 96, if valid, sine wave generation f ₇ frequency f ₇ = Φ _sym / ξ ₇ = Φ _sym / (4ξ ₉ ). The sine wave selection key frequency and 1/96 ^th symbol frequency having 8 times _{f key} frequency, [Phi _sym. To generate a sine wave with frequency, f ₉ , f ₈ and f ₇ are. Its waveform synthesis coming from the same clock frequency Φ _sym thereby avoids the aforementioned problems of digitization error, using the same time increments, within the upper scale.

The same clock Φ _sym is a lower frequency rate clock Φ ₆ divided by 8 to the generated counter 672 and is the f ₆ , f ₅ and f ₄ intermediate range scale used for sine wave synthesis of f. If the New York selector switches 605, 606 and 604 are enabled and the clock pulse is included, Φ ₆ = (Φ _sym / 8) is passed to the corresponding table 696, 695, or 694 to generate a sine wave with a sine wave look f ₆ , F ₅ , f ₄ Red as a digital. Specifically, at sine wave 696 resolution, ξ ₆ = 24, if valid, f ₆ sine wave generation frequency f ₆ = Φ ₆ / ξ ₆ = Φ _sym / (8 _{ξ 6} ). This sine wave has a frequency of 4 and f _key key selection frequency and _1/192 symbol frequency Φ sym. Similarly, at intermediate scale, sine wave 695 resolution, ξ _{5 =} 48, if valid, sine wave generation f ₅ frequency f ₅ = Φ ₆ / ξ ₅ = Φ _sym / (16 _{ξ 6} ). His sine wave has a frequency of 2 times f _key key selection frequency and 1/384 symbol frequency Φ _sym . Similarly, at sine wave 694 resolution ξ _{4 =} 96, if valid, sine wave generation f ₄ frequency f ₄ = Φ ₆ / ξ ₄ = Φ _sym / (32ξ ₆ ). This sine wave has a frequency equal to f _key key selection frequency and 1/768 symbol frequency, Φ _sym . To generate a sine wave with frequencies, f ₆ , f ₅ , f _{4 Φ 6} = (Φ _sym / 8) waveform synthesis coming from the same clock frequency thereby adopts the same time increment within the intermediate scale. Avoid the aforementioned problems of digitization error.

Sine wave F Generates _{Φ 3} low frequency rate clock divided by 8 on counter 673 that _{can generate clock Φ 6} on a scale lower than _{f 3} , f ₂ , and f _1. If it is an optional switch, 603, 602, and 601 are enabled, and the _{sine wave of the sine wave look f 3} up to the table 693, 692, or 691 passed _{to the clock pulse corresponding to Φ 3} = (Φ _{sym / 64).} F ₃ , f ₂ , f _{1 are} desired to generate. Specifically, at a sine wave 693 resolution, ξ _{3 =} 24, if valid, produces a sine wave f ₃ frequency f ₃ = Φ ₃ / ξ ₃ = Φ _sym / (64 _{ξ 3} ). This sine wave has a frequency f ₃ 1/2 and a ^th f _key key selection frequency and 1/1536 symbol frequency Φ _sym . Similarly, lower scale, sine wave 692 resolution ξ ₂ = 48, if valid, generate sine wave f ₂ frequency f ₂ = Φ ₃ / ξ ₂ = Φ _sym / (128ξ ₃ ). This sine wave is 1/4 ^th f _key key selected frequency and 1/3072 symbol frequency [Phi _sym have frequencies. _{Similarly, ξ 1 =} 96, which has a sine wave 691 resolution, produces a sine wave when valid, f ₁ frequency f ₁ = Φ ₃ / ξ ₁ = Φ _sym / (256ξ ₃ ). The sine wave frequency has 1/8 ^th f _key key selected frequency and 1/6144 symbol frequency [Phi _sym. To generate a sine wave with frequency f, f ₃ , f ₂ , and f ₁ come from the same clock frequency Φ ₃ = Φ _sym / 64 waveform synthesis, thereby using the same time increment and low digitization error. A scale that avoids the aforementioned problems.

Countercascades can also be used to generate infrasound excitations of LEDs, or sine waves with frequencies below 20 Hz. Output As shown, a counter with an 8 _{-divided clock frequency 674 Φ 0} = (Φ _sym / 512), when selected by the selector 600, ξ _{0 = 24 at sine wave generation 0} resolution is given by f. .. f ₀ = Φ ₀ / ξ ₀ = Φ _sym / (512ξ ₀ ). Using the above principles, we extend the concept of scaling to include two additional sign lookup tables with resolutions 48 and 96, respectively, driven by _{clock Φ 0, to include two lower infrasounds.} Wave sound frequencies f- ₁ and f- ₂ (if needed) can be generated. In the above discussion, using time increments configured at regular intervals minimizes quantization noise, but requires a larger, higher resolution look-up table and the memory required within the LED pad. The capacity will increase.

If your lookup table has the required number of data points, you can use a single table to generate multiple octaves of data from a single clock. For example, a table of 24,576 points can be used to synthesize a sine wave that spans 11 octaves with an angular accuracy of 0.01446484375 ° per data point. 11 octaves universal primitive table using the clock of synthetic 337,920Hz, can generate a frequency, for example, range from of in the key number _{Af 9 = Φ sym / ξ sym} = 14,080Hz, under 9 ^th octave to 13.75 Hz ^-1st octave (including a of 440 Hz). An example of this is shown in the ^{fourth column of the table below.} Using the same symbol clock rate, i.e. reducing the number of combined frequencies to only 7 octaves in the same table column, the size of the universal primitive data table is reduced to 1,536 data points over the 14,080 Hz range. Will be done. 9 ^th octave lower _f 3 = 220Hz.

Alternatively, the same 7-octave universal primitive table can be used to shift the covered frequency band by using a lower symbol clock rate. As shown in the ^fifth, for example by using a symbol clock rate, the following table columns Φ _sym = 168,960Hz, can cover the range of 7,040Hz the ^eighth octave 1,536 data, Primitive universal point 2nd octave to 110 hertz octave octave. You can also compromise between the sinusoidal frequency range and the data table size by reducing the table size and the symbol clock. Column of the following by referring to the ^sixth table, the look-up table having a 1 ^second octave only 768 to 55Hz in can generate a sine wave of 1,760Hz at the symbol clock rate Φ _sym = 42,240Hz6 ^th octave using Octave data point.

The process of waveform synthesis using universal primitive synthesis is shown in FIG. Tuner 599 transforms programmable symbol clock generation Φ _{sym =} Φ _ref / (32ξf _key ) and changes with frequency depending on the selection key 642, clocking to one or more sine waves, for example from f ₉ to f _0. Use The universal primitive table 677 is then _{blended with the gain x} programmable according to the digital gain amplifier 678 and summed in the mixer 630 to produce g (t). _{The conversion from the clock Φ sym} to the time-based sine wave table 679 depends on the "ξ resolution selection" input 675 and the selection of available resolutions, as shown for each synthesized sine wave. Table 676 shows, but is not limited to, the available table resolutions from a minimum of 12 points to 16-bit resolutions with 65,536 data points. The number of data points in the sinusoidal look-up table 677 determines the maximum resolution available.

Waveform synthesis using a universal primitive table uses the same table to generate a sine wave with accuracy equal to or less than the accuracy of the table. For example, if the resolution of table 677 is 96 points, or 3.75 ° increment, you can use the same table to generate 48, 24, or 12 point sine waves. The higher the resolution, the lower the composite frequency.

Sine waves of various frequencies are synthesized by searching the data for all angles or by systematically skipping the angles. For example, in the following table, _{using a symbol clock with frequency Φ sym} = 224,256 Hz at rows 00, 04, 08, 0C, 10 ... results in a sine wave of 5,672 Hz, which covers all rows of the table. When selected, it becomes a 1,168 Hz sine wave.

Key selection and custom waveform composition

As mentioned earlier, periodic waveform generation involves a cascading counter that is a fixed frequency multiple, so the waveform synthesizer is essentially "tuned" to a particular key. The user interface (UI) and the resulting operation (UX or user experience) are shown in Figure 55A, when the user selects the "CHOOSEAKEY" menu 701, various "music" scales, "physiological" (reported). (Medical frequency) scales, "custom" scales including manual input, and "other" key selections are easier. scale. It also contains provisions for returning to the "default" scale settings. The menu "Enter A key" 702 is displayed to select the predefined scale note selection loaded on the LED pad, and when the setting "Music" is selected, "f _key in the range of 261.626Hz center C to center B" Input 641 key select "493.883Hz. If the intermediate A is selected, as stored in the table 703, the symbol clock counter 642 definitive then follow 703 forwards the value 'A' of 440Hz electrons and _{Φ sym / Φ ref = (32ξf} key) Generates / (5 MHz) Φ symbol rates are sine waves of various frequencies combined on this scale, eg f ₉ = Φ _sym / ξ ₉ . A table of model frequencies by octave is shown under various tunings, where C (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation) is shown via the music key F, as shown below. The scale used is called "equal temperament" tuning.

Below is a table of typical frequencies for each octave for the various tunings from F ^# / G ^{♭ to B.} The scale shown is called "equal temperament".

Another option in the UI menu 701 is the "Other" selection, which allows other scales to be used to modulate the LEDs. Shared in these scales, including Pythagoras, just major, average tones, and Werckmeister, as shown in the table below, with a frequency for center C at 261.626 Hz, but with different relative frequency relationships in spanning 12 half-steps. Between octaves. For example, on an even tempered scale, A's tone ₄ center C and above is set to 440Hz, but it changes from 436.05 Hz to 441.49Hz on other scales.

In custom mode, the user interface (UI) and the resulting operations (UX user experience) are shown in Figure 1. In FIG. 55B, the user selects the "Select Key" menu 701 and selects "Other" to open the "Select Scale" menu 700. The user then selects an alternative tuning from the menu-Pythagoras, Just Major, Meantone Temperament, Werckmeister opens a submenu 702 titled "ENTERAKEY". When a key (note) is selected, the frequency is selected from the tuning table down and the "select _key loaded on fkey and then transferred to, for example, an LED pad and finally loaded on the symbol clock counter 642" key. register 641, the key "a" is selected from WerckmeisterSCA, then the value of "a" in 437.05Hz, depending on Ruherutsu is loaded, the Φ _sym / Φ _ref = symbol clock counter 642 (32ξf _key) / (5MHz). Therefore, the symbol rate Φ _{sym =} (32ξ f _key ) generated by the symbol counter is synthesized from sine waves of various frequencies based on this scale), for example f ₉ = Φ _sym / ξ ₉ . Since the key frequency f _key is used to _{generate the Φ sym} , the entire 9 octave scale is adjusted accordingly. For example, 437.05 Hz set to _{f key} = f _{4 , then f 5} = 2 f ₄ = 874.1 Hz, f ₆ = 4 f ₄ = 1,748.2 Hz.

All scales vary over an octave, but they All match each other in the frequency C for example shown for purposes of comparison, at the fifth position 5 octaves C ₅ frequency is f, SIZE below the table _{F 5} = 525.25 Hz = 2 f ₄ shown in the match. The notation used in Pythagoras, JustMajor, and Meantone temperament is slightly different from the Werckmeister scale and Meantone temperament in the use of sharp # and flat. It's different ♭. Although the exact differences in tuning the effectiveness of PBT have not been fully characterized, scientific studies have confirmed that the therapeutic effect of PBT treatment is clearly frequency dependent. In the case of Physio, the UI menu 701, item "Physiology" is selected and the frequency scale is used for the values of _{fkey reported in these medical studies to be therapeutically beneficial.} Otherwise, use the custom button shown in FIG. 56 instead. When menu 701 is selected, a UX response appears with a custom "Enter Key" menu 7704. Enter the, 444 Hz to indicate the numeric keypad for example, and press the DONE button to load the f _key key 641 in the selection register custom key value 444 Hertz, this value then the symbol clock generator used It will be transferred to 642. Calculate the symbol clock rate using the symbol clock counter 642 according to the relationship Φ Φ _sym / Φ _ref = (32ξf _key ) / (5MHz), output Φ _sym = (32ξf _key ).

The disclosed PBT system also chords of three frequencies in the same octave, i.e., comprises a triad, optionally, generating an excitation pattern having a ^seventh or one octave higher additional frequency than chord root note be able to. A block diagram of the algorithm code builder is shown in FIG. 57A. In accordance, the tuner 590 _set, select the _{f key} key 642, frequency and symbol clock generation Φ _sym = (32ξf _key) in order code builder, will be supplied to the chord configuration algorithm 680 using well-known mathematical relationships) 681 Before and after the selection of "Octave, chord blend selection" Generates frequency components of various common chord types according to the input. Code builder menu 688 Triad chords are constructed with root notes including octave selection. And the type of code to implement: major, minor, diminished, augment, or custom. Quad chords 7 includes ^th, 7 ^th minor, and additional notes 1 octave on major ^seventh or any triad route described above. The relative amplitude or "blend" of the component frequencies is also specified in Table 688, which includes the root note of the chord, its third, fifth, and optionally the volume of the ^{seventh or note one octave above the root.} increase.

Use of chord composition algorithm 680 in operation _{Scaled fraction for symbol clock Φ sym} Table 682B, 684, 683 and 682A that synthesizes four sine waves, f _{♪ on the basic route of frequencies that drive up to four looks f} is the third f _{♪ 3} in the frequency, the frequency f _{♪ 5,} and the frequency f 7 ^th or 1 octave sounds of _{♪ t} route than one octave higher sound (depending on the selection). _{The three or four frequencies are then blended with the gains A ♪ f} , A _{♪ 3} , A _{♪ 5} and A _{♪ t} according to the digital gain amplifiers 685a, 686, 687, and 685b, respectively, at the addition node 630. Mixed to produce g (t) (♪ represents a quarter note).

Exact the frequency chords value of the value of the dependent selection Octave 681 selects the key 642 f _key, binary cascade counter tuning and key are of note. These synthesizer settings determine the frequency or root note, also known as the basis of the chord. The remaining notes of the chord are calculated as a ratio to the fundamental frequency of the chord according to the following table (https://pages.mutu.edu/ ~suits/chords.html) which describes the frequency ratio of a typical music chord. increase.

Code builders can be library elements used in predefined treatments and sessions, but code can also be created using UI menus as shown in the example in Figure 57B. Code "Please select the code" menu 705 measures that can be selected from the code, minor, decrease, increase, decrease, custom, including the ^seventh, minor ^seventh and major ^seventh chord. When you select a custom code, open the BUILDACHORD menu 706, the user code of the octave, chord root note, ^{the third} note, in other words the next higher note, you can select a ^fifth of the notes. That is, whether it is the third highest note and optionally includes a note one octave above the root. When the root note is selected, even if the notebook is extended to the next higher octave, ^{third, fifth,} and +1 octave of notes it will be monotonically arranged in ascending order of frequency. The second and third inversions of the chord must be entered as a custom chord, using the lowest pitched note as the root of the chord. Note volume is evenly weighted unless adjusted using the up and down arrows. Once the parameters are entered, after a timeout period, or when notified by other means such as a double screen tap, the parameters are formatted in the data table 688 and finally the code in the intelligent LED pad where the sine wave is present. Transferred to construct algorithm block 680. Look-up table 677, digital gain stage 678, and mixer 630 create g (t). If another menu item is selected from the "Choose Chord" menu 705, another submenu (not shown) opens, allowing the user to select the octave and relative amplitude mix of the constituent frequencies. However, the submenu does not allow the user to change notes because the relative frequencies present in chords such as minor, major, and diminished are precisely defined.

Returning to the synthesizer block diagram of FIG. 44, regardless of the synthesized waveform or how it was created, the PWM generator 555 processes the waveform g (t) to perform a value for the PWM duty. It is necessary to create f (t) 553 by limiting the range to 0.000 to 1.000. Coefficient conversion Ψ _P [f (t)] Since the maximum duty ratio of the PWM modulation pulse is 100%. Required to create a file 488 out-of-file synth, then one per full clock cycle, no PWM representation of more than 1.000 data. _{Such a PWM conversion is Ψ P} [f (t)] ≦ 100% so as to be limited to 0% ≦, and therefore 0.000 ≦ f (t) ≦ 1.000. Autorange operation 584 The unit function of performing F (t) with the range data while averaging function g (t)-between 0.000 and 1.000.

An example of this function is shown in FIG. 58A, the sum of the sine waves 662, 663, and the resulting sine wave of code 669664, each of which extends, but the entire range goes from 0.000 to 1.000 and the sine in code 669. The sum of the waves does not cover the entire range of unit functions. Thus, 0.5 of the mathematical mean concrete code is 0.5 ± 0.5 in the complete range, where the remaining constants do not extend the periodic time-varying function. As shown in Figure 58B, code 669 only extends to 0.13-0.87, resetting 74.4% of the full range. The averaging function is to increase the amplitude of the time-varying component amplified by the _{scalar A α.} By setting, A _{α = 1.344 curve 669 has a full range, correction term 0.5 (1-A α} ), as indicated by code 689 to prevent deviation of the mean value of the ascending function. Included to keep 0.5 centered to prevent functions Clipping. The result is a full-scale periodic function with a unit function f (t) with an average value of 0.5 and the same dynamic time-varying frequency component as the synthesized waveform g (t).

Figure 59 shows a process PWM generator function 555 to convert the units function f (t) 553, a PWM waveform _G synth (t) 490 to describe synth output file 488. As shown, the function table 554 contains a description of the _{time tΦ pair value.} F (t) at each time increment. For example, when t _Φ = 5 μs, the function f (t) = 0.5, and when t _Φ = 10 μs, the value remains until the function value changes to f (t) = 0.8. Output [psi _P conversion [f (t)] is the PWM table 489 at time t, the time-dependent table changes state a _t on = _5.00μs, going high, LED turns on, the time t _The LED turns off and turns on again until Φ = 5.10 μs microsecond time t _{Φ = 5.20.} The duration of 0.10 μs and T = 1 / Φ _x period is 5.00 to 5.10, so it is 5.00 to 5.20 or 0.20 until the LED is turned on again. Duty ratio of the pulse D = (Δt _Φ / T) = (10 μs / 20 μs) = 0.50 or 50% with a duration of microseconds, then the duty factor is equal to the function f (t) = 0.5 This interval During and until time t _Φ = 10 μs duty ratio switched to 0.8 or 80%. The resulting synth out file 488 is graphically represented by PWM pulse string 675.

_{Example Ψ P} [f (t)] of PWM output 490 with conversion is shown for various non-sinusoidal functions in FIG. 60 f (t) containing PWM bit stream 670 for constant function 560. _{) = 1.000, the same PWM conversion Ψ P} [f (t)] as the PWM bit stream 671 for the serrated function 561 and the PWM bit stream 672 for the trigonometric function 562 is a simple tone like a triangle. Can be used to encode audio samples of any audio sample, such as strings like guitars and violins, complex tones such as symbol crashes, music, etc.

PWM player operation

To review the block diagram of FIG. 43, the input PWM player 484PWM players waveform synthesizer 483 of the output _{G synth (t) = Ψ P} [f (t)] , the waveform G and _{G synth} (t) are combined then _pulse (t) Agricultural products have two functions of 492 pulse train 493 PWM player.
-Audio spectrum PWM pulse train G _pulse (t) is generated dynamically and the control duty ratio D _PWM .
- Dynamic performing the "gating", _{i.e., G pulse} (t) block or pass it the contents of based on the state of _{G synth} (t).

The truth table for the above function can be written as logical pseudocode as follows:

Since then, the G _pulse (t) alternates between high and low logic states of the pulses provided by the PWM sequence. Specifically, the function G _pulse (t) = 1, that is, whenever the PWM pulse 492 is in its high or logical "1" state, _{the digital state of the G synthesize} (t) is at the output of the PWM player 484. It is reproduced accurately. For example, when G _pulse (t) = 1, the output of the PWM player 484 is high _{when G synthesis (t) = 1, and when G synthesis} (t) = 0, the output of the PWM player 484 is low. However, whenever the function G _pulse (t) = 0, that is, the PWM pulse 492 is in the low state or the logical "0" state, _{the digital state of the G synthesize} (t) is forced to zero, and the next state is It will be ignored. Input G _synth (t). Logically, this function is the same as an "AND" gate. Mathematically, the output of the PWM player 492 is equivalent to the digital multiplication given by the _{product G synthesize} (t) and G _{pulse (t).} The actual implementation of the PWM player 492 can be achieved with hardware, software / firmware, or some combination thereof.

As schematically shown in FIG. 61A, the PWM player 484 includes a PWM clock counter 710, a pulse width modulator 711, digital inverters 712a and 712b, and a AND gate 713. Inputs to the PWM player 491 include a clock reference Φ _ref , a synth out 488, and a PWM player parametric 491. In operation, when the reference clock Φ _ref = 5 MHz, the period T _ref = 0.20 μs and the time reference are provided as an input, and the PWM counter 710 is set to the PWM clock Φ _{PWM =} 20 kHz. W period Ti th T _PWM = 5 μs, reference clock Φ _ref period longer than 250 times, width modulation pulse 711, 492 pulses change duration to generate PWM sequence to _on = D _PWM T _PWM , Player parametric input 491 defined in PWM made according to Table 714. For example, from 0 to 180 seconds in Table 714, G _pulse (t) is pulsed at a frequency of 2,836 Hz with a duty factor of 60%, after which the pulse frequency changes to 584 Hz. At time t = 360 seconds, the pulse frequency returns to 2,836 Hz. In terms of the pulse train 492, 0 period _T PWM = _0.43ms ON time in interval from 180 seconds, a part of the period in which the pulse is in a high state, given by _{T, t on = D PWM T} PWM = ( 60%) (0.43 ms) = 0.26 ms.

The off part of the pulse is _{given by to off =} T _PWM -t _on = (0.43ms)-(0.26ms) = 17ms. When the pulse frequency changes to 584Hz, the period increases to 1.712ms and the on-time becomes 1.027ms. Therefore, the pulse string 492 is dynamically generated by the pulse width modulator 711 according to the dynamic conditions specified in Table 491. In the output of the PWM player 484 shown as the gate PWM pulse string 493, the waveform 494 output from the waveform synthesizer is embedded.

Pulse operation width modular 711 essentially sequential comprises two, in order to off-time count, the counter for counting the other on the time interval either between where G _{pulse (t) = 1} and t _on and G _pulse (t) = 0 o'clock to _off interval. In the logical pseudo code, the operation of the pulse width modulator 711 can be described by defining the following subroutine.

The above subroutine entitled "Pulse Width Modulator", to perform the same function as block 711, i.e., during the duration t _on and a, the loop interval Δt comprising alternating digital pulse logic 1 state It is a software pseudo code description to be executed. The logic 0 state is repeated for a duration (T _PWM -t _on ) until the clock count T _{ref =} 1 / Φ _{ref exceeds Δt.} Variable _{[Δt, T PWM, t on} ] , the table lookup is as shown in the following exemplary executable pseudo-code is specified by the following values are defined in the table 714 or _PWM player parametric 49 The sequence is loaded into the subroutine. (Row, column) pair, that is, quick look (row, column). Where the row is a predefined variable.

As described, the viable pseudocode above repeatedly reads Table 714 and uses its duration Δt, PWM pulse period T _PWM , and PWM _{pulse on} time ton arguments to call the subroutine call pulse width modulator. Loads the data into and increments the rows. The number after each loop is completed. For example, if you start row = 0, Δt is calculated by the time difference between the entries in the second row and the first row in the first column of the table. That is, Hayami (2,1) = 180 seconds, Hayami (1,1) = 0, and therefore Δt = 180 seconds in the first loop of the code. Similarly, in the first row and ^fourth column, the data of the PWM period is _{T PWM =} Hayami (1,4) = 0.43ms, in the first row and ^fifth column, PWM of one data Is t. to _{on =} Hayami (1,5) = 0.26ms. At the end of the round, the row number is incremented from 1 to 2, so new data is read from the second row. Here, Δt = [Hayami (3,1) -Hayami (2,1)] = [360 seconds-180 seconds] = 180 seconds, T _{PWM =} Hayami (2,4) = 1.712ms, and ton ₌ Hayami. (2,5) = 1.027 ms.

Until a null entry, this process continues T _PWM and encounters T _{PWM =} Hayami (line, 4) = 0, ending program execution. Thus, as shown, the functions of the PWM player 484 and pulse width modulator 711 can be performed using software or hardware, or some combination thereof.

For example, the function of PWM player 484, set / reset flip-flop, or S / R latch 720 includes is schematically represented in FIG. _{61B, t on} and _{t off} counters 721 and 722, starting resistance 733, as well as, the AND gate 723 and 724 and 725 there _{inverter, t on} and _{t off} registers 726 and 727 and in operation, the starting resistor 733 pulls the S input of the S / R latch 720 to set the Q output to a logic high or "1" state .. The rising edge of the logic transition from the 0 to 1, to trigger the load function of _{t on} the counter 721 _to copy the data from the _{t on} the register 726 into the counter. The logical high state of the Q output is also an input to the AND gate 723, and vice versa, the output of the inverter 725 presents a logical "0" input to the AND gate 724.

As such, _{the clock pulse from the clock Φ PWM} is routed through the AND gate 723 to the ton counter 721, but blocked from reaching the ton counter 722 by the AND gate 724. Therefore, the ton counter 721 counts down for a duration ton. During the countdown, the output of the ton counter 721 remains in the logical "0" state and does not affect the S / R latch 720. At the same _time, the lack of a clock input operation of the _{t off} counter 722 is interrupted. With reference to the relevant timing diagram, during this interval from Tx to (Tx + ton), the PWM clock Φ _PWM 728 continues counting and the reset signal 729 containing the R input to the S / R latch 720 remains low. Yes, the set signal 730 including the S input has the S / R latch 720 remaining low (starting pulse not shown) and the output G _pulse (t) 731 remaining high.

When t _on counter 721 completes the count down interval _{t on,} as indicated by the reset pulse 734, the output of the counter becomes momentarily high. At the same time, the falling edge of the Q output generates a rising edge on the output of the inverter _725, triggers the loading of the _{t off} register 727 Tough counter 722 of the data. The logic high input to the AND gate 724 allows the Φ _PWM clock to be routed to the tough counter 722. With reference to the relevant timing diagram, _{during this interval from (T x} + to _on ) to _{(T x + T PWM} ), the PWM clock ΦPWM728 continues counting and the reset signal 729 containing the R input to the S / R latch 720 is low. The set signal 730, including the S input to the S / R latch 720, remains low and the output G _pulse (t) 731 remains low at the start of the interval (excluding the reset pulse). .. When the counter _{counts down to zero after the tooff} interval, its output produces a short set pulse 732 that switches the Q output of the S / R latch 720 to the logical "1" state and loads the current value from the ton register. put mass 726 _{t on} counter 721, restart the entire process. As _{shown, G pulse} output 731, switches to a logic Low state time duration from a logic High state duration _{t on = D PWM T PWM t} off = (1-D PWM) T PWM. Each time the set pulse 732 is triggered, the current value of the ton register 726 is loaded into the ton counter 721. Similarly, each time the reset pulse 734 is triggered, the current value of the tough register 727 is loaded into the _{toff counter 722.} In this way, the PWM player parametric file 491 dynamically changes the frequency and duty factor of the PWM player to have the same waveform as the software equivalent implementation. The resistor 733 used to pull the S input high to the S / R latch 720 at startup has a high resistance, and when the startup is complete and the power to the circuit stabilizes, the logic low from the tough counter 722 Note that the state output cannot be overcome.

In conclusion, the PWM player _{defines a PWM sequence of pulses in which the frequency f PWM} and the corresponding duty factor D _PWM change over time according to a particular playback file, thereby changing the duration of tons and tons. Note that the pulse frequency of the pulse width modulator f _PWM = 1 / T _{PWM is} lower than the _{PWM clock Φ PWM =} 20 kHz used to drive the modulator. In addition, the PWM frequency f _{PWM is} well below the _{oversampled clock Φ sym} used in the PWM generator Ψ _P [f (t)] of the waveform synthesizer block. That is, 1 / Φ _sym >> 1 / Φ _PWM ≧ f _PWM .

LED driver operation

The third stage of the LED player in the distributed PBT system is the LED driver circuit. As shown with reference to FIG. 43, the LED driver 485 _sends its inputs G synthesis (t) and G _pulse (t) together with an optional time-dependent reference current 496 to one or more analog control signals, i.e. LED drive stream 497. Function when converting to. The collective signal is equal to αI _ref (t), G _synth (t), G _pulse (t), after which we show by the model waveform 498 to control the current of a large number of LED strings. To be.

More details of the LED driver operation are shown in the block diagram of the LED driver 485 of FIG. It should be noted that there are only two outputs for driving the two PWM pulse train inputs IN ₁ 493 and IN ₂ 750 and the LED strings 743A and 743b shown in the figure, which will be understood by those skilled in the art of PBT. N synthetic waveform ambers, eg 1-16, may be required and the number of LED strings can vary from n = 1-36 strings (or even more for larger devices), but smaller LED pads In the case of, the number of strings can be in the range 8-24. Also, the number of series can be changed from string to string that _{total series connection does not require higher voltage than + V LED} if there is LED "m", the connection is understood to work properly Let me do it.

_{The driver 485 requires, for example, IN 1} inverters 744a and 744b, including IN ₂ inverters 745a and 745b, and a PWM clock counter 710, as shown by the LED containing two buffers for each input, LED pad controller 747, _{I LED1} , I _LED4 , which require multiple channels of output, ... Each channel contains a controlled current source or sink and optionally contains an I _ref data register associated with the D / A converter. .. For example, as shown, the I _LED1 output includes a control current sink 740 that drives the LED string 743a, a D / A converter 741 that produces a _{reference current I ref1 , and an associated I ref1} data register 742a. _{Similarly, I LED 4} outputs include controlled current sink 740d driving LED strings 743D, the reference current _{I ref4} resulting D / A converter 741d, and the associated _{I ref4} data register 742d. Optional crosspoint matrix 746 is used to dynamically assign the map, the input IN ₁ and _I N _2, etc. to output _{I, I LED1, I LED2,} I LED3, I LED4, I LED5. .. .. As needed. Apart from the PWM waveform input, the G _synthesize (t) / G _pulse (t) LED driver 485 also requires the LED driver parametric file 749 and the reference clock Φ _ref.

During operation, the input waveform is mapped to an output channel that dynamically controls the current of the assigned LED string. For example, waveform 493 is _{input IN 1} and then mapped to _{digital En 1} input to the current sink 740a and other channels (not shown) via the crosspoint switch 746. As detailed in the accompanying legend, the black circles on the crosspoint switch indicate closed switches, or connections, and the white circles indicate no connections, or open circuits. Similarly, the waveform 750 is _{input IN 2} and then mapped to a digital En ₂ input to the current sink 740d and other channels (not shown) via the crosspoint switch 746. At the same time, it is supplied to the analog signal I _ref1 and the current sink 740a, and is supplied to the analog signal I _ref4 and the current sink 740D in _{synchronization with the PWM clock Φ PWM.} 741a and 741d of the D / A converter by corresponding _{I ref1} and _I ref4 742a and register 742d loaded into the digital value set by _{I ref1} and _{I ref4} of current. The resulting waveform 748a and 748d control the current _{I LED1} = .alpha. I _ref1 and _{I LED4} = _{αI ref4.} Design, Implementation, and Operating Current Samples 20A to 23C as described in the current sink (or current source). The LED driver function can also be specified and executed using software in two steps, the input first mapping to the output, for example.

It is possible to change this mapping dynamically, but the mapping is performed only once per treatment and is likely to remain unchanged throughout the treatment. Often only a single input is used. The current executable code for each current channel can be fixed to a constant value.

During manufacturing calibration, the error term or curve I _Calib is stored in the non-volatile memory of each channel. For example, I _calib1 = 1.04mA, I _calib4 = -0.10mA, I _calib4 = 0.90mA. The value of the mirror ratio α is also stored in the LED pad. For example, when α = 1 / β = 1,000,1000, the corresponding microampere reference current is required for the output current of mA. Before starting playback, Pad μC calculates and saves _{the I ref value for each channel.}

The I _{ref value is stored in an equivalent digital format in the I ref} registers 742a, 742d, 742e, etc. in the volatile memory before the program is executed. If the value of the target LED current changes, the register value can be overwritten before the program is executed, or it can be dynamically overwritten "on the fly" as the treatment progresses. For example, using executable pseudo-code, a dynamic LED drive may include:

During execution, the Iref value for each channel _{is set by [I LED} + I _calib ] α where I _LED1 = quick look "drive" (row, 2), I _LED4 = quick look "drive" (line, 5). And so on, _{the LED current drive data of cell I LED2 in} column 2 is included, and column 5 contains I _LED4 data and so on. Column 2 cells may contain data on the LED drive current of I and _LED2 , column 5 may contain I-containing _LED4 column values, such as data used to define various intervals for treatment, eg 540 seconds. 20mA up to, then transport 23mA.

If all channels have the same current, you can remove the channel-specific columns from the table and replace them with a single column, as shown below.

The program can also call a function instead of a table, for example, in the case of a therapeutic headache.

In the above example, a 20 mA sine wave is generated by a mathematical function of the reference current, the _LED (t) is used at a defined frequency, eg, 5.5 Hz Φ _ref (if necessary or its). Multiple) Clock. In each instance of the desired output current I _LED (t), the equal registers 742a, 742, 742e of _{the reference current I ref1} correspond to α by the mirror ratio corrected for each channel by the calibration table data before conversion. , each loop in the "set t = t + (1 / Φref ) " time t in accordance with the instructions, time sum (increments of the 1 / Φ _ref), thereby overwriting the previous value, stores back to the variable t To do. Therefore, the variable t functions as a clock that is incremented for each loop of the program. _{The end is} filled up to T of _{T LED} = 1 / f _LED end condition T ≧ that continues to generate a sine wave in a fixed cycle of repeating clock count.

LED player for distributed PBT system

In the LED reproduction operation of FIG. 43, the arrangement of the T-he waveform synthesizer 483, the PWM player 484, and the LED driver 485 generate the LED drive stream 497 during the reproduction operation, but the waveform synthesis is performed at the clock frequency Φ _sym . Here that it is on the significant audio frequency _{waveform Φ sym} >> 20 kHz, PWM clock Φ _PWM while used by the PWM player 484, LED clock Φ LED The _{485 used by the LED player is PWM} operating in the Φ audio spectrum. ≤20 kHz and Φ _LED ≤20 kHz. In summary, LED player operations include: • Time-dependent analog unit functions using a unit function generator mathematically or using an oversampled lookup table-based primitive processor. Generate f (t).
_-Convert unit function f (t) to PWM pulse stream using conversion G G synthesize (t) = Ψ _P [f (t)].
-Generates an audible spectrum PWM pulse string G _pulse (t).
_{-Gating of} G synthesize (t) and PWM pulse string G _pulse (t), that is, logical AND is executed _{to generate the multiplication unit function output G synthesize} (t) and G _pulse (t).
_{-I LED} = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t), which can be pulsed by the unit function output of the LED player driven with the time change of the analog current αI _{ref (t).}

Figures 63-65 show examples demonstrating the versatility of various disclosed LED players with waveforms.

FIG. 63A shows a constant, and f (t) = 1 function 761 waveform 762Ψ _P [f (t)] = 100% _{obtained in a constant time-invariant G synth.} Constant Ψ _P [f (t)] is then _774AG synth including the D = 50% is multiplied by the PWM pulse train 773a of the pulse train generator _{(t) · G pulse} a (t). Multiplying a certain reference, 781a produces a current of 20 mA, so he has a waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t), and a peak square wave of 20 mA obtained. Equipped with a duty factor of 802a50% and an average current of 10mA.

_{FIG. 63B shows a waveform 762Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 that produces a constant time-invariant G _synth. Constant Ψ _P [f (t)] is then _774bG synth _(t) having a value that is multiplied by the PWM pulse train 773b of D = 20% manufactured pulse train _{· G pulse} a (t). To generate lens 781b50mA by multiplying by a constant, T he obtained the waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t), 20mA peak square wave 802b with a duty factor of 20%. Average current of 10mA including.

_{FIG. 63C shows a waveform 762Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 that produces a constant time-invariant G _synth. Constant Ψ _P [f (t)] is then D = 95%, and the pulse train generating comprises multiplied by PWM pulse train _{773c 774cG synth (t) · G} pulse a (t). A peak square wave of 10.6 mA containing _{the waveform I LED} = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) obtained by ENCE 781c, which is multiplied by a constant but produces a reference of 10.6 mA. 802c and 95% duty factor and average current of 10mA.

FIG. 63D shows a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 _synth waveform Ψ _P [f (t)] = 100% constant Ψ _P [f (t)] and D = 50%. _774AG synth having a value that is multiplied by the PWM pulse train 773a of producing a pulse train _{(t) · G pulse (t} ). Multiply 2 Generated standard 781d Step 25mA boosted by 25%, he obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t), including peak square of 20mA Duty factor The waveform 802c with a 50% average current of 10mA steps up to a 25mA peak square wave with a duty factor of 50% and an average current of 112.5mA.

_{FIG. 63E shows a waveform 762 Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% constant Ψ _P [f (t)] showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 that produces a constant time-invariant G _synth, and then is multiplied by a constant. When D = 100%, the value 771 is and the manufacturing constant value is 772. G _synthesize (t) and G _pulse (t) = 100%. He obtained a 20mA square wave to generate the multiplied pulse reference _{782. Waveform I LED} = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) is a 20mA peak square wave 802A with a duty factor of 50%. The average current is 10mA.

FIG. 63F _{shows a waveform 762 Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% constant Ψ _P [f (t)] showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 producing a constant _{time invariant G synth and D = 100%.} Is multiplied by the constant value generation and the constant value 771 and 772 G _synthesize (t) · G _pulse (t) = 100%. Multiply the sine wave reference 783 to generate a 20mA sine wave. The obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) include a 10 mA average current of 20 mA sine wave 803a.

_{FIG. 63G shows a waveform 762 Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% constant Ψ _P [f (t)] showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 producing a constant time invariant G _{synth and D = 100%.} Is 772 multiplied by the constant value generation and the constant value 771. G _synthesize (t) · G _pulse (t) = 100%. Multiply the analog-digital sample 784a to produce a plucked string instrument with a peak value of 20mA. The obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) have an average current of 10 mA including a sample 804 of 20 mA.

_{FIG. 63H shows a waveform 762Ψ P} [f (t)] = 100% showing a constant f (t) = 1 function 761 that produces a constant time-invariant G _synth. Constant Ψ _P [f (t)] and D = 100% multiplied by constant value generation and constant value 771 772 G _synthesize (t) · G _pulse (t) = 100%. Multiply the analog-digital sample 784b that produces the cymbal crash to get a peak value of 20mA, where t has the waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) obtained by him average 20mA. Sample 804b with a current of 10 mA.

Figure 64A is _{G synth = Ψ P [f (} t)] a defined period of time _{T synth} as continuously changing PWM pulse train waveform 764 resulting in a sinusoidal function shown 763f (t) = sin (ft ). PWM sequence Ψ _P [f (t)] and is then 775 to sine wave containing _{G synth (t) · G pulse} (t) PWM expression containing multiplied by D = 100% digital pulse train generating the constant value 771. 20mA multiplied by a certain reference 781a, the obtained waveform-generating _ILED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) A sine wave 803 including a peak of 20mA, 50% average 10mA.

FIG. 64B shows a sine function showing a PWM pulse train in which 763 f (t) = sin (ft) is _{continuously changed using the defined period T synth obtained in G synth} = Ψ _P [f (t)]. As waveform 764. PWM sequence Ψ _P [f (t)] and 775 of the sine wave containing the and D = 100% manufacturing digital pulse train with a constant value 771 with the multiplied _{G synth (t) · G pulse} (t) PWM representation. The multiplication is a standard 781d stage that boosts 25% of 25mA to generate 20mA. The obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) has a peak sine wave 803b of 20 mA. 50% average current of 10 mA is 50% average current of 112.5 mA. Step up to a 25mA peak sine wave.

PWM pulse train waveform 764 that changes continuously with _{the period T synth defined in transformation G synth} = Ψ _P [f (t)] by the sine wave code 763 shown in FIG. 64C. The PWM column Ψ _P [f (t)] then generates the code sine wave s20mA of the PWM expression 776 of _{G synthesize} (t) and G _pulse (t) multiplied by D = 100% digital pulse sequence generation and the constant value 771. Therefore, a constant reference 781a, the obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) are multiplied by a 20 mA string of a sine wave 803C with an average current of 50% and 10 mA.

FIG. 64D shows a PWM pulse train waveform 767 that changes cyclically with _{a defined period T synth} [showing a sawtooth wave 763 transformed by _{G synth} = Ψ _{P [f (t)].} The PWM column Ψ _P [f (t)] then produces 20 mA containing the PWM representation 777 of the sawtooth wave of _{G synthesize} (t) and G _pulse (t) multiplied by the D = 100% manufactured digital pulse sequence and the constant value 771. Therefore, a certain reference 781a was multiplied, and the obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) were 20 mA sawtooth waves with an average current of 50% of 10 mA. Includes 804.

Figure 64E _{is, G synth = Ψ P [f} (t)] T indicating audio samples transformed guitar strings 768a by _synth. PWM pulse Ψ _P [f (t)] definition period character string waveform 769a PWM string D = 100% manufactured Digital pulse string multiplied by a constant value 771 G _synth (t) · G _pulse (t) ) Includes PWM representation of sawtooth waves 779a. A constant reference 781a was multiplied to generate 20mA, but the resulting waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) was 50% of the audio sample 805A10mA containing 20mA. Average current.

FIG. 64F shows a periodically changing PWM pulse train waveform 769a with a defined duration showing an audio sample of the transformed guitar string 768a by _{G synth} = Ψ _{P [f (t)].} The PWM column Ψ _P [f (t)] then includes the PWM representation 779a of the strings of _{the G synthesize} (t) and G _pulse (t) guitars multiplied by the D = 100% manufactured digital pulse sequence and the constant value 771. A constant reference 781a was multiplied to generate 20mA, but the resulting waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) had an average current of 50% of 10mA. Includes 20mA audio sample 805A.

FIG. 64F shows a periodically changing PWM pulse train waveform 769b with a defined duration showing an audio sample of transformed cymbal crash 768b by _{G synth} = Ψ _{P [f (t)].} PWM sequence Ψ _P [f (t)] is then contains the D = 100% manufacturing digital pulse train with a constant value 771 with the multiplied _{G synth (t) · G pulse} (t) PWM representation 779b cymbal crash. A constant reference 781a was multiplied to generate 20mA, but the resulting waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), G _pulse (t) had an average current of 50% of 10mA. Includes 20mA audio sample 805B.

FIG. 65 shows a PWM pulse train waveform 764 that changes continuously with a defined period T showing a sine function 763f (t) = sin (ft) as a result _{of G synthesis} = Ψ _{P [f (t)].} The PWM sequence Ψ _P [f (t)] then multiplies the PWM pulse 77 to give a chopped PWM representation 778 that includes _{one manufactured digital pulse sequence G sync} (t) · G _{pulse (t) for a fixed period of D = 67%.} Of a sine wave gated by a lower frequency PWM pulse. The multiplication ant reference 781a includes the obtained waveform I _LED = αI _ref (t), G _synthesize (t), and G _pulse (t) that generate 30 mA, but the sine wave 30 mA string has an average current of 10 mA with 803e. ..

To perform the PBT process, the first LED player will run the specific LED playback file followed by the LED pad which will be downloaded from the PBT controller. Once the LED player is downloaded, the LED player does not need to be reloaded each time a new treatment is selected. As long as the player stays in the volatile memory of the LED pad, it can repeatedly load new playback files to perform new processing or sessions. However, if you turn off the PBT system or disconnect the LED pad from the PBT controller, the LED player software will be erased from the LED pad's volatile memory, so before you run the LED playback file to process or session. Must be reinstalled on the pad. start. But the program can avoid the problem by storing the LED player files in non-volatile memory, write as desired for wipe, security purposes, and program in volatile memory such as SRAM or DRAM. Not with non-volatile EEPROM or flash. In this way, attempting to reverse engineer the contents of a program will power down and quickly lose executable code, losing the hacker's efforts to extract the program.

As shown in FIG. 66, the LED reproduction file 830 containing the payload data 831 is a PWM waveform synthesizer in which the payload is then uncompressed to extract 487 into the waveform primitive and transferred to the volatile memory 832. The parametric 486 is a player parametric 491 loaded on the waveform synthesizer 833, a PWM player 834, and a driver parametric 749 loaded on the LED driver 835. Information required for execution, including waveform sizer parametric 486, including waveform primitive content 487, waveform synthesis parametric 486, PWM player parametric 491, and LED driver parametric 749, for which an example of the content of payload data 831 is shown in FIG. A specific treatment or session, an instruction file. Common instruction files for waveform synthesis include:
-The waveform composition method used in the file, that is, either function composition or primitive composition.
-To synthesize the settings of the _fkey register, which is the (key) of the tuning program. PBT Synthesis of ^4-th binary multiples predefined octave notes including available keys, harmonic multiples ^ninth because spanning audio spectrum ^-1st octave generated. Scales include defaults, music, physiology, and more. By default, the scale is evenly tuned. Werckmeister, Pythagoras, Just Major and Root Mem Square tone scales, including anomalous tunings like the "other" submenu. The physiological scale "Physio" is based on an empirically derived scale derived from observation. "Custom" UI / UX manually to allow user to set of values f _key, the 4 to the ^first octave frequency (input in hertz rather than by Note) and F, _key register for passing the frequency.
An array to be synthesized, including the "step" period of each waveform in the synthesis of the waveform. The exit of the program contains an exit code that indicates that the process or session is complete.
-When using function composition, the formula of each function and its frequency f. Periodic waveforms available using function synthesis include constant, sawtooth, triangle, and single-frequency sine waves.
-When primitive synthesis is used, each primitive subroutine call _X including frequency f and resolution ξ _x primitive playback subroutine. Available primitive-based waveform subroutine calls include constants, sawtooth waves, triangles, sine waves, or audio samples. Primitive-based compositing of sinusoidal code is also available using the Code Builder subroutine.
• Code Builder subroutines include how to write code and specify existing octaves and notes. Code builder algorithms include "octave" synthesis and "3/4" code synthesis.
· In octave synthesis, any code can be described by numbers of the components octave "number of octaves" (f _key register set is manufactured according to f _x to 9 describe the more number -1 frequencies f) each octave _{Ξ x} and blend A _x with the corresponding primitive resolution of. Three / four code builder, enhancing containing three or sinusoidal notes available code triad which can be formulated using a set of adjustable amplitude by a gain A _x spanning a single octave of the fourth fixed resolution A note +1 octave above the root note of the optional chord, each of which contains a reduced major and minor. Alternatively, to add a fourth note, ^seventh chords, ^seventh and specifically, the ^seventh major, it is also possible to form a quarter note code with a minor ^seventh structure. A "custom" chord is the root note of a chord that allows the generation of any three chords, an option for the fourth note one octave mentioned above, but dissonantly spanning one octave.
Output Builder All codes do not shift the 0.5 average value of the unit function by the _{digital gain A α} and the periodic amplitude that can be scaled to increase the code.
An analog value that has the function of the unit represented by all outputs of waveform synthesis is converted into a PWM pulse train with a duty between 0% and 100% between 0.000 and 1.000. .. Synthetic waveforms outside this range will be truncated.

During operation, only the waveform primitive 486 required by the playback file specified by the waveform synthesizer parametric 487 is downloaded to the LED pad. The downloadable primitive library 487 includes, for example, a selection of sinusoidal primitives at various resolutions ξ, using resolutions of 24, 46, 96, 198, or 360 points or 16 bits. IN Model Library, I may include other resolutions, including T, without limitation, but 24 points of triangular and serrated waveforms. For other library components, for example ξ = 96, two sine waves where f and 2f are one octave apart, f and 4f are two octaves apart, or f and 16f are four octaves apart, or five octaves apart. Contains code that contains a sine wave. It is separated by f and 32f.

Other options include 3-octave chords such as [f, 2f, 4f] that span two octaves. [F, 2f, 8f] or [f, 4f, 8f] spans three octaves, for example [f, 2f, 16f], [f, 4f, 16f], or [f, 8f, 16f] spans four octaves. ]. Other triads include major, minor, diminished, and augmented chords. For example, [f, 1.25f, 1.5f], [f, 1.2f, 1.5f], [f, 1.2f, 1.444f]. Triads can be converted to quad chords by including notes one octave above the root.

The PWM player parametric file 491 contains constant mode or pulse mode settings. In pulse mode, the corresponding duty factor D _{PWM when the playback file contains an array of f PWM PWM frequencies, the PWM sequence definition to on} and to _off of the pulse of the resulting varying duration with respect to the playback time. The f _PWM pulse frequency modulation width pulse is used to drive a _{Φ PWM =} 20 kHz modulator whose frequency is lower than that of the PWM clock. In conclusion, in PWM player operation, in most cases it can appear that _{the PWM frequency f PWM} , the frequency f not fixed by the playback program and indefinite _{, is as high as the clock Φ PWM specified in the PWM parametric file 491.} It is to a lower degree its f _PWM ≤ Φ _{PWM and} also the frequency f _PWM , the PWM generator used by keeping it within the supersonic range under the distant oversampling clock Φ _{sym in the audio spectrum Ψ P} [f (t) ] Mathematically f _PWM ≤ Φ _PWM << 1 / Φ _sym .

In the LED driver parametric 749, a digital PWM input IN _x units feature is mapped to the current sink enable En _y. For example, input IN ₁ maps to current sink enable En ₄ on channel 4, and input IN ₂ maps to current sink enable En ₁ and En ₅ (not shown) on channels 1 and 5. _{The Iref} value for each channel is set by the output of each corresponding D / A converter. This includes constants, periodic functions, or audio samples. Alternatively, a single D / A converter can be used to provide the same function or constant value for the reference currents of all output channels.

Start of P layback in distributed PBT system

After downloading the LED player and LED playback file to the LED pad, playback is enabled by start signal 840 and PBT system timing control, which can be implemented in software or performed using the exemplary circuit of FIG. Includes start / stop latches 842 including set / reset or S / R flip-flops, but interrupts are 843 latches, PBT system clock counter 640, start-up one-shot 848, logical AND gates 845 and 846, and logical OR gates 846. And 847. Two input AND gates 845 _{act as oscillator Φ osc} system clock enable to LED player, by start signal and control signals 840 and 841, and various interrupts, specifically blinking timer timeout 844, watch. Gated by a dog timer. Timeout 845, or overheat flag 846.

At startup, the one-shot 848 immediately generates a pulse that drives the output of the OR gate 846 high. In parallel, the one-shot S trigger set input S interrupt is 843 latches and the output Q to high. The user input "start" 840 produces a positive it goes through the set pulse and outputs Q of the latch 846 to the selected start / stop height. The AND gate 845 is enabled when the Q outputs of both the start / stop latch 846 and the interrupt latch 843 are set high. In this way, the _{PWM player with the oscillator Φ osc} was divided by the counter 640 like the distribution clock Φ _systems and the reference clock Φ _ref.

When “Pause” 841 is selected, the output of the start / stop latch 842 is reset to zero, and a pulse for pausing playback is generated. Playback remains latched off until Start 840 is selected to cancel the pause command. As such, the start / stop latch 842 starts and stops program execution. If an interrupt occurs for some reason, that is, if any of the inputs to the OR gate 647 go high, the output of the OR gate also goes high and the output Q of the interrupt latch 843 is reset to zero. Q When is low AND gate 846 Download 845's photo gallow attribute, clock Φ _osc is disconnected from the LED output and disconnects the treatment. This situation continues until the cause of the interrupt is corrected, the input to OR gate 647 is reset to low, and a system restore pulse is sent to the S input of interrupt latch 843. For example, if an overheat condition occurs, the temperature flag goes high, 846, and the LED pad operation is disabled until it returns to room temperature and the fault flag is reset.

A unique safety feature of the disclosed distributed PBT system is the blink timer. This timer runs inside the intelligent LED pad itself and is independent of the PBT controller. At regular intervals within the pad μC, for example, every 20 or 30 seconds, the program counter suspends operation and executes an interrupt service routine (ISR). During this interval, the blinking timeout flag is set to Logic 1 while the LightPadOS software performs safety checks on LED pad electrical connections, priority message or file updates, file parity checks, and so on. When the blink interrupt routine completes, the blink timeout is reset to zero, the hardware watchdog timer is reset, and program execution returns to the main routine. After the ISR is complete, Pad μC generates a system restore pulse to interrupt latch 843 and resume program operation. If the software freezes for any reason, the program will not resume operation and the LED string on the pad will remain off. Otherwise, the LED pad will resume operation after a defined interval (eg 2 seconds).

In another fault mode, the software freezes when the LED is on and emitting light. If the condition persists, the LEDs may overheat and pose a risk of burns to the patient. The hardware watchdog timer (which does not depend on the software) counts down in parallel with the software program counter to prevent a dangerous situation from occurring. If the software timer freezes while on, the watchdog timer will not reset, the watchdog timer will time out, generate a blinking timeout interrupt 844, and shut down the PBT system until the failure condition is resolved.

In this way, the disclosed distributed PBT system can be used to remotely control the operation of the LED pads. In addition, the methods disclosed herein can be adapted to control multiple intelligent LED pads simultaneously from a common PBT controller.

Component communication over PBT distributed system

Implementing the required communication between the components of a distributed PBT system requires complex communication networks and dedicated protocols designed to accommodate the combination of real-time and file-based data transfer. Some of them are linked to safety systems. In accordance with FDA regulations, safety is a major design consideration for medical devices. In distributed systems, this concern is exacerbated by the autonomous behavior of components. The safety system will not malfunction even if the distributed PBT device-to-device communication fails or is interrupted. The topics of communication, safety, sensing, and biofeedback are in a related patent entitled "Distributed Photobiomodulation Therapy Devices, Methods, and Communication Protocols" that was simultaneously submitted as a Partial Continuation (CIP) application of this patent. Explained in detail.

As explained, the distribution of LightOS data packets in a distributed PBT ^systems, using USB, I 2 C, SMBus, FireWire, Lightening, a four-layer communication protocol is executed via a wired bus, such as other wired communications media Can be achieved. However, distributed PBT system communication is performed by telephone (eg, 3G / LTE / 4G or 5G, etc.) on a cellular network over Ethernet, wireless LAN, or data has passed through a public router. In some cases, communication cannot be done exclusively using MAC addresses, and some Layer 1 and Layer 2 communication stacks are not sufficient to carry out routing data over the network.

For example, in FIG. 69, the PBT controller 1000 communicates with the intelligent LED pad 1003 over Ethernet 1002 using a 7-layer OSI compliant communication stack. In particular, the communication stack 1005 of the PBT controller 1000 includes a PHY layer 1 and a data link layer 2 that execute the Ethernet communication protocol. Ethernet differential signal 1004; network layer 3 and transport layer 4 that execute network communication according to TCP / IP (Transfer Communication Protocol via Internet Protocol Network), session layer 5 for authentication, and presentation layer 6 for security. A LightOS operating system-defined application layer (encryption / decryption), including an application layer 7 for control and treatment of a PBT system. The communication stack 1006 of the LED lightpad 1006 includes the corresponding Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocols for Ethernet, Layers 3 and 4 for TCP / IP, and Layers 5-7 as defined by LightPadOS. For point-to-point communication, communication that does not include an IP router, Ethernet connection 1002 operates as a private network of network layer 3 or higher. The Intelligent LED Pad Operating System LightPadOS is a subset of LightOS, so it can communicate with each other as a single virtual machine (VM), even if they are physically separated.

Using the 7-layer OSI communication stack described, the network communication of the disclosed PBT system can be easily adapted to WiFi wireless communication. In the distributed PBT system shown in FIG. 70, the WiFi-enabled PBT controller 1010 powered by the power supply 1011 uses the OFDM radio signal 1015 and the intelligent LED pad 1013 by the WiFi signal 1012 according to the IEEE standard of 802.11. Communicate with. WiFi communication protocols include 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, or other related versions, depending on the chipset used in Intelligent LED Pad 1013. .. The PBT controller 1090 can support a superset of all standard WiFi protocols. Since WiFi cannot carry power, the intelligent LED pad 1093 is powered via an AC / DC converter and a USB cable 1014b powered by either a DC power supply (brick) 1014a or a USB battery (not shown). I need to receive power. WiFi communication is performed via the complete 7-layer OSI communication stack 1010, and the presence 0 in the PBT controller 16 is the communication stack 1017 intelligent LED pad 1013.

In operation, the WiFi radio shown in FIG. 71A converts a wired communication link 1025 (eg, PCI, USB, Ethernet) to a microwave radio 1024 and uses firmware 1022 associated with the interface circuit to access the MAC access 1020a. Convert to wireless access point 1020b. During operation, the signal from the communication link 1108 passes through the communication stack 1021a as the PHY signal 1119a, where the format is converted to the PHY signal 1119b by the interface 1022, becomes the WiFi communication stack 1021b, and is transmitted by multi-communication. It is converted into radios 1026a-1026n that operate at various radio frequencies. Band antenna array for microwave communication 1024. During operation, the communication stack 1021a transfers data 1023a according to the link communication data link layer-2 protocol, and the interface circuit and associated firmware 1022 are wireless 1026a-1026n. This WiFi radio connects to PBT controllers 131-135, which are also connected to Ethernet 2017 and USB1028.

In FIG. 71B, the same WiFi radio 1024 communicates with the intelligent LED pad 337 over the wired data link 1030 and with the interface 338 using the PCI, USB, or Ethernet protocol. This interface can also be connected to other devices or sensors via USB 1033 and Ethernet 1032. An example of a distributed PBT communication network is shown in FIG. Here, the WiFi router 1052 communicates with the intelligent LED pads 1053, 1050, and 1055 by WiFi links 1012a, 1012b, and 1012c, and via the WiFi link 1012b, a central control with system control window 1051a and patient window 1051b. To UI / UX LCD display 1050. The system also includes a WiFiPBT remote control 1056, a component of the invention useful for nurses to initiate treatment in the hospital room without having to return to the central control UI / UXLCD display 1050.

The wireless connection allows the PBT controller to be replaced with an application program running on mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets and notebook computers. An example for the following is FIG. 73 Cellular network 1704 on cell tower 1705 connecting to mobile phone 1100 running PBT control application software (eg PBT "light app"), eg 3G / LTE, 4G, and 5G. Cell Tower 1705 connects to Internet 1706 and is powered on by Ethernet, fiber, or other means. The mobile phone 1700 running the light app described above is also connected to the intelligent LED pad 1701 using WiFi 1702, which is powered by the AC adapter 1703a and the cord 1703b. 7-layer OSI communication stack 1714 Application of radio tower 1707 CT with data packet communication stack 1709 for mobile network Next, the light app running on the mobile phone 1700, the optical app uses the 7-layer communication stack. Intelligent LED pad 1701 including communication stack 1708 that connects to 1709. As shown, the PBT communication stack 1709 mixes two 7-layer communication stacks, one for interaction with the communication stack 1707 of the mobile phone tower 1705, the Internet 1706 via a router and a cloud-based server. It is for connecting to (not shown) and connects to the intelligent LED pad 1701 and the communication stack 1708. Here, only application layer 7 bridges the two. In this way, the mobile phone 1700 running the light app described above communicates separately with the cloud-based computer server (not shown) and the intelligent LED pad 1708 via the Internet 1706 without giving up local control. Operates as a controller.

Since the PHY layer-1 and the data link layer-2 are not shared for communication from layer-1 to layer-6, the cell tower communication stack 1707 cannot directly access the intelligent LED pad communication stack 1708. Instead, only application layer 7 in the communication stack 1709 bridges the two communication networks. The application may include a dedicated Light app that acts as a reduced instruction set version of the LightOS operating system used by the dedicated hardware PBT controller mentioned above, such as LightPadOS. In essence, the Light app emulates LightOS operations that facilitate PBT control features and their UI / UX touchscreen-based controls. The Light app is implemented as software designed to run on the operating system used on compatible mobile devices. For example, on smartphones and tablets, the Light app is created to run on Android or iOS, and on notebooks, the Light app is run on MacOS, Windows, Linux®, or UNIX®. It will be created. Converting the source code, which is the basic logic and functionality of a Light app, into executable code that is adapted to run on a particular platform is a conversion process called a "compiler."

Therefore, the conversion of source code to compiled code is platform-specific. This means that you need to distribute multiple versions of your software each time a software revision, patch, or new release occurs. The operation of a mobile device-based distributed PBT system is shown in FIG. The 1102 mobile device also uses the cell link 1104 to connect to the Internet and mobile phone networks with a mobile device control UI / UX and 1100 host light apps 1130 interface intelligent LED pads 1119a and 1119b via WiFi. To control, for example, using 3G / LTE, 4G, and 5G protocols.

An example of software control of PBT system operation is shown on the exemplary screen 1120 of FIG. The processing menu 1121 is included along with a button for the "extended session" 1122, which increases the time of PBT processing, with the UI / UX side entitled "Select Session". "LED Pad Selection" 1122 is used to pair a mobile device to a specific intelligent LED pad. As shown, when stress relief treatment is selected, a second screen "Running" 1130 opens to monitor ongoing treatment with treatment name 1131 and cancel 1132 or suspend treatment 1133. .. The window also shows the time remaining in treatment 1134, step progression bar 1135, treatment progression bar 1136, and biofeedback 1137.

Driving other distributed components

The PBT controller can be used to control other treatment devices other than LED pads. These peripheral components consist of a laser PBT wand and system, an autonomous LED pad programmed on a distributed PBT system, a magnetic therapy pad and wand, an LED mask, an LED cap, an LED ear and nose bud, and more. The LED face mask, head cap, and LED bed are simple multi-zone PBT systems using our unique LED delivery system. Therefore, electrical control is identical to the disclosed PBT system described above. In general, the distributed PBT system described above is not limited to driving LEDs, but is placed adjacent to the patient to inject energy into living tissue, such as emitting coherent light from a laser or time-varying magnetism. It can be used to drive an energy emitter. Field (magnetic therapy), microcurrent (electrotherapy), ultrasonic energy, infrared, far-infrared electromagnetic radiation, or any combination thereof.

Because as different energy emitters for distributed therapy systems, laser PBTs, thermal, magnetic therapy, ultrasonic therapy, energy used emitters disclosed PBT controllers that require some modification to drive them more than LEDs. Some examples of adapting the disclosed PBT system to alternative therapies are described below.

Laser PBT system

FIG. 76 shows a handheld PBT device or is useful for the treatment of "wand" laser PBT. As shown, the handheld wand 1150 includes a cylindrical arm 1153 with an LDC 1160 and control buttons 1161a and 1162b. The bottom of the cylinder handle also includes the USB port 1162 needed to charge the battery 1166. The cylinder handle connects to the PBT head 1151 from a gimbal 1152 with a transparent face plate 1154 including a printed circuit board PCB 1155 with lasers 1156 and 1157 along with a sensor 1158. One feature of the invention is the circular conductive blade 1159 used to sense contact with the skin to prevent laser illumination unless the unit is in contact with tissue.

The handheld PBT therapy of FIG. 77 includes pad μC1181, clock 1183, volatile memory 1185, non-volatile memory 1184, communication interface 1182 and Bluetooth 1190. Pad μC communicates via data bus 1187, controls UI1177 with buttons 1161a and 1161b, and controls display driver UX1176 with LCD 1160, laser driver 1174, and safety system. As shown, the laser driver 1174 drives the laser diodes 1156 and 1157. At the same time, the contact blade signal 1188 and the temperature sensor signal 1189 are used by the safety system interface 1175. The laser driver 1174 is powered by the laser power source 1173, which is powered by the lithium-ion battery 1172. Via a battery charger and regulator 1171 powered by USB input 1186.

Details of the safety sensor are shown in FIG. FIG. 78A includes measurements of heat 1200 using PN diodes 1202 (terminals A and K) and contact blades 1159 with capacitors 1201a and 1201b, which cross the terminals C and C'through the patient's tissue. It forms a closed circuit that conducts AC current. FIG. 79 shows a laser PBT handheld safety system including an oscillator 1220, contact sensor capacitors 1201a and 1201b, and a differential amplifier 1222, a lowpass filter 1223, a comparator 1225 and a voltage reference 1224 as well as a sensing resistor 1221. During operation, the voltage _Vosc oscillator 1220. Injection frequency _{f osc} at a switching frequency voltage divider formed between the series to a series connection of a resistor 1221 and capacitor 1201a and 1201b and the resistor 1221 _{f osc,} series connected capacitors, an equivalent impedance Z, a voltage while the voltage drop across the _"V Z ₌ Z C _{· I ave} between drop nodes of the network voltage C and C ', the resistor 1221 is _{V, V R = R · I} ave. Two equations V equation V _R = _Vosc R / (R + Z _C ). That is, when the contact blade sensor 1159 is not in contact with the skin of the patient, the value of Z _C is large, V _R approaches zero. In such a case, the output of the differential amplifier is lower than _{the V ref,} which is the voltage of the temperature-independent voltage reference 1224. Therefore, the output of the eye safety comparator 1225 is grounded and the laser driver is suppressed. When the sensor blade comes into contact with the skin, the AC impedance Z _C drops significantly, and after removing the AC signal with the low-pass filter 1223, the average DC voltage across the resistor 1221 _{becomes greater than V ref} , and the output of the eye safety comparator becomes larger. At Logic High, the contact detection enable signal 1228 is sent to the laser µC. Similarly, the temperature sensor 1202 is processed by the temperature protection circuit 1231a. When an overheat condition occurs, the overheat flag 1232 is sent to the laser μC, the logic and gate inputs are low, and the laser driver 1174 is disabled. If there is no overheating condition, contact detection 1228 is confirmed. The logic gate 1226 passes the digital value of the output of the PWM driver 493, i.e. the laser driver 1174 is enabled.

FIG. 80 shows an exemplary schematic of a dual channel laser driver. As shown, the laser PBT control 1240 is similar to the LED controller described above, which includes a laser μC1181, a communication interface 1182, a clock 1183, a non-volatile memory 1184, and a volatile memory 1185. Protective features include overheat protection 1131a with sensor 1202 as well as eye protection 1131b. The fault signal and the PWM player output from the laser μC are input to the logic gates 1228a and 1228b and buffered by two series inverter pairs 1247 and 1246. The output is supplied to the digital inputs of the laser driver's digital current sinks 1256 and 1257. The 1174 dual-output D / A converter 1245 is also used to control the analog value of the current, with the I _Laser1 and I _Laser2 current sinks conducting.

A controlled current sink 1256 is used to drive a row of lasers 1156a via 1156n at a wavelength of λ ₁ . The controlled current sink 1257 is used to drive a row of lasers 1157a via 1157n at a λ wavelength. The λ ₂ laser train has an input capacitor 1265 in a laser array 1242 powered by a supply voltage + V _HV. An output capacitor 1264 with an output PWM controller 1260, a low-side power DMOSFET 1262, an inductor 1261, a shotkey rectifier 1263, and a voltage feedback to the PWM controller 1260, including a boost switching regulator 1241. Input to the laser power supply 1241 comes from the Li-Ion battery 1172 and the battery charger 1171. USB power input. The voltage-stabilized output of AFTER2.5-V is used to drive _{+ V HV} when the high voltage output from the charger 1171 and filter capacitor 1266 is required to power the components of the laser PBT control circuit 1240. After the power output boost converter is activated, the laser array can also be used to supply laser PBT control.

Autonomous LED pad for photobiomodulation therapy

Another peripheral device compatible with distributed PBT systems is autonomous LEDs used in applications where a PBT controller or mobile phone is not available, or when it is inconvenient to provide emergency treatment on the battlefield or battlefield. It is a pad. An airplane crashed in a mountainous area. During operation, use one button on the autonomous LED pad to select a treatment. Generally, there is no UX display available for information. Autonomous LED pads operate and are "autonomous" (ie, alone), at the time of manufacture they are connected, to load their applicable programs during therapeutic procedures and to verify their normal operation. , Part of a distributed PBT system.

The PBT software program loaded on the LED pad depends on the target market and application. For example, treatment programs include treatment for possible cerebral aches at ski resorts loaded on LED pads, and those used in emergencies (common ski injuries) include such lacerations and burns. Although it may focus on wound healing. Autonomous LED pads for muscle and joint pain may be more common in sports facilities and tennis clubs. In military applications, the main field application is to slow or prevent the spread of bullet or shrapnel wound infections.

Electrical design of the intelligent LED 337 of FIG. FIG. 14 is an equally applicable autonomous LED operation, except for the addition of push buttons to control on / off and program selection. During programming, the entire PBT system is present, including the power brick 132, PBT controller 131, USB cable 136, and autonomous intelligent LED pad 337. In programming, the PBT controller configures the LED pad by loading manufacturing data and downloading the PBT player. Preload the LED playback file if necessary. You can also use the portable programming system to reprogram pads that have been sold or deployed in the field. This allows clients to reuse their inventory to adapt to different types of disasters, such as winter frost bites and antiviral treatment in the event of an illness. Pandemics, lung damage due to terrorist nerve agent release, etc.

An important element of autonomous LED pads is the need to utilize standard designs to control costs. That is, it uses one common manufacturing flow and product BOM (Bill of Materials) for all applications and markets, and uses software downloads to convert common products to application-specific versions. An example of one general purpose pad is shown in FIG. The USB socket 1198 cross section 1280 including the self-showing self-programming intelligent LED pad including the top view 1281 including FIG. 81A, the lower side of the 1284 display, and the side view single is the rigid PCB 1288. Flex PCB1289, LEDs 1991 and 1292, sensor 1290 and control switch 1299. The LED polymer pad cover 1281 contains an opening 1295 and cavity 1296, a thin portion 1288 for the switch 1298, and a protective clear plastic 1287. The LED pad 1280 contains a top cover flexible polymer 1281. Lower flexible polymer 1284 with protrusions 1283, protrusions 1285.

As described, autonomous LED pads do not utilize a display, wireless link, or remote control and therefore provide a limited number of preloaded treatment programs, generally as shown in FIG. 81B. There are 5 options. As shown, the autonomous LED pad in the off state 1257a changes to the state 1257b when the switch 1293 is pressed once. If you select this condition in a short time, treatment will be started using the program "Treatment 1". Press the button again to advance the program to state 1257c and start "Treatment 2". In a similar manner, each time the button is pressed, the program proceeds to the next steps 3, 4, and 5 shown as the corresponding states 1257d, 1257e, and 1257f. Pressing switch 1293 6 times will return the autonomous LED pad to the off state 1297a.

Pulse LED heating

Similarly, visible and near-infrared photobiomodulation therapies, hyperthermia, typically include wavelengths greater than or equal to 100 and less than 1 μm in far-infrared applications. Hyperthermia includes spas, compresses, and heater body wraps. According to Wikipedia, the therapeutic effect of fever is "to increase the extensibility of collagen tissue. Reduce joint stiffness; reduce pain. Relieve muscle spasms. Reduce inflammation, edema, acute phase of healing. Supports later stages. Increases blood flow. Increased blood flow to the affected area provides proteins, nutrients, and oxygen for better healing. ”Also, of metabolic waste and carbon dioxide. Promote delivery. Hyperthermia also helps improve muscle spasms, myalgia, fibromyalgia, contractures, and bursitis.

Although the therapeutic claims overlap with those provided by PBT, the physical mechanisms of hyperthermia are quite different. In hyperthermia, the heat absorbed by the tissue and water accelerates the rate of vibration of the molecule, unlike PBT, which gives the molecule absorbed photons to stimulate a chemical reaction that does not occur otherwise, namely photobiomodulation. And promotes ongoing chemical reactions. However, according to Einstein's relational expression E = hc / λ, the energy of photons is inversely proportional to their wavelength, so the energy of far infrared rays of 3 μm is only 20% to 20% of the energy of red and NIRPBT. This energy difference is important because lower energies are not enough to break chemical bonds or convert molecular structures. Such hyperthermia is generally considered to relieve symptoms without accelerated healing associated with PBT. Penetration depths of far-infrared sources shorter than 3 μm (ie, IR type B) are preferred over long wavelength sources as they show a deeper penetration depth than long wavelengths.

The aforementioned PBT system can be adapted for hyperthermia by replacing visible and NIR LEDs with LEDs in the far infrared spectrum. LEDs are typically limited to wavelengths below 12 μm. "Farinfraderation (FIR): itsbiologicalreflectsandmedicalapplications", Photonics Lasers Med. , Vol. 1, no. 4, Nov. 2012, pp. 255-266: https: // www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / PMC369978 / F. Vatansever, M.D. R. Hamlin. By adjusting the crystal structure of the III-V compound superlattice compound semiconductor to a narrower bandwidth, LEDs operating in the far-infrared spectrum were realized at wavelengths up to 8.6 μm ("SuperlatticeInAs / GaSblight-emittingdiodewithpeakemisionatawavel". 6 μm, “IEEJ.Quant.Elect., Vol.47, no.1, Jan2011, pp.5-54). Therefore, the PBT system used to drive the NIRLEDs disclosed herein can be easily retrofitted to accommodate FIRLEDs by simply replacing the NIRLEDs with their longer wavelength counterparts. can. Dive circuits can be used in the same way using pulsed or sinusoidal waveforms. Due to the long wavelength, a drive frequency of less than 100 Hz is more suitable for uniform irradiation of far infrared rays. At lower frequencies, such as below 10 Hz, the FIRLEDs in the pads are scanned row by row to generate a wavy massage throughout each pad, with continuous vasodilation throughout the treated tissue in a systematic pattern. Can be stimulated. Optionally, a near-infrared LED for PBT and a far-infrared LED for hyperthermia can be combined into a single intelligent pad and driven simultaneously or alternately.

Magnet therapy

Alternative medicine therapy in which N-damaged tissue with Magnetotherapy (MT) is exposed to a magnetic field. Fixed magnetic fields on affected tissues are generally considered suspicious, pseudo-drugs, fringe medicine, and even quack therapy, some studies have signed medical claims for permanent magnets US FDAmagnetotherapy There is a ban on clinical research and the sale of magnetic therapy products using medical claims that are not fully supported by scientific results (https://en.wiquipedia.org/wick/Magnet_therapy). The contradictory claim is that pulsed magnetic fields have a therapeutic effect because living tissue contains a large number of free ions and even electrically balanced molecules (such as water) that act as dipoles due to the direction of charge. Suggests. When exposed to a vibrating magnetic field, molecules are repelled and attracted according to their charge in a manner similar to the imaging performed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), except that excitations occur at lower frequencies. This type of magnetic therapy is commonly referred to as pulsed magnetic therapy or PMT.

The reported effects of PMT are mainly analgesics such as muscle relaxation, improvement of local blood circulation, and vasodilation. Anti-inflammatory effect; pain relief by local release Endorphins. Beneficial effect on mobile membrane action potential. The mechanism of action is primarily believed to be electrochemical rather than thermal, acting catalytically by accelerating the rate of ongoing chemical reactions. Reported PMT pulse frequencies range from 20 kHz seeding to less than 1 Hz throughout the audio and infrasound spectrum. It is not possible to determine the accuracy of these reported claims or confirm the therapeutic effect of pulsed magnetic therapy from published literature. In addition, PMT carries certain risks. PMTs are contraindicated, especially in the case of tumors, and pose a safety risk that affects the behavior of the pacemaker.

According to the present invention, the pulsed magnetic therapy system can be realized by diverting the disclosed PBT system by replacing the optical component with an electromagnet and adapting the drive circuit included in the intelligent pad or wand. Optionally, LEDs for PBT can be driven simultaneously or alternately in time in combination with a magnetic emitter. When driving an array of electromagnets, the electromagnet array is used in the LED array herein and is a three-dimensional bendable printed circuit board similar to the "3D bendable" disclosed in USPTO Application No. 14 / 919,594. Must be attached to (or 3D PCB). Printed circuit boards with redundant interconnects, incorporated herein by reference. " Rigid-flex PCBs (perpendicular to patients who need to orient multiple electromagnets at a 90 ° angle)'treat without damaging the solder joint between the mechanically bent PCB and the rigid electromagnets. The organization to be. Rigid Flex PCBs provide the perfect solution for reliable 3D bendability.

Figure 82 shows a rigid flex PCB with unprotected copper interconnects. As shown, the flex PCB typically includes an insulating layer 1303 sandwiched between metal layers 1301 and 1302 containing patterned copper. In some and other parts of the cross section shown (not shown in this particular cross section), this flex PCB is sandwiched and patterned in the center of a rigid PCB containing insulating layers 1304 and 1305. It is laminated with the metal layers 1311 and 1312. In general, the flex PCB metal layers 1301 and 1302 are thinner than the rigid PCB metal layers 1311 and 1312. The cross section is for illustration purposes. The exact pattern of each layer of the cross section depends on the location and the circuitry implemented. As shown, the metal vias 1307 are used to connect the metal layers 1301 to 1311 and the vias 1308 are used to connect the metal layers 1302 to 1312. Fully embedded vias 1306 are used to connect the flex metal layers 1301 and 1302.

A protective layer containing a coating of polyimide, silicone, or other scratch resistant material is used to seal both the rigid and bent parts of the PCB. As shown, the insulator 1304 protects the metal layer 1301, the insulator protects the metal layer 1302, and the flex PCB is completely sealed from the risk of moisture and mechanically induced scratches. In the rigid portion of the PCB, the patterned insulating layer 1313 protects a portion of the metal layer 1311 and the unpatterned insulating layer 1314 completely protects the metal layer 1312. Some parts of the metal layer 1311 remain unprotected for the purpose of soldering the components to the rigid PCB.

As shown, the electrical interconnection of various metal layers within a given rigid PCB, between rigid PCBs, and within a flex PCB uses conductive vias 1306, 1307, and 1308 to wire, This can be achieved without the need for connectors or solder joints. These conductive vias include a conductive column of metal or other low resistance material formed perpendicular to the various metal layers and penetrate two or more metal layers for multi-level connectivity and non-planarity. Electrical short circuits that can facilitate electrical topologies, that is, circuits in which conductors must intersect each other.

In PMT pads, the role of the rigid portion of the disclosed rigid flex PCB can be used in a variety of ways. In some cases, individual electromagnetic, permanent magnet, and permanent magnet / electromagnet stacks can be attached to the rigid portion of the rigid flex PCB. Alternatively, PCB interconnects can be used to form toroids that form planar magnetic structures when combined with through-hole magnetic materials. One exemplary layout of planar magnetic toroids is the metal conductive layers 1311, 1301, 1302, 1312 magnetic cores 1316 shown in the exploded view of FIG. 83, a circular encircling each circular conductor on a given layer. The annulus is rotated compared to metal layers 1306, 1307, 1308 and below the metal vias. The layers can be interconnected so that they flow around. This structure is described in more detail in FIG. 84. The rigid flex PCB is a layered N magnetic core of the toroid surrounding the magnetic core 1316 to prevent a short circuit between the conductive layer and the IRO, and the magnetic core 1316 may be insulated from the conductive layer 1311, 1301, 1302, and 1302. The obtained top view is shown in FIG. 85. Even if the rigid PCB 1320 crossing the plane cross section and the flex PCB are connected to the conductive layer upward via 1306 via interconnection 1308 as in 1321, they pass downward. A circular conductor 1302 surrounds the magnetic core 1316 while being connected to a conductive layer.

An exemplary circuit used to drive the PMT is shown in FIG. Includes PMT driver 1340. Electromagnet driver 1341; electromagnet power supply 1363; and electromagnet array 1350. With battery charger 1360, lithium-ion battery 1361, and USB connector. Similar to intelligent LED pads or laser wand circuits, the PMT driver 1340 includes PMTμC 1181, clock 1183, non-volatile memory 1134, volatile memory 1135, communication interface 1182, Bluetooth or WiFi wireless link 1190. The PMT's digital pulse output μC1181 is gated by logic gates 1228a, 1228b, and optionally other gates (not shown), facilitating overheat protection 1131a. The gate output is then buffered by dual inverter strings 1346 and 1347 to drive the digital inputs of programmable current sinks 1342 and 1343, respectively. _{The control current sinks 1342 and 1343 control the magnitude and waveform of the electromagnet currents I EM1} and I _EM2 flowing through the electromagnets 1352 and 1353 in response to the digital input, and also by the analog reference current obtained from the output of the D / A converter 1345. It is controlled.

The current sink until either rapid electromagnet stored energy, each time it is switched off by recirculating the inductor current, freewheeling diodes 1354 and 1355, E _{L =} 0 included in order to prevent high voltage spikes .5LI ² consumption or current is flowing again to the current sink. Capacitors 1356 and 1357 are intentionally used in noise or optionally switching filters to form a tank circuit with coil inductance and oscillation at the resonant frequency of f _{LC =} 1 / (2πSQRT (LC)). The power to drive the electromagnet + V _EM is obtained from the switching power supply circuit of either the boost converter to raise the voltage or the back converter to lower the voltage, or the current sinks 1343 and 1343 control the inductor current. So you can eliminate the voltage regulator anyway.

The operation of switching regulators is well known in the art, but for exemplary purposes, exemplary boost converters are included herein as electromagnet power supplies 1363. During operation, the PWM controller 1365 turns on the power MOSFET 1366, the current of the boost inductor 1369 ramps up at a constant rate during the switching period, and then the power MOSFET 1366 turns off. MOSFET charging bias diode and a capacitor 1368 to forward Schottky 1367 instantly by blocking conduction of the up fly MOSFET1366 voltage causes a power drain voltage of _{+ V EM.} The feedback signal of the capacitor voltage is then "feedback" to the PWM controller 1365, allowing the controller to determine if the output voltage is below or above its target voltage.

If the voltage is below the _{target, D = t on / (t} on + t off) which is longer that the pulse width is large percentage of on time ₌ (t on _{/ T PWM)} next clock period _{T PWM,} Therefore, as D increases, the average current of the inductor 1369 increases, and the output voltage + _MEM increases. On the other hand, if the output voltage is too high, the duty factor D, i.e. the on-time of the MOSFET 1366, will decrease and the inductor 1369 current will gradually decrease over several switching cycles, thereby reducing the output voltage. By continuously adjusting the duty factor D and pulse width (on time of power MOSFET 1366), the output voltage is adjusted to a constant value by voltage feedback. Therefore, the switching regulator of the adjustment process operating switch frequency and period T _PWM is called PWM to mean pulse width modulation. The role of the output capacitor 1368 is to filter the output voltage, and the input capacitor 1364 is used to prevent back injection of noise into the power supply and stabilize the power network. As shown, the output voltage of the switching converter and regulator is higher than its input, that is, + V _EM > V _bat, so the converter is called a boost converter. However, if the required electromagnet driver voltage is _{lower than battery voltage + V EM} <V _bat , a buck or buck converter is required. Topologically, to realize a back converter, rotate the three components connected to the common node to the right and rearrange the same components, that is, replace the Schottky diode 1367 with an inductor 1369 and replace the power MOSFET 1366. By replacing, you only need to make minor changes to the boost converter circuit. Use Schottky 1367 to replace inductor 1369 with power MOSFET 1366.

Alternatively, you can use a pre-assembled or discrete electromagnet module that uses planar magnetism to implement the electromagnet. As shown in FIG. 87, a separate surface mount electromagnet 1351 including a magnetic core 1376 and a winding coil 1375 is provided by soldering metal legs 1359a and 1359b to two separate electrically insulated conductive layer segments. , It can be attached to the rigid part of the rigid flex PCB as a surface mount component. The same copper conductor layer of 1311A and 1311B. As shown, the isolated conductive segments 1311a then connect the lower conductive layer 1312 via patterned vias 1309a, 1306a, and 1310a. In this way, separate individual electromagnets can be placed on top of each rigid PCB to form an array as shown in the cross section of FIG. 88A, in particular a discrete electromagnet 1351a is attached to the rigid PCB 1348a. When connecting to the rigid PCB 1348b via the flex PCB portion 1349a. The discrete electromagnet 1351b is attached to the rigid PCB 1348b, which connects to the rigid PCB 1348c via the flex PCB portion 1349b. A discrete electromagnet 1351c is attached to the rigid PCB 1348c and connected to another rigid PCB (not shown) via the flex PCB portion 1349c.

In such a design, all magnets 1351a, 1351b, 1351c, etc. in the array are electromagnets, electronically to change their magnetic field according to the previous PMT circuit in response to PMT regeneration generated from the PMT driver 1340. Can be controlled to. The waveform is continuous in the magnetic field of all the electromagnets in the array, instead of being able to drive the electromagnets individually in several sequences to form a special pattern or sine wave across the pads of the PMT. A magnetic field wave, row by row, may produce pulsed or sinusoidal deformations, eg, generate undulations, across pads, or along a series of pad lengths. In other cases, some electromagnets are biased to generate a constant magnetic field, while others are modulated to produce a time-varying magnetic field.

In an alternative embodiment, some electromagnets can be replaced with electromagnets to combine a mixture of constant and time-varying magnetic fields. For example, in FIG. 88A, the electromagnet 13511b (shown earlier in the figure) was previously replaced by a permanent magnet 1370 and the electromagnets 1351A and 1351c were mounted unchanged on the rigid PCB 1348b. In FIG. 88C, in FIG. 88B, the rigid PCB 1348b drives a stack of electromagnets 1351d and the permanent magnets 1370b below it, or in FIG. 88D, the rigid PCB 1348b is a stack of electromagnets 1351e and the permanent magnets 1370c above it. Drive. In such cases, the operation of the electromagnets enhances (or instead reduces) the magnetic field generated by the stacked permanent magnets.

The PMT device also includes a cylindrical handle that can be adapted for use as a handheld electromagnetic therapy device or wand 1450, as shown in FIG. Select 1461b movable gimbal 1452, button 1461a / off via electromagnetic head, battery 1643, and connect to magnetic head unit 1453 1462 cylindrical handle 1458 connect USB connector unit 1453, ferrite core 1457 attached to PCB 1454 along with control circuitry. And an electromagnet 1455 including a coil 1556. When operated as part of a distributed system, the communication link to the PBT controller of the handheld magnetic therapy wand 1450 may be performed via USB, WiFi or, in some cases, Bluetooth®. As an autonomous device, the USB connector 1462 is used to program the wand during manufacturing by connecting it to a PBT controller.

Periodontal PBT LED mouthpiece

PBT can be performed through the cheeks to treat gingival disorders, but another option is to use a laser or LED to inject light directly into the patient's mouth in the near, infrared, and blue spectra. Devices etc. should be small and fit comfortably in the mouth. As an autonomous treatment device, the device should use a lightweight software client that can only run a few pre-programmed algorithms. Alternatively, the device may employ wired connectivity, Bluetooth, or data streaming from a user control module using a low power WiFi 802.11ah. The user control module communicates with a PBT controller that behaves like an intelligent LED pad controller, but its output does not drive the LEDs in the pad, instead it is streamed to the LED mouthpiece as a passive electrical signal. , No processing is done inside the mouthpiece.

An example of such a periodontal PBT device is shown in the three-dimensional perspective view of FIG. A molded mouthpiece 1500 containing a horseshoe-shaped portion covering the teeth and gums 1503, two different wavelength LEDs 1504 and 1505 lining the horseshoe-shaped portion (position 1506 identifies the position of the LED not visible in the 3-D perspective), electrical cable. include. 1501 and control unit 1502 including connectors for power supply or optionally bus communication. The cross section reveals a U-shaped cross section surrounding the flex PCB 1513 rigid PCB base 1515, and the teeth 1510 containing the assembly rigid flex PCB to make the teeth cleaner than the LED 1513, and the mouthpiece is designed for the position LED. It is placed near the gums 1512 adjacent to the teeth 1511. LEDs may include red, infrared, blue, or purple LEDs to combat inflammation and periodontal disease. The U-shaped assembly is contained within a thin silicone mouthpiece molded around a rigid flex PCB.

The manufacture of a mouthpiece with a U-shaped cross section designed to cover and treat a single jaw (either the maxilla or the mandible, but not both) is shown in FIG. Includes rigid PCB portion 1513 and flex PCB wing 1514. As shown immediately after SMT manufacturing, the LED 1513a is mounted on the flex wing 1514 and optionally the LED 1513z is mounted on the rigid PCB 1515. During PCB surface mount technology (SMT) assembly, rigid flex PCBs support large numbers of automated assemblies that require components. Select and position the solder temperature profile during reflow to make it uniform. It is important to keep the PCB firm and flat during SMT assembly. The stiffness and flex part of the PCB is fixed in the same plane between pick and place, but the need for a rigid flex PCB is not linear, but my n-gum can be laid out instead The horseshoe-shaped design eliminates the need for unwanted bending of the flex PCB and the addition of stress that could later cause breakage. After the surface mount assembly, the flex wing 1514 is bent in a U shape perpendicular to the rigid PCB base 1515 and then molded into a clear silicone mouthpiece 1516 covering the rigid flex PCB.

The same process can be applied to the production of H-shaped mouthpieces that help to use PBTtre simultaneously in both the maxilla and mandible. The method shown in FIG. 92A describes the U-shaped mouthpiece described above, except that after PCB assembly, two separate parts are electrically and physically coupled to produce an H-shaped mouthpiece. Use the same manufacturing process as. As shown, two PCBs, one containing a rigid PCB 1515a, a flex PCB 1514a, an LED 1513a, and an optional LED 1513z, the other combining a rigid PCB 1515b, a flex PCB 1514b, an LED 1513b, and an optional LED 1513y together. In the joining process, the rigid PCBs 1515a and 1515b are soldered together to form a single multilayer PCB 1517 electrically and mechanically, as shown in FIG. 92B. In this way, the mouthpiece can treat both the upper and lower gums at the same time.

The coupling of the rigid PCBs 1515a and 1515b is shown in FIG. The figures showing the conductive surfaces 1518b and 1518d on the rigid PCB 1515b are soldered to the corresponding conductive surfaces 1518a and 1518c under the rigid PCB 1515a to establish an electrical connection between the upper and lower PCBs and into the mouthpiece. Provides mechanical support and rigidity. Optionally, through-hole vias 1519a and 1519b filled with silver solder paste can be melted to form continuous through-holes that penetrate both the upper rigid PCB 1515a and the lower rigid PCB 1515b.

The circuit of the periodontal PBT mouthpiece is shown in FIG. High voltage is not allowed in the patient's mouth, so the input voltage + _VIN must be stepped down. _{Low voltage + V LED} adjustment by low dropout linear regulator LDO1520. Filter capacitors 1521 and 1522 are included to stabilize the regulator. Filters input and output transients respectively. Under the control of the microcontroller 1535 of the unit that executes the program stored in the volatile and non-volatile memories 1536a and 1526a according to the clock 1534 and the time reference 1531, the signal from the microcontroller is programmable with the control signals 1537a and 1524b. 1537b used to drive the current sources 1524a and 1524b independently.

The signal can be used to digitally strobe the LED on and off, to program the conducted current, or to synthesize a periodic waveform such as a sine wave. The current from the current source 1524a is mirrored by the NPN bipolar transistor 1525a to control the current of the NPN bipolar transistor 1526a, thus controlling the currents of the LEDs 1504a and 1504b and similarly controlling the currents of the LEDs 1504c and 1504d, all. Follow the program execution of the microcontroller 1535. Similarly, the current from the current source 1524b is mirrored by the NPN bipolar transistor 1525b to control the current in the NPN bipolar transistor 1526b, and therefore according to the program execution of the microcontroller 1535, the LEDs 1505a and 1505b, as well as the LEDs 1505c and 1505d. Control the current of. In this way, you can control the LED current with minimal components to save space. Therefore, the miniaturized controller circuit can be housed in the enclosure 1502 shown in FIG.

Ultrasound therapy

As he distributes and discloses, the PBT system can also be applied to drive a piezoelectric oscillator produced in the frequency range from the range 100 kHz to 4 MHz for ultrasonic waves. The main therapeutic mechanism of ultrasonic therapy is vibration, which is suitable for destroying scar tissue and causing heating with good depth of penetration. The drive algorithm can be similar to that used in the sinusoidal drive of LEDs disclosed herein, including both digital (pulse) and sinusoidal drive. The disclosed dispersed PBT can be used for ultrasound therapy independently or in combination with PBT. Using the disclosed system, ultrasonic converters can also be combined with LED arrays to use ultrasonic waves to destroy scar tissue and use PBT accelerated phagocytosis to carry it away.

One implementation of a combined ultrasonic PBT treatment system or USPBT pad is shown in FIG. Signals from the microcontroller, including the microcontroller 1557 that executes the program stored in the volatile and non-volatile memories 1558a and 1558b according to clock 1556 and time reference 1553, independently drive the H-bridge containing the low-side N-channel MOSFET 1563a. Used to do. At the same time, the high-side P-channel MOSFET 1564b is turned off, then the low-side N-channel 1563b is turned on, V _y = 0, during which current flows from V _{x to V y.} In the next half cycle, the current flow reverses from V _{y to V x.}

The high-side MOSFETs 1564a and 1564b are driven by the level shift driver circuits 1566a and 1566b. Similarly, the low-side MOSFETs 1563a and 1563b are driven by the low-side buffers 1565a and 1565b. During operation, the half-bridge formed by the low-side N-channel MOSFET 1564a and the high-side P-channel 1563a is driven out of phase with the half-bridge formed by the low-side N-channel MOSFET 1564b and the high-side P-channel. Channel 1563b. High-side P-channel MOSFET 1564a is turned on and conducts, then low-side N-channel 1563a is off and V, _{X =} + V _PZ . At the same time, the high-side P-channel MOSFET 1564b is then turned off by the low-side N-channel 1563b being turned on and V, and V _y = 0 is V _{y to V x in} which current flows from V during that time. In the next half cycle, the current flow from V is V _{x at V y} in inversion. In operation, two half-bridge, by the phase is driven, the output of 1567 half-bridge in response to an output of the inverter μC1557 pad is bidirectional having absolute value ± V _PZ. The output of pad μC1557 is also used to drive the LED array 1560 via the previously disclosed LED driver 1560.

In the alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 96, the programmable array of current sinks replaces the half bridge in driving multiple piezoelectric transducers. As shown, the pad μC1557 digital amplitude to the D / A converter 1573 used to control the current conducted by the current sinks 1576 and 1575 via the corresponding piezoelectric converters 1562a and 1562b, respectively. Is output. Piezoelectric current _{I PZ1} and _{P Z2,} are pulsed by the inverter 1571 and 1572 to control the frequency of the ultrasonic wave digital generated.

An example of a USPBT pad is shown in top view 1581, bottom view 1584, and side view including a single USB socket 1598 cross section where 1580 including the intelligent LED pad shown in FIG. 97 includes a rigid substrate 1588. Flex PCB1589, LED1591, sensor 1590, piezoelectric transducers 1592a and 1592b. The LED Polymer Pad Cover 1581 contains an opening 1595 and cavity 1596, as well as a protective clear plastic 1587. The LED pad 1580 contains an upper flexible polymer 1581c with protrusions 1583 and a lower flexible polymer 1684 with protrusions 1585.

Optionally, LEDs for PBT can be driven simultaneously or alternately in time in combination with an ultrasonic piezoelectric emitter. Removal dead cells (referred to herein as USPBT) are useful for the combined application of ultrasound and photobiomodulation therapy to use PBT, which is accelerated using ultrasound that destroys scar tissue.

Infrasound therapy

Infrasound therapy is similar to tissue massage, except that it occurs at frequencies much lower than the audio spectrum, usually 20 Hz to 1 Hz or less. The actuator for producing low frequencies must be relatively large, eg, 10 cm in diameter, and is therefore very suitable for inclusion in a wand similar to that of FIG. 89. Except that the electromagnet is replaced by a voice coil driver similar to a speaker, except that the moving parts are attached to a plunger or membrane that pushes the treated tissue at very low frequencies. Therefore, the disclosed PBT systems are directly compatible to support ultrasonic peripherals. Infrasound provides a deep massage to the tissue and provides a low frequency sound that helps improve range of motion and muscle elasticity. Optionally, LEDs for PBT can be driven simultaneously or alternately in time in combination with an infrasound voice coil actuator.

PBT LED bud nose / ear

PBT can be transcranial, but another option is to inject light directly into the nose or ear using a laser or LED in the near infrared and blue spectra. Devices etc. are small. As autonomous as therapeutic devices, devices can use lightweight software clients to run just a few days ago-algorithms. Alternatively, the device may employ wired connectivity, Bluetooth, or data streaming from a user control module using a low power WiFi 802.11ah. The user control module communicates with a PBT controller that behaves like an intelligent LED pad controller, but its output does not drive the LEDs in the pad, but instead is streamed to the LED pad as a passive electrical signal. No processing is performed. In your toes. Therefore, the disclosed PBT systems are directly compatible to support PBTLED buds for the treatment of the nose and ears. Another benefit of intranasal and intra-ear (ie, intra-ear) PBT is its ability to kill pathogens and bacteria that infect the sinuses.

PBT LED spot for acupuncture

Another small size LED source is a small LED or laser "spot". This is a coin-sized pad mounted on the body above the points of acupuncture. Devices etc. are small and there is no space for battery power. The device may employ wired connectivity, Bluetooth, or data streaming from a user control module using a low power WiFi 802.11ah. The user control module communicates with a PBT controller that behaves like an intelligent LED pad controller, but its output does not drive the LEDs in the pad, but instead is streamed to the LED / laser spot as a passive electrical signal. Therefore, the process is performed within the spot. Therefore, the disclosed PBT systems are directly compatible to support PBT LED buds for acupuncture LED spots.

Bluetooth Headphones-Although not medically therapeutic, relaxation applications allow music to be broadcast to headphones via Bluetooth synchronized with the PBT treatment waveform. Given the waveform synthesis capabilities of the disclosed PBT system, it can support synchronized music and PBT processing.

Claims (1)

It ’s a phototherapy system.
A first light emitting diode (LED) string, said first LED string, comprising a plurality of LEDs adapted to produce electromagnetic radiation (EMR), including radiation of first wavelength λ1.
A first channel driver coupled to the first LED string to control the current through the first LED string.
A first microcontroller that includes a pattern library, the pattern library stores at least one algorithm, the at least one algorithm defining a process sequence for controlling the first LED string. The algorithm determines the frequency f1 of the EMR pulse emitted by the plurality of LEDs, the duty factor of the pulse of the EMR emitted by the plurality of LEDs, and the magnitude of the current passing through the first LED string. The first microcontroller to identify and
A pad that includes the first LED string, such that the first LED string allows the EMR to be radiated to the organism when the pad is placed adjacent to the organism. A phototherapy system comprising the pad, the pad comprising a second microcontroller for autonomously controlling the first LED string, which is disposed within the pad.

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