JP2019104434A - Core metal for rubber crawler and rubber crawler using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a core metal for a rubber crawler and a rubber crawler capable of suppressing the generation of cracks in a core metal end while alleviating the response concentration of the core metal end when the rubber crawler runs onto a curbstone.SOLUTION: A core metal 30 for a rubber crawler embedded in a rubber crawler 10 includes wing parts 41, 42 forming both end parts and a pair of protrusion parts 36, 37 protruding from a non-grounded side surface 31 on the side of a base end part of each of the wing parts 41, 42. In the wing parts 41, 42, end surfaces 44 of tip parts 41a, 42a in the longitudinal direction are inclined inward in the longitudinal direction toward a grounded side surface 32 from the non-grounded side surface 31. An inclination angle α of the end surfaces 44 is set in a range of 10 to 20 degrees with respect to a vertical direction CL while the grounded side surface 32 and the ground face each other.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

  The present invention relates to a core for a rubber crawler and a rubber crawler in which a plurality of the cores are embedded.

  BACKGROUND ART In recent years, endless rubber crawlers are widely used in traveling parts of agricultural machines, construction machines and civil engineering machines.

  The rubber crawler is generally formed in an endless belt shape by a rubber material or the like, and on the outer peripheral surface thereof, a plurality of lugs which are brought into contact with the road surface to exert a traction force are formed. Inside the rubber crawler, a core metal as a rigid member is embedded at a predetermined interval in the circumferential direction. Generally, the cored bar has a pair of wings embedded in the rubber crawler and a pair of projections projecting from the base end side of each wing and extends in the width direction of the rubber crawler.

  In this type of rubber crawler, the length in the longitudinal direction of the cored bar is made shorter than the width dimension of the rubber crawler from the viewpoint of weight reduction and the like. Therefore, both ends in the crawler width direction in which the core metal does not exist, that is, in the ears made of only the rubber material on the outer side in the crawler width direction with respect to the blade tip of the core, rigidity compared to the region where the core metal exists. Becomes smaller.

  Therefore, when a situation occurs in which the rubber crawler collides with the curb and travels obliquely, the ear portion is bent and deformed to the inner peripheral side with the position of the wing tip end edge position of the highly rigid core metal as a fulcrum. There is a problem that cracks due to stress concentration (so-called metal core end cracks) are generated particularly in the rubber material in the vicinity of the tip of the wing by repeating such bending deformation in the ear. Structures have been developed to solve the problem.

  For example, Patent Document 1 describes an endless belt-shaped rubber crawler in which a plurality of core bars are embedded in the circumferential direction, and both end portions of the core metal in the longitudinal direction (that is, tips of a pair of wings of the core bar) Is described in which the part is rounded.

  Further, Patent Document 2 describes an endless belt-shaped rubber crawler in which a plurality of core metals are embedded, and at both ends in the longitudinal direction of the core metal, corner portions of both ends in the core metal width direction are rubber rubbers. It is described that it is bent so as to face the inner peripheral surface side. The angle of inclination of the bent corner portion is set within a range of 30 degrees to 80 degrees with respect to the vertical direction in a state where the contact side surface of the cored bar faces the ground.

  In the rubber crawlers of Patent Documents 1 and 2, although the ear portion is bent between the end in the longitudinal direction of the cored bar and the curb when it enters obliquely to the curb, the shape of the cored bar end is By making it round or bending the corner, stress concentration at the end of the cored bar is alleviated.

JP-A-11-105754 JP, 2008-149770, A

  When the rubber crawler rides on a curb, when the approach direction of the rubber crawler is, for example, at a right angle from 30 degrees with respect to the direction of extension of the curb, the vehicle smoothly rides over and bending of the ear portion hardly occurs. As the direction of extension of the curb and the approach direction of the rubber crawler become smaller than 30 degrees, bending of the ear becomes easy to occur, and the approach direction becomes close to parallel, for example, when the approach direction becomes less than about 10 degrees The rubber crawler does not get caught and it becomes difficult for the ear to bend.

  The situation where the rubber crawler does not smoothly ride on the curb and the crack is likely to occur due to the bending of the ear, in the angle region of the boundary between the angle at which the rubber crawler can ride on the curb and the impossible angle. is there. This angle area is near 15 degrees from the result of the core metal end crack generation test, and when the rubber crawler traveling device enters the curb in this angle area, a large load (stress or strain) is generated at the core metal end. Do.

  When the rubber crawler enters the curb in the angle region of such boundary, in the rubber crawler described in Patent Document 1, since the core metal end is round, the force acting on the core metal end by the curb is spherical It will not be avoided that the load on the top of the surface is maximized at the top of the surface, and it is difficult to avoid the occurrence of the cored end crack originating from the top.

  Further, in the rubber crawler described in Patent Document 2, the inclination angle of the bent corner with respect to the vertical direction is 30 degrees to 80 degrees and is set to be larger than the angle area of the boundary. When entering in the angle area, the inclined surface of the corner of the end of the cored bar is inclined to the wall surface of the curb, stress concentrates on the tip edge of the corner, and the core starts from this tip edge There is a problem that a gold end crack is easily generated.

  Therefore, there has been a demand for the development of a cored bar capable of relieving stress concentration at the end of the cored bar when the rubber crawler enters at an angle area of the boundary where the rubber crawler can ride on the curb.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and the stress concentration generated at the end of the cored bar when the rubber crawler enters the curb in an angle region where a large bending load is likely to be generated at the ear of the rubber crawler. It is an object of the present invention to provide a rubber crawler cored bar which can reduce the occurrence of cracks and a rubber crawler using the cored bar.

  In order to achieve the above object, the core for a rubber crawler according to claim 1 comprises a wing forming both ends, and a pair of projections projecting from the non-grounding side face on the base end side of each wing. And in the rubber crawler core metal embedded in the rubber crawler, the end face of the tip portion in the longitudinal direction is inclined inward in the longitudinal direction from the non-grounding side surface toward the grounding side surface; The inclination angle of the end face is set in a range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees with respect to the vertical direction in a state where the ground contact side faces the ground.

  According to this configuration, the longitudinal direction end portions of the pair of wing portions of the rubber crawler core metal, that is, the end surfaces of the core metal end are inclined longitudinally inward from the non-grounding side surface to the grounding side surface. When the rubber crawler obliquely enters the curb, the stress concentration generated at the end of the cored bar can be alleviated. In addition, since the inclination angle of the end face of the metal core is 10 degrees to 20 degrees, when the rubber crawler enters the curb at an entry angle near 15 degrees at which the load on the end of the core metal is most likely to be applied It can be in a facing state almost parallel to the wall of the curb. As a result, the load acting on the end of the metal core by the curb will be received at the inclined end face in a plane or a line, and stress concentration can be alleviated as compared with the conventional one which receives the load at a point. As a result, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of a cored end crack in the rubber crawler.

  In the rubber crawler core metal according to the invention described in claim 2, in the blade portion, both side surfaces in the width direction are the width direction from the non-grounding side surface toward the ground side surface. It is characterized by being inclined inward.

  According to this configuration, when the rubber crawler cored bar rides on the curb, the side surface of the wing portion of the cored bar can be brought into a facing state nearly parallel to the upper surface of the curb. Thereby, the stress concentration acting on the side surface in the width direction of the cored bar can be alleviated, and the occurrence of the cored bar end crack can be further suppressed.

  The invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that, in the core metal for rubber crawler according to claim 2, the inclination angle of the both side surfaces of the wing part with respect to the vertical direction is 15 degrees to 45 degrees. I assume.

  According to this configuration, the center of the crawler core is set by setting the inclination angles of both side surfaces of the wing within the range of 15 degrees to 45 degrees in accordance with the size of the rubber crawler traveling device. The side of the gold wing can be suitably set to be approximately parallel to the top surface of the curb.

  The rubber crawler according to claim 4 has an endless belt shape with the rubber crawler core metal according to any one of claims 1 to 3, and the rubber crawler core metal has an interval in the circumferential direction. And a plurality of crawler bodies embedded in a plurality of spaces.

  According to this configuration, when the rubber crawler enters the curb at an approach angle near 15 degrees at which the end of the metal core is most likely to be loaded, the end face of the metal core is in a facing state substantially parallel to the wall of the curb can do. Thereby, the stress concentration generated at the end of the cored bar can be alleviated, and the generation of the cored bar crack in the rubber crawler can be suppressed.

  The invention according to claim 5 is the rubber crawler according to claim 4, wherein a region overlapping the tip of the wing portion is overlaid with a rubber material on the inner peripheral surface of the crawler main body. It is characterized in that a raised surface which is raised above the inner circumferential surface is formed.

  According to this configuration, the inner peripheral surface of the crawler main body is covered with the rubber material at the tip end portion of the wing portion where the stress is concentrated, so the generation of the crack of the crawler main body starting from the tip end portion of the wing portion is suppressed can do.

The invention according to claim 6 is the rubber crawler according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the crawler body has a plurality of lugs projecting from the outer peripheral surface and formed at intervals in the circumferential direction,
The tip end portion of the wing portion is characterized in overlapping with the lug in a thickness direction.

  According to this configuration, since the cored bar is overlapped with the thick walled lug at the blade tip end where stress is concentrated, it is possible to suppress the generation of the crack starting from the tip end of the wing.

  According to the rubber crawler core metal and rubber crawler of the present invention, when the rubber crawler enters the curb in the angle region of the boundary where the rubber crawler can run on the curb, the stress concentration generated at the end of the metal core Can be mitigated to prevent the occurrence of the crack at the core metal end.

FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing a traveling device using a rubber crawler cored bar and a rubber crawler according to an embodiment of the present invention; The top view which shows the outer peripheral surface of the rubber crawler shown in FIG. III-III sectional view taken on the line of FIG. The left view of FIG. Front view of core bar. The principal part enlarged view of FIG. The side view of FIG. Explanatory drawing which shows typically the state which a driving | running | working apparatus approachs with respect to a curb at approach angle (alpha). The figure explaining the facing state of a curb and the inclined end surface of a metal core. (A) is an A direction arrow line view of FIG. 8 which shows the facing state of a curb and the inclined side of a metal core typically. (B) is the bb sectional view taken on the line of (a). The figure similar to FIG. 9 which shows the facing condition of a curb and the edge part of the conventional metal core typically. The figure similar to FIG. 10 (a) which shows the facing condition of a curb and the side of the conventional metal core typically.

  Hereinafter, a rubber crawler core metal and rubber crawler according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing a traveling device 50 using a rubber crawler core metal 30 (hereinafter simply referred to as a “core metal 30”) and a rubber crawler 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The rubber crawler 10 is mounted on a traveling device 50 such as, for example, an agricultural machine, a construction machine, and a civil engineering machine.

  In the traveling device 50, the rubber crawler 10 is used by being wound around a sprocket 52 which is a driving wheel and an idler 54 which is a driven wheel. The rubber crawler traveling device 50 is provided with a plurality of rolling wheels 56, and each of the rolling wheels 56 is formed on the inner peripheral surface 21 of the rubber crawler 10 on the rolling wheel passing surface 21a shown in FIG. Depending on the type, it rolls on the projection top surfaces 36a and 37a.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, the rubber crawler 10 has a crawler main body 20 formed in an endless belt shape by an elastic body, and a plurality of cored bars 30 embedded at predetermined intervals in the circumferential direction of the crawler main body 20. And

  The crawler body 20 has a plurality of lugs 25 projecting from the outer circumferential surface 22. The lugs 25 are formed in the circumferential direction of the outer circumferential surface 22 at predetermined intervals. The width (the length in the circumferential direction of the rubber crawler 10) and the pattern of the lugs 25 are not limited to those in the illustrated example, and can be appropriately set according to the application of the rubber crawler 10.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the core 30 has a central portion 34 located at the central portion in the longitudinal direction, a pair of wing portions 41 and 42 extending longitudinally outward from both ends of the central portion 34, and wing portions 41, A pair of projections 36 and 37 protruding from the upper surface of the core metal 30 (that is, the non-grounded side surface facing the inner circumferential surface 21 of the rubber crawler 10 in a state embedded in the rubber crawler 10) on the base end side of 42 And. The cored bar 30 of the present embodiment is formed of a metal material.

  In the following description, the longitudinal direction of the core 30 (arrow X direction in FIG. 5) is simply referred to as “longitudinal direction”, and the width direction of the core 30 (arrow Y direction in FIG. 7) It describes as a direction, and describes the thickness direction (the arrow Z direction of FIG. 5) of the metal core 30 as "the core metal thickness direction." The X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction are orthogonal to one another.

  In the present embodiment, the pair of wing portions 41 and 42 and the pair of projection portions 36 and 37 are formed in left-right symmetry or line symmetry with respect to the central line CL in the longitudinal direction. One wing portion 42 and the projection portion 37 will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.

  The wing portion 42 extends longitudinally outward from the central portion 34, and has an upper surface 31 and a lower surface (that is, a ground side surface facing the outer peripheral surface 22 of the rubber crawler 10 in a state embedded in the rubber crawler 10) 32. And an inclined end surface (an end surface of the tip portion 42a of the wing portion 42) 44 connecting the upper surface 31 and the lower surface 32 at the longitudinal end edge and an inclined side surface (wing portion 42) connecting the upper surface 31 and the lower surface 32 in the core metal width direction. Both sides in the width direction of the) 45 and 46, and the cross section enclosed by and is formed in a substantially trapezoidal long shape.

  The inclined end surface 44 is an inclined surface which inclines inward in the longitudinal direction from the upper surface 31 to the lower surface 32. In a state where the lower surface 32 and the ground face each other, the inclination angle α with respect to the vertical direction (the direction in which the center line CL extends) of the inclined end surface 44 is in the range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees, more preferably in the range of 12 degrees to 18 degrees It is set to. A connecting portion between the inclined end surface 44, the upper surface 31, the lower surface 32, and the inclined side surfaces 45 and 46 is chamfered to be curved.

  The inclined side surfaces 45 and 46 are each an inclined surface which inclines inward in the core metal width direction from the upper surface 31 to the lower surface 32. When the lower surface 32 and the ground face each other, the values of the inclination angles β with respect to the vertical direction of the inclined side surfaces 45 and 46 are set equal. It is preferable that the inclination angle β be appropriately set based on the size of the traveling device 50 (that is, the size of the diameter of the sprocket 52 and the idler 54) and the height of the curb in the use environment. Specifically, the inclination angle β is in the range of 15 degrees to 45 degrees, and the inclination angle β is set to be large when the traveling device 50 is large or the curb height is low. More specifically, when traveling device 50 rides on a curb, the upper surface of the curb and the inclined side surfaces 45 or 46 of the core metal 30 facing the upper surface closest to the upper surface become parallel to each other. Is set to such an angle.

  In addition, curb stone height can calculate inclination angle beta on the basis of the range of 100 mm-200 mm which is general height, for example. The shape of the curb 60 is defined by the JIS standard, etc., but in the present embodiment, the height of the curb 60 is 150 mm as shown in FIG. The inclination angle β according to the size of the traveling device 50 is calculated, with the chamfering amount of 60 being C15.

  The wing portion 42 is formed to have a substantially uniform width in the longitudinal direction. In the present embodiment, the width dimensions of the central portion 34 and the wings 41 and 42 of the core metal 30 are equal, and the inclined side surfaces 45 and 46 extend flush over the both ends in the longitudinal direction of the core metal 30. ing. In the central portion 34, the width dimension may be smaller than the wing portions 41 and 42, and may be recessed inward in the core metal width direction.

  The metal core 30 extends in the width direction of the crawler main body 20, and the pair of projections 36 and 37 are arranged to project from the inner peripheral surface of the crawler main body 20, and predetermined in the circumferential direction of the crawler main body 20. It is buried in multiple places at intervals. As shown in FIG. 1, the pair of protrusions 36 and 37 constitute an engagement portion 28 engaged with the sprocket 52. In the following description, the circumferential direction of the rubber crawler 10 (direction of arrow L in FIG. 2) is simply referred to as “circumferential direction”, and the width direction of the rubber crawler 10 (direction of arrow W in FIG. The thickness direction of the rubber crawler 10 (the direction of the arrow D in FIG. 3) is simply referred to as the “thickness direction”. The width direction of the rubber crawler 10 is orthogonal to the circumferential direction. In the state in which the cored bar 30 is embedded, the thickness direction of the cored bar coincides with the thickness direction of the rubber crawler 10, and the longitudinal direction of the cored bar 30 coincides with the width direction of the rubber crawler 10.

  It is preferable that each cored bar 30 be disposed so that at least the tip portions 41a and 42a of the wing portions 41 and 42 overlap the lugs 25 in the thickness direction. As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, in the present embodiment, the pattern of the lugs 25 is set such that each of the wing portions 41 and 42 entirely overlaps the lugs 25.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the inner circumferential surface 21 of the crawler main body 20 is covered with a rubber material in a region overlapping with the tip portions 41 a and 42 a of the wing portions 41 and 42 to form a standard inner circumferential surface 21 (specifically Has a raised surface 21b raised above the wheel passing surface 21a). Thereby, in the tip portions 41a and 42a of the wing portions 41 and 42, the thickness of the rubber material on the inner circumferential surface 21 side is larger than that of the base end portion.

  Next, using FIGS. 8 to 10, an angle region of the boundary between the angle at which the traveling device 50 can ride on the curb and the impossible angle, specifically, an approach in the range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees. The positional relationship between the core 30 and the curb 60 when riding on the curb 60 at an angle α will be described. FIG. 8 is an explanatory view schematically showing a state in which the traveling device 50 enters the curb 60 at an approach angle α. FIG. 9 shows the curb 60 and the cored bar 30 located at the front end 50 a of the traveling device 50. It is a figure explaining the facing state with the inclined end surface 44. FIG. 8 and 9 show the traveling device 50 and the curb 60 viewed from above, and in FIG. 9, the crawler main body 20 is arranged so that the facing state of the inclined end face 44 and the curb 60 can be easily understood. It is described by a virtual line.

  The lower surface 32 of the core 30 positioned on the front end 50a of the traveling device 50 (that is, the front side in the traveling direction from the center of the sprocket 52) has the front side in the traveling direction, and the upper surface 31 faces the rear side in the traveling direction. When the traveling device 50 enters at an approach angle α with respect to the extending direction of the curb 60, the inclined end face 44 of the core 30 is in a facing state substantially parallel to the wall surface 62 of the curb 60. Thereby, it becomes possible to receive the load which tip part 41 of core 30 receives from curb 60 by a field or a line.

  As shown in FIG. 11, in the rubber crawler 100 using the conventional cored bar 130, since the tip end portion 141a of the wing portion 141 of the cored bar 130 has a round shape, the tip portion 141a is covered by the collision with the curb 60. The load was to be received at the apex 148 of the spherical surface, and stress concentration occurred at the apex 148. As a result, there is a problem that the rubber crawler 100 is likely to be cracked starting from the apex 148.

  On the other hand, in the rubber crawler 10 of the present embodiment, the load received from the curb 60 can be received by the inclined end face 44 of the core 30 in the form of a surface or a line. In comparison, stress concentration at the tip 41a can be alleviated. Thus, by setting the inclination angle α of the inclined end face 44 of the core 30 in the range of 10 to 20 degrees, the approach direction of the rubber crawler 10 approaches 15 degrees with respect to the extension direction of the curb 60 When entering at an angle (that is, an angle at which the ear portion of the rubber crawler 10 bends easily and which makes it impossible to get on the curb 60, the angle between the inclined end face 44 and the curb 60) By making the facing state substantially parallel, it is possible to reduce the stress concentration generated at the end of the cored bar and to suppress the generation of the cored bar crack of the rubber crawler 10.

  Next, the load exerted on the inclined side surface 46 of the core 30 by the curb 60 will be described. FIG. 10 is a view on arrow A in FIG. 8 schematically showing the facing state of the curb 60 and the inclined side surface 46 of the core 30. As shown in FIG.

  When the cored bar 30 approaches the upper surface 61 of the curb 60, the upper surface 61 and the inclined side surface 46 of the cored bar 30 face each other. At this time, since the inclined side surface 46 is inclined at the inclination angle β, the upper surface 61 and the inclined side surface 46 are in a substantially parallel facing state, and as a result, the load received from the upper surface 61 can be received by the surface or line. It becomes possible.

  As shown in FIG. 12, in the rubber crawler 100 using the conventional core metal 130, both side surfaces 145 and 146 in the core metal width direction are not inclined and extend substantially perpendicularly to the lower surface 132 of the core metal 130. Because of this, stress is concentrated at the corner portion 149 of the core 130, and a crack is easily generated starting from this.

  On the other hand, in the rubber crawler 10 of the present embodiment, the inclined side surface 46 of the core 30 can be brought into a facing state close to parallel to the upper surface 61 of the curb 60. Stress concentration at the end can be relaxed. As a result, the occurrence of the core metal end crack in the rubber crawler 10 can be suppressed more effectively. In particular, by setting the inclination angle β of the inclined side surfaces 45 and 46 in the range of 15 degrees to 45 degrees according to the size of the traveling device 50 and the height of the curb 60, the facing state of the inclined side surface 46 and the curb 60 Can be approximately parallel.

  Further, in the present embodiment, the cored bar 30 overlaps the thick lugs 25 at the tip portions 41a and 42a of the wing portions 41 and 42 where the stress is concentrated, so the occurrence of the cored bar end crack is further suppressed can do. Furthermore, in the tip portions 41a and 42a, the inner circumferential surface 21 of the crawler main body 20 becomes the raised surface 21b and is covered with rubber, thereby further suppressing the generation of cracks starting from the tip portions 41a and 42a. be able to.

  The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in the above-described embodiment, the tips 41a and 42a of the wings 41 and 42 are linear, but the inclined end face 44 is formed by bending the tips 41a and 42a to the non-grounding side 31 side. You may

  For example, the inner circumferential surface 21 of the crawler main body 20 may have a planar shape in which the widthwise outer side is not raised. Further, for example, the outer peripheral surface 22 of the crawler main body 20 may have a shape in which the surface is not raised toward the inner peripheral surface in the width direction outer side, and the outer peripheral surface 22 is a tip end portion of the wings 41 and 42 The overlapping area may be overlaid with a rubber material and raised above the standard outer peripheral surface 22. As a result, even when the lugs 25 do not overlap the wing portions 41 and 42, the thickness of the rubber material can be increased, and cracks originating from the tip of the wing portion can be suppressed.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Rubber crawler 20 Crawler main body 21 Inner peripheral surface 21b Raised surface 22 Outer peripheral surface 25 Lug 30 Core metal 36, 37 Protrusion part 41, 42 Wing part 41a, 42a Tip part of wing part 44 Inclined end face 45, 46 Inclined side surface 50 Traveling device 52 Sprocket 60 Curb

Claims (6)

A rubber crawler cored bar having a wing portion forming both ends and a pair of projections projecting from the non-grounded side surface on the base end side of each wing portion, and embedded in the rubber crawler,
In the wing portion, the end face of the tip in the longitudinal direction is inclined inward in the longitudinal direction from the non-grounding side surface toward the grounding side surface;
A rubber crawler cored bar characterized in that an inclination angle of the end face is set in a range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees with respect to the vertical direction in a state where the ground contact side and the ground face each other.   The rubber crawler core metal according to claim 1, wherein both side surfaces in the width direction of the wing portion are inclined inward in the width direction from the non-grounding side surface toward the grounding side surface.   The rubber crawler core metal according to claim 2, wherein an inclination angle of the side surfaces of the wing portion with respect to the vertical direction is 15 degrees to 45 degrees. A rubber crawler core metal according to any one of claims 1 to 3;
What is claimed is: 1. A rubber crawler comprising: an endless belt-like crawler main body in which a plurality of the rubber crawler core metals are embedded at intervals in the circumferential direction.   The inner peripheral surface of the crawler main body is characterized in that a raised surface is formed by building up a region overlapping with the tip end of the wing with a rubber material and making the region higher than a standard inner peripheral surface. The rubber crawler according to claim 4. The crawler body has a plurality of lugs projecting from the outer circumferential surface and formed at intervals in the circumferential direction,
The rubber crawler according to claim 4 or 5, wherein a tip of the wing portion overlaps with the lug in a thickness direction.

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