JP2015142059A - パワー半導体モジュール - Google Patents
パワー半導体モジュール Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2015142059A JP2015142059A JP2014015049A JP2014015049A JP2015142059A JP 2015142059 A JP2015142059 A JP 2015142059A JP 2014015049 A JP2014015049 A JP 2014015049A JP 2014015049 A JP2014015049 A JP 2014015049A JP 2015142059 A JP2015142059 A JP 2015142059A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- conductive member
- power semiconductor
- semiconductor module
- electrode
- connection terminal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 79
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 16
- 229910001374 Invar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000962 AlSiC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRBRVDCKNXZZGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;copper Chemical compound [AlH3].[Cu] JRBRVDCKNXZZGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009751 slip forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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Abstract
【課題】トランジスタ素子の高発熱部分を効率よく冷却でき、配線接合部の接続信頼性に優れたパワー半導体モジュールを提供する。【解決手段】放熱板1と、放熱板1に接合材を介して接続され、絶縁基板2の表面に配線が形成された回路基板と、一方の面に形成された主電極6及び制御電極7と他方の面に形成された裏面電極を備え、裏面電極が回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたトランジスタ素子5と、主電極6に接合材を介して接合された第一の導電部材10と、第一の導電部材10と制御電極7を他の素子もしくは回路基板に電気的に接続するワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子11、12とを備えたパワー半導体モジュールであって、制御電極7が主電極6の角部に配置され、第一の導電部材10が制御電極7の上部を切り欠いた形状であることを特徴とする。【選択図】 図1
Description
本発明は、IGBTモジュール等のパワー半導体モジュールに関し、特に半導体素子上に配置した板状の導電部材の上にワイヤやリボンで配線を形成するパワー半導体モジュールに関する。
IGBTモジュール等のパワー半導体モジュールは、半導体素子あたり数十〜数百Aの大電流を扱うため、半導体素子の大きな発熱を伴う。近年、パワー半導体モジュールの更なる小型化が求められており、発熱密度がますます上昇する傾向にある。SiやSiCで構成される半導体素子は、銅やアルミニウムなどで構成されるワイヤ、リボン等で他の素子や電極と接続されるが、半導体素子と配線材料の熱膨張率に差があるために、スイッチング動作(通電のONとOFFの動作)を繰り返すうちに、熱疲労で接合部が破壊されるという問題があった。
そこで、配線接続の信頼性を向上させる技術として、特許文献1には、半導体チップ上に熱拡散金属板をはんだで接続し、熱拡散金属板と絶縁基板上の配線パターンを、厚さ100〜200μm程度の薄い金属(リボン)で接続した構造のパワー半導体モジュールが開示されている。特許文献1では、熱拡散金属板によって中心部が高温になる半導体チップを均熱化してする効果があると記載されている。同じく、導電性の金属板を用いて配線接続の信頼性を向上させる技術として特許文献2がある。特許文献2では、配線部材と半導体素子の中間の熱膨張係数の金属板を2枚用いて、熱膨張係数差の大きな接続部を無くす、応力緩衝の観点からの解決方法が紹介されている。
即ち、半導体チップ上に接合材を用いて接続された熱拡散金属板は、適切な熱膨張係数の材料を用いれば、チップの温度分布の均一化とともに、配線接合部の熱応力の低減が可能な有力な接続信頼性向上手段である。
しかしながら、従来構造での熱拡散金属板は、チップ面に沿った平面方向のレイアウトについて熱拡散およびボンディングレイアウトの点で最適化されたものでは無かった。例えばIGBT素子(絶縁ゲートバイポーラトランジスタ)には、表面電極にエミッタ電極(主電極)とゲート電極(制御電極)が、裏面電極にはコレクタ電極(主電極)が形成されている。ゲート電流は、オンとオフの短い期間に流れるのみであり、瞬時に流れる電流量もエミッタ―コレクタ間に流れる電流の数十分の一から数百分の一程度にすぎない。よってエミッタ電極に対してゲート電極は発熱量が小さく、特にエミッタ電極を効率良く冷却しなければならない。しかしながら、特許文献1、2に記載された従来構造には、エミッタ電極上に接続された導電部材とゲート配線が記載されているものの、並べて置かれているだけで、高発熱部分を効率よく冷却するためのチップ上の詳細なレイアウトの最適化が行われていないという課題があった。
なお、表面電極にソース電極(主電極)とゲート電極(制御電極)が、裏面電極にドレイン電極(主電極)を形成したMOSFET素子(絶縁ゲート型電界効果トランジスタ)も主電極間を流れる電流量はゲート電極を流れる電流量より大きく、高発熱部と低発熱部を有しており、高発熱部分を効率よくいかに冷却するかは、トランジスタ素子の共通の課題である。
本発明は、トランジスタ素子の高発熱部分を効率よく冷却でき、配線接合部の接続信頼性に優れたパワー半導体モジュールを提供することを目的とする。
上記課題を解決するための本発明の一つの構成は、「放熱板と、前記放熱板に接合材を介して接続され、絶縁基板の表面に配線が形成された回路基板と、一方の面に形成された主電極及び制御電極と他方の面に形成された裏面電極を備え、前記裏面電極が前記回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたトランジスタ素子と、前記主電極に接合材を介して接合された第一の導電部材と、前記第一の導電部材と前記制御電極を他の素子もしくは回路基板に電気的に接続するワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子とを備えたパワー半導体モジュールであって、前記制御電極が前記主電極の角部に配置され、前記第一の導電部材が前記制御電極の上部を切り欠いた形状であるパワー半導体モジュール」であることを特徴とする。制御電極を主電極の角部に配置した上で主電極に第一の導電部材を接続し、第一の導電部材が制御電極上部を切り欠いた形状となるような構造とすれば、制御電極に対して高発熱部分である主電極を穴や溝無く連続的に導電部材を最大面積で覆うことができ、導電部材の中で伝熱パスが遮られることが無く、高い均熱化効果が得られる。
本発明によれば、トランジスタ素子の高発熱部分を効率よく冷却でき、配線接合部の接続信頼性に優れたパワー半導体モジュールを提供することができる。
以下、実施例を図面を用いて説明する。
図1に本発明の一実施の形態であるパワー半導体モジュールの構成を示す斜視図を示す。図1(a)が積層構造体を示し、トランジスタ素子の電極配置をわかりやすく示すために図1(b)にトランジスタ素子だけ抜き書きしている。図1(a)において銅、AlSiC等からなる放熱板1にはんだ等の接合材(図示しない)を介して、回路基板が接合されている。回路基板を構成する絶縁基板2には、窒化アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素、アルミナ等が用いられ、表面にはアルミニウムや銅等の金属導体でできた配線パターン3がろう付け等により接合され、裏面にはアルミニウムや銅等の金属導体でできた金属箔がろう付け等により接合されている。
配線パターン3の上には接合材4を介してトランジスタ素子5が接合されている。接合材には、はんだや焼結性の銀や銅の微粒子ペーストが用いられる。還元によって銀や銅を生成する酸化銀や酸化銅の微粒子ペーストを用いることもできる。接合材の種類に応じ、接合材の濡れ性向上や接合強度確保のために、配線パターン3には、銀やニッケルめっきが施される。トランジスタ素子5は、材料としては、SiやSiCが用いられ、素子の種類としては、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)やMOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor)が用いられる。ここでトランジスタ素子5の表面には図1(b)のように主電極6と制御電極7が形成されている。裏面には図示していないが、もう一つの主電極が形成されている。
IGBT素子では、表面電極にエミッタ電極(主電極)とゲート電極(制御電極)が形成され、裏面電極にはコレクタ電極(主電極)が形成される。MOSFET素子では、表面電極にとソース電極(主電極)とゲート電極(制御電極)が形成され、裏面電極にはドレイン電極(主電極)が形成される。例えば、IGBT素子をインバータ装置として用いるには、複数のIGBT素子とダイオード素子を組み合わせたモジュールとして構成されるが、図1では、簡略化のためダイオード素子は図示していない。
ここで主電極6の上には接合材9を介して、導電部材10が接続されている。導電部材10の上には超音波接合機を用いてアルミニウムあるいは銅あるいは両者のクラッド材から構成される接続端子11が接続され、回路基板上の配線パターン3や他の半導体素子等と接続されている。本発明の実施の形態では、主電極6の角部に制御電極7を配置した。また、導電部材10はトランジスタ素子の表面電極側の主電極6を最大面積で覆うようにガードリング内側ぎりぎりに設計しているが、制御電極7の上部だけは、切欠きを設けた構造とした。制御電極7の上には超音波接合機を用いてアルミニウムあるいは銅あるいは両者のクラッド材から構成される接続端子12が接続され、回路基板上の配線パターン3と接続されている。
主電極6および制御電極7は、導電部材10との接合や接続端子12との超音波接合のために、アルミニウム、ニッケル、金、銀、銅などの数μmの厚みの薄膜で覆われている。接合材9の材料には、接合材4の材料と同じくはんだや焼結性の銀や銅の微粒子ペーストなどが用いられる。
導電部材10は、トランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向が垂直な方向より熱伝導率が高い材料を用いれば、素子の発熱が上部のワイヤやリボンなどの配線に伝わる前に導電部材10のチップ面に沿った面内で熱が拡散し、良好な均熱効果が得られるため、チップの特定部分だけが高温になってワイヤもしくはリボンが剥がれることが無くなり、チップ全体として配線接続信頼性が向上する。例えば、ある面で20W/mK、その直交方向に2000W/mKといった熱伝導異方性を有するグラファイト繊維と金属(銅、アルミニウムなど)を複合化した材料を用いることができる。また、さらに銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料など、異なる熱伝導率を有する層を積層した材料を用いることが好ましい。これは、一つにはインバー(鉄ニッケル合金)の熱伝導率が13W/mKと銅の400 W/mKよりも小さいためトランジスタ素子の発熱を上部に伝えにくく、素子面に沿って銅内部を熱が伝播し均熱化されるためである。もう一つには、銅(約16ppm/K)とインバー(約1ppm/K)の比率によって熱膨張率をSiやSiC(3〜5ppm/K)と配線材(Al約23ppm/K、Cu約16ppm/K)の中間の好ましい値に調整することが可能であり、熱応力を低減できるためである。例えば銅/インバー/銅比を1:1:1にすることで約11ppm/Kの熱膨張率が得られ、熱膨張差の大きい材料の接続部を作らずに済み、配線接続信頼性も導電部材のチップへの接続信頼性も向上させることができる。
パワー半導体モジュールでは主電極に大電流を流すために200〜500μm径のワイヤや100〜300μm厚のリボンを用いるが、配線と銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料の接続部の応力歪が銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料とトランジスタ素子の接続部の応力歪と重ならないよう、銅/インバー/銅合わせて1mm以上の厚みのものを用いるのが特に好ましい。ワイヤやリボンのカット時のチップへの衝撃を和らげる意味でも1mm以上の厚みのものを用いるのが好ましい。導電部材10の材料としては、他に銅/モリブデン/銅のクラッド材等も用いることができる。図1の例では主電極上の導電部材の上にはリボンが接続されている。ワイヤを用いても構わないが、導電部材10があるために超音波接合および切断の衝撃による、チップダメージを受けにくく、1mm以上の幅の銅リボンで接続することが可能である。一方、制御電極は導電部材が無く、電極に直接ボンドするので、アルミニウムワイヤ、銅/アルミクラッドリボン、細幅銅ワイヤなど低荷重低パワーで接合できる配線材が適する。
次に制御電極7が主電極6の角部に位置し、導電部材10が制御電極7上を切り欠いた構造であることの効果を説明する。MOSFET素子では、酸化膜(SiO2)で絶縁されたゲート電極が存在し、容量成分を持つ。これらは、ゲート-ソース間容量、ゲート-ドレイン間容量と呼ばれる。そして、ゲート電圧によってオンオフを行ない、オンオフ時にゲート電流が流れる。この電流はゲート-ソース間容量、ゲート-ドレイン間容量を充放電するために用いられるもので小さく、ソース-ドレイン間に流れる電流量の数十分の一に過ぎない。IGBT素子も構造的にMOSFETを内包したものになっており、ゲート電流は瞬間的に流れるのみで、電流量は小さい。このように、制御電極(ゲート電極)を流れる電流は主電極(エミッタ電極-コレクタ電極あるいはソース電極-ドレイン電極)より小さく短時間しか流れないので、制御電極が低発熱部、主電極が高発熱部となる。実際には主電極6が面積的に表面電極8の大部分を占めることが多く、主電極6の内部でも駆動温度次第で20〜30℃の温度差が生じる。導電部材10は均熱化に有効であるが、制御電極7を角部に配置し、主電極6を導電部材10で連続的に覆った場合に高い均熱効果が得られる。逆に制御電極をチップ中央に配置すると伝熱径路が途切れてしまうので好ましくない。
また、図1に示したように主電極上に導電部材が接続され、制御電極に導電部材が接続されない場合には、以下の利点も有する。すなわち、導電部材を主電極6のみに用いるとき、制御電極7のワイヤもしくはリボン結線において、導電部材10が超音波接合の立体障害となりうる。超音波振動を伝えるツールには前後にワイヤ(リボン)供給用のガイドと呼ばれる部品とワイヤ(リボン)切断用のカッターと呼ばれる部品が間隔を開けて取り付けられており、先端部は細く上部は太くなっている。一般的な超音波接合機の例を取ると、導電部材10が1mmの厚みの時、超音波接合時にぶつからないためにはツール中心を起点に例えばガイド側2mm、カッター側1mm程度のクリアランスを設けなければならない。制御電極7がチップ中心に位置すると最低3mmの幅の穴が必要となる。ワイヤ(リボン)のループ方向に穴を広げることも考えると導電部材10の面積を大幅に小さくせざるを得ず、均熱化の面で不利である。このように制御電極7が主電極6の中心近くに配置されると、制御電極の前後左右いずれの方向にも距離を空ける必要があり、結果的に導電部材の面積が小さくなって、十分な熱拡散効果が得られないという課題を有する。これに対して、本実施例のように制御電極7を主電極6の角部に設けることで、導電部材10による立体的な干渉を最小限にできる。その結果、導電部材10の大きさを大幅に小さくする必要がないため均熱化効果を損なわない。
本実施例によれば、トランジスタ素子の主電極と制御電極で発熱量に差があることを考慮した、電極および電極に接合された導電部材を最もチップ均熱化に優れた構成とすることができ、高温動作時の配線接続信頼性の高いパワー半導体モジュールが提供できる。
本実施例では、制御電極7上にも導電部材を設けたパワー半導体モジュールの例を図2を用いて説明する。図2の中で、既に説明した図1に示された同一の符号を付された構成と、同一の機能を有する部分については、説明を省略する。
本構成において制御電極7には接合材21を介して、導電部材22が接合されている。接合材21は、接合材9と同様にはんだや焼結性の銀や銅の微粒子ペーストが用いられる。導電部材22は導電部材10と同様に、トランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向が垂直な方向より熱伝導率が高い材料を用いれば、素子の発熱が上部のワイヤやリボンなどの配線に伝わる前に導電部材のチップ面に沿った面内で熱が拡散し、良好な均熱効果が得られるため、チップの特定部分だけが高温になってワイヤもしくはリボンが剥がれることが無くなり、チップ全体として配線接続信頼性が向上する。特に銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料など、異なる熱伝導率を有する層を積層した材料を用いることが好ましい。導電部材22には、超音波接合機を用いてアルミニウムあるいは銅あるいは両者のクラッド材から構成される接続端子23が接続され、回路基板上の配線パターンや他の半導体素子等と接続されている。導電部材22があるために超音波接合および切断の衝撃による、チップダメージが受けにくく、1mm以上の幅の銅リボンで接続することが可能である。
本構成は、制御電極7が主電極6の角部に位置し、伝熱径路を遮る穴や溝の無い導電部材10で主電極6を覆っているので、高い均熱効果が得られる。また、制御電極7上の導電部材22に接続端子23を超音波接合する時、図1の構成のように導電部材10が障害とならないので、導電部材10を小さくして接続端子23の接合部分から距離を取る必要が無いので、導電部材10による高い均熱化効果が得られる。
本実施例では、トランジスタ素子とダイオード素子をそれぞれ複数搭載した、モジュール全体として均熱性に優れたパワー半導体モジュールの例を説明する。
パワーデバイスは、通常複数のトランジスタとダイオードをモジュール化して取扱い、小型化や取り付け性の向上などを実現している。ワイヤなどの接続端子で回路基板の配線パターンと素子、あるいは素子間を接続する際、ワイヤをチップ上で切断することは超音波接合機のカッターでチップに衝撃を与えることを意味するので、避けられることが多い。そのため、回路基板の配線パターンとトランジスタ、トランジスタとダイオード、ダイオードと回路基板の配線パターンとは、0.4から0.5mm径のアルミワイヤでウエッジボンドタイプの超音波接合機を用いて連続的に結線されるのが通常である。
一方、パワー半導体モジュールの大容量化、高発熱密度化が進む中で、ワイヤ材料としては、銅が注目されている。アルミニウムより高い熱伝導率、電気伝導率を有し、SiやSiCの熱膨張率に近いため応力的にも有利である。このように、銅あるいは銅とアルミニウムのクラッドなどの銅を含むワイヤまたはリボンは、熱伝達性に優れ、モジュール全体の温度分布を均一化し、同時に、配線接合部の熱応力を低減することが可能な有力な接続信頼性向上手段である。ただし、アルミニウムより硬いため、超音波接合時につぶれにくく、高荷重、高パワーを印加しなければならず、チップダメージを与えやすい。また、従来のように回路基板の配線パターンとトランジスタ、トランジスタとダイオード、ダイオードと回路基板の配線パターンとを連続的につなぐ様な場合、銅が硬くてチップ面方向に曲げにくいために直線的な接続とせざるを得ず、銅配線数や配線方向が制限されてしまう。
これに対して、実施例1,2のようにトランジスタやダイオードの電極上に導電部材を設ければ、超音波接合時の衝撃緩衝材として働くため、銅を含むワイヤやリボンを用いてチップ面上での接続や切断が可能であり、モジュール全体の均熱性に優れた配線方法の採用が可能となる。以下、図面を用いて具体的に説明する。
図3(a)は本実施例のパワー半導体モジュールの上面図であり、A−Aで示した鎖線部分の断面図を図3(b)に示した。また、比較のために図4(a)に従来の配線方法を用いたパワー半導体モジュールの上面図を、図4(b)にA−Aで示した鎖線部分の断面図を示す。図3、4の中で、既に説明した図1、2に示された同一の符号を付された構成と、同一の機能を有する部分については、説明を省略する。
図3(a)において絶縁基板2には、4つのブロックに区画され互いに絶縁された配線パターン3(3A,3B,3C,3D)が形成されている。図3(b)で配線パターン3上には焼結性の銅の微粒子ペーストからなる接合材4(上面図には図示しない)を用いて、ダイオード素子31とトランジスタ素子5が接合されている。はんだや銀の微粒子ペーストなどの接合材を用いても良い。図3(a)で、ダイオード素子31とトランジスタ素子5は、それぞれ4個横一列に並んで搭載されている。図3(b)でダイオード素子31の表面電極には導電部材32が、トランジスタ素子5の表面電極側主電極33には導電部材34が焼結性の銅の微粒子ペーストからなる接合材9(上面図には図示しない)を用いて接合されている。導電部材32、34にはトランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向が垂直な方向より熱伝導率が高い材料を用いることが好ましく、特に異なる熱伝導率を有する層を積層した材料を用いることが好ましい。本実施例では、銅/インバー/銅の厚み比率1:1:1、トータル厚み1mmのものを用いた。接合材4と接合材9に同じ焼結性の銅微粒子ペーストを用いることでダイオード素子31と導電部材32、トランジスタ素子5と導電部材34の同時接合を行った。銅微粒子の焼結には加熱と同時に加圧を行わなければ、焼結密度が向上しない。同時接合を行う場合、素子より導電部材の面積が小さいと導電部材下の面圧が素子下の面圧より高くなり、導電部材端部で素子を割ってしまうことが起こりやすいため、導電部材32、34の素子側の面には、面取りを施した。図3(a)、(b)に示したように、配線パターン3Aと導電部材32の間、導電部材32と導電部材34の間、導電部材34と配線パターン3Cの間は、超音波接合機を用いて、それぞれ独立した銅リボンからなる接続端子36で互いに接続されている。トランジスタ素子5の制御電極35と配線パターン3Dの間は、超音波接合機を用い、アルミニウムワイヤからなる接続端子37で接続されている。接続端子37はチップ面に導電部材を介さずに超音波接合する為、接合時の衝撃がチップにダメージを与えやすいことから、銅より低荷重低パワーで変形できるアルミニウムワイヤを用いた。なお、絶縁基板2は放熱板に接合されており、外部端子とともに樹脂ケースに収められ、シリコーンゲル等で封止されるが、図面複雑になるので図示していない。
図4の従来例では絶縁基板2から導電部材32、34までの積層構造は図3の本実施例と共通しているが配線方法が異なる。図4(a)のように、配線パターン3A、導電部材32、導電部材34、配線パターン3Cは途中で切断されない連続線からなる接続端子41、42、43、44で接続している。図4(b)には接続端子42Aを含む断面図を示した。導電部材32、34の上でリボンはステッチボンドと呼ばれる小さな弧を形成していて、導電部材32、34の上では切断されていない。このような連続線による結線方法は、導電部材を搭載しないでチップ電極面に直接ワイヤボンドする場合に、チップ面上でワイヤ切断するとチップにクラックが入ることから、切断は回路基板上で行うようになり広く用いられるようになった。導電部材をチップ上に搭載した場合、超音波接合時の衝撃緩衝材として働くので、銅を含むワイヤやリボンでの接続が可能になったが、そこで新たな問題が生まれることとなった。銅は硬いので途中で角度を変えて曲げて打つ事が困難である。例えば図4(a)で接続端子42は、3本のリボンで配線パターン3Aとダイオード素子32が接続されているが、配線パターン3Aの電極幅の制約から接続端子41は41Bの1本のみしか配線パターン3Aとダイオード素子32を接続できない。あるいは、接続端子44のようにチップに対して角度をつけてリボンボンドすることも可能であるが、44A、44Bの2本でしか配線パターン3Aとダイオード素子32を接続できない。このようなリボン数の低下は電流の集中を招く他、リボンによる熱伝達によるモジュールの均熱化を妨げるため好ましくない。本実施例はこのような課題を解決したものであり、図3(a)の接続端子36のように配線パターン3Aと導電部材32の間、導電部材32と導電部材34の間、導電部材34と配線パターン3Cの間をそれぞれ完全に独立した接続端子で接続する。このことにより、配線パターン3Aと導電部材32間をチップに対して30度の角度をつけて銅リボンを接合し、導電部材32と導電部材34間はチップにならって(0度の方向に)銅リボンを打つといった結線が可能となる。これは、連続線では1、2本しか接続できない配線パターン3Aと導電部材32間を3本で接続することを可能にし、モジュールの均熱化、チップ配置の自由化を実現できる。ダイオード素子がトランジスタ素子と異なる大きさであったり、ダイオード素子とトランジスタ素子の搭載数が異なったりする場合、略直線状の銅を含むワイヤもしくはリボンで結線することは、レイアウト的に非常に難しくなるため、本発明の独立した複数の銅を含むワイヤもしくはリボンによる結線は特に有効である。なお、導電部材32や34の上でステッチボンドをしないことは、伝熱径路を減らしているが、ワイヤやリボンの厚み分導電部材を厚くすることは容易であり、熱伝達の阻害要因とはならない。
このように本実施例によれば、回路基板と導電部材間、導電部材と他の導電部材間を、それぞれ独立した銅を含むワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子で接続することが可能である。この独立した結線により、回路基板とトランジスタ素子間の銅系ワイヤ(リボン)方向とは、大きく異なる方向にトランジスタとダイオード間の銅系ワイヤ(リボン)を打つといった事が可能となり、電極パターンとチップ位置にずれがあっても、銅系ワイヤ(リボン)の本数を減らさずに済む。このことはモジュール全体の均熱化に大きく貢献する。
図5に本発明の更に他の実施の形態であるパワー半導体モジュールの上面図を示す。図3に示した実施例3と使用する部材は共通するので説明を省略する。トランジスタ素子5の表面には、主電極33と制御電極35が形成されており、制御電極35は主電極33の角部に配置されている。そして主電極33には接合材(図示しない)を介して導電部材34が接続されているが、制御電極35の上は切り欠いた形状となっている。このことにより、トランジスタ素子5の高発熱部である主電極33は、伝熱を妨げる穴や溝の無い導電部材34で全体を覆われることになり、トランジスタ素子5の面方向の均熱性が向上し、導電部材34に接続された銅リボンからなる接続端子36の接続信頼性が向上する。また、アルミニウムワイヤからなる接続端子37の超音波接合において、制御電極が角部にあるため、導電部材34がガイドやカッターとぶつかりにくく、導電部材34を小さくすることが不要になるため、導電部材34による高い均熱効果が得られる。以上トランジスタ素子単体での均熱化効果に加えて、本実施例のモジュールは互いに独立した銅リボンによって配線パターン3や導電部材32、34が接続されており、連続した直線状の銅リボンを用いた場合よりも密にリボンを打てるため、モジュール全体としても均熱化効果が得られ、接続端子の接続信頼性が向上する。
図6に本発明の更に他の実施の形態であるパワー半導体モジュールの上面図を示す。制御電極とその電気的接続部以外は、図5に示した実施例4と使用する部材は同じであるので説明を省略する。トランジスタ素子5の表面には、主電極33と制御電極35が形成されており、制御電極35は主電極33の角部に配置されている。そして主電極33には接合材(図示しない)を介して導電部材34が接続されており、制御電極35には接合材(図示しない)を介して導電部材61が接続されている。導電部材34と導電部材61は、同一材料として、トランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向が垂直な方向より熱伝導率が高い材料を用いればよく、特に銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料など、異なる熱伝導率を有する層を積層した材料を用いることが好ましい。本実施の形態では銅/インバー/銅の厚み比率1:1:1トータル厚み1mmのものを用いたが、制御電極は主電極よりも小さく、導電部材61と制御電極35の接合部に生じる熱応力は小さいので、導電部材61には熱膨張率がSi、SiCに近い銅/インバー/銅のクラッド材料を用いる代わりに純銅を用いることもできる。導電部材61が接続端子62を超音波接合する際の緩衝材として働くので、接続端子62はアルミニウムより高荷重高パワーで接合される銅リボンを用いた。接続端子36と接続端子62を材質的にも形状的にも同一の銅リボンとすることで超音波接続工程の短時間化が可能である。
本構成は、制御電極が主電極の角部に位置し、主電極を伝熱径路を遮る穴や溝の無い導電部材で覆っているので、高い均熱効果が得られる。また、接続端子62を超音波接合する時、導電部材34が障害とならないので、導電部材34を小さくして接続端子62の接合部分から距離を取る必要が無いので、導電部材34による高い均熱化効果が得られる。さらに、本実施例のモジュールは互いに独立した銅リボンによって配線パターン3や導電部材32、34が接続されており、連続した直線状銅リボンを用いた場合よりも密にリボンを打てるため、モジュール全体としても均熱化効果が得られ、接続端子の接続信頼性が向上する。
図7に本発明の更に他の実施の形態であるパワー半導体モジュールの上面図を示す。図3に示した実施例3と使用する部材は共通するものが多く、その点についての説明を省略する。実施例3と異なる点は、各トランジスタ素子の主電極33に接合された導電部材34同士を接続端子71で接続している点である。導電部材34は接続端子71を超音波接合する際の緩衝材として働くので、接続端子71はアルミニウムより高荷重高パワーで接合される銅リボンを用いた。銅ワイヤや銅とアルミニウムのクラッドワイヤを用いることもできる。なお、トランジスタ素子同士をアルミワイヤ等の接続端子でつなぎ、電位の同一化を行う技術は公知であるが、図4の接続端子44のようなチップ上をステッチボンドをした連続線の端子は、必然的にチップ面を覆うことになり、それに直交するような方向のワイヤやリボンを接続する面積を確保することが困難であった。本実施例では、導電部材32や34の上で接続端子が切れているので、導電部材の上のスペースに余裕があり、導電部材を起点に異なる方向へのワイヤ、リボンボンドが可能となり、導電部材34同士の接続が可能となった。
このように、回路基板と導電部材間、導電部材と他の導電部材間をそれぞれ独立した接続端子で結線し、トランジスタ素子上の導電部材の上のステッチボンドを無くすことで、トランジスタ素子間を熱伝達性に優れる銅を含む材料で接続することが可能となり、伝熱径路が縦横に広がることで、モジュール全体の均熱化に大きく貢献する。
図8に本発明の更に他の実施の形態であるパワー半導体モジュールの上面図を示す。図7に示した実施例6と使用する部材は共通するので説明を省略する。トランジスタ素子5の表面には、主電極33と制御電極35が形成されており、制御電極35は主電極33の角部に配置されている。そして主電極33には接合材(図示しない)を介して導電部材34が接続されているが、制御電極35の上は切り欠いた形状となっている。このことにより、トランジスタ素子5の高発熱部である主電極33は、伝熱を妨げる穴や溝の無い導電部材34で全体を覆われることになり、トランジスタ素子5の面方向の均熱性が向上し、接続端子36の接続信頼性が向上する。また、接続端子37の超音波接合において、制御電極が角部にあるため、導電部材34がガイドやカッターとぶつかりにくく、導電部材34を小さくすることが不要になるため、導電部材34による高い均熱効果が得られる。以上トランジスタ素子単体での均熱化効果に加えて、本発明のモジュールは互いに独立した銅リボンによって配線パターン3や導電部材32、34が接続されており、連続した直線状銅リボンを用いた場合よりも密にリボンを打てる。また、接続端子71によってダイオード素子31とトランジスタ素子5を結ぶ方向とは別の方向への伝熱径路が確保されるため、さらにモジュール全体の均熱化が可能となり、高温動作時のワイヤあるいはリボンの接続信頼性が向上する。
本発明の実施形態について実施例を用いて具体的に説明したが、本発明はこれらの実施例の構成に限定されるものではなく、発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲内で種々の変更が可能である。
1 放熱板
2 絶縁基板
3 配線パターン
4 接合材
5 トランジスタ素子
6 主電極
7 制御電極
8 表面電極
9 接合材
10 導電部材
11 接続端子
12 接続端子
21 接合材
22 導電部材
23 接続端子
31 ダイオード素子
32 導電部材
33 主電極
34 導電部材
35 制御電極
36 接続端子
37 接続端子
41、42、43、44 接続端子
61 導電部材
62 接続端子
71 接続端子
2 絶縁基板
3 配線パターン
4 接合材
5 トランジスタ素子
6 主電極
7 制御電極
8 表面電極
9 接合材
10 導電部材
11 接続端子
12 接続端子
21 接合材
22 導電部材
23 接続端子
31 ダイオード素子
32 導電部材
33 主電極
34 導電部材
35 制御電極
36 接続端子
37 接続端子
41、42、43、44 接続端子
61 導電部材
62 接続端子
71 接続端子
Claims (12)
- 放熱板と、前記放熱板に接合材を介して接続され、絶縁基板の表面に配線が形成された回路基板と、一方の面に形成された主電極及び制御電極と他方の面に形成された裏面電極を備え、前記裏面電極が前記回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたトランジスタ素子と、前記主電極に接合材を介して接合された第一の導電部材と、前記第一の導電部材と前記制御電極を他の素子もしくは回路基板に電気的に接続するワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子とを備えたパワー半導体モジュールであって、
前記制御電極が前記主電極の角部に配置され、前記第一の導電部材が前記制御電極の上部を切り欠いた形状であるパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第一の導電部材は、トランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向の熱伝導率が垂直な方向の熱伝導率よりも高いことを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項2に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第一の導電部材が、異なる熱伝導率を有する複数の層を積層して形成されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記制御電極に前記接続端子が直接接続されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記制御電極に接合材を介して接続された第二の導電部材を有し、
前記制御電極と前記接続端子は前記第二の導電部材を介して電気的に接続されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項5に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第二の導電部材は、トランジスタ素子の電極面に水平な方向の熱伝導率が垂直な方向の熱伝導率よりも高いことを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項5に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第二の導電部材が、異なる熱伝導率を有する複数の層を積層して形成されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたダイオード素子と、前記ダイオード素子の表面電極に接合材を介して接続された第三の導電部材とを備え、
前記回路基板と前記第一の導電部材または第三の導電部材とを接続する第一の接続端子と、前記第一の導電部材と第三の導電部材を接続する第二の接続端子とが、それぞれ独立した銅を含むワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子であることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項8に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第一の導電部材同士を接続する銅を含むワイヤまたはリボン状の第三の接続端子を設けたことを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 放熱板と、前記放熱板に接合材を介して接続され、絶縁基板の表面に配線が形成された回路基板と、一方の面に形成された主電極及び制御電極と他方の面に形成された裏面電極を備え、前記裏面電極が前記回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたトランジスタ素子と、前記主電極に接合材を介して接合された第一の導電部材と、前記回路基板に接合材を介して接続されたダイオード素子と、前記ダイオード素子の表面電極に接合材を介して接続された第三の導電部材と、前記第一の導電部材、前記第三の導電部材、及び前記制御電極を他の素子もしくは回路基板に電気的に接続するワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子とを備えたパワー半導体モジュールであって、
前記回路基板と前記第一の導電部材または第三の導電部材とを接続する第一の接続端子と、前記第一の導電部材と第三の導電部材を接続する第二の接続端子とが、それぞれ独立した銅を含むワイヤまたはリボン状の接続端子であることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項10に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記第一の導電部材同士を接続する銅を含むワイヤまたはリボン状の第三の接続端子を設けたことを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 請求項10又は11に記載のパワー半導体モジュールにおいて、
前記制御電極に接合材を介して接続された第二の導電部材を有し、
前記制御電極と前記接続端子は前記第二の導電部材を介して電気的に接続されていることを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。
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