JP2013517492A - セルモノリス炭素の酵素修飾及びその使用 - Google Patents
セルモノリス炭素の酵素修飾及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
・大きな比表面積、特に従来の炭素繊維よりも大きな比表面積の導体材料であること、
・酵素基質の含浸及び核酸によって酸素の結合を可能にするために調節可能な多孔性を有すること、
・生体媒質に溶解した生体分子又は生体部分に対する、生体媒質における合理的な電位範囲内での電気化学反応に生体特異的であること、
・生体適合性があること。
・大きな比表面積、特に従来の炭素繊維よりも大きな比表面積を有する;
・固定化することが望まれる電気活性部分と対応する検体との性質に従って孔径を調節することが可能である;
・液体媒体、例えば生理液中に溶解された生体分子又は部分に対して生体特異的である;
・電気活性部分は、いかなる導電性リンカーアームも使用することなく、すなわち酸化還元メディエーターを使用することなく、マクロ孔の表面に固定化される;
・モノリスのマクロ孔内に固定化された電気活性部分がそれらの生物学的活性の全てを保持する;
・マクロ孔が電極内において電解質の迅速な含浸を可能にし、関連する含浸速度は、フィックの拡散法則によっては制限されない;
・良好な機械的性質。
(1)シリカのマトリックス又は有機改質シリカからなるセルモノリスの形態の固体シリカ鋳型を製造する工程、ここで、該モノリスは、1μm〜100μmの平均径dAを有するマクロ孔と、2〜50nmの平均径dEを有するメソ孔と、0.5〜2nmの平均径dIを有するミクロ孔とを備え、該孔は相互に結合しているものとする;
(2)該固体シリカ鋳型に、少なくとも1種の炭素先駆物質の溶液を真空下で含浸させる工程;
(3)該固体シリカ鋳型内の該先駆物質を重合及び/又は架橋させる工程;
(4)該重合及び/又は架橋先駆物質を含有する該固体シリカ鋳型を炭化する工程、ここで、該工程は、該炭素の半黒鉛化を生じさせるように700℃以上の温度で実施される;
(5)該半黒鉛化炭素モノリスを、酸又は塩基による処理で該固体シリカ鋳型を除去することにより製造する工程、ここで、該処理は、該炭化工程の前後で区別なく実施される。
・油性相を界面活性剤の水溶液に導入することによりエマルジョンを製造し、
・該エマルジョンの製造前又は後に、該界面活性剤の溶液に少なくとも1種のシリカ酸化物先駆物質及び/又は少なくとも1種の有機改質シリカ酸化物先駆物質の水溶液を添加し、
・該反応混合物を該先駆物質が凝縮するまで放置し、続いて
・該混合物を乾燥させて所期の固体シリカ鋳型を得ること
からなる。
R’n(OR)4-nSi (I)
[式中:
・Rは、1〜5個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基又は次式(II)の有機基を表し:
−(CH2)m−R1 (II)
(ここで、0≦m≦5であり、R1は、チオール基、ピロール基、1個以上の任意に置換されたアルキル、アルキルアミノ若しくはアリール置換基を有していてよいアミノ基、アルキル基(好ましくは1〜5個の炭素原子を有する)又はアルキル型の置換基R2を有していてよいフェニル基、特にメチル基から選択される。)、
・R' は、1〜5個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基又は1個以上の官能基を有していてよいアリール基を表し、
・0≦n<mであり;mはケイ素原子の原子価である。)
から選択できる。
・3−メルカプトプロピル基;
・3−アミノプロピル基;
・N−(3−プロピル)ピロール基;
・N−(2−アミノエチル)−3−アミノプロピル基;
・3−(2,4−ジニトロフェニルアミノ)プロピル基;
・フェニル若しくはベンジル基;又は
・メチル基。
(i)グルコースオキシダーゼ、グルコース−6−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、イソクエン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、キサンチンオキシダーゼ、乳酸オキシダーゼ、ピルビン酸オキシダーゼ、ビリルビンオキシダーゼ、ラッカーゼ、コレステロールオキシダーゼ、グルタミン酸オキシダーゼ、ピルビン酸オキシダーゼなどのオキシダーゼ及び西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼなどのペルオキシダーゼ;
(ii)5−α−レダクターゼ、シトクロムb5レダクターゼ、葉酸及びジヒドロ葉酸レダクターゼ、HMG−CoAレダクターゼ(又は3−ヒドロキシ−3−メチルグルタリル−CoAレダクターゼ又はHMGR)、グルタチオンレダクターゼ、メトヘモグロビンレダクターゼ及びリボヌクレオチドレダクターゼなどのレダクターゼ;
(iii)リポキシゲナーゼなどのモノオキシゲナーゼ並びにケイ皮酸4−ヒドロキシラーゼ、フェニルアラニンヒドロキシラーゼ、チロシンヒドロキシラーゼ、チロシナーゼ、シクロオキシゲナーゼ、ヘムオキシダーゼ及びシトクロムP450などのジオキシゲナーゼを含むオキシゲナーゼ;
(iv)例えば、グルコースデヒドロゲナーゼ、グルタミン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ及びルシフェラーゼなどのヒドロゲナーゼ及びデヒドロゲナーゼ。
次の例で使用した原料を以下にまとめる:
・98%テトラデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(TTAB):Alfa Aesar社;
・98%テトラエトキシオルトシラン(TEOS):アルドリッチ社;
・アセトン及びドデカン(99%):Rectapur社;
・テトラヒドロフラン(THF);48%フッ化水素酸及び37%塩酸:Analar Normapur社;
・ロディア社がAblaphene(商標)RS101という商品名で販売するフェノール/ホルムアルデヒド樹脂;
・天野エンザイム株式会社(日本)が販売するビリルビンオキシダーゼ(BOD);
・レドックス重合体:ポリアクリルアミドとポリ(N−ビニルイミダゾール)との共重合体であって、[Os(4,4’−ジクロロ−2,2’−ビピリジン)2Cl]+/2+と複合体形成したもの(PAA−PVI−bipy)。このPAA−PVI共重合体は、次のとおりに製造できる:4,4’−ジニトロ−2,2’−ビピリジン−N,N’−ジオキシドをAnderson,S.外,J.J.Chem.Soc.,Dalton Trans,1985,2247−2250及びKenausis G.外,A.J.Chem.Soc.,Faraday Trans,1996,92,4131−4135に記載されたとおりに製造した。続いて、4,4’−ジクロロ−2,2’−ビピリジン(dcl−bpy)を、Maerker G.外によって変更された方法に従って4,4’−ジニトロ−2,2’−ビピリジン−N,N’−ジオキシドから合成した(上記Anderson,S.外及びMaerker G.外,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1958,80,2475−2477)。Os(dcl−bpy)2Cl2を次のとおりに製造した:(NH4)2OsCl6及び「dcl−bpy」をエチレングリコールに1:2のモル比で溶解させ、そして1時間にわたってアルゴン雰囲気下で還流させた(収率85%)。続いて、Os(dcl−bpy)2Cl2を1:7ポリアクリルアミド/ポリ(N−ビニルイミダゾール)(PAA−PVI)共重合体と複合形成させ、そしてZakeeruddin,S.M.外,J.Electroanal.Chem.1992,337,253−256に記載されたとおりに精製してレドックス重合体PAA−PVI−bipyを製造した;
・Polysciences社が(PEGDGE)-400という商品名で販売するポリエチレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル。
マクロ多孔性及びミクロ多孔性炭素モノリスの製造
この例では、ミクロ/メソ/マクロ多孔性シリカモノリスから出発するマクロ/ミクロ二重多孔性を示す様々な炭素モノリスを例示する。
5gのTEOSを、7gのHClで予め酸性にされた35%TTAB水溶液16gに添加した。単相親水性媒体(エマルジョンの水性相)が得られるまで加水分解を行った。続いて、この水性相に、35gのドデカン(エマルジョンの油性相)を滴下で撹拌しながら添加した。続いて、このエマルジョンを、周囲温度で1週間、シリカモノリスの状態で凝縮するまで放置した。このようにして合成されたシリカモノリスをTHF/アセトン(50/50:v/v)混合物で洗浄して、そこから油性相を抽出した。その後、このシリカモノリスを周囲温度で1週間にわたり乾燥させ、続いて、650℃で6時間(2℃/分の温度上昇速度が適用される)、200℃で2時間のプラトーの加熱処理を行う。Msiと示されるシリカモノリスが得られた。
上で得られたシリカモノリスMSiを、手のこぎりを使用して、各0.5gの5個の同一の断片に切断した。
さらに、Ablaphene(商標)RS110フェノール樹脂の次の4種の溶液を製造した:
・溶液S25:THF中25重量%のAblaphene(商標)RS110、
・溶液S60:THF中65重量%のAblaphene(商標)RS110、
・溶液S80:THF中80重量%のAblaphene(商標)RS110、
・溶液S90:THF中90重量%のAblaphene(商標)RS110。
続いて、シリカモノリスの0.5g片をビーカー中の溶液S25〜S90のそれぞれに浸漬した。これらのビーカーを、泡立ちが消失するまで真空下に置いて、フェノール樹脂溶液によるシリカマトリックスの良好な含浸を確保した。周囲温度で24時間撹拌後に、これらの溶液のそれぞれをろ過した。
続いて、溶液S25〜S90が含浸されたシリカモノリス(それぞれ、MSiS25、MSiS60、MSiS80及びMSiS90という)をTHFで迅速に洗浄し、次いで80℃の温度で24時間にわたりオーブン内で乾燥させて溶媒の蒸発を促進させ、そしてフェノール樹脂の単量体の架橋を熱により開始させた。その後、モノリスMSiS25〜MSiS90のそれぞれについて、155℃の熱風炉内で5時間、2℃/分の温度上昇、80℃での第1のプラトーが12時間生じ、その後110℃での第2プラトーが3時間生じる第2加熱処理を行う。続いて、モノリスを、単にオーブンの交換により周囲温度にまで戻す。このようにして、架橋フェノール樹脂(MSiScross型のハイブリッドモノリス)が含浸されたシリカモノリスを得た。これらのモノリスをそれぞれMSiS25cross、MSiS60cross、MSiS80cross及びMSiS90crossという。MSiS80crossモノリスは2回製造した。
2つの合成方法を実施した。
第1の合成方法に従って、第2工程の終了時に得られた上記モノリスMSiS25cross、MSiS60cross、MSiS80cross及びMSiS90crossのそれぞれを10%フッ化水素酸の連続浴中に浸漬し、次いで脱イオン水で徹底的に洗浄した。このフッ化水素酸による処理により、シリカ鋳型を除去した。その後、この処理により生じたモノリスを80℃の熱風炉内で一晩乾燥させた。乾燥後、モノリスを窒素流れ下で1時間にわたり900℃の温度で熱分解すると同時に、4℃/分の温度上昇速度を観察した。このようにして得られた黒鉛化炭素モノリスをそれぞれMS25carb、MS60carb、MS80carb及びMS90carbという。
第2合成方法を他のモノリスMSiS80crossに適用した。この第2方法によれば、フッ化水素酸による処理及び熱分解を実施した順序を単に逆にした。ただし、これら2つの工程は、MScarbモノリスを製造するのに使用した手順と同じ態様で実施した。得られた黒鉛化炭素モノリスをMS80HFという。
添付図1は、本願の方法の3つの工程のそれぞれの終了時に得られたモノリスの顕微鏡写真図を示す:図1a)はMSi型のモノリスに相当し、図1b)はMSiScross型のモノリスに相当し、図1c)はMS80HF型の炭素モノリスに相当する。
酵素センサーの製造
この例では、炭素モノリス及びビリルビンオキシダーゼ(BOD)から出発した、酸素(O2)を検出するための酵素センサー(ES)の製造を例示するものである。
*メソ多孔性(窒素吸着/脱着):
ミクロ孔の表面積:523m2.g-1
ミクロ細孔容積:0.27cm3.g-1
*マクロ多孔性(水銀ポロシメトリー):
浸入容積:1.73cm3.g-1
多孔率:74%
嵩密度:0.43g.cm3
骨格の密度:1.64g.cm3。
炭素モノリスを導電性炭素ペイントにより直径5mmのガラス状炭素電極(GC電極,Pine,米国)に接着させ、その後1Torr酸素プラズマに15分間さらした。
炭素モノリスで改質された電極を1.7mg/mLのBODの20mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.2)の溶液中に1時間30分間にわたり浸漬した。
このようにして本発明の酵素センサーBOD−MS40carbを得た。
比較例1として、5mmの直径のガラス状(GC)電極(米国ノースカロライナ州ローリーのPine Research Instrumentation)を製造し、そして5μLのBOD水溶液(20mg/mL)で含浸させた。
Claims (15)
- 多孔質電気化学的電極であって、該電極が、1μm〜100μmの平均径dAを有するマクロ孔と、0.5〜2nmの平均径dIを有するミクロ孔とを備え、該マクロ孔と該ミクロ孔とが相互に連結した、メソ孔のない階層的多孔質ネットワークを有する半黒鉛化炭素モノリスの形で与えられるセル固体材料からなること、及び、該マクロ孔が、該マクロ孔の表面を構成する半黒鉛化炭素と直接接触した少なくとも1つの電気活性部分を含むことを特徴とする電極。
- 前記半黒鉛化炭素モノリスのマクロ孔の壁が0.5〜40μmの厚みを有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記マクロ孔が4〜70μmの直径を有することを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の電極。
- 前記ミクロ孔が0.7〜1.5nmの直径を有することを特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の電極。
- 前記半黒鉛化炭素モノリスの比表面積が400〜900m2/gであることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の電極。
- 前記電気活性部分が、酸化還元中心を有する酵素、核酸、抗体、抗原及び導電性重合体から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の電極。
- 前記電気活性部分が酸化還元中心を有する酵素であり、酸化還元酵素から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の電極。
- 前記炭素モノリスのマクロ孔が酸化還元補酵素及び金属陽イオンから選択される少なくとも1種の補因子を含有することを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の電極。
- 固定化された電気活性部分の量が、電気化学的電極の総重量に対して0.01〜7重量%の範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の電極。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の電気化学的電極の製造方法であって、1μm〜100μmの平均径dAを有するマクロ孔と、0.5〜2nmの平均径dIを有するミクロ孔とを備え、該マクロ孔と該ミクロ孔とが相互に連結した、メソ孔のない階層的多孔質ネットワークを有する半黒鉛化炭素モノリスに、少なくとも1種の電気活性部分の水溶液又は水分散液を含浸させる工程を含み、ここで、該方法は、該マクロ孔の表面を酸化還元メディエーターで官能化する工程を含まないものとすることを特徴とする方法。
- 前記含浸工程を真空下で実施することを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記電気活性部分が酸化還元酵素であり、しかも補因子が、該酵素の一体部分ではない酸化還元補酵素又は金属陽イオンであり、それによって、前記半黒鉛化炭素モノリスに含浸させるために使用される水溶液又は水分散液が少なくとも1種の酸化還元補酵素又は金属陽イオンも含むことを特徴とする、請求項10又は11に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の電気化学的電極の、液体媒体中の検体を検出するためのバイオセンサーとしての使用又はバイオ燃料電池を製造するための使用。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の少なくとも1個の電気化学的電極を備えることを特徴とするバイオセンサー。
- 電気回路を介して互いに連結した正極及び負極を備えるバイオ燃料電池であって、該2個の電極のうち少なくとも1個が請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の電気化学的電極であることを特徴とするバイオ燃料電池。
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JP5251130B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-02 | 2013-07-31 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 生体分子固定化炭素膜 |
FR2912400B1 (fr) | 2007-02-14 | 2009-04-17 | Univ Paris Curie | Materiau alveolaire hybride,procede pour sa preparation. |
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2010
- 2010-01-20 FR FR1050361A patent/FR2955429B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2011
- 2011-01-19 JP JP2012549401A patent/JP5624160B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-01-19 EP EP11705640A patent/EP2526584A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-19 US US13/521,835 patent/US9121002B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-01-19 WO PCT/FR2011/050093 patent/WO2011089356A1/fr active Application Filing
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US20070114128A1 (en) * | 2005-06-30 | 2007-05-24 | Applera Corporation | Porous polymer electrodes |
JP2009500609A (ja) * | 2005-06-30 | 2009-01-08 | アプレラ コーポレーション | 導電性ポリマーを含む多孔質コンポジット電極 |
JP2009538813A (ja) * | 2006-05-31 | 2009-11-12 | マックス−プランク−ゲゼルシャフト ツア フェルデルンク デア ヴィッセンシャフテン エー.ファウ. | 多孔性伝導カーボン物質とその使用 |
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WO2010049650A2 (fr) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-06 | Universite Pierre Et Marie Curie Paris Vi | Procede de preparation d'un monolithe de carbone alveolaire comportant un reseau poreux hierarchise |
FR2937970A1 (fr) * | 2008-10-30 | 2010-05-07 | Univ Paris Curie | Procede de preparation d'un monolithe de carbone ou de ceramique alveolaire comportant un reseau poreux hierarchise |
US20110262993A1 (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2011-10-27 | Backov Renal | Method for preparing a cellular carbon monolith comprising a hierarchised porous network |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2017091971A (ja) * | 2015-11-16 | 2017-05-25 | アイシン精機株式会社 | バイオ燃料電池用のガス拡散電極材、及び、ガス拡散電極材の作製方法、ガス拡散電極材を備えるバイオ燃料電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2955429B1 (fr) | 2012-03-02 |
WO2011089356A1 (fr) | 2011-07-28 |
FR2955429A1 (fr) | 2011-07-22 |
JP5624160B2 (ja) | 2014-11-12 |
US9121002B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 |
EP2526584A1 (fr) | 2012-11-28 |
US20130101905A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
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