JP2011507969A - 相乗的抗寄生虫組成物とスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
R=AB/Xn 式1
F=100/Cn 式2
S=(R)(F) 式3
S=[(AB/Xn)(100)]/Cn 式4
E=X+Y−(X*Y/100) 式5
E=X+Y+Z−((XY+XZ+YZ)/100)(X*Y*Z/10000) 式6
E=100−E’ 式7
Xn=100=Xn’ 式8
A=100−A’ 式9
ヒトに一般的に感染する寄生虫の例はHymenolepsis nanaであり、これは腸管寄生虫である。H. nana はヒト腸管から除去するのが困難な蠕虫である。John Rim, Treatment of Hymenolepis nana infection. Post-Graduate Doctor Journal. Middle East Edition, 5:330-334, 1985を参照のこと。H. nanaは世界中に見出され、感染はどの年齢のヒトでも起こりうる;しかしながら、ヒト便への暴露の可能性が増加するため、小さい子供が、 H. nana 感染に伴う疾患である収縮膜様条虫症にかかるリスクが最も高い。
次の組成物をインビボでのH. nanaに対する抗寄生虫効果についてそれぞれ試験した:Rx1−ブラックシードクミンオイル;Rx2−ライラックフラワーオイル;Rx3−タイムオイル(ホワイト);Rx4−カルバクロール;Rx5−ゲラニオール;Rx6−シネオール;及びRx7−ウィンターグリーンオイル;Rx8−ライラックフラワーオイル−V3;Rx9−trans−アネトール;Rx10−p−シメン;Rx11−チモール。
これらの実験は、インビボでのTrichuris trichiuraに対するここに開示された組成物の治療効果を研究するためにもまた実施することができる。.
ここに開示された抗寄生虫特性を有する組成物を製造するために化合物を組み合わせる。試験した組成物を表2に記載する。表のセル内の「X」は、特定の化合物が特定の試験組成物に含まれることを示している。例えば、「S1」と表示した欄には、チモールの行にXがある。而して、組成物「S1]はチモールを含む。組成物S1は更にカルバクロール、trans−アネトール、及びp−シメンを含む。
実験群中の各マウスに、400mg/kg体重の特定の試験組成物を連続する5日間、毎日経口的に接種する。同時に、コントロール群の各マウスに400mg/kg体重の懸濁材料のみ、つまり大豆油を連続する5日間、毎日経口的に接種する。治療期間中と最後の投薬処置から更に2日の間、全てのマウス(実験及びコントロール)の卵数を毎日定量する。最後の投薬処置から3日目に治癒率を決定する。治癒の基準は、(1)卵の減少率の決定;及び(2)蠕虫の成虫の不存在によって評価する。評価したマウスは断頭によって殺し、蠕虫の成虫を検出するために小腸を切除する。
これらの実験は、インビボでのTrichuris trichiuraに対するここに開示された組成物の治療効果を研究するためにもまた実施することができる。.
次の化合物及び混合組成物をそれぞれ H. nanaに対してインビボで抗寄生虫効果について試験した:(l)p−シメン;(2)チモール;(3)α−ピネン;(4)リナロール;(5)大豆油(コントロール);及び(6)30%のp−シメン、35%のチモール、4%のα−ピネン、7%のリナロール、及び24%の大豆油の混合物(パーセントは重量基準である)。
キュウリ条虫又は産卵孔1対の条虫とも呼ばれるD. caninumは、イヌ、ネコ、及びペット所有者、特に子供を含むノミに罹患した生物に感染する円葉目条虫類である。成虫の蠕虫は約18インチ長である。卵(又は「卵クラスター」又は「卵球」)は宿主の便に通過し、ノミによって摂取され、 これがついで条虫幼虫が部分的に発生した後に他の哺乳動物によって摂取される。D. caninumを広めうるノミの例はCtenocephalides canis 及びCtenocephalides felisを含む。
次の組成物をそれぞれD. caninumに対してインビボで抗寄生虫効果について試験した:Rx1−ブラックシードクミンオイル;Rx2−ライラックフラワーオイル;Rx3−タイムオイル(ホワイト);Rx4−カルバクロール;Rx5−ゲラニオール;Rx6−シネオール;及びRx7−ウィンターグリーンオイル;Rx8−ライラックフラワーオイル−V3;Rx9−trans−アネトール;Rx10−p−シメン;Rx11−チモール。
ここに開示された抗寄生虫特性を有する組成物を製造するために化合物を組み合わせる。試験する組成物を表5に記載する。表のセル内の「X」は、特定の化合物が特定の試験組成物に含まれることを示している。例えば、「S1」と表示した欄には、チモールの行にXがある。而して、組成物「S1]はチモールを含む。組成物S1は更にカルバクロール、trans−アネトール、及びp−シメンを含む。
次の化合物及び混合組成物をそれぞれD. caninumに対してインビボで抗寄生虫効果について試験した:(1)p−シメン;(2)チモール;(3)α−ピネン;(4)リナロール;(5)大豆油(コントロール);及び(6)30%のp−シメン、35%のチモール、4%のα−ピネン、7%のリナロール、及び24%の大豆油の混合物(パーセントは重量基準である)。
本実施例では、Schistosoma mansoniが寄生虫感染を治療するためのここに開示された組成物、例えば上述の組成物Rx1−Rx11及びS1−S16のインビボでの効果を研究するために例示的寄生虫として選択される。S. mansoni感染に対する試験組成物の効能の評価は、蠕虫負荷、蠕虫の性比、蠕虫の分布、雌蠕虫の繁殖力、及び肝臓及び腸内での卵堆積に関する。
本実施例では、Opisthorchis sinensisが寄生虫感染を治療するためのここに開示された組成物、例えば上述の組成物Rx1−Rx11及びS1−S16のインビボでの効果を研究するために例示的寄生虫として選択される。O. sinensis感染に対する試験組成物の効能の評価は、蠕虫負荷、蠕虫の性比、蠕虫の分布、雌蠕虫の繁殖力、及び肝臓及び腸内での卵堆積に関する。
3群のマウスを各試験化合物又は化合物の混合物組成物で処置する。群1及び2では、治療は感染からそれぞれ4日及び7日後に開始する。群3では、治療は感染後7週間で開始する。コントロール群では、600mg/kgのプラジカンテルが感染から7週間後にマウスに注射される。試験薬剤の効果は、蠕虫負荷;性比;蠕虫の分布、雌蠕虫の繁殖力、及び肝臓及び腸内での卵堆積に基づいて決定する。
成虫の雄及び雌のS. mansoniを感染マウスから集め、100mlの生理食塩水に移し、 様々な濃度でのRx1−Rx10(実施例1に開示)又はプラジカンテルで処置し、5%CO2中、37℃でインキュベートした。多くの場合、成虫の雄及び雌をカップルとして集めた。蠕虫の生存率を二核顕微鏡で検査した。コントロールを平行して処理した。実験は全ての蠕虫が処置試料で死ぬか又はコントロールに最初の死が見出されるときに終了させた。
本実施例は、ここに開示された化合物及び化合物の混合組成物を使用して、ニワトリ及びシチメンチョウの黒色面疱病を引き起こす原虫寄生虫であるHistomonas meleagridisの治療を試験するインビトロ研究を提供する。
本実施例は、ここに開示された化合物及び化合物の混合組成物、例えば上述の組成物Rx1−Rx11及びS1−S16を使用して、Cryptosporidium parvumの治療を試験するインビトロ研究を提供する。Cryptosporidiosisは、ヒト及び動物に重要な寄生虫感染である。該生物は、ヒト胃腸管、胆管及び気道の上皮細胞に影響を及ぼしうる。家禽類、魚類、爬虫類、小哺乳動物(齧歯類、イヌ、及びネコ)及び大きな哺乳動物(ウシ及びヒツジを含む)を含む45を越える異なった種の動物はC. parvumに感染するようになりうる。この生物のリザーバーはヒト、ウシ、シカ及び多くの他の動物種を含む。
Trichinellosis (以前は「trichinosis」と呼ばれている)はTrichinella属の寄生線虫によって引き起こされる人畜共通感染症である。最もありふれた種はTrichinella spiralisであるが、他の種、例えば Trichinella trichurisもまた感染性である。これは、飼育ブタ及び野生ブタを含む豚肉が食餌の重要な構成成分であるときはいつでも、世界中に分布する深刻な食物媒介寄生虫人畜共通感染症である(Frierson, 1989)。該感染は特に世界的発生を有しており、一千万の人々が世界中で感染しており(Jean Dupouy, 2000)、過去10年で、感染の発生の増加が飼育ブタ及び野生生物において報告され、その結果、ヒトでも増加している(Murrell及びPozio, 2000)。
ヒト蟯虫Enterobius vermicularisはヒトの遍在する寄生虫であり、2億以上の人々が毎年感染していると推定される。それは西ヨーロッパ及び北アメリカの温暖な地域でより一般的であり、特に子供において一般的である。合衆国及びカナダの白人の子供の試料は30%から80%の感染の発生率を示し、欧州でも同様のレベルであり、これらの地域が寄生虫の生息場所であるが、世界中に見出すことができる。例えば、南米の一部では、子供での発生率は60%と高い場合がある。興味深いことに、白人以外はこの線虫での感染に比較的耐性があるようである。種として、E. vermicularisは完全にヒトに限られ、他の動物は関連するがヒトには非感染性の別の種を有しているが、その毛がヒト種からの卵で汚染されうる。
ここに開示された化合物及び化合物の混合組成物、例えば上述の組成物Rx1−Rx11及びS1−S16を、次のプロトコルを使用してインビトロ抗寄生虫活性について試験する。10の群(8種の異なった濃度の組成物と2種のコントロール)を試験することができる。試験は、1フラスコ当たり1−2の蠕虫を含む無菌の150cm3のフラスコで実施する。各フラスコは、汚染生物の異常増殖を防止するために10Xの抗生物質/抗真菌薬(ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン/アンホテリシンB)溶液を含む200mLのRPMI1640を含む。蠕虫運動性は、全ての初期の時点、並びに治療後24時間、つまり試験化合物なしに洗浄し培地に配した後に観察される。
試験を実施して、インビトロ条件下でTrichinella spiralisの幼虫に対する試験薬剤の用量反応を決定した。
薬剤A及びBと指定された2種の試験薬剤をこの実施例において使用した。薬剤Aは7%のリナロールクール、35%のチモール、4%のa−ピネン、30%のp−シメン、及び24%の大豆油から構成された。薬剤Bは、1.2%の界面活性剤の市販のSugar Ester OWA-1570を添加した薬剤Aからなる。原液(A又はB)を通常の滅菌生理食塩水溶液によって希釈して5通りの濃度にした:100ppm、50ppm、25ppm、10ppm及び1ppm。各濃縮物を使用前に15分間、ボルテックスで撹拌した。
14億を超える人々が双線綱の線虫であるAscaris lumbricoidesに感染していると推定される。この感染人口は世界の人口の25パーセントを占める(Seltzer, 1999)。回虫症は全ての年齢で生じるが、2から10歳の子供で最も一般的であり、15歳の年齢を超えると有病率は減少する。感染は家族にクラスター化する傾向にあり、蠕虫負荷は家庭中の人々の数に相関する(Haswell等, 1989)。有病率は、最適以下の衛生環境が土壌及び水の汚染増加を生じる地域でまた最も大きい。回虫症の人々の大半はアジア(73パーセント)、アフリカ(12パーセント)及び南アメリカ(8パーセント)に住んでおり、ある集団は95パーセントと高い感染率を有している(Sarinas 及びChitkara, 1997)。合衆国では、Jones, 1983によって報告されているように、感染の有病率は、1900年代初めに現代の衛生及び廃水処理の導入後に劇的に減少した。
実施例16及び17の結果は、試験薬剤A及びBが線虫寄生虫に対して異なった作用態様を有していたことを示している。双方の薬剤は、インビトロ条件下でTrichinella spiralisの幼虫に致死的な効果を有しており、試験薬剤Bはその効果を示すのに試験薬剤Aより短い平均時間を示し、双方はインビボ試験下で幼虫を非生存で非感染にした。両方の薬剤は、インビトロ条件下でAscaris lumbricoides suumの成虫蠕虫に対して弛緩効果を有しており、試験薬剤Aはその効果を示すのに試験薬剤Bよりも短い平均時間を示す。
7%(vol/vol)リナロール;35%(vol/vol)チモール;4%(vol/vol)α−ピネン;30%(vol/vol)p−シメン;及び24%(vol/vol)大豆油を含む例示的試験組成物が使用される。試験用量は、1mg/kg体重(BW)、10mg/kgBW、20mg/kgBW、及び100mg/kgBWである。
7%(vol/vol)リナロール;35%(vol/vol)チモール;4%(vol/vol)α−ピネン;30%(vol/vol)p−シメン;及び24%(vol/vol)大豆油を含有する例示的試験組成物を使用する。
群1: 大豆油担体のみ;
群2: 1mg/kg体重(BW)の組成物;
群3: 10mg/kgBWの組成物;
群4: 20mg/kgBWの組成物;及び
群5: 100mg/kgBWの組成物。
例示的組成物の耐性研究を実施する。7%(vol/vol)リナロール;35%(vol/vol)チモール;4%(vol/vol)α−ピネン;30%(vol/vol)p−シメン;及び24%(vol/vol)大豆油を含む例示的試験組成物が使用される。
群1: 大豆油担体のみ;
群2: 1mg/kg体重(BW)の組成物;
群3: 10mg/kgBWの組成物;
群4: 20mg/kgBWの組成物;及び
群5: 100mg/kgBWの組成物。
例示的組成物の安全性研究を実施する。安全性研究は、急性毒性試験(範囲測定)、インビトロ遺伝毒性学研究、及び亜慢性齧歯類毒性研究(90日)を優良試験所規範(GLP)下で実施する。
群1: 大豆油担体のみ;
群2: 0.07g/kg体重(BW)・日;
群3: 0.7g/kgBW・日;及び
群4: 7g/kgBW・日。
チラミン受容体(TyrR)をコードする受容体遺伝子を ワモンゴキブリ、ショウジョウバエ、蚊、及び他の生物から単離した。本主題事項は、寄生虫感染を治療するのに有用な化合物をスクリーニングするために細胞中に発現されたTyrRタンパク質を利用する方法を提供する。
HEK293細胞に、リポフェクタミン (Invitrogen)を使用するpcDNA3.1/V5−HisAベクターを形質移入した。ベクターは、C. elegansチラミン受容体の完全長コンストラクトを含む。形質移入の48時間後、0.5mg/mlのG418(Invitrogen)を含む培養培地で細胞を選択する。第一回のG418選択を生存する細胞に単一クローン選択のために限界希釈を更に施す。クローンを選択した後、細胞ストックをアッセイ目的に対して増殖させる。
リポフェクタミン (Invitrogen)を使用してHEK293細胞にpcDNA3.1/V5−HisAベクターを形質移入する。ベクターは、C. elegansチラミン受容体の完全長コンストラクトを含む。形質移入の48時間後、0.5mg/mlのG418(Invitrogen)を含む培養培地で細胞を選択する。第一回のG418選択を生存する細胞に単一クローン選択のために限界希釈を更に施す。クローンを選択した後、細胞ストックをアッセイ目的に対して増殖させる。
リポフェクタミン (Invitrogen)を使用してHEK293細胞にpcDNA3.1/V5−HisAベクターを形質移入する。ベクターは、C. elegansチラミン受容体の完全長コンストラクト並びにアレスチン-GFPコンジュゲートを含む。一過性形質移入には、形質移入の48時間後に細胞を集める。安定な形質移入では、形質移入の48時間後に、0.5mg/mlのG418(Invitrogen)を含む培養培地で細胞を選択する。第一回のG418選択を生存する細胞に単一クローン選択のために限界希釈を更に施す。クローンを選択した後、細胞ストックをアッセイ目的に対して増殖させる。
Claims (23)
- 表Eに列挙された混合物からの二種以上の化合物の相乗的組合せを含有する抗寄生虫組成物。
- 表Eに列挙された混合物からの三種以上の化合物の相乗的組合せを含有する抗寄生虫組成物。
- 表Eに列挙された混合物からの四種以上の化合物の相乗的組合せを含有する抗寄生虫組成物。
- 表Eに列挙された混合物からの全化合物の相乗的組合せを含有する抗寄生虫組成物。
- 各化合物の量が表Eの量に倍数1を乗じて得られる範囲内である請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 各化合物の量が表Eの量に倍数2を乗じて得られる範囲内である請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 各化合物の量が表Eの量に倍数3を乗じて得られる範囲内である請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 各化合物の量が表Eの量に倍数4を乗じて得られる範囲内である請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 各化合物が表Eに記載の量で存在する請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物の成分に対する相乗係数が、5、10、25、50、75、又は100より大である請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、原虫寄生虫、蠕虫寄生虫、ダニ亜綱の害虫、シラミ、ノミ、又はハエからなる群から選択される寄生虫に相乗効果を示す請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、キャノーラ、ネコ、イヌ、ヤギ、ウマ、ヒト、トウモロコシ、マウス、雄ウシ、ブタ、家禽類、ウサギ、イネ、ヒツジ、大豆、タバコ、及び小麦からなる群から選択される宿主を持つ寄生虫に相乗効果を示す請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 界面活性剤及び固定油からなる群から選択される成分を更に含有する請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 表B、B1、C、D、又はEの何れかに列挙された二種以上の化合物の相乗的組合せを含有する抗寄生虫組成物。
- 請求項1から4又は13の何れか一項に記載の組成物と担体を含有する製剤。
- 担体が食物製品である請求項14に記載の製剤。
- 寄生虫病又は外寄生の治療又は予防のための医薬としての、請求項1から4又は13の何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 寄生虫病又は外寄生の治療又は予防のための抗寄生虫剤としての、請求項1から4又は13の何れか一項に記載の化合物の使用。
- 患者における寄生虫感染の治療方法におちえ、請求項1から4又は13の何れか一項に記載の組成物の有効量を患者に投与することを含む方法。
- 内部寄生虫、 外部寄生虫、ヒト寄生虫、動物寄生虫、又は農業寄生虫からなる群から選択される分類の寄生虫によって引き起こされる請求項16に記載の方法。
- 寄生虫感染の治療に使用される組成物を選択する方法において、
チラミン受容体及び嗅覚カスケードの受容体からなる群から選択される受容体を発現する細胞を提供し;
試験化合物を該細胞に接触させ;
化合物の受容体結合親和性を測定し;
(i)細胞内cAMPレベル;及び
(ii)細胞内Ca2+レベル
から選択される少なくとも一のパラメータを測定し;
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、受容体に対して高受容体結合親和性を有する組成物のために第一化合物を同定し;及び
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、受容体に対して低受容体結合親和性を有する組成物のために第二化合物を同定し;及び
第一及び第二化合物を含む組成物を選択する
ことを含む方法。 - 寄生虫感染の治療に使用される組成物を選択する方法において、
表Fに列挙された受容体からなる群から選択される受容体を発現する細胞を提供し;
試験化合物を該細胞に接触させ;
化合物の受容体結合親和性を測定し;
(i)細胞内cAMPレベル;及び
(ii)細胞内Ca2+レベル
から選択される少なくとも一のパラメータを測定し;
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、受容体に対して高受容体結合親和性を有する組成物のために第一化合物を同定し;及び
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、受容体に対して低受容体結合親和性を有する組成物のために第二化合物を同定し;及び
第一及び第二化合物を含む組成物を選択する
ことを含む方法。 - 寄生虫感染の治療に使用される組成物を選択する方法において、
表Gに列挙された分子標的からなる群から選択される分子標的を含む細胞を提供し;
試験化合物を該細胞に接触させ;
分子標的に対する化合物の結合親和性を測定し;
(i)細胞内cAMPレベル;及び
(ii)細胞内Ca2+レベル
から選択される少なくとも一のパラメータを測定し;
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、分子標的に対して高結合親和性を有する組成物のために第一化合物を同定し;及び
上記パラメータの少なくとも一を変更可能であり、分子標的に対して低結合親和性を有する組成物のために第二化合物を同定し;及び
第一及び第二化合物を含む組成物を選択する
ことを含む方法。
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PCT/US2008/088342 WO2009086471A2 (en) | 2007-12-27 | 2008-12-24 | Synergistic antiparasitic compositions and screening methods |
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US (1) | US20110008471A1 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2242498A2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2011507969A (ja) |
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EP2242498A2 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
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