JP2009288547A - Liquid crystal display element - Google Patents

Abstract

In a liquid crystal display element using selective reflection characteristics, the reflectance in the viewing direction of a user is increased and the effective brightness is improved.
Two substrates (11, 13) arranged opposite to each other and a liquid crystal (12) that selectively reflects light of a predetermined wavelength enclosed between the two substrates are provided. One of them is a liquid crystal display element provided with alignment films 16 and 17 for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal provided at the interface with the liquid crystal, and the alignment film is in a horizontal direction when the liquid crystal display element is used. Uniaxial processing is applied.
[Selection] Figure 5

Description

  The disclosed technology relates to a liquid crystal display element, and more particularly to a liquid crystal display element using liquid crystal that can take a state of transmitting incident light and a state of selectively reflecting light of a predetermined wavelength, such as cholesteric liquid crystal.

  In recent years, development of electronic paper has been actively promoted in companies and universities. As application fields in which electronic paper is expected to be used, various application forms such as electronic books, sub-displays for mobile terminal devices, and display units for IC cards have been proposed. In general, a display element used in electronic paper is required to be thin and not to use a light source. One of the leading methods of electronic paper is a method using a liquid crystal that selectively reflects incident light having a predetermined wavelength. This liquid crystal is, for example, a cholesteric liquid crystal. The cholesteric liquid crystal includes a liquid crystal exhibiting a cholesteric phase itself and a chiral nematic liquid crystal obtained by adding a chiral material to a nematic liquid crystal. The chiral nematic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal in which nematic liquid crystal molecules form a spiral cholesteric phase by adding a relatively large amount (several tens of percent) of a chiral additive (chiral material) to the nematic liquid crystal.

  Cholesteric liquid crystal has a feature that liquid crystal molecules form a spiral structure, and is sandwiched between a pair of substrates, and is in a planar state when an external stimulus such as an electric field, magnetic field, or temperature is applied to the liquid crystal. Three states called a focal conic state and a homeotropic state are shown. Since these three states are different in light transmittance and reflectivity, a liquid crystal display element using cholesteric liquid crystal can perform display by appropriately selecting the three states and the external stimulus application method. Examples of the display include a cholesteric-nematic phase transition mode display using a homeotropic state and a focal conic state, and a bistable mode display using a planar state and a focal conic state. Among these, the display in the bistable mode is stable in the planar state and the focal conic state even when no external stimulus is applied, that is, the display state is maintained even when no external stimulus is applied (for example, when no voltage is applied). Bistability (memory property). For this reason, a liquid crystal display element using a cholesteric liquid crystal generally uses a bistable mode of a planar state and a focal conic state having memory properties when used for electronic paper.

  In particular, a reflective liquid crystal display element using a cholesteric liquid crystal having selective reflection characteristics in the visible range in the planar state has a memory property and a bright reflective state is obtained. In other words, a polarizing plate and a color filter are used. Since bright display is possible without any problems, it is expected to be applied to a power-saving display element such as a display element of a portable information device as a display element that is very effective for reducing power consumption.

  Here, bistability refers to a planar arrangement state (planar state) in which the spiral axis of the cholesteric liquid crystal is substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface and exhibits a selective reflection state, and the liquid crystal spiral axis is substantially parallel to the substrate surface. It is stable in two states of a focal conic arrangement state (focal conic state) that transmits visible light.

  FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the two stable states of the cholesteric liquid crystal. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a display element 10 using cholesteric liquid crystal has an upper substrate 11 provided with an upper strip electrode layer 14 and a lower substrate 11 provided with a lower strip electrode layer 15. A side substrate 13 and a liquid crystal layer 12 containing cholesteric liquid crystal filled in a space in which the upper band electrode layer 14 and the lower band electrode layer 15 are bonded so as to face each other at a predetermined interval. FIG. 1 shows an example in which alignment films 16 and 17 are further provided on the upper strip electrode layer 14 and the lower strip electrode layer 15 as will be described later.

  1A shows a planar state in which incident light is reflected, and FIG. 1B shows a focal conic state in which incident light is transmitted. These states are stably maintained even in the absence of an electric field.

  In the planar state, light having a wavelength corresponding to the helical pitch of the liquid crystal molecules is reflected. The wavelength λ at which the reflection is maximum is expressed by the following formula from the average refractive index n of the liquid crystal and the helical pitch p.

λ = n · p
On the other hand, the reflection band Δλ varies greatly depending on the refractive index anisotropy Δn of the liquid crystal.

  In the planar state, incident light is reflected, so that a “bright” state, that is, white can be displayed. On the other hand, in the focal conic state, by providing a light absorption layer under the lower substrate 13, light transmitted through the liquid crystal layer is absorbed, so that a "dark" state, that is, black can be displayed.

  Various methods of driving display elements using cholesteric liquid crystals have been proposed, and are described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-260260.

  A liquid crystal display element using selective reflection characteristics such as cholesteric liquid crystal displays an image using the characteristic that light incident on the display element is reflected by the liquid crystal layer, and therefore incident light is required to display a brighter image. It is necessary to increase the reflectance of the reflected light with respect to.

  In Patent Document 2, the reflectance is improved by providing an alignment (stable) film mainly composed of a polyimide composed of an alicyclic carboxylic acid anhydride and an aromatic cyamine compound on an electrode layer of at least one substrate. It is described. Although the reflectivity is improved by providing the alignment film, the reflectivity is improved on average in all directions as shown by the broken arrows in FIG. Patent Document 2 describes that the rubbing treatment of the alignment (stable) film further improves the reflectivity, but increases the viewing angle dependency and decreases the memory property in the focal conic state.

  Patent Document 3 also describes providing an alignment (stable) film in order to improve the reflectivity of the cholesteric liquid crystal display element, and particularly describes the thickness and contact angle of the alignment film.

  Patent Document 4 describes that an alignment film is provided in order to improve the reflectance of the cholesteric liquid crystal display element, and further describes that the alignment film is rubbed.

  Patent document 5 has described the cholesteric liquid crystal display element which has a circularly-polarizing plate and a reflecting plate. The liquid crystal display element described in Patent Document 5 is different from the liquid crystal display element of the present application that uses the selective reflection characteristic of liquid crystal, but describes that an alignment film is provided for rubbing treatment.

International Publication WO2007 / 110949A1 JP 2002-287136 A JP 2002-214648 A JP 2002-116461 A JP-A-2005-300936

  As described above, in a liquid crystal display device using cholesteric liquid crystal, it is known that the reflectance is improved by providing an alignment film and performing a rubbing treatment. However, in the conventional alignment treatment by rubbing or the like, only the reflection light is focused on the front side of the viewing side of the liquid crystal display element to increase the brightness. In other words, as shown in FIG. 2, it has been recognized that the reflectance of light is increased on average on the same side as the viewing side even in the direction in which the user of the display element does not visually recognize. However, in the actual usage mode of the display element, it is important to improve the reflectance with respect to the viewing direction of the user of the display element.

  If the total amount of reflected light is constant, and if the reflected light is averagely reflected in all directions, there is a limit in improving the brightness by increasing the reflectance in the user's viewing direction.

  An object of the disclosed technology is to improve the effective brightness of a liquid crystal display element using selective reflection characteristics by increasing the reflectance in the viewing direction of the user.

  In order to achieve the above object, the disclosed liquid crystal display element is a liquid crystal display element including an alignment film on one of opposing substrates, and the alignment film is uniaxially processed in a direction that is horizontal when the liquid crystal display element is used. Apply. Thereby, the brightness in the vertical direction of the screen, which is the viewing direction of the user, can be improved.

  An alignment film may be provided on the other substrate, and uniaxial alignment treatment may be performed thereon. In that case, the uniaxial alignment treatment may be in the same direction as the alignment film of one substrate or in a direction perpendicular to the alignment film. If the direction of the uniaxial alignment treatment is orthogonal, a certain level of reflectance can be obtained in directions other than the vertical direction, and a certain level of brightness can be obtained even when viewed from any angle.

  It is desirable to arrange so that one substrate is on the viewing side of the liquid crystal display element.

  The uniaxial treatment of the alignment film may be rubbing treatment or other treatment such as ultraviolet irradiation treatment.

  In the case of rubbing treatment, the density is desirably 2.5 or less.

  The liquid crystal may be a liquid crystal having selective reflection characteristics, but is typically a cholesteric liquid crystal.

  It is known to form a color liquid crystal display element by laminating three liquid crystal display elements using selective reflection characteristics of liquid crystal, and the brightness is improved when the disclosed liquid crystal display element is used for at least one of them. A color liquid crystal display element can be realized. In that case, when the liquid crystal display elements are arranged in the order of the reflection wavelengths of blue, green, and red from the viewing side, and the reflectance is adjusted by applying the disclosed configuration to the liquid crystal display element having a relatively low reflectance, the color balance is improved. improves.

  According to the disclosed technology, it is possible to realize a liquid crystal display element that increases the reflectance in the viewing direction of the user and improves the effective brightness.

  FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of the display element 10 used in the first embodiment. As shown in FIG. 14, this display element 10 includes three panels, a blue panel 10 </ b> B, a green panel 10 </ b> G, and a red panel 10 </ b> R, stacked in order from the viewing side. The light absorption layer 19 is provided on the lower side of the red panel 10R. The panels 10B, 10G, and 10R have the same configuration, but the panel 10B has a blue central wavelength of reflection (about 480 nm), the panel 10G has a green central wavelength of reflection (about 550 nm), and the panel 10R has a central wavelength of reflection. The liquid crystal material and the chiral material are selected so as to be green (about 630 nm), and the content of the chiral material is determined. Panels 10B, 10G, and 10R are driven by blue layer control circuit 20B, green layer control circuit 20G, and red layer control circuit 20R, respectively.

  FIG. 4 is a diagram showing one display element (panel) 10A having a configuration common to the panels 10R, 10G, and 10B. The configuration of the panels 10R, 10G, and 10B will be described with reference to FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the display element 10A includes an upper substrate 11, an upper electrode layer 14 provided on the surface of the upper substrate 11, an upper alignment film 16 provided on the upper electrode layer 14, and a lower side. A substrate 13, a lower electrode layer 15 provided on the surface of the lower substrate 13, a lower alignment film 17 provided on the lower electrode layer 15, a sealant 18, a light absorption layer 19, A spacer (not shown) for regulating the distance between the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17, a cholesteric liquid crystal layer 12 filled between the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17, a drive circuit 20, Have.

  The upper substrate 11 and the lower substrate 13 are 1.1 mm thick glass substrates. The electrodes of the upper electrode layer 14 and the lower electrode layer 15 are a plurality of transparent strip electrodes parallel to each other, and the strip electrode of the upper electrode layer 14 and the strip electrode of the lower electrode layer 15 are arranged so as to be orthogonal to each other, Passive drive. As a material for the transparent electrode, for example, indium tin oxide (ITO) is representative, but other transparent conductive films such as indium zinc oxide (IZO) can be used. It is. Since the method for forming the transparent electrode is widely known, the description thereof is omitted.

  The upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17 are polyimide resin alignment films and are formed by a spinner. The pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules of the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17 is 5 to 6 °. Then, with a rubbing apparatus having a rubbing roller having a radius of 60 mm, the rubbing density is 0.8 (the number of rubbing is one time, the roller pushing amount is 0.2 mm, the number of rotations of the rubbing roller is 100 rpm, and the substrate moving speed is 200 mm / s). Two substrates were rubbed under conditions. In general, the rubbing density L is expressed by the following equation, where N is the number of rubbing, p is the roller pressing amount, r is the radius of the rubbing roller, m is the number of rotations of the rubbing roller, and v is the substrate moving speed. expressed.

L = Np (1 + 2πrm / 60v ² )
In the first embodiment, the direction of the rubbing treatment of the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17 is horizontal in the assembled liquid crystal display element, so that one substrate is parallel to the strip electrode. In the other substrate, the direction is perpendicular to the strip electrode. Even when the strip electrode of the upper electrode layer 14 extends in the horizontal direction and the strip electrode of the lower electrode layer 15 extends in the vertical direction, the strip electrode of the upper electrode layer 14 extends in the horizontal direction. Even when the 15 strip electrodes extend in the vertical direction, there is almost no difference in characteristics.

  Next, spacers for uniformly maintaining the gap between the substrates are spread on one substrate. The spacer is a sphere made of resin or inorganic oxide. Further, a sealing material 18 is applied to one substrate so that an opening for injecting liquid crystal can be provided at the end of the substrate, and a double substrate is bonded, and is bonded by pressing and heating. As described above, the rubbing treatment of the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17 is performed when the liquid crystal display device is used so that the band electrode of the upper electrode layer 14 and the band electrode of the lower electrode layer 15 are orthogonal to each other. They are pasted together so that they are in the horizontal direction.

  The empty cell (the space between the upper alignment film 16 and the lower alignment film 17) prepared as described above is put in a vacuum state, the cell end is immersed in cholesteric liquid crystal, and is opened to the atmosphere, so that the empty cell has liquid crystal. Inject. Thereafter, the injection opening is sealed.

  The liquid crystal composition to be injected is a cholesteric liquid crystal obtained by adding 10 to 40% by weight (wt%) of a chiral material to a nematic liquid crystal mixture. Here, the addition amount of the chiral material is a value when the total amount of the nematic liquid crystal component and the chiral material is 100 wt%.

  As the nematic liquid crystal, various conventionally known liquid crystals can be used, but a liquid crystal material having a dielectric anisotropy (Δε) in the range of 15 to 35 is desirable. If the dielectric anisotropy is 15 or more, the drive voltage is relatively low. If the dielectric anisotropy is greater than this range, the drive voltage itself decreases but the specific resistance decreases, and the power consumption particularly at high temperatures increases.

  The refractive index anisotropy (Δn) is preferably 0.18 to 0.24. If the refractive index anisotropy is smaller than this range, the reflectivity in the planar state is low. If the refractive index anisotropy is larger than this range, the scattering reflection in the focal conic state is increased, the viscosity is also increased, and the response speed is increased. Decreases.

  The circuit for driving the liquid crystal display element is described in Patent Document 1 and is well known, and thus the description thereof is omitted.

  As shown in FIG. 5A, in the liquid crystal display element 10A manufactured as described above, the rubbing direction indicated by the alternate long and short dash line is the horizontal direction when the liquid crystal display element 10A is used. Thereby, since incident light is strongly reflected in the up-down direction which is a user's visual recognition direction, effective brightness improves.

  Here, a method of measuring the viewing angle characteristics of the green (G) liquid crystal display element 10G manufactured in the first embodiment will be described. After applying a voltage to the liquid crystal display element 10G to bring all the pixels into the planar state, as shown in FIG. 6, the liquid crystal display element 10G is set so that incident light is incident on the front surface of the liquid crystal display element 10G (incident angle is 0 degree). The brightness was measured by the optical sensor 21 while changing the light receiving angle α at a pitch of 5 degrees from 15 degrees to 80 degrees in a vertical plane perpendicular to the liquid crystal display element 10G. Further, this measurement was performed by rotating the liquid crystal display element 10G in a vertical plane at an angle β of 0 degree to 180 degrees at a 45 degree pitch. Note that when β is 90 degrees, the rubbing direction is the horizontal direction.

  The result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 7, the horizontal axis is the angle α, the vertical axis is the brightness (brightness) detected by the optical sensor 21, and β is a parameter. Here, a standard white plate was used as a reference. From this result, when the light receiving angle is 15 degrees, the brightness is the highest when the substrate rotation angle β is 90 degrees (the rubbing direction is horizontal), and the brightness is 7.4 times the brightness when the lowest β is 135 degrees. become. In addition, the brightness is about 4.5 times that in the case where there is no alignment (control) film. Thus, the brightness in the vertical direction, which is the viewing direction, is improved.

  Next, the result of measuring the relationship between the rubbing density and the brightness (brightness) of the produced green (G) liquid crystal display element 10G will be described. In the first embodiment, the rubbing roller rotation speed is 400, 200, 100, 50, and 20 rpm, and the rubbing density is 2.7, 1.5, 0.8, 0.5, and 0.3 in five green colors (0.3). G) A liquid crystal display element 10G was produced. Further, a liquid crystal display element 10G having no alignment film on both the upper and lower substrates was also produced. All other conditions are the same.

  FIG. 8 shows the results of measurement of lightness under the measurement conditions of FIG. 6 with a light receiving angle α of 15 degrees and a substrate rotation angle β of 90 degrees (the rubbing process direction is horizontal). From this result, it can be seen that the brightness is higher when the rubbing density is 2.5 or less than when there is no alignment film. From this, it can be said that the rubbing density is desirably 2.5 or less.

  FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating a rubbing process direction of the alignment film 16 on the upper substrate 11 and a rubbing process direction of the alignment film 17 on the lower substrate 13 in the second embodiment. As shown in FIG. 9A, in the state of use of the liquid crystal display element, the direction of the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 16 on the upper substrate 11 is horizontal, and the rubbing treatment of the alignment film 17 on the lower substrate 13 is performed. The direction is vertical. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9B, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the rubbing process directions are orthogonal to each other. Further, the radius of the rubbing roll is 60 mm, the number of times of rubbing is one, the roller pressing amount is 0.2 mm, the number of rotations of the rubbing roller is 20 rpm, the substrate moving speed is 65 mm / s, and the rubbing density is 1.5. The direction in which the strip electrodes on the upper and lower substrates extend may be either direction. In other words, the strip electrode on the upper substrate 11 may extend in the horizontal direction or may extend in the vertical direction. The strip electrodes on the lower substrate 13 extend in the orthogonal direction. Other conditions of the second embodiment are the same as those of the first embodiment.

  FIG. 10 shows the measurement results of viewing angle characteristics of the green (G) liquid crystal display element 10G manufactured in the second embodiment, measured under the measurement conditions of FIG. 6 as in the first embodiment. When the light receiving angle α is 15 degrees, as in the first embodiment, the lightness is highest when the substrate rotation angle β is 90 degrees (the rubbing direction is horizontal), and the lightness is highest when β is 135 degrees. However, the lightness when β is 135 degrees is 49% of the lightness when β is 90 degrees, and the amount of decrease is smaller than that of the first embodiment. can get.

  Furthermore, in the second embodiment, a plurality of types of liquid crystal display elements 10G having different rubbing densities by changing the number of rotations of the rubbing roller are manufactured, and the relationship between the rubbing density and the brightness (brightness) is determined, and the light receiving angle α is 30. Measured as degrees. Here, as in the first embodiment, a liquid crystal display element 10G having two types of alignment films, that is, an alignment film A having a pretilt angle of 5 to 6 ° and an alignment film B having a pretilt angle of 7 to 8 °, is manufactured. The difference due to the alignment film was also measured. The result is shown in FIG. In any alignment film, if the rubbing density is 2.5 or less, the brightness is improved as compared to the case without the alignment film. Therefore, it is desirable that the rubbing density is 2.5 or less. However, the alignment film A and the alignment film B have different brightness changes with respect to the rubbing density. The alignment film A does not change much in brightness, but in the alignment film B, the brightness has a peak near the rubbing density of 2.

  Further, in the second embodiment, the alignment film A is used, a green (G) liquid crystal display element 10G is manufactured with a rubbing density of 0.9, a light receiving angle α is 30 degrees, and a substrate rotation angle β is 0 degrees. FIG. 12 shows the result of measuring the change in brightness by changing the pitch to 180 degrees at a short pitch. From this result, it can be seen that the brightness is higher than the state without the alignment film when the substrate rotation angle β is in the range of ± 10 degrees. The brightness is slightly higher when the substrate rotation angle β is close to 0 degrees and 180 degrees, but the brightness does not become higher than that without the alignment film. This shows that the rubbing process of the upper alignment film 16 on the upper substrate 11 has a larger influence on the lightness than the rubbing process of the lower alignment film 17 on the lower substrate 13. This is considered to be because the incident angle of the lower alignment film 17 with respect to the rubbing process changes due to scattering of incident light in the liquid crystal layer.

  The various characteristics of the green (G) liquid crystal display element 10G in the first and second embodiments have been described above, but similar results are obtained for the blue (B) liquid crystal display element 10B and the red (R) liquid crystal display element 10R. Obtained.

  Furthermore, the blue and blue substrates (B), green (G) and red (R) of the first embodiment were produced using the upper and lower substrates 11 and 13 as film substrates made of polyethylene terephthalate having a thickness of 100 μm. Obtained. For example, one of the three-layer liquid crystal display elements shown in FIG. 3 is the liquid crystal display element of the above-mentioned polyethylene terephthalate film substrate of the first embodiment, and the other liquid crystal display elements have no alignment film. Then, the brightness of the liquid crystal display element provided with the alignment film and rubbed in the horizontal direction is relatively improved. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the color display panel is laminated in the order of blue, green, and red from the viewing side, but the lowermost red color has lower brightness than other colors due to scattering and the like. When a red (R) liquid crystal display element is provided with an alignment film and rubbed in the horizontal direction, the lightness of red is improved, an appropriate display color is obtained, and the color balance is improved. The brightness of the color display element is mainly represented by the brightness of green. Therefore, when an alignment film is provided on the green (G) liquid crystal display element and the rubbing process is performed in the horizontal direction, the brightness of the green is improved and the brightness of the color display element is improved. Similarly, the illumination light generally has a small blue component. When a blue (B) liquid crystal display element is provided with an alignment film and rubbed in the horizontal direction, the brightness of the blue is improved and the usage (illumination) conditions are met. A suitable color balance can be obtained. In any case, it is desirable to select a display element that is provided with an alignment film and is rubbed in the horizontal direction in accordance with the specifications and use conditions of the color liquid crystal display element. Note that an alignment film may be provided on the two display elements and the rubbing process may be performed in the horizontal direction. Further, if an alignment film is provided on all three display elements and a rubbing process is performed in the horizontal direction, the overall brightness is improved.

  As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described, it cannot be overemphasized that this invention is not limited to described embodiment.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a bistable state (planar state and focal conic state) of a cholesteric liquid crystal. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a reflection direction by the alignment film in the conventional example. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a laminated structure of cholesteric liquid crystal elements of the color display device according to the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a structure of one cholesteric liquid crystal element of the color display device according to the embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the rubbing treatment direction of the alignment film of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the first embodiment and the reflection direction by the alignment film. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining a method of measuring viewing angle characteristics of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the first embodiment. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing viewing angle characteristics of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the first embodiment. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the rubbing density and the brightness of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the first embodiment. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the rubbing treatment direction of the alignment film of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the second embodiment. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a method of measuring viewing angle characteristics of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the second embodiment. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the rubbing density and the brightness of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the second embodiment. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a change in brightness with respect to the rubbing process direction of the cholesteric liquid crystal element of the second embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Display element 11 Upper substrate 12 Liquid crystal layer 13 Lower substrate 14 Upper electrode layer 15 Lower electrode layer 16 Upper alignment film 17 Lower alignment film 19 Light absorption layer 20 Drive circuit

Claims (5)

Two substrates arranged opposite to each other;
A liquid crystal that selectively reflects light of a predetermined wavelength enclosed between the two substrates,
One of the two substrates is a liquid crystal display element comprising an alignment film for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal provided at the interface with the liquid crystal,
The liquid crystal display element, wherein the alignment film is uniaxially processed in a predetermined direction. The other of the two substrates comprises an alignment film that controls the alignment of the liquid crystal provided at the interface with the liquid crystal,
The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein the other alignment film of the two substrates is uniaxially processed in the predetermined direction. The other of the two substrates comprises an alignment film that controls the alignment of the liquid crystal provided at the interface with the liquid crystal,
The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein the other alignment film of the two substrates is uniaxially processed in a direction crossing the predetermined direction.   4. The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein one of the two substrates is a viewing side of the liquid crystal display element. 5.   The liquid crystal display element according to claim 1, wherein the uniaxial treatment of the alignment film is a rubbing treatment.

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