JP2009169385A - Projection display device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a projection display device which hardly causes degradation in an optical element due to optical energy and thermal energy. <P>SOLUTION: The projection display device includes: a light source 2; and a first lens array 5, a first color separation means 6, second lens arrays 8b, 8y and polarization conversion means 9b, 9y which are arranged on an optical path of luminous flux emitted from the light source 2 in the order. Further, the projection display device includes: a second color separation means 14 which is arranged on an optical path of second polarized luminous flux and performs color separation of the second polarized luminous flux into third polarized luminous flux and fourth polarized luminous flux; and three liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, 12b which are respectively arranged on optical paths of first, third and fourth polarized luminous flux, modulate the first, the third and the fourth polarized luminous flux on the basis of input image signals and emit the polarized luminous flux as modulated luminous flux. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a projection display device that has little deterioration of optical elements and excellent color reproducibility even when the luminance of a light source is high.

In a projection display device using a reflective liquid crystal display element, a projection display device using a polarization conversion element is known as a projection display device capable of improving the light utilization efficiency while having a relatively simple structure. ing.
As a typical example of the projection display device using this polarization conversion element, the light in the ultraviolet region and the infrared region is removed by a filter from the light emitted from the light source, and then the remaining light is converted by the polarization conversion element. Patent Document 1 discloses a projection display device that is incident on an integrator optical system included therein.

Patent Document 1 describes the following as a general rule.
FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram of an optical system of a conventional projection display apparatus 100.
Light of a substantially parallel light beam is emitted from the light source 101, and the emitted light is incident on the infrared reflection filter 102, and the infrared component is reflected by the infrared reflection filter 102 to remove the infrared component. Next, the light transmitted through the infrared reflection filter 102 is incident on the ultraviolet reflection filter 103, and the ultraviolet component is reflected and removed. The white light from which the infrared component and the ultraviolet component that have passed through the ultraviolet reflection filter 103 are removed is converted from random polarized light into linearly polarized light by the polarization conversion element 105 after passing through the fly-eye lens system 104.
Usually, when converting randomly polarized light into linearly polarized light, a polarizing film is used. In this case, half of the incident light amount is discarded, but by using the polarization conversion element 105 composed of a polarizing beam splitter and a half-wave plate, the P polarization component is converted to S polarization and the incident light amount. You can use almost everything.

  The white light converted into linearly polarized light is color-separated into blue (hereinafter referred to as “B”) light and yellow (hereinafter referred to as “Y”) light by the cross dichroic mirror 106, and then the Y light is The dichroic mirror 107 performs color separation into green (hereinafter referred to as “G”) light and red (hereinafter referred to as “R”) light. R light, G light, and B light obtained by color separation in a color separation optical system including the cross dichroic mirror 106 and the dichroic mirror 107 are polarized beam splitters 108R, 108G, and 108B arranged on the optical axis, respectively. , And the S-polarized components of the R, G, and B light are reflected by the polarization separation units of the polarization beam splitters 108R, 108G, and 108B, and the reflective liquid crystal display element 109R for the R, G, and B lights is used. , 109G, 109B.

Next, the S-polarized R light, G light, and B light incident on the reflective liquid crystal display elements 109R, 109G, and 109B for each color light were modulated and modulated by the drive signals of the R, G, and B colors. The light of the part becomes P-polarized light, the light of the part which is not modulated remains S-polarized light, and becomes mixed light of P-polarized light and S-polarized light and reflected by the reflective liquid crystal display elements 109R, 109G and 109B for each color light. Then, the light is emitted from the reflective liquid crystal display elements 109R, 109G, and 109B.
The R, G, and B color lights again enter the polarization beam splitters 108R, 108G, and 108B for the respective color lights, and only the modulated light (P-polarized light) is transmitted through the polarization separation unit. Each color light is incident on a certain cross dichroic prism 110 from a different incident surface, and color synthesis is performed.
The color-combined light exits from a predetermined exit surface of the cross dichroic prism 110, is enlarged by the projection lens 111, and forms a color image on a screen (not shown).

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-321662

By the way, when a projection display device is used in a movie theater or a large-scale commercial facility to allow a large number of people to watch a projected image, projection is performed in order to enlarge the image and not reduce the illuminance per unit area. It is necessary to increase the brightness of the emitted light from the type display device.
There are three known techniques for brightening an image projected from a projection display device: increasing the size of a liquid crystal display element, decreasing the F value of an optical system, and brightening a light source. Yes.
Among these, regarding the increase in the size of the liquid crystal display element and the decrease in the F value of the optical system, the projection type display device is increased in size and the device cost is improved, and the optical design is improved. There was a problem that a major change was necessary.
On the other hand, with regard to brightening the light source, there are few changes in the optical design, and there is an advantage that the brightness of the projected image can be easily increased simply by replacing the light source. For example, the rated input of an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp used in a general projection display device has a maximum of 300 W, but the rated input of a xenon lamp is large from 1 KW to 10 KW and is practically used. The luminance of the display device can be improved.

However, the biggest issue in increasing the brightness of the light source is the reliability of the optical components. Specifically, optical components including organic materials such as polarizing plates, retardation plates, and polarization conversion elements as constituent materials have a problem in that deterioration of the organic materials is promoted by high-intensity light and reliability is reduced. there were.
There are two main causes for the deterioration of optical components: the deterioration mechanism due to the oxidation process and the deterioration mechanism due to the photochemical reaction. In either case, the shorter the wavelength of the light irradiated to the optical component (the ultraviolet region) The light energy increases as the light wavelength increases, or the heat energy increases as the light wavelength increases (as it approaches the infrared region). In the oxidation process and photochemical reaction process, the chemical bond of the polymer that composes the organic material is broken by the light irradiated to the organic material, resulting in cracks and hue changes such as yellowing. .
In particular, when both light energy and heat energy are simultaneously applied to the organic material by an oxidation process and a photochemical reaction process, the process proceeds at an accelerated rate.
As a result, changes in optical characteristics such as changes in transmittance and reflectance, changes in polarization state, and the like may occur in optical components including organic materials such as polarizing plates, retardation plates, and polarization conversion elements as constituent materials. .

In particular, the polarization conversion element 105 installed close to the light source is a portion where the light beam emitted from the light source is condensed and is particularly hot. A cooling means was provided for the purpose of prevention.
However, when the luminance of the light source is increased, the polycarbonate half-wave plate, which is an organic material constituting the polarization conversion element 105, the half-wave plate and the prism are bonded, and the prism and the prism are bonded. Since the amount of light irradiated to the UV curable adhesive, which is an organic material used in combination, increases, the oxidation process and the photochemical reaction process proceed, resulting in degradation of optical properties and reliability may be reduced. .
Furthermore, since light in a wide band extending from the short wavelength band (about 400 nm) to the long wavelength band (about 700 nm) is simultaneously incident on one polarization conversion element 105, the progress of the oxidation process and the photochemical reaction process is accelerated, and the organic material There was a case where the deterioration of was accelerated.
As a result, there is a case where an adverse effect on image quality such as luminance deterioration of a projected image, in-plane luminance unevenness and color unevenness may occur.

On the other hand, since the wavelength band of the light beam incident on the polarization conversion element 105 is wide, all of the spectral characteristics of the polarization conversion element 105 that are optimized by controlling the film thickness by combining a plurality of dielectric films are incident. It was difficult to match the wavelength band of the light beam. Therefore, there is a limit to the control of the chromaticity points of the R, G, and B colors, and the color reproduction range cannot be expanded.
Furthermore, an integrator optical system is constituted by one set of fly-eye lens system 104 and one polarization conversion element 105. Since the wavelength band of the light beam incident on the integrator optical system is wide, R, G, B due to chromatic aberration is caused. There may be a problem that the size of the illumination area irradiated to the reflective liquid crystal display elements 109R, 109G, and 109B differs for each of the R, G, and B colors depending on the focal position for each color.
Furthermore, since the fly-eye lens system 104 is one set, the fluctuation of the light source 101 directly affects the fluctuation of the projection light, and a good projected image may not be obtained.
Furthermore, installing the polarization conversion element 105 near the light source means that a plurality of polarization beam splitters are integrated into an array by bonding, and a half-wave plate is bonded to a part thereof. It is necessary to increase the size of the polarization conversion element 105, and the cost is high.

  Therefore, the present invention reduces the deterioration of the optical element due to the light energy and thermal energy of the input light, widens the color reproduction range of the projected image, obtains a good projected image, and reduces the apparatus size. It is an object of the present invention to provide a projection display device that can perform the above-described operation.

1) In order to achieve the above object, the projection display apparatus 1A of the present embodiment uses a light source 2 and a first lens array in which a light beam emitted from the light source 2 is a partial light beam group composed of a plurality of partial light beams. 5, first color separation means 6 for color-separating the partial light flux group into a first partial light flux group and a second partial light flux group and emitting them in different directions, and the color-separated first partial light flux The first lens group 8b and the third lens array 8y are combined with the first lens group 8b and the second lens group group 8y, respectively. After the light beam and the second light beam are respectively polarized and separated, the polarization angle is converted, so that the first polarized light beam and the second polarized light beam that have only one direction of polarization angle are emitted as the first polarized light beam. Polarization conversion means 9b and second polarization conversion means 9y A second color separation means arranged on the optical path of the second polarized light beam, for color-separating the second polarized light beam into a third polarized light beam and a fourth polarized light beam and emitting them in different directions 14 and the first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam, respectively, and the first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam are converted into an input image. Three liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b that are modulated based on a signal and are emitted as a first modulated light beam, a second modulated light beam, and a third modulated light beam, the first modulated light beam, and the second modulated light beam And a color synthesizing unit 15 for synthesizing the modulated light beam and the third modulated light beam and emitting them as an emitted light beam.
2) In order to achieve the above object, the projection display device 1B of the present embodiment color-separates the light source 2 and the light beam emitted from the light source 2 into a first light beam and a second light beam, and is different from each other. A first color separation means 6 that emits in the direction, a first integrator optical system and a second integrator optical system that uniformize the illuminance distributions of the color-separated first light beam and second light beam, respectively, Linearly polarized light having only one direction of polarization angle by converting the polarization angle after the first and second light fluxes transmitted through one integrator optical system and the second integrator optical system are polarized and separated, respectively. The first polarization conversion means 9b and the second polarization conversion means 9y are respectively emitted as the first polarization light beam and the second polarization light beam, and are disposed on the optical path of the second polarization light beam. The polarized light flux of the third polarization The second color separation means 14 that performs color separation into a light beam and a fourth polarized light beam and emits them in different directions, and is arranged on the optical paths of the first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam, respectively. The first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam are modulated based on the input image signal, and emitted as the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam, and the third modulated light beam. And three color liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b, and a color synthesizing unit 15 that synthesizes the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam, and the third modulated light beam and emits them as an emitted light beam.
3) In order to achieve the above object, the projection display device 1C of the present embodiment color-separates the light source 2 and the light beam emitted from the light source 2 into a first light beam and a second light beam, and is different from each other. A first color separation unit 6 that emits in the direction, and the first light beam that has been color-separated is formed as a first partial light beam group including a plurality of partial light beams on the optical path of the first light beam. The first lens array 5b, the second lens array 8b that makes the illuminance distribution uniform by combining the partial light beams of the first partial light beam group into a first combined light beam, and the combined first combined light After polarization-separating the light beam, by converting the polarization angle, the first polarization conversion means 9b that emits the first polarized light beam as linearly polarized light having only one direction of polarization angle, and the first polarized light beam, A first light that is modulated based on the input image signal and is emitted as a first modulated light beam A third lens array 5y including a crystal display element 12b, wherein the second light beam subjected to color separation is a second partial light beam group including a plurality of partial light beams on the optical path of the second light beam; The second partial light flux group is color-separated into a third partial light flux group and a fourth partial light flux group, and is emitted in different directions, and the color-separated third spectral light flux group The fourth lens array 8g and the fifth lens array 8g and the fifth lens array are made uniform by synthesizing the partial luminous fluxes of the fourth and the fourth spectral luminous flux groups and emitting them as the third synthetic luminous flux and the fourth synthetic luminous flux with uniform illuminance distribution. A third polarization beam of linearly polarized light having only a polarization angle in one direction by polarization-separating the lens array 8r and the synthesized third synthesized beam and fourth synthesized beam after polarization separation. And a second polarization change emitted as a fourth polarized light beam. The means 9g and the third polarization conversion means 9r, the third polarized light beam and the fourth polarized light beam are respectively modulated based on the input image signal, and are emitted as the second modulated light beam and the third modulated light beam. 2 color liquid crystal display element 12g and third liquid crystal display element 12r, and further, color combining means 15 for combining the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam and the third modulated light beam and emitting them as an emitted light beam. Is provided.
4) In order to achieve the above object, in the projection display device 1A described in 1), one of the first partial light flux group and the second partial light flux group is transmitted through the first color separation means 18. The first partial light flux group or the first group of light beams separated by the color separation by being reflected by the first color separation means 18 and color-separated by being transmitted through the first color separation means 18 or the first partial light flux group. One optical path of the two partial light beam groups is a straight line from the first color separation means 18 to at least one liquid crystal display element 12r.
5) In the projection display device 1B described in 2), one of the first light flux and the second light flux is color-separated by passing through the first color separation means 18, and the other is the first color. One optical path of the first light beam or the second light beam that is color-separated by being reflected by the separation unit 18 and color-separated by being transmitted through the first color separation unit 18 is the first color separation unit 18. To at least one liquid crystal display element 12r.
6) In order to achieve the above object, in the projection type display device 1C described in 3), one of the first light flux and the second light flux is transmitted through the first color separation means 18 so as to be colored. One of the optical paths of the first light flux or the second light flux that has been separated and is color-separated by being reflected by the first color separation means 18 and color-separated by being transmitted through the first color separation means 18 Is a straight line from the first color separation means 18 to the at least one liquid crystal display element 12r.

  According to the present invention, the deterioration of the optical element due to the light energy and heat energy of the input light is reduced, and the integrator optical system is disposed on each of the plurality of optical paths after the light emitted from the light source is dispersed. By doing so, the color reproduction range of the projected image can be expanded, a good projected image can be obtained, and the size can be reduced.

Examples of the projection display device according to the present embodiment will be described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing the configuration of a first example of the optical system of the projection display apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 2 is a graph showing a spectral spectrum of a xenon lamp used in the projection display device of the present embodiment. FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the principle of polarization conversion of the polarization conversion element used in the projection display device of this embodiment. FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view showing the configuration of a second example of the optical system of the projection display apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view showing the configuration of the third example of the optical system of the projection display apparatus according to the present embodiment. FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view showing the configuration of the fourth example of the optical system of the projection display apparatus of the present embodiment. FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view showing the configuration of the fifth example of the optical system of the projection display apparatus of the present embodiment.
Note that components having common functions are denoted by the same reference symbols throughout the drawings, and repeated descriptions of components once described are omitted.

(First embodiment)
As shown in FIG. 1, the optical system of the projection display device 1A of the present embodiment includes a light source 2 having a xenon lamp 2a and a concave mirror 2b, an infrared transmission filter 3 that transmits infrared rays and reflects other light beams, and the like. , An ultraviolet transmissive filter 4 that reflects ultraviolet light and transmits other light beams, a first fly-eye lens 5 that divides the incident light beam into a plurality of partial light beams, and a plurality of partial light beams emitted from the first fly-eye lens 5 And a cross dichroic mirror 6 having two B dichroic mirrors 6b and 6y that split the light into blue (hereinafter referred to as "B") light and yellow (hereinafter referred to as "Y") light.
Further, in the optical path of the B light, a reflection mirror 7b that bends the light beam of the B light by 90 degrees, and a second fly eye lens 8b that is installed at a position where a plurality of partial light beams emitted from the first fly eye lens 5 are condensed. And a polarization conversion element 9b that converts random polarized light into one type of linearly polarized light, and a plurality of partial light beams that have been converted into one type of linearly polarized light by the polarization conversion element 9b, and combine them into one type of linearly polarized light beam. The condenser lens 10b, the field lens 11b that converts the bundled light flux into telecentric illumination light, and the light flux emitted from the field lens 11b is bent 90 degrees in the direction of the reflective liquid crystal display element 12b for B light, and the B light And a reflective polarizing plate 13b that transmits the reflected light from the reflective liquid crystal display element 12b.

  Furthermore, in the optical path of Y light, a reflection mirror 7y that bends the light beam of Y light by 90 degrees, and a second fly eye lens installed at a position where a plurality of partial light beams emitted from the first fly eye lens 5 are condensed. 8y, a polarization conversion element 9y that converts random polarized light into one type of linearly polarized light, a condenser lens 10y that combines a plurality of partial light beams converted into one type of linearly polarized light by the polarization conversion element 9y, and 1 A dichroic mirror 14 that disperses a bundle of bundles of Y light into green (hereinafter referred to as “G”) light and red (hereinafter referred to as “R”) light is disposed.

  Furthermore, in the optical paths of the G light and R light split by the dichroic mirror 14, field lenses 11g and 11r that make the light beams of G light and R light telecentric illumination light, and light beams emitted from the field lenses 11g and 11r. Is bent 90 degrees in the direction of the reflective liquid crystal display element 12g for G light and the direction of the reflective liquid crystal display element 12r for R light, respectively, and from the reflective liquid crystal display element 12g for G light and the reflective liquid crystal display element 12r for R light. Reflective polarizing plates 13g and 13r that transmit the reflected light are disposed.

  Furthermore, a cross dichroic prism 15 for combining light beams of R, G, and B colors on the optical path of a light beam emitted from the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12b, 12g, and 12r and transmitted through the reflective polarizing plates 13b, 13g, and 13r; A projection lens 16 is provided for enlarging and projecting the combined luminous flux on a screen (not shown).

  Here, the xenon lamp 2a is used as the light source 2 capable of emitting high-intensity light. The spectral distribution of the xenon lamp 2a has an infrared band (820 nm in the lamp shown in FIG. 2) as shown in FIG. (Near) has a sharp emission line (PK). In the case of light source light having a strong energy in the infrared band as described above, if an ultraviolet ray / infrared reflection type filter is used to remove infrared rays, the reflected infrared ray returns to the light source, and the xenon of the light source 2 is emitted by infrared rays having a large thermal energy. The lamp 2a becomes hot, and there is a risk of causing a decrease in irradiance from the xenon lamp 2a and damage due to deterioration of the quartz glass used in the lamp 2a. Therefore, in order to remove light in the infrared region, an infrared transmission filter 3 that does not return infrared light to the direction of the light source 2 is used.

Next, the operation of the optical system of the projection display device 1A of the present embodiment will be described.
The light emitted from the light source 2 transmits infrared light having a wavelength of about 700 nm or more through an infrared transmission filter 3 installed at an inclination of 45 degrees with respect to the optical path and removes the infrared light from the optical path to a wavelength band of less than about 700 nm. Reflects the light. The light from which infrared rays have been removed reflects ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of about 400 nm or less in the light source direction by the ultraviolet transmission filter 4 and transmits the light from which infrared rays and ultraviolet rays have been removed.
The cross section of the light beam transmitted through the ultraviolet transmission filter 4 is circular based on the shape of the concave mirror 2a of the light source 2, but in order to efficiently apply this light to the effective pixel area of the rectangular liquid crystal display element, It is necessary to convert the light beam into a rectangular light beam. Therefore, the first fly-eye lens 5 in which small rectangular convex lenses are formed in a matrix is used, and the light beam that has passed through the ultraviolet transmission filter 4 is incident on the first fly-eye lens 5 to be divided into a plurality of rectangular partial light beams. To do. The light split into a plurality of partial light beams by the first fly-eye lens 5 is incident on the cross dichroic mirror 6, and the B light having a short wavelength of less than about 490 nm and the Y light having a medium / long wavelength of about 490 nm or more. And is spectroscopically separated.

  The cross dichroic mirror 6 is a combination of two B dichroic mirrors 6b and 6y that are inclined at 45 degrees with respect to the incident direction of light and installed in an orthogonal state. The incident light is reflected by the B light out of the light incident on one B dichroic mirror 6b, and the Y light reflected by the other Y dichroic mirror 6y. Spectral.

Of the light dispersed by the cross dichroic mirror 6, the B light is reflected by the reflection mirror 7 b inclined at 45 degrees with respect to the incident direction, and the optical path is bent 90 degrees, and then the focal position of the first fly-eye lens 5. Is incident on the second fly's eye lens 8b.
The integrator optical system having the first fly-eye lens 5 and the second fly-eye lens 8b makes the shape of the light beam emitted from the light source coincide with the shape of the liquid crystal display element, and makes the illuminance on the liquid crystal display element uniform. Therefore, when the light beam emitted from the light source has uneven color or when the light beam has flickering, color unevenness and flickering on the screen can be significantly suppressed.

The B light emitted from the second fly-eye lens 8b is circularly polarized light that does not have the same polarization state. This B light enters the polarization conversion element 9b and is converted into one type of linearly polarized light.
The projection display device 1A of the present embodiment uses a method of changing the polarization state by an electrical signal, and only one of P-polarized light and S-polarized light can be used. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3, the polarization conversion element 9b, when converting from circularly polarized light to linearly polarized light, is a light beam that cannot be used in the projection display device 1A among the two types of linearly polarized light beams that are orthogonal to each other. The polarization angle of the light beam is rotated by 90 degrees to align the polarization direction with the light flux in the other polarization direction.
The polarization conversion element 9b is obtained by selectively affixing a polarization beam splitter array 17a and a half-wave plate 17b having a birefringent organic material to a part of the exit surface of the polarization beam splitter array. . The polarization beam splitter array 17a has a plurality of columnar transmission members whose cross-sections are parallelograms bonded together by an ultraviolet curable adhesive that is an organic material. 17c and reflective films 17d are alternately formed. Moreover, the half-wave plate 17b is affixed on the emission surface of the transmitted and emitted light from the polarization separation film 17c of the polarization beam splitter array 17a.
When light that does not have the same polarization state enters the polarization conversion element 9b, the polarization separation film 17c reflects S-polarized light and transmits P-polarized light. The S-polarized light reflected by the polarization separation film 17c is reflected by the reflection film 17d and emitted. On the other hand, the P-polarized light transmitted through the polarization separation film 17c is converted into S-polarized light by being rotated by 90 ° by the half-wave plate 17b attached to the emission surface, and emitted. As a result, all the light emitted from the polarization conversion element 9b becomes S-polarized light.
If it is desired to make the emitted light P-polarized light, the half-wave plate 10b may be selectively bonded to the emission surface through which the emitted light from the reflective film 17d passes.

The plurality of partial light beams converted into S-polarized light by the polarization conversion element 9b are combined into one S-polarized light beam by the condenser lens 10b.
The light beam emitted from the condenser lens 10b is refracted by the field lens 11b according to the size of the display area of the reflective liquid crystal display element 12b, and transmitted through the reflective polarizing plate 13b installed at an inclination of 45 degrees with respect to the optical path. Then, the light enters the reflection liquid crystal display element 12b for B light.

The reflective polarizing plate 13b has a reflective surface in which a large number of metal films such as aluminum are regularly arranged in a stripe pattern at a pitch of, for example, about 140 nm on an optical glass plate. The reflective polarizing plate 13b transmits a polarization component (for example, S-polarized light) perpendicular to the stripe-shaped metal film as it is, and a polarization component (for example, parallel to the stripe-shaped metal film) , P-polarized light).
In addition, since the reflective polarizing plate 13b is a single plate-shaped polarization separation plate that includes glass and a metal film and does not contain an organic material, it is difficult to absorb light emitted from the light source 1 and is caused by birefringence. It is possible to suppress deterioration in the quality of the display image.

Similarly, substantially the same operation is performed for the Y light emitted from the cross dichroic mirror 6.
That is, the Y light out of the light dispersed by the cross dichroic mirror 6 is reflected by the reflection mirror 7y inclined at 45 degrees with respect to the incident direction and the optical path is bent by 90 degrees, and then the first fly-eye lens 5 The light enters the second fly's eye lens 8y installed at the focal position.
The Y light emitted from the second fly-eye lens 8y is circularly polarized light that does not have a uniform polarization state. The Y light enters the polarization conversion element 9y and is converted into S-polarized light.
The plurality of partial light beams converted into S-polarized light by the polarization conversion element 9y are combined into one S-polarized light beam by the condenser lens 10y.

  The light beam emitted from the condenser lens 10y is split into G light and R light by the dichroic mirror 14 that reflects G light and transmits R light. The G light and R light dispersed by the dichroic mirror 14 are refracted by the field lenses 11g and 11r according to the size of the display area of the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12g and 12r, respectively, and inclined by 45 degrees with respect to the optical path. The light passes through the installed reflective polarizing plates 13g and 13r and enters the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12g and 12r for G light and R light, respectively.

  Driving voltages based on the R, G, and B video signals are applied to the respective liquid crystals of the R-light reflective liquid crystal display element 12r, the G-light reflective liquid crystal display element 12g, and the B-light reflective liquid crystal display element 12b. When applied, the alignment state of the liquid crystal changes and modulates the incident light. The R light, G light, and B light reflected and modulated by the respective reflective liquid crystal display elements are reflected by the respective reflective polarizing plates 13r, 13g, and 13b and the optical path is bent by 90 degrees, and the exit surface 15a of the cross dichroic prism 15 is reflected. The light enters the cross dichroic prism 15 from the three incident surfaces except for. In the cross dichroic prism 15, the incident R light, G light, and B light are combined and emitted from the exit surface 15a. The light emitted from the cross dichroic prism 15 is magnified by the projection lens 16 and projected onto a screen (not shown).

According to this embodiment, the white light from which the ultraviolet rays and infrared rays emitted from the light source 2 are removed does not directly enter the polarization conversion element, but the ultraviolet rays and infrared rays are removed and further B light (short wavelength region) and Y The light is incident on the B light polarization conversion element 9b and the Y light polarization conversion element 9y respectively installed on the respective optical paths separated into the light (long wavelength region).
As a result, the light energy applied to the adhesive of the half-wave plate 17b and the polarization beam splitter array 17a, which are organic materials, among the members constituting the polarization conversion elements 9b and 9y is reduced, and light in the short wavelength region is also obtained. Is incident only on the polarization conversion element 9b for B light, and light in the long wavelength region is incident only on the polarization conversion element 9y for Y light, so that the optical and thermal load on the organic material is reduced, and the light source 2 is high. Even when the brightness is increased, it is possible to supply the projection display device 1A having a long lifetime with little deterioration in optical characteristics.

Further, since the second fly-eye lenses 8b and 8y, the polarization conversion elements 9b and 9y, and the condenser lenses 10b and 10y are installed independently for two sets of B light and Y light, each polarization conversion element The B wavelength band of the light beam incident on 9b and 9y is narrowed. As a result, the optical thin film constituting the polarization separation film 17c of each polarization conversion element 9b, 9y can be easily designed and the spectral characteristics of the polarization separation film can be improved, so that R light, G light, and B light can be improved. These chromaticity points can be arranged at positions on the desired chromaticity diagram, and the color reproduction range can be expanded.
Further, the light from the light source having fluctuations enters each of the two integrator optical systems after spectroscopy. In each integrator optical system, light fluxes with different fluctuations are generated, and when they are combined again, fluctuations are reduced in the image projected on the screen. As a result, a good projected image can be obtained.

(Second embodiment)
In the projection type display device 1B according to the present embodiment, the light emitted from the light source 2 is split into B light and Y light by the cross dichroic mirror 6 as shown in FIG. It is good also as a structure which injects into the integrator optical system which has a lens and the 1st fly eye lens for Y light.

That is, in the projection display apparatus 1B, the light emitted from the light source 2 is incident on the cross dichroic mirror 6 after the infrared rays are removed by the infrared transmission filter 3 and the ultraviolet rays are removed by the ultraviolet reflection filter 4.
The incident light is split into B light and Y light by the cross dichroic mirror 6, reflected by the reflection mirrors 7b and 7y, bent by 90 degrees, and incident on the first fly-eye lenses 5b and 5y, respectively. The light divided into a plurality of rectangular partial light beams by the first fly-eye lenses 5b and 5y is incident on the second fly-eye lenses 8b and 8y installed at the respective focal positions of the first fly-eye lenses 5b and 5y. . The partial light beams emitted from the second fly-eye lenses 8b and 8y enter the polarization conversion elements 9b and 9y, and are converted from random polarized light to S polarized light.

The light emitted from the polarization conversion elements 9b and 9y passes through the condenser lenses 10b and 10y, respectively, and then the Y light is split into G light and R light by the dichroic mirror 14. The G light, R light, and B light obtained by splitting the Y light by the dichroic mirror 14 are refracted by the field lenses 11r, 11g, and 11b according to the size of the display area of the reflective liquid crystal display element, and reflected polarized light. The light passes through the plates 13r, 13g, and 13b, and enters the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b for R light, G light, and B light, respectively.
Each color light incident on the RGB reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b is reflected by each reflective liquid crystal display element and modulated based on a video signal supplied to each reflective liquid crystal display element. Since the operation of combining the light and projecting the light through the projection lens onto the screen overlaps with that of the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.

According to this embodiment, in addition to the effects of the first embodiment, the curvatures of the convex lenses constituting the fly-eye lenses 5b and 8b for B light and the fly-eye lenses 5y and 8y for Y light are set as B light. Since the Y light can be formed with an optimum curvature, the size of the illumination area of each color reflective liquid crystal display element 12r, 12g, 12b can be matched.
In addition, since the focal length from the integrator optical system to the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b for each color is shortened, the size of the integrator optical system can be reduced, thereby reducing the overall size of the optical system. can do.

(Third embodiment)
In the projection display device 1C according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, the light emitted from the light source 2 is split into B light and Y light by the cross dichroic mirror 6, and the first fly-eye lens for B light, respectively. After passing through the first fly-eye lens for Y light, the Y light is split by a dichroic mirror and converted into three second fly-eye lenses of R, G, B and three polarization conversions of R, G, B You may make it the structure which permeate | transmits an element.

That is, in the projection display device 1 </ b> C, the light emitted from the light source 2 is incident on the cross dichroic mirror 6 after the infrared rays are removed by the infrared transmission filter 3 and the ultraviolet rays are removed by the ultraviolet reflection filter 4.
The incident light is split into B light and Y light by the cross dichroic mirror 6, reflected by the reflection mirrors 7b and 7y, bent by 90 degrees, and incident on the first fly-eye lenses 5b and 5y, respectively. Of the light split into a plurality of rectangular partial light beams by the first fly-eye lenses 5b and 5y, the Y light is split into G light and R light by the dichroic mirror 14. The R light, the G light, and the B light are incident on the second fly eye lenses 8r, 8g, and 8b installed at the focal positions of the first fly eye lenses 5b and 5y. The partial light beams emitted from the second fly-eye lenses 8r, 8g, and 8b enter the polarization conversion elements 9r, 9g, and 9b, and are converted from random polarized light to S-polarized light.

Lights emitted from the polarization conversion elements 9r, 9g, and 9b are transmitted through the condenser lenses 10r, 10g, and 10b, respectively, and then matched with the size of the display area of the reflective liquid crystal display element by the field lenses 11r, 11g, and 11b, respectively. The light is refracted, passes through the reflective polarizing plates 13r, 13g, and 13b, and enters the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b for R light, G light, and B light, respectively.
Each color light incident on the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b of each RGB color is modulated and reflected based on the video signal supplied to each element, and each color light is synthesized and projected onto the screen through the projection lens. Since the operations performed are the same as those in the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.

According to this embodiment, the white light from which the ultraviolet rays and infrared rays emitted from the light source 2 are removed does not directly enter the polarization conversion element, but the ultraviolet rays and infrared rays are removed and further B light (short wavelength region), G B light polarization conversion element 9b, G light polarization conversion element 9g and G light polarization conversion element 9g respectively installed on each optical path split into light (region between short wavelength region and long wavelength region) and R light (long wavelength region) The light enters the R light polarization conversion element 9r.
As a result, the light energy applied to the adhesive of the half-wave plate 17b and the polarization beam splitter array 17a, which are organic materials among the members constituting the polarization conversion elements 9b, 9g, 9r, is reduced, and the short wavelength region Light is incident only on the B light polarization conversion element 9b and light in the long wavelength region is incident only on the R light polarization conversion element 9r, so that the optical and thermal load on the organic material is reduced. Even when the brightness of the projector is increased, it is possible to supply the projection display device 1C having a long lifetime with little deterioration in optical characteristics.

Further, the second fly-eye lenses 8b, 8g, 8r, the polarization conversion elements 9b, 9g, 9r and the condenser lenses 10b, 10g, 10r are installed independently for the B light, the G light, and the R light, respectively. Therefore, unlike the conventional fly-eye lens, polarization conversion element, and condenser lens system, the wavelength band of the light beam incident on each polarization conversion element 9b, 9g, 9r is further narrowed. As a result, the design of the optical thin film constituting the polarization separation film 17c of each polarization conversion element 9b, 9g, 9r is facilitated, and the spectral characteristics of the polarization separation film can be improved. The chromaticity point of the B light can be arranged at a desired position on the chromaticity diagram, and the color reproduction range can be expanded.
Further, the light from the light source with fluctuations enters each of the three integrator optical systems after spectroscopy. The incident light becomes light with different fluctuations in each integrator optical system, and when synthesized again, fluctuations are reduced in the image projected on the screen. As a result, it is possible to obtain a better projected image than in the first embodiment.
Furthermore, by having a plurality of integrator optical systems, it is possible to reduce differences in imaging characteristics caused by chromatic aberration due to wavelength differences. That is, since the curvature of the convex lens constituting each fly-eye lens 5b, 5y, 8b, 8g, and 8r can be formed in an optimum shape independently for each color, the illumination area of the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, 12b for each color Can be adjusted with higher accuracy than in the second embodiment.
In addition, since the focal length from the integrator optical system to the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12r, 12g, and 12b for each color is shortened, the size of the integrator optical system can be reduced, thereby reducing the overall size of the optical system. can do.

(Fourth embodiment)
In the projection display device 1D according to the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, the light emitted from the light source 2 is split into B light and Y light by the dichroic mirror 18, and only one of the split light is reflected by the reflection mirror 7b. The optical path may be bent 90 degrees and then incident on the first fly-eye lens 8b, and the other may be directly incident on the first fly-eye lens 8y.

That is, in the projection display device 1D, the light emitted from the light source 2 is inclined 45 degrees with respect to the optical path after the infrared rays are removed by the infrared transmission filter 3 and the ultraviolet rays are removed by the ultraviolet reflection filter 4. The light enters the arranged dichroic mirror 18.
The dichroic mirror 18 has a function of reflecting the B light and transmitting the Y light. The B light reflected by the dichroic mirror 18 is reflected by the reflecting mirror 7b, and its optical path is bent by 90 degrees. The light enters the fly-eye lens 5b. On the other hand, the Y light transmitted through the dichroic mirror 18 directly enters the first fly-eye lens 5y for Y light.
Hereinafter, with respect to a portion where each color light is incident on the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12b, 12g, and 12r, reflected by the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12b, 12g, and 12r, and projected onto the screen through the projection lens 16, the first is described. Since it is the same as that of an Example, description is abbreviate | omitted.

In the description of this embodiment, the characteristics of the dichroic mirror 18 are such that the B light is reflected and the Y light is transmitted, but it goes without saying that the B light may be transmitted and the Y light may be transmitted.
Although the case where the dichroic mirror 18 is used in the first embodiment has been described, the dichroic mirror 18 may be used instead of the cross dichroic mirror 6 in the second embodiment and the third embodiment. Needless to say.

  According to this embodiment, the first color separation means is changed from the cross dichroic mirror 6 to the dichroic mirror 18, thereby simplifying the configuration of the optical system and reflecting from the light source 2 in the optical path that passes through the dichroic mirror 18. Since the optical path to the liquid crystal display element 12r is a straight line, the light utilization efficiency is improved, the optical axis shift is less likely to occur, and the color unevenness on the screen is less likely to occur.

(Fifth embodiment)
In the projection display device 1E according to the present embodiment, when a light source that does not have a strong bright line peak in the infrared wavelength region is used, the light emitted from the light source 2 is converted into ultraviolet light by an ultraviolet / infrared reflection filter as shown in FIG. In addition, after the infrared rays are removed, the cross dichroic mirror 6 may split the light into B light and Y light.

  The brightness of the ultra-high pressure mercury lamp mounted on a relatively large number of projectors is not as high as that of the xenon lamp 2a, but since there is no bright line in the infrared band, the ultraviolet / infrared reflective filter 19 is used. The absolute amount of infrared light reflected by the infrared reflective filter 19 and returning to the light source 2 is small, and the light source 2 is reduced in irradiance from the ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp and is damaged due to deterioration of quartz glass used in the ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp. Problems rarely occur.

That is, in the projection display device 1E using the ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp 2c, the light emitted from the light source 2 is subjected to the first fly-eye lens after ultraviolet rays and infrared rays are simultaneously removed by the ultraviolet ray / infrared reflective filter 19. 5 is divided into a plurality of rectangular partial light fluxes, enters the cross dichroic mirror 6, and is split into B light and Y light.
Hereinafter, with respect to a portion where each color light is incident on the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12b, 12g, and 12r, reflected by the reflective liquid crystal display elements 12b, 12g, and 12r, and projected onto the screen through the projection lens 16, the first is described. Since it is the same as that of an Example, description is abbreviate | omitted.
Further, although the case where the ultraviolet / infrared reflective filter 19 is used in the first embodiment has been described, the second embodiment, the third embodiment, and the fourth embodiment are also used instead of the xenon lamp 2a. Needless to say, an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp 2 c may be used, and an ultraviolet / infrared reflective filter 19 may be used in place of the infrared transmitting filter 3 and the ultraviolet reflecting filter 4.

According to this embodiment, in the optical system that removes infrared rays and ultraviolet rays, since the optical path is formed in a straight line, the optical axis shift is small, the light utilization efficiency is high, and color unevenness on the screen hardly occurs.
Furthermore, since the optical path is not bent by the infrared filter, the size of the optical system can be reduced.

In the first to fifth embodiments, the light is reflected by the reflective polarizers 13r, 13g, and 13b for each color light between the reflective polarizers 13r, 13g, and 13b and the cross dichroic prism 15. The transmissive polarizing plates 20r, 20g, and 20b for each color light for removing unnecessary polarization components from the image light of each color may be installed.
Further, in the first to fifth embodiments, the reflective polarizers 13r, 13g, and 13b for each color light are provided between the field lenses 11r, 11g, and 11b and the reflective polarizers 13r, 13g, and 13b. In order to improve the polarization separation characteristics of 13b, polarizers 21r, 21g, and 21b for each color light may be provided.
Furthermore, in the first to fifth embodiments, a polarizing beam splitter can be used instead of the reflective polarizing plates 13r, 13g, and 13b.
Furthermore, in the first to fifth embodiments, the case where the reflective liquid crystal display element is used has been described, but it goes without saying that the transmissive liquid crystal display element can be used.

As described above, by using the polarization conversion elements, which are polarization conversion means, on each of the plurality of split light paths, the light beams incident on the respective polarization conversion elements become the split light beams and Since the absolute light quantity decreases, the lifetime of the polarization conversion element can be extended.
Further, since the cross dichroic mirror or the dichroic mirror which is the first color separation means performs the spectrum in a predetermined wavelength region, the light whose wavelength band is limited by the spectrum is separately incident on each polarization conversion element. Therefore, the light energy in the short wavelength band and the thermal energy in the long wavelength band, which greatly affect the reliability of the polarization conversion element, are optically separated, and high reliability can be ensured as never before.

In addition, by using a plurality of polarization conversion elements, the wavelength band of the light beam incident on each polarization conversion element is limited, so that the optical thin film used for the polarization conversion element can be easily designed, and the polarization separation film can be separated. The characteristics can be improved. As a result, the chromaticity points of R light, G light, and B light can be arranged at desired positions on the chromaticity diagram, and the color reproduction range can be expanded.
Furthermore, since it has a plurality of integrator optical systems having a first fly-eye lens, a second fly-eye lens, and a polarization conversion element, the reflective liquid crystal is formed by forming the curvature of each fly-eye lens in accordance with each wavelength band. The size of the illumination area irradiated on the display element can be matched with each color of R, G, and B, so that there is room in the illumination area.
Furthermore, the light from the light source with fluctuations enters each of the two integrator optical systems after spectroscopy, and is combined again after becoming light fluxes with different fluctuations. Therefore, a good projection image with reduced fluctuations can be obtained. I was able to get it.
Furthermore, since the polarization conversion element can be installed near the reflective liquid crystal display element, the integrator optical system can be reduced, and as a result, the size of the optical system of the projection display apparatus can be reduced. .

It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the 1st Example of the optical system of the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a graph which shows the spectral spectrum of the xenon lamp used for the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is explanatory drawing explaining the principle of the polarization conversion of the polarization conversion element used for the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the 2nd Example of the optical system of the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the 3rd Example of the optical system of the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the 4th Example of the optical system of the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the 5th Example of the optical system of the projection type display apparatus of this embodiment. It is a schematic plan view which shows the structure of the optical system of the conventional projection type display apparatus.

Explanation of symbols

1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E ... Projection type display device, 2 ... Light source, 2a ... Xenon lamp, 2b ... Concave mirror, 2c ... Super high pressure mercury lamp, 3 ... Infrared transmission filter, 4 ... Ultraviolet reflection filter, 5 ... No. 1 fly eye lens, 6 ... cross dichroic prism, 6b ... B dichroic mirror, 6y ... Y dichroic mirror, 7b, 7y ... reflecting mirror, 8b, 8y, 8r, 8g ... second fly eye lens, 9b, 9y, 9r, 9g: Polarization conversion element, 10b, 10y, 10r, 10g ... condenser lens, 11r, 11g, 11b ... field lens, 12r, 12g, 12b ... reflection type liquid crystal display element, 13r, 13g, 13b ... reflection type polarizing plate, 14 ... Dichroic mirror, 15 ... Cross dichroic prism, 16 ... Projection lens, 17a ... Polarized beam Purittaarei, 17b ... 1/2-wavelength plate, 17c ... polarization separation film, 17d ... reflective film, 18 ... first dichroic mirror, 19 ... ultraviolet / infrared reflective filters, 20r, 20 g, 20b ... type polarizing plate

Claims (6)

A light source;
A first lens array in which a light beam emitted from the light source is a partial light beam group including a plurality of partial light beams;
First color separation means for color-separating the partial light flux group into a first partial light flux group and a second partial light flux group and emitting them in different directions;
A second lens array and a third lens that combine the first partial light flux group and the second partial light flux group that have been color-separated to form a first light flux and a second light flux with uniform illumination distribution. An array,
The first light beam and the second light beam, which are linearly polarized light having only one direction of polarization angle, are converted by polarization-separating each of the synthesized first light beam and second light beam, and then the polarization angle is converted. A first polarization conversion unit and a second polarization conversion unit that respectively emit as light beams;
With
A second color separation unit disposed on an optical path of the second polarized light beam, color-separating the second polarized light beam into a third polarized light beam and a fourth polarized light beam, and emitting them in different directions; ,
The first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam are respectively disposed on optical paths of the first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam. Three liquid crystal display elements that are modulated based on an input image signal and are emitted as a first modulated light beam, a second modulated light beam, and a third modulated light beam;
Color combining means for combining the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam, and the third modulated light beam and emitting them as an emitted light beam;
A projection type display device comprising: A light source;
First color separation means for color-separating a light beam emitted from the light source into a first light beam and a second light beam and emitting the light beams in different directions;
A first integrator optical system and a second integrator optical system for uniformizing illuminance distributions of the color-separated first light flux and the second light flux, respectively;
The first and second light fluxes transmitted through the first integrator optical system and the second integrator optical system are polarized and separated, respectively, and then converted into a polarization angle, thereby obtaining a polarization angle in one direction. First polarized light conversion means and second polarized light conversion means for emitting linearly polarized first polarized light flux and second polarized light flux respectively having
With
A second color separation unit disposed on an optical path of the second polarized light beam, color-separating the second polarized light beam into a third polarized light beam and a fourth polarized light beam, and emitting them in different directions; ,
The first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam are respectively disposed on optical paths of the first polarized light beam, the third polarized light beam, and the fourth polarized light beam. Three liquid crystal display elements that are modulated based on an input image signal and are emitted as a first modulated light beam, a second modulated light beam, and a third modulated light beam;
Color combining means for combining the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam, and the third modulated light beam and emitting them as an emitted light beam;
A projection type display device comprising: A light source;
First color separation means for color-separating a light beam emitted from the light source into a first light beam and a second light beam and emitting the light beams in different directions;
Have
On the optical path of the first light flux,
A first lens array in which the color-separated first light beam is a first partial light beam group including a plurality of partial light beams;
A second lens array for making the illuminance distribution uniform by combining the partial light beams of the first partial light beam group into a first combined light beam;
A first polarization conversion unit that emits a linearly polarized first polarized light beam having only one polarization angle by converting a polarization angle after polarization separation of the synthesized first combined light beam;
A first liquid crystal display element that modulates the first polarized light beam based on an input image signal and emits the first polarized light beam as a first modulated light beam;
With
On the optical path of the second light flux,
A third lens array in which the color-separated second light flux is a second partial light flux group composed of a plurality of partial light fluxes;
A second color separation means for color-separating the second partial light beam group into a third partial light beam group and a fourth partial light beam group and emitting them in different directions;
The third spectral light beam group and the fourth spectral light beam group that have been color-separated are synthesized, respectively, and emitted as a third synthetic light beam and a four synthetic light beam having a uniform illuminance distribution, thereby generating an illuminance distribution. A fourth lens array and a fifth lens array to be uniform;
The third combined light beam and the fourth combined light beam that have been combined are polarized and separated, and then the polarization angle is converted, whereby the linearly polarized third polarized light beam having only one direction of polarization angle and the fourth A second polarization conversion unit and a third polarization conversion unit that emit as a polarized light beam;
A second liquid crystal display element and a third liquid crystal that respectively modulate the third polarized light beam and the fourth polarized light beam based on an input image signal and emit the modulated light as a second modulated light beam and a third modulated light beam. A display element;
With
The projection display apparatus further comprises color combining means for combining the first modulated light beam, the second modulated light beam, and the third modulated light beam and emitting them as an emitted light beam. One of the first partial light flux group and the second partial light flux group is color-separated by transmitting through the first color separation means, and the other is reflected by the first color separation means. Color separation,
One optical path of the first partial light flux group or the second partial light flux group that has been color-separated by passing through the first color separation means is at least one liquid crystal from the first color separation means. The projection display device according to claim 1, wherein the display element is a straight line. One of the first light flux and the second light flux is color-separated by passing through the first color separation means, and the other is color-separated by being reflected by the first color separation means,
One optical path of the first light flux or the second light flux separated by passing through the first color separation means is a straight line from the first color separation means to at least one liquid crystal display element. The projection display device according to claim 2, wherein: One of the first light flux and the second light flux is color-separated by passing through the first color separation means, and the other is color-separated by being reflected by the first color separation means,
One optical path of the first light flux or the second light flux separated by passing through the first color separation means is a straight line from the first color separation means to at least one liquid crystal display element. The projection display apparatus according to claim 3, wherein

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