JP2008112622A - High pressure discharge lamp and lamp with reflector using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The light-emitting part of a high-pressure discharge lamp used for a lamp with a reflecting mirror and the electrode disposed in the light-emitting part are overheated to prevent the light-emitting part from becoming prematurely blackened, swollen, ruptured, or the like. To improve the light utilization efficiency.
Light emitted from a light emitting portion 7 of a light emitting tube 6 of a high pressure discharge lamp 1 attached integrally with a concave reflecting mirror 9 to a front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9 is condensed and irradiated. An annular lens 20 that irradiates an object has its optical axis coaxially arranged with the tube axis of the arc tube 6, and seals the arc tube 6 so that it faces the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7 from one end side of the arc tube 6. It is pivotally attached to the stop 8R.
[Selection] Figure 2

Description

  The present invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp used as a light source for a liquid crystal projector, a projection TV, and the like, and a lamp with a reflector using the lamp.

As shown in FIG. 6 (a), a lamp with a reflecting mirror installed in a liquid crystal projector or projection TV device is a pair of electrode assemblies 2R formed by welding a tungsten electrode 3, a molybdenum foil 4 and a molybdenum wire 5 in series. 2L are inserted into both ends of the arc tube 6 made of a quartz glass tube, and are arranged so that the electrodes 3 and 3 face each other in a spherical light emitting portion 7 formed in an intermediate portion of the arc tube 6. The high-pressure discharge lamp 1 in which a pair of sealing portions 8R and 8L is formed by hermetically sealing the both ends of the arc tube 6 through which the electrode assemblies 2R and 2L are inserted forms one sealing portion 8R. The concave reflecting mirror 9 composed of an ellipsoidal mirror or a parabolic mirror is disposed on the front opening 10 side, and the other sealing portion 8L is disposed on the bottom portion 11 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9, It is attached integrally. In the high pressure discharge lamp 1, in order to increase the light use efficiency of the lamp, the light emitted from the light emitting portion 7 of the arc tube 6 to the front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9 is transmitted to the center of the light emitting portion 7 ( A sub-reflector 12 for reflecting in the direction of the light emitting point or a reflective film 13 shown by a broken line is provided (see Patent Documents 1, 2, 3, and 4).
JP 2005-309372 A Japanese Patent No. 3184404 Japanese Patent No. 3204733 JP 2005-505909 A

In the high pressure discharge lamp 1, mercury, a halogen such as bromine and iodine, and a starting rare gas such as argon gas are enclosed in the light emitting portion 7 of the arc tube 6, and the electrodes 3, 3 are turned on when the lamp is lit. The tungsten-halogen cycle action that re-evaporates tungsten adhering to the inner surface of the light-emitting portion 7 and returning it to the electrodes 3 and 3 prevents the light-emitting portion 7 from being prematurely blackened and impairs the lamp life. By reducing the distance between the three and shortening the arc length, and increasing the amount of mercury enclosed per unit volume of the light emitting unit 7 to increase the mercury vapor pressure in the light emitting unit 7 when the lamp is lit, A short arc type high-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp capable of obtaining high-luminance emission close to a light source is used (see Patent Document 5).
JP 2005-56646 A

  Each electrode 3 of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is obtained by melting and integrating the tip of the electrode shaft 14 and a part of the coil 15 wound by closely winding a tungsten wire in two upper and lower layers on the tip side. A spherical or convex curved electrode tip 16 is formed.

  Further, the sub-reflecting mirror 12 or the reflecting film 13 provided on the arc tube 6 of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is directed from the center of the light-emitting portion 7 where the electrodes 3 and 3 are arranged to face each other to the front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9. The emitted light is reflected in the direction of the center of the light emitting unit 7 and guided to the reflecting surface of the concave reflecting mirror 9 which is the main reflecting mirror, and is reflected in the direction of the object to be irradiated by the reflecting surface, so that the light use efficiency of the lamp The sub-reflecting mirror 12 is pivotally attached to the sealing portion 8R so as to face the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7 facing the front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9, and the reflecting film 13 is 7 is attached to the surface of the half surface portion.

  However, since the sub-reflecting mirror 12 and the reflective film 13 reflect the light emitted from the light emitting unit 7 toward the light emitting unit 7, the reflected light causes the portion on the sealing unit 8 R side of the light emitting unit 7 to be sealed. The electrode 3 of the electrode assembly 2R fixed to the portion 8R is overheated, and the amount of impurities evaporated from the electrode tip 16 of the electrode 3 may increase, causing the light emitting portion 7 to be blackened at the same time. When the lamp is turned on, the highest temperature and the heat capacity radiated from the electrode tip portion 16 and the coil 15 portion having a large heat capacity, or the heat propagated from the portion through the electrode shaft 14 on the sealing portion 8R side of the light emitting portion 7 There was a risk that the inner surface temperature would rise significantly, causing the light emitting portion 7 to swell or burst. Further, the portion on the sealing portion 8R side of the light emitting portion 7 that faces the sub-reflecting mirror 12 cannot be effectively cooled by an air cooling means such as a cooling fan provided in the lamp with the reflecting mirror. However, there is a problem that the risk of causing the swelling of the light-emitting portion 6 increases due to overheating of the light-emitting element.

When the concave reflecting mirror 9 is a parabolic mirror, for example, as shown in FIG. 6B, light emitted from the light emitting portion 7 of the arc tube 6 to the front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9 is emitted. Although it is possible to increase the light utilization efficiency of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 by providing an auxiliary reflecting mirror 17 that directly reflects in the direction of the irradiated object without reflecting toward the portion 7 side (see Patent Document 6), concave reflection When the mirror 9 is an ellipsoidal mirror that reflects the light emitted from the primary focus and focuses it on the secondary focus, the reflected light of the ellipsoidal mirror is blocked by the auxiliary reflecting mirror 17 and the light use efficiency of the lamp is improved. On the contrary, it will decline.
JP 2001-125197 A

  The present invention provides a high-pressure discharge by means that does not cause the light emitting part of the high-pressure discharge lamp used for the reflector-equipped lamp or the electrode disposed in the light emitting part to be overheated and cause premature blackening, swelling, bursting, etc. Increasing the light utilization efficiency of the lamp is a technical issue.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, in the high-pressure discharge lamp according to claim 1, a pair of electrode assemblies inserted into both ends of the arc tube are arranged so that the electrodes are arranged in a spherical light-emitting portion formed in the middle portion of the arc tube. In a high-pressure discharge lamp that is arranged to face each other and has a pair of sealing portions that hermetically seals both ends of the arc tube through which the electrode assembly is inserted, the light emitting portion facing one end side of the arc tube An annular lens that condenses light emitted from the half-face part of the tube is arranged coaxially with the tube axis of the arc tube and is attached to the sealing portion on one end side of the arc tube It is pivotally attached.

  Further, in the high-pressure discharge lamp according to claim 2, in order to maximize the light use efficiency of the lamp, the annular lens is formed of a convex meniscus lens having a concave surface facing a half surface portion of the light emitting portion. Is formed into a shape and size that entirely covers the half surface portion of the light emitting portion.

  Further, the high pressure discharge lamp according to claim 3 is configured so that a part of light emitted from the half surface portion of the light emitting part is reflected by the surface of the annular lens and is not irradiated to the light emitting part side. The lens surface is subjected to antireflection processing or antireflection processing for preventing reflection.

  The high-pressure discharge lamp according to claim 4 prevents high-temperature hot air from staying between the annular lens and the half surface portion of the light emitting portion opposed to the lens and overheating the half surface portion of the light emitting portion. Therefore, a plurality of ribs extending in parallel with the optical axis of the lens are formed on the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens, so that the inner peripheral portion and the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion pivotally attaching the lens are formed. A plurality of pores are formed between the one surface side and the other surface side of the lens, and a part of the pores is filled with a fixing material for pivotally attaching the lens to the sealing portion.

  That is, the plurality of ribs formed on the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens generate hot air that stays between the inner peripheral portion and the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion between the annular lens and the half surface portion of the light emitting portion. A hole serving as a ventilation path for escape and a hole filling a fixing material for pivotally attaching the annular lens to the sealing portion are formed.

  Further, in the high pressure discharge lamp according to claim 5, in order to make the annular lens thin and have a small spherical aberration, the half-surface portion of the light emitting portion is arranged so that the annular lens is extended from the maximum diameter portion of the light emitting portion. The lens is molded into a convex lens that gradually increases in thickness toward the sealing portion of the arc tube that is pivotally attached, and the light emitted from the light emitting portion is collected by a combination lens composed of the convex lens and the annular lens. ing.

  The lamp with a reflector according to claim 6 is the high-pressure discharge lamp according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein one sealing portion on which the annular lens is pivotally attached is disposed on the front surface of the concave reflector. It arrange | positions at the opening part side, distribute | arranges the other sealing part to the bottom part side of a concave reflective mirror, and is attached integrally with this concave reflective mirror.

  According to the present invention, the light emitted from the light emitting portion of the high pressure discharge lamp attached integrally with the concave reflecting mirror to the front opening side of the concave reflecting mirror is condensed by the annular lens and efficiently applied to the irradiated object. Can be irradiated. In addition, the light emitted from the light emitting part of the high-pressure discharge lamp to the front opening side of the concave reflector is not reflected to the light emitting part side, so the light emitting part and the electrode are overheated and the light emitting part is prematurely blackened, swollen, ruptured, There is no fear of inducing.

  In the best embodiment of the high-pressure discharge lamp according to the present invention, a pair of electrode assemblies inserted into both end sides of a light emitting tube made of a quartz glass tube are mutually connected in a spherical light emitting portion formed in an intermediate portion of the light emitting tube. In the light emitting part, mercury, a halogen such as bromine and iodine, and a starting rare gas such as argon gas are sealed, and both ends of the arc tube into which the electrode assembly is inserted are enclosed. A pair of sealing portions are formed in an airtight manner, and an annular lens that condenses the light emitted from the half portion of the light emitting portion facing the one end side of the arc tube, The optical axis is arranged coaxially with the tube axis of the arc tube, and is pivotally attached to a sealing portion on one end side of the arc tube.

  The annular lens pivotally attached to the sealing portion on one end side of the arc tube is a convex meniscus lens having a concave surface facing the half surface portion of the light emitting portion, and the concave surface entirely covers the half surface portion of the light emitting portion. In addition, the lens surface is subjected to antireflection processing such as antireflection coating using a dielectric multilayer film or dereflection processing such as magnesium fluoride coating.

  Further, a plurality of ribs extending in parallel with the optical axis of the lens are formed on the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens, so that the inner peripheral portion and the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion that pivotally attaches the lens are formed. In addition, a plurality of pores extending from one side of the lens to the other side are formed, and a part of the pores is filled with a fixing material that pivotally attaches the lens to the sealing portion.

  In the best embodiment of the lamp with a reflector according to the present invention, the high-pressure discharge lamp configured as described above is configured such that one sealing portion on which the annular lens is pivotally attached is an ellipsoidal mirror or a parabolic mirror. The concave reflecting mirror is disposed on the front opening side, and the other sealing portion is disposed on the bottom side of the concave reflecting mirror and is integrally attached to the concave reflecting mirror.

  1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a high-pressure discharge lamp according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a lamp with a reflector using the high-pressure discharge lamp, FIG. 3 is a front view showing an example of an annular lens, and FIG. It is a light ray diagram which shows the effect | action of this invention. In addition, about the part which has a basic composition in common with the conventional high pressure discharge lamp and concave-surface reflecting mirror shown in FIG. 6, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected and detailed description is abbreviate | omitted.

The high-pressure discharge lamp 1 of FIG. 1 is a short arc type high-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp with a rated lamp power of 150 W, and has a maximum outer diameter of about 10 mm and a maximum inner diameter of about 4 in the middle portion of the arc tube 6 made of a quartz glass tube. .2Mm, the spherical light emitting portion 7 of the inner volume of about 85 mm ³ are formed, the pair of the electrode assembly 2R inserted through the both ends of the arc tube 6, 2L is, arc length to each other of the electrodes 3,3 in the light emitting portion 7 Arranged so as to face each other with a distance of about 1.0 mm between the electrodes, argon light as auxiliary gas for start-up is about 3 × 10 ⁴ Pa at normal temperature, and mercury is the content of the light-emitting unit 7. An amount of about 0.22 mg / mm ³ per product is sealed, and hydrogen bromide is encapsulated in an amount of about 1.8 × 10 ⁻⁴ μmol / mm ³ due to decomposition of the molecule when the lamp is turned on, Electrode assemblies 2R and 2L are inserted Sealing portion 8R of an outer diameter of about 4.7mm by sealing hermetically the both ends heat melted to the arc tube 6 which has 8L are formed.

  An annular lens 20 made of quartz glass that condenses light emitted from the half-surface portion of the light-emitting portion 6 facing one end of the arc tube 6 has its optical axis as a tube of the arc tube 6. It is arranged coaxially with the shaft and is pivotally attached to a sealing portion 8R on one end side of the arc tube 6.

  The high-pressure discharge lamp 1 of FIG. 1 configured as described above has one sealing portion 8R pivotally attached with an annular lens 20 as shown in FIG. 2, having an effective diameter of about 40 mm, a focal length of 12 mm, and a focal length of 12 mm. The concave reflecting mirror 9 composed of an ellipsoidal mirror having a next focal point of 65 mm is disposed on the front opening 10 side, the other sealing portion 8L is disposed on the bottom 11 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9, and the light emitting point of the light emitting section 7 The center of the concave reflecting mirror 9 is disposed at the primary focal position, and the concave reflecting mirror 9 is integrally mounted. A bottom hole having an opening diameter of about 12 mm is inserted into the bottom part 11 of the concave reflecting mirror 9 and the sealing part 8L of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 disposed on the bottom part 11 side is inserted and fixed with an inorganic adhesive 21 such as cement. 22 is formed.

  The annular lens 20 has a hole 23 having a diameter of about 5.5 to 5.7 mm through which the sealing portion 8R of the arc tube 6 is inserted in the center thereof, and the concave surface is opposed to the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7. The concave meniscus lens is pivotally attached to the sealing portion 8R, and the concave surface of the lens is formed into a shape and size that entirely covers the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7, and the outer diameter of the lens is It is formed to be about 11 mm which is larger than the maximum diameter (about 10 mm) of the light emitting portion 7 and smaller than the opening diameter (about 12 mm) of the hole 22 formed in the bottom portion 11 of the concave reflecting mirror 9, as shown in FIG. The outer periphery of the lens does not block light reflected from the reflecting surface on the bottom 11 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9.

  Further, the annular lens 20 has a plurality of ribs 24, 24,... Extending in parallel with the optical axis of the lens at the inner peripheral portion where the hole 23 is formed, thereby pivoting the inner peripheral portion and the lens. A certain interval is maintained between the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion 8R to be worn, and a plurality of pores 25, 25... That pass from one side of the lens to the other side are formed therebetween. 3 is filled with a fixing material 26 made of an inorganic adhesive such as cement as shown by hatching in FIG. 3, the lens is pivotally attached to the sealing portion 8R, and another hole 25 not filled with the fixing material 26 is formed. In addition, a ventilation path for escaping hot air staying in the gap 27 between the lens and the half surface portion of the light emitting section 7 is formed.

  The annular lens 20 is made of pure spherical silica having an average particle diameter of about 0.5 μm and an impurity level of 40 ppm or less as a raw material, and a slurry is prepared together with a binder having a characteristic of burning and scattering at a temperature lower than the sintering temperature. This is dried and granulated with a spray dryer and granulated to an average particle size of about 300 microns, and then quantitatively transferred into a mold and press-molded, pre-fired to scatter the binder, and then sintered at about 1250 ° C. Then, the surface is polished, and the surface is further subjected to antireflection processing such as antireflection coating with a dielectric multilayer film. As shown in FIG. 4, the primary focal point of the concave reflecting mirror 9 made of an ellipsoidal mirror is used. The light emitted from the center of the light emitting unit 7 arranged in X is designed to be condensed and focused on the secondary focus Y of the concave reflecting mirror 9.

  The reflector-equipped lamp of FIG. 2 using the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 of FIG. 1 is a conventional high-pressure discharge lamp having a rated lamp power of 150 W provided with a sub-reflector 12 and a reflective film 13 as shown in FIG. Compared with a general lamp with a reflector using a 150 W high-pressure discharge lamp that has the same illuminance as that of the lamp with a reflector and does not have the sub-reflector 12 and the reflecting film 13, the illuminance is increased by about 25%. This was confirmed by experiments. Further, as shown in FIG. 6B, the reflector-equipped lamp using the high-pressure discharge lamp provided with the auxiliary reflector 17 has a concave reflector when the concave reflector 9 as the main reflector is an ellipsoidal mirror. Although the light reflected at 9 is blocked by the auxiliary reflecting mirror 17 and the illuminance is remarkably reduced, the lamp with a reflecting mirror in FIG.

  2 differs from the lamp with a reflecting mirror in FIG. 6A in that light emitted from the light emitting portion 7 of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 toward the front opening 10 of the concave reflecting mirror 9 is emitted. In order not to be reflected to the portion 7 side, all of the pores 25, 25... Formed between the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens 20 and the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion 8R are filled with the fixing material 26 shown by hatching in FIG. Dozens of lamps with reflectors in which the high-pressure discharge lamps 1 in which the pores 25, 25... Are completely closed are attached to the concave reflecting mirror 9, are lighted, and the light emitting part facing the annular lens 20 When the surface temperatures of the half-surface part 7 and the opposite half-surface part were comparatively measured, all the temperature differences were suppressed within 20 ° C., and the light-emitting part 7 swelled or burst until the end of the life even when subjected to a life test. Illuminance reduction due to blackening of the light emitting part 7 is also observed. It was bought.

  Further, all the gaps 25, 25... Formed between the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens 20 and the sealing portion 8R are not filled with the fixing material 26, and are fixed only to a part of the holes 25 as shown in FIG. In the case where the air passage is filled with the material 26 and the other gap 25 is passed from one side of the annular lens 20 to the other side, the cooling air blown into the concave reflecting mirror 9 or the concave reflecting mirror. 9 prevents the hot air from staying in the gap 27 between the annular lens 20 and the light emitting unit 7 due to the convection generated in the inner lens 9, so that the half surface portion of the light emitting unit 7 that faces the annular lens 20 is provided. The risk of premature blackening, swelling and bursting of the light emitting part due to local overheating can be reliably eliminated.

  Further, if the annular lens 20 is formed of a convex meniscus lens having a concave surface facing the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7, and the concave surface is formed in a shape and size that entirely covers the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7, light emission Since the light radiated from the portion 7 to the front opening 10 side of the concave reflecting mirror 9 can be effectively condensed and irradiated to the irradiated object, the light use efficiency of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is remarkably increased. .

  FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing another example of the high-pressure discharge lamp according to the present invention. In the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 of this example, the annular lens 20 is made thin and has a small spherical aberration. The convex lens 28 whose half-surface portion facing the lens 20 gradually increases in thickness from the largest diameter portion of the light emitting portion 7 toward the sealing portion 8R of the arc tube 6 on which the annular lens 20 is pivotally attached. The light emitted from the light emitting unit 7 is collected by the combination lens formed of the convex lens 28 and the annular lens 20 and irradiated on the irradiated object.

  In other words, if the condensing lens is a short distance, the condensing lens is thick and has a large spherical aberration. In particular, the condensing lens made of quartz glass has an extremely high refractive index compared to other condensing lenses. Since it is small, it becomes very thick and the spherical aberration becomes remarkably large. Therefore, in order to make the annular lens 20 a thin lens with a small spherical aberration, the light emitted from the light emitting unit 7 is not condensed by the annular lens 20 alone, and the annular lens 20 and the light emitted by the annular lens 20 face each other. The light is condensed by a combination with a convex lens 28 formed on a half surface portion of the portion 7.

  Further, the high pressure discharge lamp 1 in FIG. 5 is formed into a convex lens 28 by gradually increasing the thickness of the half surface portion of the light emitting portion 7 facing the annular lens 20, thereby reducing the wall surface load of the half surface portion and the wall surface temperature. Therefore, the life characteristics of the lamp are also improved.

  The annular lens 20 of the embodiment is fixed to the sealing portion 8R of the arc tube 6 with a fixing material 26, but the annular lens of the present invention is fixed to the sealing portion of the arc tube. It may be fixed by heat welding. Further, the ribs 24, 24... May not be formed on the inner peripheral portion. In addition, the high-pressure discharge lamp attached to the concave reflecting mirror made of a parabolic mirror increases the light utilization efficiency by using an annular lens made up of a collimating lens that collects the light emitted from the light-emitting part and makes it substantially parallel light. Can do.

  The present invention contributes to improving the quality performance and reliability of a high-pressure discharge lamp used as a light source for a liquid crystal projector, a projection TV, etc., and a lamp with a reflector using the same.

Sectional drawing which shows an example of the high pressure discharge lamp which concerns on this invention Sectional view of a lamp with a reflector using the high-pressure discharge lamp of FIG. Front view of an annular lens provided in the high pressure discharge lamp of FIG. Ray diagram showing the operation of the present invention Partial sectional view showing another example of the high-pressure discharge lamp according to the present invention Sectional drawing which shows the conventional high pressure discharge lamp and the lamp with a reflector using the same

Explanation of symbols

1 .... High pressure discharge lamp 2R ... Electrode assembly 2L ... Electrode assembly 3 .... Electrode 6 .... Aluminum tube 7 .... Light emitting part 8R ... Sealing part 8L ... Sealing part 9 ... Concave reflector 10 ... Front opening 11 of concave reflector ...・ Bottom portion 20 of the concave reflecting mirror 20... Annular lens 24... Rib 25... Pore 26.

Claims (6)

  A pair of electrode assemblies inserted into both ends of the arc tube are arranged so that the electrodes face each other in a spherical light emitting portion formed in the middle portion of the arc tube, and both ends of the arc tube through which the electrode assembly is inserted In a high-pressure discharge lamp formed with a pair of sealing portions that hermetically seal the sides, an annular shape that condenses the light emitted from the portion facing the half surface portion of the light emitting portion facing one end of the arc tube A high-pressure discharge lamp characterized in that a lens is pivotally attached to a sealing portion on one end side of an arc tube with its optical axis being arranged coaxially with the tube axis of the arc tube.   The said annular lens consists of a convex meniscus lens which makes a concave surface confront with the half surface part of the said light emission part, The concave surface is shape | molded by the shape and magnitude | size which entirely cover the half surface part of the said light emission part. High pressure discharge lamp.   The high pressure discharge lamp according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a surface of the annular lens is subjected to antireflection processing or antireflection processing for preventing reflection.   A plurality of ribs extending in parallel with the optical axis of the lens are formed on the inner peripheral portion of the annular lens, so that the inner peripheral portion and the outer peripheral portion of the sealing portion that pivotally attaches the lens are formed. 4. A plurality of pores extending from one side of the lens to the other side are formed, and a part of the pores is filled with a fixing material that pivotally attaches the lens to the sealing portion. High pressure discharge lamp.   The half surface part of the said light emission part is shape | molded by the convex lens which thickness increases gradually toward the sealing part to which the said annular lens was pivoted from the largest diameter part of this light emission part. The high-pressure discharge lamp described.   The high-pressure discharge lamp according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein one sealing portion on which the annular lens is pivotally disposed is arranged on the front opening side of the concave reflecting mirror, and the other sealing portion is provided. A lamp with a reflecting mirror disposed on the bottom side of the concave reflecting mirror and attached integrally with the concave reflecting mirror.

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