JP2005520297A - Improvements in electronic chemistry - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention exposes one or more components in the overall reaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern to affect, control and / or direct various reactions and / or reaction pathways or systems. To a new way to do. The first aspect of the present invention can be applied to a reaction system that conditions at least one spectrum energy pattern. The second aspect of the present invention can be applied to a reaction system that controls at least one spectrum energy conditioning pattern. A spectrum energy conditioning pattern can be applied, for example, from a reaction vessel (eg, a conditioning reaction vessel) to another location, or applied to or within a reaction vessel, but other reaction system participants are applied to the reaction vessel. Can be before being introduced.

Description

  The present invention affects, regulates and / or directs various reactions and / or reaction pathways or systems by exposing one or more components in the overall reaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern. It relates to a new method for doing this. In the first aspect of the present invention, at least one spectral energy pattern can be applied to the battery reaction system. In a second aspect of the present invention, at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied to the conditioning cell reaction system. For example, the spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied at a separate location from the reaction solution (eg, in a conditioning reaction vessel) or can be applied to (or against) the reaction vessel, but with other battery reaction systems involved. It is introduced into the reaction vessel before the body.

  The technology of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following known batteries: galvanic cells, electrochemical cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, batteries, photoelectrochemical cells, optical galvanic cells, photoelectrolytic cells, capacitors, It can be applied to certain reactions in various battery reaction systems. The battery reaction system may be organic, biological, and / or inorganic. The invention also relates to mimicking different mechanisms of action of different catalysts in battery reaction systems under different environmental reaction conditions. The present invention specifically controls the energy dynamics (eg, alignment or mismatch) between applied energy and matter (eg, solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and / or combinations or portions thereof) For example, by taking into account various energy situations in the overall reaction system, energy transfer to (or prevention) and / or increase of at least one participant (or at least one adjustable entity) in the overall reaction system Different means for doing so are disclosed. The present invention further discloses different techniques and different means for delivering at least one spectral energy pattern (or at least one spectral energy tuning pattern) to at least some battery reaction systems. The present invention also discloses an approach for designing or determining a suitable physical catalyst and / or regulated entity to be used in a cell reaction system.

Discussion of related and commonly owned patent applications :
The subject matter of the present invention is related to the subject matter contained in US co-pending provisional application No. 60 / 363,152, filed Mar. 11, 2002, entitled “Improved Electrochemistry”.

  The subject matter of the present invention also relates to the subject matter encompassed in US co-pending provisional application No. 60 / 403,251, filed Aug. 13, 2002, entitled “Spectral Chemistry”.

  The subject matter of the present invention also relates to the subject matter included in US copending provisional application No. 60 / 439,223, filed Jan. 10, 2003, entitled "Spectrum Conditioning".

  The subject matter of the present invention also relates to the subject matter contained in the US copending application number 10 / 203,792 under the name “Spectrum Chemistry”, which entered the national phase on August 12, 2002.

  Further, the subject of the present invention is “crystal growth, crystallization and method for regulating biological, organic and inorganic systems” filed on March 21, 2002 and August 13, 2002, respectively. Related to the subject matter contained in US co-pending provisional application Nos. 60 / 366,755 and 60 / 403,225.

  The individual subject matter of the aforementioned patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the invention :
Electrochemistry can be summarized as two simple and mirror-conceptual concepts: (1) current transfer that causes chemical transformation of a material; and (2) material chemistry that causes current transfer. Transformation.
Electrochemistry includes a number of oxidation and reduction reactions at or near the anode, cathode, and electrolyte in various electrochemical and electrolytic cells. A specific reaction may be by applying an electric current to various chemical reactants contained in the system to achieve the desired chemical species (eg, electrolysis), or conversely, generating electricity as a result of the chemical reaction ( For example, an electrochemical reaction) can occur. In some systems, both electrolysis and electrochemical reactions occur (eg, rechargeable batteries or rechargeable batteries). An oxidation reaction is a reaction that loses electrons, whereas a reduction reaction is a reaction that acquires electrons. Oxidation and reduction reactions occur in many chemical systems. For example, rusting of metals, photosynthesis in the leaves of green plants, conversion of food into energy in the body, generation of current from batteries and fuel cells, etc. all transfer electrons from one species to another. It is an example of a chemical reaction including. If such a reaction results in electrons flowing through the line, or if the electron flow causes a specific reduction reaction, this process is commonly referred to as an electrochemical reaction. In contrast, the study and / or application of these electrochemical reactions is often referred to as electrochemical.
Electrochemical applications are extensive as discussed in the preamble. In addition, electrical measurements are used to monitor chemical reactions in a wide variety of reactions, including reactions that occur in small elements such as living cells. Moreover, many important chemicals are produced by electrochemical means. In addition, electrochemistry is used to form a variety of important metals (eg, aluminum and magnesium). Still further, electrochemistry includes corrosion prevention, salt electrolysis, crystal electrodeposition, electroforming, electrolytic pickling, electronic metallurgy, electroplating, electrolytic purification, electrowinning, plating, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrosynthesis, and sonoelectrochemistry. Used in
Many reactions that occur in the aforementioned systems appear to involve a shift in electron density from one atom to another. This shift in electron density is collectively referred to as an oxidation / reduction reaction or simply as a redox reaction. The term “oxidation” refers to the loss of electrons by one reactant, and the term “reduction” refers to the acquisition of electrons by the other. Oxidation and reduction typically occur simultaneously. In particular, when one substance is oxidized, the other is generally reduced. Otherwise, the electrons are the product of the reaction, which has not been observed in such reactions. Through redox reactions, a material that has received an electron lost by the other is recognized as an “oxidizer” because it helps something else to be oxidized. Furthermore, substances that supply electrons are called “reducing agents” because they help reduce something.
The various reactions that occur in the aforementioned electrochemical system are driven by energy. Energy occurs mainly in two different forms, chemical and electrical. However, there are many other forms of energy that drive chemical transformations, including heat, mechanical, sound, and electromagnetic. Different characteristics of each type of energy are thought to contribute in different ways to drive chemical reactions. Regardless of the type of energy involved, chemical reactions and transformations are intertwined with energy transfer and binding that cannot be canceled or escaped. Understanding energy is therefore essential to understanding chemical reactions, including electrochemical reactions.

  Chemical reactions are coordinated and / or directed by the addition of energy to the reaction medium in the form of heat, mechanical, sound, electrical, magnetic and / or electromagnetic energy, or by means of transferring energy through a physical catalyst. obtain. These methods have traditionally not been sufficient energy and, for example, unwanted side products, required transients and / or intermediates and / or degradation of activated complexes, and / or insufficient Produces a good amount of the preferred reaction.

In general, chemical reactions have been thought to occur as a result of collisions between reactive molecules. With regard to chemical kinetic collision theory, it has been assumed that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the number of molecular collisions per second as follows:
Number of velocity alpha collisions / second.

  This simple relationship has been used to explain the dependence of reaction rate on concentration. Furthermore, with few exceptions, the reaction rate has been thought to increase with increasing temperature due to increased collisions.

The dependence of the reaction rate constant k can be expressed by the following equation known as the Arrhenius equation:
k ＝ Ae ^{-Ea / RT}
Where Ea is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction, the activation energy of the reaction, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and e is the natural logarithm The bottom of the scale. The quantification A represents the impact speed and indicates that the impact speed is directly proportional to A and thus the impact speed. Furthermore, because of the negative sign associated with the index Ea / RT, the rate constant decreases with increasing activation energy and increases with increasing temperature.

Usually, only a low percentage of collision molecules, typically the fastest-moving molecules, have sufficient kinetic energy to exceed the activation energy, so the increase in rate constant k is explained by an increase in temperature. Since higher energy molecules are present at higher temperatures, the rate of product formation is also faster at the higher temperatures. However, there are a number of problems that can be introduced into the cell reaction system due to the elevated temperature. With thermal excitation, other competitive processes, such as bond breaking, occur before the desired energy state is reached. Often there are many degradation products that produce fragments that are extremely reactive, but they can survive for a short time due to their thermodynamic instability that attenuates the preferred reaction. it can.
In electrochemical reactions, it is generally believed that chemical transformations occur as a result of the passage of current, or conversely, chemical reactions generate current. Electrochemistry in this regard includes the science of ion conducting solutions as well as the science of charge interfaces. There are four important aspects to ion conducting solutions: (1) ionic interactions with solvents, (2) ionic interactions with other ions (of the same or different types), and (3) movement of ions in solution. And (4) ionic solution or “pure electrolyte”.
Electrode kinetics, the same as charge interface chemistry, includes charge transfer across solid-solution interfaces and interface regions. Electrode kinetics therefore involves charge transfer between two material phases. These phases can be present on material surfaces that are not conventionally considered solid-solution interfaces. Corrosion where material is covered by a thick, invisible film of moisture is a good example of this. Atoms on the surface of the material leave the material and dissolve in a thin film of ion-containing moisture. Thus, in electrochemistry, the usual dynamic catalyst for chemical reactions by molecules and atoms that collide with each other is replaced by species that collide with the electrode. In this regard, the electrode can be considered another “charge transfer catalyst”.

  Radiation or light energy is another form of energy that can also be added to the reaction medium that has negative side effects but is different (or the same) from those side effects from thermal energy. The addition of radiant energy to the system produces electronically excited molecules that can undergo chemical reactions.

  Molecules in which all electrons are in stable orbitals are said to be in the ground electronic state. Their trajectories can be either bound or unbound. When a suitable energy photon collides with a molecule, the photon is absorbed and one of the electrons can be advanced to a high energy unoccupied orbit. Electronic excitation results in a spatial redistribution of valence electrons with simultaneous changes in internuclear shape. Since the chemical reaction is adjusted to a high degree by these factors, the electronically excited molecule undergoes a chemical reaction that is distinctly different from its counterpart counterpart molecule.

The energy of a photon is defined by its frequency or wavelength:
E = hν = hc / λ
Where E is energy; h is Planck's constant, 6.6 × 10 ⁻³⁴ J · sec; ν is the frequency of radiation, sec ⁻¹ ; c is the speed of light; and λ is the wavelength of radiation. is there. When a photon is absorbed, all of its energy is typically imparted to the absorbing species. The main action following absorption depends on the wavelength of the incident light. Photochemistry studies photons whose energy depends on the ultraviolet region (e.g., 100Å-4000Å) and visible region (e.g., 4000Å-7000Å) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such photons are mainly responsible for electronically excited molecules.

  Since molecules are imparted with electronic energy based on the absorption of light, the reactions arise from those that are different from the potential energy surfaces encountered in thermally excited systems. However, there are several disadvantages of using known photochemical techniques that use wide band frequencies, thereby causing unwanted side effects, inadequate experimentation, and poor quantitative yields. Some good examples of photochemistry are shown in the following patents.

  In particular, US Pat. No. 5,174,877 issued by Cooper et al., (1992) discloses an apparatus for photocatalytic treatment of liquids. In particular, it is disclosed that the surface of the conditioned slurry is irradiated in order to activate the photocatalytic properties of the particles contained in the slurry. The transparency of the slurry affects, for example, the absorption of radiation. In addition, a discussion of different frequencies suitable to achieve the desired photocatalytic activity is disclosed.

  In addition, US Pat. No. 4,755,269 issued by Brumer et al., (1998) discloses a photodissociation method for dissociating various molecules at known energy levels. In particular, it is disclosed that different dissociation paths are possible and that different paths follow for the selection of different frequencies of a given electromagnetic line. It is further disclosed that the applied electromagnetic radiation amplitude corresponds to the amount of product produced.

  The selective excitation of different species is shown in the following three patterns. In particular, US Pat. No. 4,012,301 by Rich et al., (1977) discloses a vapor phase chemical reaction that is selectively excited by using a vibration mode corresponding to a continuously flowing reactant species. In particular, continuous wave lasers emit radiation that is absorbed by the vibration mode of the reaction volume.

  US Pat. No. 5,215,634 (Wan et al., (1993)) discloses a process for the selective conversion of methane to the desired oxygen. In particular, methane is irradiated in the presence of a catalyst by pulsed microwave radiation to convert the reactants to the desired product. The disclosed physical catalyst includes nickel and microwave radiation is applied in the range of about 1.5-3.0 GHz.

US Pat. No. 5,015,349 (Suib et al., (1991)) discloses a method for separating hydrocarbons to create cracked reaction products. It is disclosed that the hydrocarbon stream is irradiated with microwave energy that creates a low power density microwave discharge plasma, where the microwave energy is adjusted to achieve the desired result. The desired specific frequency of microwave energy is disclosed as being 2.45 GHz.
Photoelectrochemistry has focused on three main areas. In the first, light is applied onto the metal electrode, but the metal absorbs very little broadband light, so this method is not very effective. The second area of photoelectrochemistry results in the generation of electrons as a result of the absorption of light by the photoactive species and involves the passage of electrons in solution. In addition, these technologies use a wide band system and have weak points. A third area of photoelectrochemistry, considered by many to be the most promising, involves the absorption of light by semiconductors in battery reaction systems, pulling electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. The semiconductor in the electrode functions as a photoinduced charge transfer catalyst.

Physical catalysts are well known in the art. In particular, physically a catalyst is a substance that changes the reaction rate of a chemical reaction without the appearance of a final product. It is known that some reactions can be accelerated or controlled by the presence of substances that appear themselves to remain intact after the reaction has ended. By increasing the rate of the desired reaction relative to the undesired reaction, the formation of the desired product can be maximized compared to the undesired by-product. Often, only trace amounts of physical catalyst are needed to promote the reaction. Also, some substances have been observed that can slow down the reaction rate when added in trace amounts. This appears to be the reverse of the catalyst, and in fact, substances that slow the reaction rate have been called negative catalysts or poisons. Known physical catalysts are passed through which they can be used and regenerated so that they can be used again. A physical catalyst operates by providing another path for a reaction having a faster or slower reaction rate than is available in the absence of that physical catalyst. At the end of the reaction, the physical catalyst may not be included in the reaction because it can be recovered. However, the physical catalyst should contribute somewhat to the reaction or the rate of the reaction will not change. Catalysis has traditionally been represented by the following five essential steps first assumed by Ostwald in the late 1800s:
1. Diffusion to the catalytic site (reactant);
2. Bond formation at the catalytic site (reactant);
3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
4). 4. Bond breakage at the catalytic site (product); and Diffusion from the catalytic site (product).

  The exact mechanism of catalysis is unknown in the art, but physical catalysts, on the other hand, are known to accelerate reactions that occur too late to perform.

  There are many problems associated with known industrial catalysts: First, physical catalysts not only lose their efficiency, but also their selectivity, which arises due to overheating or contamination of the catalyst. Secondly, many physical catalysts include expensive metals such as platinum or silver and have only a limited expected life, some are difficult to recover, and expensive metals are It cannot be easily recycled. There are a number of physical limitations associated with physical catalysts that make them less than ideal participants in many reactions.

Therefore, what is needed is that biological processing, chemical processing, industrial processing, etc., more accurately regulates many existing reaction steps and creates new reaction pathways and / or reaction generation. An understanding of a catalytic process that can be constructed by fully developing the product. Examples of such understanding are: (1) known physical catalysts; and (2) higher specificity than prior art techniques that utilize inferior to ideal thermal and electromagnetic methods and provide many inefficiencies. It includes a method of catalyzing the reaction without the disadvantages of utilizing the energy of the nature.
Therefore, what is needed is a technique for electrochemistry that improves the functionalization of electrodes as charge transfer catalysts. Further improvements are needed in the transfer of ions and charges through the electrolyte solution. The passage of electrons through metals and semiconductors is not rate limiting, rather it is the slow passage of ions and charged species through solution.

Definition :
For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms and expressions present in the specification and claims are intended to have the following meanings:
“Activated complex”, as used herein, is the atom (charged or neutral) corresponding to the maximum in the reaction profile that describes the conversion of the reactant to a reaction product. Means assembly. Any of the reactants or products in this definition can be an intermediate in the overall conversion involving more than one stage.
“Alkaline battery” or “alkaline battery” as used herein means a battery that utilizes an aqueous solution of alkaline potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. One electrode comprises zinc and the other electrode comprises manganese dioxide. Within the cell, zinc is typically present as a high surface area powder and the electrolyte is typically gelled. A typical half reaction is
Zn + 2OH ⁻ = Zn (OH) ₂ + 2e ⁻ , and 2MnO ₂ + H ₂ O + 2e ⁻ = Mn ₃ O ₂ + 2OH ⁻
It is.
“Anode”, as used herein, means an electrode where oxidation occurs within an electrochemical cell. It is a positive electrode in electrolytic cells and a negative electrode in galvanic cells.
“Anode effect” as used herein refers to a special condition (situation) in an electrolytic cell that results in a rapid increase in battery voltage and a corresponding decrease in current. This effect is usually caused by the temporary formation of a layer that insulates the anode surface. It occurs exclusively in molten salt electrolysis (eg, aluminum production).
“Anode protection” or “corrosion protection”, as used herein, is accomplished by producing a suitably sized anode current to form a passive thin film on the metal used as the anode in an electrolytic cell. Means a process for preventing corrosion of metals or alloys. Anodic protection is utilized for metals such as stainless steel and titanium.
“Anodic oxidation” as used herein means a process that results in an oxide film or coating on a metal or alloy by an electrolysis process. The coated metal functions as an anode in the electrolysis cell, and the surface of the anode (ie, the metal) is electrochemically oxidized. Anodization improves certain properties including, for example, corrosion resistance, rub resistance, and hardness.

  “Applied spectral energy conditioning pattern” as used herein means (a) any spectral energy conditioning pattern that is externally applied to a tunable participant; and / or (b) a conditioning battery. By the totality of the spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions used to adjust one or more tunable participants that form the tuned participants in the reaction system.

“Applied spectral energy pattern”, as used herein, (a) any externally applied spectral energy pattern; and / or (b) spectral environmental response into a battery reaction system. It means the whole condition input.
A “backing layer”, as used herein, is located adjacent to each electrode and provides partial support for such electrodes and reaction of, for example, reactants towards and / or away from the electrodes. By a part of a fuel cell is meant for product diffusion (eg, continuous porosity may be provided).
“Battery” as used herein refers to a device that uses an electrochemical cell to store electrical energy. When an electrode is connected by an external circuit that generates an electric current, a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously at the electrode. A battery typically consists of several internally connected electrochemical cells (ie, the battery often includes several cells). However, the terms “battery” and “battery” are often used interchangeably.
“Bioelectrochemistry” as used herein means an electrochemical reaction that occurs in biological systems and / or biological compounds.
A “bipolar electrode”, as used herein, is an electrode shared by two series-coupled electrochemical cells, with one side of the electrode acting as the anode and the other side of the electrode being adjacent to the adjacent cell. It means to act as a cathode. Such electrodes are often used in fuel cell stacks that interconnect storage batteries and many batteries.
“Salt electrolysis” as used herein refers to the electrolysis of an aqueous sodium chloride solution, also known as “brine”, resulting in the production of chlorine gas at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode. Full battery reaction is
2NaCl + 2H ₂ O = Cl ₂ + H ₂ + 2NaOH
It is.
“Capacitance,” as used herein, means the ability of a capacitor to store charge. The unit of capacitance is farad.
“Capacitive current” or “current density” as used herein means the current, or current density, that flows through an electrochemical cell that is charging / discharging the capacitance of an electrical double layer. This current does not involve a chemical reaction, but rather causes charge buildup (or removal) on the electrode or in the electrolyte solution near the electrode as a result of the current.
“Capacitor” or “capacitor battery” as used herein refers to an electrical device that stores electricity or electrical energy. It is known as three essential parts, two electrodes physically separated from each other and typically substantially parallel to each other (eg, a metal plate) and a dielectric located between them. With a third part. The electrodes are charged with substantially the same amount of positive and negative charges, respectively. Capacitors result in physical storage rather than chemical storage of electricity.

“Catalyst spectral conditioning pattern” as used herein, when applied to a tunable participant, is tuned to catalyze the cell reaction system and / or assist the catalyst of the system by: Means at least a portion of the spectral conditioning pattern of a physical catalyst that can be tuned to form a participant:
Complete replacement of physical and chemical catalysts;
In harmony with physicochemical catalysts to speed up the reaction;
Reducing the reaction rate by acting as a negative catalyst; or changing the reaction path to form a specific reaction product.

  “Catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern” as used herein, when applied to a tunable participant in the form of a beam or field, the tuned participant is placed in the cell reaction system. Coordinated participation having a spectral energy pattern corresponding to at least a portion of the spectral pattern of a physical catalyst that catalyzes and / or assists the catalyst with a cell reaction system By at least a part of the spectral energy conditioning pattern that can be tuned participants can be adjusted to form a body.

  “Catalytic spectral energy pattern” as used herein refers to a physical catalyst that can catalyze a specific reaction in a cell reaction system when applied to the cell reaction system in the form of a beam or field. Means at least part of a spectral energy pattern.

“Catalytic spectral pattern” as used herein means at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst that, when applied to a battery reaction system, can then catalyze a particular reaction. :
a) complete replacement of the physical chemical catalyst;
b) working in concert with physicochemical catalysts to speed up the reaction rate;
c) Reducing the reaction rate by acting as a negative catalyst; or d) Changing the reaction path to form a specific reaction product.
“Battery” as used herein refers to at least two materials that function as electrodes and at least one substance or material located between the electrodes (eg, at least a portion of which is an electrolyte or dielectric). Comprising. These essential units can be organic, biological, and / or inorganic.
“Battery reaction system”, as used herein, refers to a battery (eg, galvanic cell, battery, fuel cell, electrochemical cell, electrolytic cell, photoelectrochemical cell, photogalvanic cell, photoelectrolytic cell, capacitor, electrochemical All components in any reaction pathway, including reactants, reaction intermediates, transients, active complexes, physical catalysts, poisons, promoters, solvents, physics Including catalytic catalyst holding material, spectral catalyst, spectral energy catalyst, reaction product, environmental reaction condition, spectral environmental reaction condition, applied spectral energy pattern, reaction vessel, vessel, electrolyte, electrode, diffusion layer, flow field, housing, etc. This is not a limitation.
“Concentration”, as used herein, means a measure of the amount of a substance (ie, solute) dissolved in a solution.
“Concentration battery” as used herein means a galvanic battery in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy resulting from the concentration difference of chemical species at two electrodes in the battery.

  “Modulation” or “conditioning”, as used herein, is an adjustment that becomes involved in a battery reaction system (eg, disposed in and / or prior to activation of a battery reaction system). Means application or exposure of conditioning energy or a combination thereof to at least one adjustable participant before possible participants.

  A “tunable participant” as used herein is a molecule, in the form of any substance (eg, solid, liquid, gas, plasma) that can be tuned by the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern. By reactants, physical catalysts, solvents, physical catalyst support materials, reaction vessels, promoters and / or poisons consisting of macromolecules, ions and / or atoms (or their components).

  A “tuned participant” as used herein is in the form of any material (eg, solid, liquid, gas, plasma) that is tuned by the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern, By reactant, physical catalyst, solvent, physical catalyst support material, reaction vessel, promoter and / or toxicant consisting of molecules, macromolecules, ions and / or atoms (or their components).

  “Conditioning energy” as used herein means at least one of the following spectral energy conditioning: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy Conditioning pattern; catalyst spectral conditioning pattern; applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions.

  “Conditioning environmental reaction conditions”, as used herein, are conventional reactions that can exist and can affect the conditioning of at least one adjustable participant positively or negatively. Means variables such as temperature, pressure, catalyst surface area, physical catalyst size and shape, concentration, electromagnetic radiation, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical force, sound field, conditioning reaction vessel size, shape and composition, and combinations thereof; And include.

  A “conditioning cell reaction system” as used herein refers to a reactant, physical catalyst, poison, promoter, solvent that is included in any reaction pathway to form a coordinated participant. , Physical catalyst support material, conditioning reaction vessel, reaction vessel, spectral conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning catalyst, regulated participants, environmental conditioning reaction conditions, spectral environmental conditioning reaction conditions, applied spectral energy conditioning patterns, etc. Means a combination.

  A “conditioning reaction vessel” as used herein includes or contains all components of a conditioning cell reaction system, including any physical structure or medium contained within the vessel or system. Means a physical container or storage system.

“Conditioning targeting” as used herein refers to adjustments to adjust regulatable participants before and before regulatable participants involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system. Means the application of conditioning energy to a possible participant, where the conditioning energy is the following adjustable participant: reactant: physical catalyst; promoter; poison; solvent; physical catalyst support material; reaction vessel; Reaction vessel; and / or with at least a part of at least one of their mixtures or components (in any form of substance), (1) direct resonance; and / or (2) harmonic resonance; and / or (3) To achieve anharmonic heterodyne resonance, the following spectral energy conditioning donor: spectral energy Spectral conditioning catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; provided by at least one of applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions, wherein Wherein the spectral energy conditioning donor is such that at least one desired reaction product and / or if the conditioned participant is to become involved and / or activated in the cell reaction system. Or at least one adjustment to help produce at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate To form the a participant, to provide a conditioning energy for adjusting at least one adjustable participant by interacting with at least one of the frequency.
“Corrosion”, as used herein, means a chemical process that destroys a structural material, as well as an electrochemical process. It typically refers to metal corrosion, but other materials (eg, plastic or semiconductor) also exhibit corrosion. Metal corrosion is almost always an electrochemical process when a metal is immersed in a solution. However, for example, certain atmospheric conditions that result in a thin layer of moisture often result in a similar electrochemical process occurring in at least a portion of the metal. The metal in the corrosive solution functions as a short circuit type galvanic cell. In particular, the first part of the metal surface acts as the anode and the other part acts as the cathode. Oxidation occurs in the anode region, while dissolved oxygen is reduced in the cathode region. Thus, the spontaneous complementary redox reaction of rusting causes current to / from two different parts of the metal.
“Current” as used herein refers to the movement of charge in a conductor (eg, electrons move through an electron conductor and ions move through an ionic conductor). Electrochemistry exclusively uses direct current. Therefore, unless stated in the context of the present disclosure, the use of the term “current” is typically related to direct current. A typical unit of current is amperes.
“Current collector” as used herein means a plate or device capable of conducting electrons produced, for example, by an oxidation reaction at the anode. These devices are typically plates that may also incorporate a flow field, and thus are typically relatively impermeable to reactants and / or reaction products under the process conditions of the cell reaction system. Made from a material that is
“Cycle life”, as used herein, means the number of times a rechargeable battery can be cycled (ie, charged and discharged) before the battery or battery loses its ability to receive its charge.
“Dielectric” as used herein means a substance that exists between electrodes in a capacitor.
“Relative dielectric constant”, as used herein, means the relative dielectric constant of a material compared to the dielectric constant of a vacuum. Different materials have different dielectric constants, which is the following equation:
E _actual = E _r E _o
[ _Where E _actual is the actual dielectric constant, E _r is the relative dielectric constant, and E _o is the vacuum dielectric constant].
“Diffusion layer” as used herein means a fixed, thin liquid boundary layer on the electrode surface. This fixed layer is part of a model often referred to as the “Nernst Hypothesis”. In this approach, the electrolyte solution is divided into three separate parts, a bulk solution and two diffusion layers located near the surface of the electrode. The bulk solution is considered homogeneous. Thus, mass transfer occurs primarily through convection. However, in the diffusion layer, mass transfer occurs mainly by diffusion. Charge transfer occurs anywhere in the cell by an electrical transfer approach. However, the thickness of the diffusion layer typically varies from about 0.01 cm to about 0.0001 cm. The diffusion layer affects the functionalization of the battery.

  “Direct resonance conditioning targeting”, as used herein, modulates a tunable participant before a tunable participant involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system. For this purpose, it means the application of conditioning energy to a tunable participant, wherein the conditioning energy is at least one tunable participant (eg, reactant: physical catalyst; promoter; poison; solvent; physical catalyst). Supporting material; reaction vessel; conditioning reaction vessel; and / or the following spectral energy conditioning provision to achieve direct resonance with at least a portion of the mixture or component (in any form of material) Body: Spectral energy conditioning catalyst; Spectral conditioning Spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; provided by at least one of applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions, wherein said spectral energy conditioning The donor may be at least one desired reaction product and / or a desired reaction rate if the conditioned participant becomes involved in and / or activated in the cell reaction system. At least one of its frequencies to form at least one regulated participant that aids in the production of at least one desired reaction product at Providing a conditioning energy for adjusting at least one adjustable participant by interacting with.

“Direct resonance targeting” as used herein refers to at least one of the following forms of material: reactant: transient; intermediate; activated complex; physical catalyst; reaction To achieve direct resonance with the product; promoter; poison; solvent; physical catalyst support material; reaction vessel; and / or mixtures or components thereof, the following spectral energy donor: spectrum Spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; means application of energy to the battery reaction system according to at least one of the applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions; Wherein said spectral energy donor is at least one desired At least by interacting with at least one of those frequencies, excluding electrical and vibrational frequencies in the reactants, to produce at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate and / or Provide energy to one of the above-mentioned substances.
“Dry battery” as used herein means a non-rechargeable battery in which the electrolyte is fixed by a gelling agent. The entire battery is typically sealed.
“Electric double layer” as used herein refers to the structure of charge accumulation and charge separation that occurs at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte when the electrode is immersed in an electrolyte solution, for example. means.
“Electrical potential” as used herein means the difference in potential between two points in a circuit.
“Power”, as used herein, means the percentage of electrical energy that an electrical supply source can supply. Power is often expressed in units of watts. Watts relate to the rate at which energy can be delivered.
“Electroacoustic” or “electroacoustic effect”, as used herein, means an electrokinetic effect that occurs when a sound wave causes vibration in one or more parts of a battery.
“Electroanalytical chemistry” as used herein refers to the application of electrochemical cells and electrochemical techniques for electrochemical analysis. The substance to be analyzed is dissolved in the battery electrolyte.
“Electrochemical cell” as used herein refers to a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It contains two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. The electrodes may include any conductive material (eg, solid or liquid metal, semiconductor, etc.) that can communicate with each other through an electrolyte. These batteries experience separate oxidation and reduction at each electrode.
“Crystal electrodeposition” as used herein refers to an electroplating technique that results in the deposition of crystalline metal on an electrode (eg, typically a cathode in an electrolytic cell).
“Electrode”, as used herein, means one of two conductive parts in an electrochemical cell, galvanic cell, electrolytic cell, and / or capacitor through which an electronic mail and / or in a cell It is exchanged for chemical reactants.
“Electroforming” as used herein refers to the process of producing a metal object by electroplating technology. The metal is deposited on a suitably shaped molding (eg, a mandrel) and at the desired thickness, resulting in a free-standing metal object as a result of subsequent removal of the molding.
“Electrokinetic effect” or “electrokinetics” as used herein refers to a process that occurs due to the separation of charge caused by relative movement between the solid and liquid phases. The so-called “Gui Chapman diffusion layer” portion is shared as two phases that move relative to each other, resulting in charge separation.
“Electrolysis”, as used herein, means a process that decomposes a chemical compound into its constituent elements and / or a process that produces a new compound by the action of an electric current. The redox reaction typically occurs at the electrode (eg, this process decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen).
An “electrolyte”, as used herein, is located at least between a portion of the cathode and the anode, comprises at least some positive and negative ions, and through which at least one ionic species. Means a substance capable of transporting
“Electrolytic capacitor” as used in the text. It refers to a storage device similar to other types of electrical capacitors, but in this material one of the conducting phases is a metal plate and the other conducting phase is an electrolyte solution. The dielectric is typically a thin oxide film on the surface of a metal (eg, aluminum or tantalum) and contains one conductive phase of the capacitor.
“Electrolytic cell” as used herein means an electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy to chemical energy. The chemical reaction typically does not occur spontaneously when the electrodes are connected through an external circuit. The chemical reaction is typically forced by applying an external current to the electrode. The battery is used to store electrical energy in a chemical form, such as in a secondary or rechargeable battery. The process in which water is decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen is called electrolysis, and such electrolysis is performed in an electrolytic cell.
“Electrolytic pickling” as used herein refers to a process for removing oxide scale in the preparation for electroplating. The metal from which the oxide scale is to be removed is the cathode in the electrolytic cell, and the electrolyte contains a strong acid solution that dissolves the oxide scale.
“Electric metallurgy” as used herein refers to a division of metallurgy that utilizes an electrochemical process known as electrowinning.
“Electric transfer”, as used herein, means the transfer of ions under the influence of a difference in electrical potential.
“Electrophoresis” as used herein refers to the movement of small suspended particles or large molecules in a liquid, and such movement is driven by a difference in electrical potential.
“Electroplating” as used herein refers to a process that produces a thin metal coat on the surface of another material (eg, a metal or other conductive material such as graphite). The material to be coated is positioned in the electrolytic cell to be the cathode, where the electrolyte cation becomes the metal cation to be coated on the surface of the cathode. When current is applied, the electrode reaction that takes place on the cathode is a reduction reaction, which causes metal ions to become metal on the surface of the cathode.
“Electrolytic refining” as used herein refers to the process of producing purified metal from less pure metal. The metal to be purified is positioned to be the anode in the electrolytic cell, and the anode is dissolved by applying an electric current, usually in an acidic water-soluble electrolyte or molten salt solution. At the same time, pure metal is electroplated on the cathode. Examples of electrolytic purification include copper that is electrolytically purified in an aqueous solution, and aluminum that is electrolytically purified using molten salt electrolysis.
“Electrolytic extraction” as used herein refers to an electrochemical process that produces metal from its ore. In particular, metal oxides typically exist in nature, and electrochemical reduction is one of the most economical ways to produce metals from these ores. In particular, the ore is dissolved in an acidic aqueous solution or molten salt and the resulting solution is electrolyzed. The metal is electroplated on the cathode (eg, in solid or liquid form), while oxygen is involved in the reaction at the anode. Copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and sodium are produced by this technique.
“Energy density” as used herein means the amount of electrical energy stored per unit weight or volume in a battery or battery.
“Energy efficiency”, as used herein, is expressed as the percent of charge that can be recovered during discharge for a rechargeable battery.

“Environmental reaction conditions” as used herein are conventional reaction variables, such as temperature, that can exist and can positively or negatively affect the reaction pathway in a battery reaction system. Means, includes, pressure, catalyst surface area, physical catalyst size and shape, concentration, electromagnetic radiation, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical force, sound field, reaction vessel size, shape and composition, and combinations thereof, etc. .
“Faraday's Law”, as used in the text, (1) in any electrolysis process, the amount of chemical change produced is proportional to the total amount of charge passing through the cell, and (2) changed It means that the amount of chemical is proportional to the equivalent of the chemical involved. The proportionality constant is called "Faraday number".
A “flow field”, as used herein, is present in some cells (eg, fuel cells) and is typically located adjacent to a backing plate. The flow field plate or device often serves a dual function as a current collector. The flow field is typically made from an electronically conductive material that is lightweight but strong and impermeable to gas. Typical materials include graphite or metal. These plates are typically located adjacent to the backing layer and include, for example, at least one channel utilized to carry reactant gas to the active region of the membrane / electrode assembly. These plates also conduct electrons produced by oxidation of the anode.

“Frequency”, as used herein, refers to an equilibrium value where a physical phenomenon (eg, wave, field and / or motion) is in unit time (eg, 1 second; and 1 period / second = 1 Hz). Means the number of hours that vary from to full cycles. Variations from equilibrium can be positive and / or negative and often can be symmetric, asymmetric and / or proportional with respect to the equilibrium value.
"Fuel cell" as used herein refers to an electrochemical device that continuously converts the chemical energy of at least one externally supplied fuel and at least one oxidant directly into electrical energy.
A “galvanic cell”, as used herein, means an electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. In this battery, a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously in the electrode when the electrode is connected by an external circuit to generate a current. Examples of such cells include fuel cells and batteries.
“Zinc plating” as used herein refers to a process for coating iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc to prevent corrosion. Galvanization is performed by an electroplating process or by a hot dip galvanizing process that consists of immersing the metal in molten zinc.
“Gas electrode” as used herein refers to any electrode in the gas phase.

  “Harmonic conditioning targeting”, as used herein, to adjust a tunable participant before a tunable participant involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system, Means the application of conditioning energy to a tunable participant, wherein the conditioning energy is at least one tunable participant (eg, reactant: physical catalyst; promoter; poison; solvent; physical catalyst support material; In order to achieve harmonic resonance with at least a portion of the reaction vessel; conditioning reaction vessel; and / or mixtures or components thereof (in any form of material), the following spectral energy conditioning donor: spectral energy conditioning Catalyst; Spectral conditioning catalyst; A spectral energy conditioning pattern; a spectral conditioning pattern; a catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; a catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; provided by at least one of an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and a spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition, wherein the spectral energy conditioning donor is At least one desired reaction product and / or at a desired reaction rate if the conditioned participant becomes involved and / or activated in the battery reaction system. Interact with at least one of its frequencies to form at least one coordinated participant that aids in the production of one desired reaction product Providing a conditioning energy for adjusting at least one adjustable participant by Rukoto.

  “Harmonic targeting”, as used herein, includes at least one of the following forms of material: reactant: transient; intermediate; activated complex; physical catalyst; reaction product; To achieve harmonic resonance with promoter; poison; solvent; physical catalyst support material; reaction vessel; and / or mixtures or components thereof, the following spectral energy donor: spectral energy catalyst; Spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalyst spectral energy pattern; catalyst spectral pattern; means application of energy to a battery reaction system according to at least one of applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions, wherein said spectral energy The donor has at least one desired reaction product Energy is provided to at least one said form of substance by interacting with at least one of its frequencies to produce the product and / or at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.

“Total reaction system” as used herein means all components of the battery reaction system and the conditioning battery reaction system.
“Hydrolysis”, as used herein, means a chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance, causing the degradation of other products, often using salts to create acids or bases. Includes water reaction.
“Indirect electrolysis” as used herein refers to the production of chemicals through an intermediate electrolytic product in an electrolytic cell. In particular, an intermediate oxidizing / reducing agent is produced at the electrode surface, and the produced material can react with another material in the bulk solution.

“Intermediate” as used herein means a molecule, ion and / or atom that exists between a reactant and a reaction product in a reaction pathway or reaction profile. It corresponds to the minimum value in the reaction profile of the reaction between the reactant and the reaction product. The reaction involving the intermediate is typically a stepwise reaction.
“Ion exchange membrane” as used herein refers to a sheet formed from an ion exchange resin. Such membranes are typically permeable only to cations (ie, cation exchange membranes) or only anions (ie, anion exchange membranes).
“Ion exchange resin” as used herein refers to a polymer resin that contains charged fragments (ie, fixed ions) that are permanently bound to the backbone of the polymer, and electrical neutrality means that the resin This is achieved by the attached mobile “counter ion” in the solution phase immersed therein.
“Luclanche cell” as used herein means a cell that uses a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode with an ammonium chloride or zinc chloride solution as an electrolyte. The electrolyte may be fixed, allowing the battery to be a dry battery. The total battery reaction is
Zn + 2MnO ₂ + 2H ₂ O + ZnCl ₂ = 2MnOOH + 2Zn (OH) Cl
It is.
“Lead-acid battery” or “Pb / acid battery” as used herein means a battery or battery that uses a rechargeable acidic electrolyte and lead and lead oxide electrodes. The cathode is typically lead oxide, the anode is typically lead, and the electrolyte is typically sulfuric acid. Typical half reaction is
Pb + SO ₄ ²⁻ = PbSO ₄ ²⁻ (sol) + 2e ⁻ , and PbO ₂ + 4H ⁺ + 2e ⁻ + SO ₄ ²⁻ = PbSO ₄ ²⁻ (sol)
It is.
“Lithium battery” or “lithium battery” as used herein means a battery that utilizes lithium as an anode and various materials including CF, MnO ₂ , FeS ₂ , and I ₂ as a cathode. . Various water-insoluble electrolytes comprising polar organic liquids containing dissolved lithium salts (eg, dimethyl ether, propylene carbonate, etc.) are used. In addition, various electrolytes based on polymers have also been used, such as polyethylene oxide / salt complexes. A typical half-reaction is:
Zn = Zn ²⁺ + 2e ⁻
Cd = Cd ²⁺ + 2e ⁻
Li = Li ⁺ + e ⁻
including.
Full battery reaction is
Li (CF) _n = LiF + C,
Li + MnO ₂ = LiMnO ₂ ,
Li + FeS ₂ = Li ₂ S + Fe and Li + 1 / 2I ₂ = LiI
including.
"Lithium ion battery" or "lithium ion battery" as used herein means a rechargeable battery that functions in a manner somewhat similar to a lithium battery. These batteries have a very good power to weight ratio.
“Magnetic electrochemistry” as used herein refers to an electrochemical phenomenon that occurs under the influence of a magnetic field.
“Mass transport” as used herein refers to the transfer or transport of mass (eg, chemical compounds, ions, etc.) from one part of the system to another. This phenomenon is typically associated with diffusion and convection, but can also occur through electrical movement.
“Membrane / electrode assembly” or “MEA” as used herein means an anode / membrane / cathode combination in a fuel cell. The assembly also often includes a catalyst on, in, and / or at least partially around the electrode.
“Nernst equation”, as used herein, means an equation that defines the equilibrium potential of an electrode. The potential is the sum of the potential of the standard electrode and the correction term for deviation from the unit concentration of reactants and products from the electrode reaction.
“NiCd battery” or “NiCd battery” as used herein means a battery that uses Ni (OH) ₂ as a cathode, Cd as an anode, and an aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as an electrolyte. Full battery reaction is
2NiOOH + 2H ₂ O + Cd = 2Ni (OH) ₂ + Cd (OH) ₂
It is. These batteries have a high cycle life (ie up to several thousand times) and a long shelf life without significant self-discharge. However, these batteries have a slightly lower power density.
“NiMH battery” or “Nickel Metal Hydride Cell” as used herein means that the anode comprises a metal hydrogen electrode that serves as a solid source of hydrogen. Classic examples of anodes used in these batteries include alloys of V, Ti, Zr, Ni, Cr, Co, and Fe. The cathode comprises nickel and the electrolyte comprises an aqueous KOH solution.

  “Anharmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting”, as used herein, modulates a tunable participant prior to a tunable participant involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system. Means the application of conditioning energy to a tunable participant, where the conditioning energy is at least one tunable participant (eg, reactant: physical catalyst; promoter; toxicant; solvent; physical In order to achieve anharmonic heterodyne resonance with at least a portion of the catalyst support material; reaction vessel; conditioning reaction vessel; and / or mixtures or components thereof (in any form of matter) Conditioning donor: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spec Spectrum conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; provided by at least one of applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions, wherein said spectral energy A conditioning donor is at least one desired reaction product and / or a desired reaction when the conditioned participant becomes involved and / or activated in the cell reaction system. Less to form at least one coordinated participant that helps produce at least one desired reaction product at a rate Providing a conditioning energy for adjusting at least one adjustable participant by also interact with one of the frequency.

“Anharmonic heterodyne targeting” as used herein refers to at least one of the following forms of material: reactant: transient; intermediate; activated complex; physical catalyst; To achieve anharmonic heterodyne resonance with a reaction product; a promoter; a poison; a solvent; a physical catalyst support material; a reaction vessel; and / or a mixture or component thereof. Means spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; energy application to battery reaction system by at least one of applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions Where the spectral energy donor is small At least one substance of the above form by interacting with at least one of its frequencies to produce at least one desired reaction product and / or at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate To provide energy.
“Overpotential” as used herein means the difference in electrode potential of an electrode between the equilibrium potential and the operating potential when current is flowing.
“Overvoltage” as used herein means the difference between the cell voltage through which current is flowing and the open circuit voltage.

“Participant” as used herein refers to reactant: transient; intermediate; activated complex; physical catalyst; promoter; toxicant; and / or molecule, macromolecule, ion and It means a reaction product composed of / or atoms (or components thereof).
A “photochemical cell” or “photocell” or “solar cell” as used herein means a photovoltaic cell in which usable current and voltage are produced simultaneously by absorption of light by at least one electrode.
“Photoelectric chemistry” as used herein means the interaction of light with an electrochemical system.
As used herein, “photolytic cell” means an electrolyzed cell that is affected by the production of chemicals by the absorption of light by at least one electrode. The process that occurs in such a battery is called photoelectric synthesis.
“Photoelectric synthesis” as used herein refers to the production of chemicals in a photovoltaic cell where the production of chemicals occurs or is affected by the absorption of light by at least one electrode.
“Plasma” as used herein refers to electrically activated atoms or molecules or ions (cations and / or anions) and electrons that may or may not contain a neutral gas in the background. Means a generally electrically neutral (quasi-neutral) population, at least a portion of which is responsive to at least an electric and / or magnetic field.
“Power density” as used herein means a parameter in a battery that indicates power per unit weight or volume.
“Primary battery” or “primary battery” or “non-rechargeable battery” as used herein means a battery or battery in which the chemical reaction system that provides the current is not easily reversible by a chemical process. . This battery provides current until substantially all of the internal chemicals are utilized. This cell or battery is usually disposed of after a single discharge. This battery always operates as a galvanic battery with the anode being the negative electrode and the cathode being the positive electrode.

  “Plasma” as used herein may or may not include electrically activated atoms or molecules, or ions (positive and / or negative), and background neutral gases. It means an almost electrically neutral (quasi-neutral) collection of good electrons, and some of which can respond to at least an electric and / or magnetic field.

  “Reactant” as used herein refers to a starting material or starting component in a battery reaction system. Reactant means inorganic, organic and / or biological atoms, molecules, macromolecules, ions, compounds, substances and / or the like.

  “Reaction coordinates” as used herein means a molecular / atomic or inter-shape variable whose change corresponds to the conversion of a reactant to a reaction product.

  “Reaction pathway” as used herein means those steps that lead to the formation of a reaction product. Reaction pathways include intermediates and / or transients and / or activated complexes. A reaction pathway can encompass some or all of the reaction profile.

  "Reaction product" as used herein means any product of a reaction involving a reactant. The reaction product has a different chemical composition from the reactants, or a substantially similar (or exactly the same) chemical composition, but exhibits a different physical or crystal structure and / or phase and / or nature. .

“Reaction profile” as used herein means a plot of energy (eg, molecular potential energy, molar enthalpy or free energy) against reaction coordinates for the conversion of reactants to reaction products. .
“Residual current” or “residual current density” as used herein is a small induced current that flows through an electrode under conditions where an induced current of zero is expected (eg, within the electrical double layer). It means density. This type of current is usually caused by a small amount of impurities present in the electrolyte.

  The “resulting energy conditioning pattern” as used herein is such that a tunable participant becomes involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system as a tuned participant. Means the totality of the energy interaction between applied spectral energy conditioning patterns with at least one adjustable participant.

“Obtained energy pattern” as used herein means the totality of energy interactions between applied spectral energy patterns with all participants and / or components in the battery reaction system. .
“Secondary battery” or “secondary battery” or “rechargeable battery” as used herein means a battery or battery in which the chemical reaction system that provides the current is readily chemically reversible. . Specifically, after discharging, the battery or battery can be charged by applying current to the terminal. Certain of these batteries or batteries can be charged hundreds or thousands of times, for example, lead-acid batteries. These batteries or batteries operate as galvanic cells during discharge and operate as electrolysis cells during charging. Thus, during discharge, the anode is a negative electrode, but during charging, the anode becomes a positive electrode.
“Self-discharge” as used herein means a gradual discharge of a battery that is not connected to an external load. These types of reactions usually occur due to impurities and / or side reactions in the battery (ie, reactions that occur other than primary reactions).
“Storage life”, as used herein, means the shelf life of a non-rechargeable battery in which a suitable degree of electrochemical reaction can occur.
"Sodium / sulfur battery" or "sodium / sulfur battery" as used herein means a battery that utilizes molten sodium metal as the anode, molten sulfur as the cathode, and an aluminum oxide electrolyte. The overall battery response is
2Na + xS = NaSx.
“Acoustoelectrochemistry” as used herein means electrochemical phenomena and processes that occur under the influence of acoustic waves.

  “Spectral catalyst” as used herein means electromagnetic energy that acts as a catalyst in a battery reaction system, eg, electromagnetic energy having a spectral pattern that affects, controls, or directs the reaction pathway. .

“Spectral conditioning catalyst” as used herein means a pattern formed by one or more electromagnetic frequencies that are emitted or absorbed after excitation of an atom or molecule. The spectral conditioning pattern can be formed by a known spectroscopic technique.
“Spectral energy catalyst” as used herein, when applied to a tunable participant to form a tuned participant, the tuned participant catalyst in a battery reaction system. Electromagnetic energy that helps to act as a regulated participant in a reaction pathway in a battery reaction system, for example when a regulated participant becomes involved and / or activated in a battery reaction system Means electromagnetic energy having a spectral conditioning pattern that causes influence, control or direction.

  “Spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions” as used herein means at least one frequency and / or field that stimulates at least a portion of at least one conditioning environmental reaction condition.

  By “spectral conditioning pattern” as used herein is meant energy that acts as a catalyst in a cell reaction system having a spectral energy pattern that affects, controls, and / or directs the reaction pathway.

  "Spectral energy conditioning catalyst" as used herein is a conditioning that, when applied to a tunable participant, aids the action of the tunable participant as a catalyst in a battery reaction system once tuned. Energy, where the tuned participant affects the reaction pathway if the tuned participant becomes engaged and / or activated with the cell reaction system. Have spectral energy patterns to exert, control and / or direct.

  A “spectral energy conditioning pattern” as used herein is formed by one or more conditioning energies and / or components that are released or absorbed by molecules, ions, atoms and / or components thereof. And / or patterns present by and / or within molecules, ions, atoms and / or components thereof.

  A “spectral energy pattern” as used herein is formed by one or more energies and / or components released or absorbed by molecules, ions, atoms and / or components thereof, and Means a pattern present by and / or within a molecule, ion, atom and / or component thereof. For example, the spectral energy pattern can be a series of electromagnetic frequencies designed to cause a heterodyne effect by the reaction intermediate, or the spectral energy pattern can be part of the actual spectrum emitted by the reaction intermediate.

  “Spectral environmental reaction conditions” as used herein means at least one frequency and / or field that stimulates at least a portion of at least one environmental reaction condition in a battery reaction system.

  “Spectral pattern” as used herein means a pattern formed by one or more electric field frequencies that are released or absorbed after excitation of an atom or molecule. The spectral pattern can be formed by any known spectroscopic technique.

“Targeting” as used herein refers to at least one of the following forms of substance: reactant: transient; intermediate; activated complex; physical catalyst; reaction product; To achieve direct resonance, and / or harmonic resonance, and / or anharmonic heterodyne-resonance with at least one of: a poison; a solvent; a physical catalyst support material; a reaction vessel; and / or a mixture or component thereof. In addition, the following spectral energy donor: spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; battery reaction according to at least one of applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions Means the application of energy to the system, where the spectrum The energy donor is at least one by interacting with at least one of its frequencies to produce at least one desired reaction product and / or at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate. Provide energy to the material in the form.
“Homogeneous electrolytic” as used herein refers to the ability of an electroplating system to produce a deposit of uniform thickness on the surface of a substrate.

“Transient” as used herein means any chemical and / or physical state that exists between a reactant and a reaction product in a reaction pathway or reaction profile.
“Zinc-air battery” as used herein means a battery that uses a gas diffusion electrode, an anode separated by an electrolyte, and several mechanical separators. Oxygen in the atmosphere can pass through the gas diffusion electrode. Oxygen is converted to hydroxide ions, which move through the electrolyte to the zinc anode. Hydroxide ions react with zinc to form zinc oxide. A potential is created by the formation of zinc oxide.
“Zinc-carbon battery” or “zinc-carbon battery” as used herein means a battery or battery in which the electrodes are each composed of zinc and carbon and the acidic paste acts as an electrolyte.

Summary of invention :
The present invention overcomes a number of deficiencies associated with various electrochemical reactions that occur in a variety of different environments. More importantly, the present invention is in battery reaction systems, including very basic reactions that are desirable to achieve or occur in a number of chemical / electrochemical reactions utilized in various battery reaction systems. Various novel spectroscopic energy techniques, also referred to herein as spectroelectrochemistry, that can be utilized in a number of reactions are disclosed. These spectroscopic energy techniques occur, for example, at the electrodes to (1) supply fuel to the cell reaction system; (2) increase the rate of reaction and / or reduce the amount of physical catalyst required, for example. Helping one or both of the half reactions; (3) helping transport of one or more ionic species to / through various electrolyte materials; and / or (4) at least one of the cell reaction systems. It can be used to improve the aid of moving various reactants and / or reaction products through the section to and / or from it.

  In addition, the present invention discloses various novel spectral energy conditioning techniques, sometimes referred to herein as spectral conditioning electrochemical, or conditioning electrochemical energy that can be used to tune a tunable participant. Once a tunable participant is conditioned, the tuned participant can be used in a battery reaction system. Those spectral energy conditioning techniques can be adjusted, for example, in any type of biological battery reaction system (eg, plants and animals), organic or inorganic battery reaction systems, industrial battery reaction systems, etc. Can be used to adjust participants. Furthermore, the regulated participant comprises both the reactant and the reaction product itself, so that the chemical composition of the regulated participant is not substantially changed (if any), but One or more physical properties or structures and / or phases are altered when the coordinated participant is involved in and / or activated by the cell reaction system.

  These new spectral energy techniques (now referred to as spectral electrochemistry) and new spectral energy conditioning techniques (now referred to as spectral electrochemical conditioning) achieve energy transfer (or prevent energy transfer) ), And / or enable the achievement of the basic expression contained herein, for example, disclosing various means for tuning the resonant exchange of energy of at least two entities. The key to the transfer of energy between two entities (eg, one entity shares energy with another entity) is that energy is transferred when the frequency is matched. Teaching that For example, (1) frequency matching of two different forms of material in the spectral energy pattern, or frequency matching of spectral energy pattern material having energy in the form of a spectral energy catalyst; and / or (2) material Of the two different forms of spectral energy adjustment pattern or the frequency of the spectral energy pattern of a substance with the energy in the form of a spectral energy adjustment catalyst. For example, when achieving energy transfer between a spectral energy conditioning pattern and a tunable participant, once the conditioning energy has been transferred, the tuned participant preferably has its adjusted energy pattern in the battery reaction system. Use. The aforementioned entities both consist of substances (solids, liquids, gases and / or plasmas, and / or mixtures and / or components thereof), both of various forms of energy, or one of various It consists of energy in the form and the other one consists of substances (solid, liquid, gas and / or plasma, and / or mixtures and / or components thereof).

  More specifically, all materials can be represented by spectral energy patterns that can be very simple to very complex in appearance, for example depending on the complexity of the material. One example of a spectral energy pattern is a spectral pattern (or spectral conditioning pattern) that can be very simple to very complex in appearance, depending on the complexity of the material. In the case of a substance represented by a spectral pattern (or spectral conditioning pattern), the substance can exchange energy with other substances, for example if the two forms of spectral patterns are at least partially matched, or At least partially, they can be matched or overlapped (eg, spectral curves or spectral patterns (or spectral conditioning patterns) comprising one or more magnetic frequencies can overlap each other). In general, but not in all cases, the amount of energy transferred as the spectral pattern overlap increases (and thus the frequency overlap comprising the spectral pattern or spectral conditioning pattern increases). Will rise. Similarly, if, for example, a spectral pattern (or spectral conditioning pattern) of at least one form of energy can be caused to match or cover wrap with a substance (eg, a participant or a tunable participant) of the spectral pattern Will also transfer material. Thus, energy can be transferred to the material by causing a frequency match.

As discussed above, energy (E), frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) and (c) speed of light under vacuum are interpreted through, for example, the following equations:
E = hν = hc / λ
Energy is transferred between different forms of material if a frequency or frequency set corresponding to at least a first form of material can be matched with a frequency or frequency set corresponding to at least a second form of material. And allows at least some interaction and / or reaction to occur, including at least one of two different forms of material. For example, substances in the form of solid, liquid, gas and / or plasma (and / or mixtures and / or parts thereof) can interact and / or react and the desired reaction product or result Can be formed. Any combination of substances of the above forms (eg solid / solid, solid / liquid, solid / gas, solid / plasma, solid / gas / plasma, solid / liquid / gas, etc., and / or mixtures thereof and / or (Or part) is made possible to achieve the desired interaction and / or generation of reactions in various overall reaction systems in biological, organic and / or inorganic systems.
For example, the techniques of the present invention can be utilized to help form a desirable fuel for input and / or storage in various cell reaction systems. For example, if hydrogen gas (H ₂ ) was the desired fuel to be used / stored, a hydrogen precursor may be provided as a hydrogen source. Specifically, hydrogen may be stored in a solid state. In this regard, if hydrogen can be easily stored and released, the amount of hydrogen that can be stored in the same volume as the highly compressed gas is about 5-10 times. The technique of the present invention applies spectral energy to a metallic material that reacts with the material to produce electromagnetic radiation from a material that resonates with the electronic frequency of hydrogen, for example, palladium, lithium, beryllium, titanium, aluminum (eg, It can be used to help store and / or release hydrogen absorbed by metals or metal alloys such as Pd ₂ H, TiFeH _2, etc. For example, the spectral energy pattern may generate heterodyne with the intrinsic frequency of the metallic material, resulting in an electronic frequency of hydrogen, or in other words, one frequency of the metal color center radiating at a frequency that resonates with hydrogen. It only has to absorb electromagnetic radiation.
The technique of the present invention can also be useful with either electrochemical half reactions occurring at the anode or cathode in various battery reaction systems. For example, in certain battery reaction systems, catalysts are utilized to help increase the rate of electrochemical reactions. As a specific example, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (“PEM fuel cell”) that utilizes hydrogen as a fuel is oxidized at an anode that converts hydrogen gas molecules into hydrogen ions (ie, protons) with the help of platinum. To experience. Typically, platinum is provided on at least a portion of the porous electrode. In most cases, platinum is actually mixed with a suitable powder electrode material and the two powdered materials are applied together on each side of the polymer film by baking the powder. As disclosed elsewhere herein, the various frequencies of platinum resonate with various hydrogen frequencies as well as various frequencies that are intermediates in the formation of water. Thus, a physical catalyst may or may not contain (eg, a spectral energy catalyst may enhance the physical catalyst or be supplied in place of the physical catalyst) The use of a spectral energy donor such as a spectral catalyst or a spectral energy catalyst that is irradiated on, in and / or around results in effective catalysis in the desired oxidation reaction. Similarly, the use of a spectral energy adjustment provider such as, for example, a spectral adjustment catalyst or a spectral energy adjustment catalyst can be used to tune adjustable participants that can be located on, in and / or around at least a portion of the electrode. Irradiate or interact with the tunable participant to tune and to form tuned participants (eg, transport ions). The electrode may or may not contain a physical catalyst and / or a tuned participant (eg, the spectral tuning energy forms a tuned participant that enhances the physical catalyst). May be provided instead of a physical catalyst), resulting in effective catalysis in the desired oxidation reaction. In addition, a combination of spectral energy donors, spectral energy regulators, tunable participants and / or material catalysts may be utilized in the holo reaction system.
As disclosed elsewhere herein, the composition, size, and / or shape (conventional or electrode-like) of any material that is combined with and / or in contact with, or simply in parallel with, a catalyst. ) Can have a positive or negative catalytic effect. In particular, the spectral pattern of one or more substances in contact with and / or in parallel with the catalyst results in desirable or undesirable changes to the spectral pattern of the catalyst. In addition, specific for that purpose by understanding that physical substances in contact with and / or in parallel with the physical catalyst can result in the desired effect on the physical catalyst. Additional materials (or additional conditioned materials) and / or tunable participating materials may be selected to enhance the performance of physical catalysts including charge transfer catalysts. Spectral energy donations (and / or spectral energy adjustment donations) used for These mechanisms are discussed in more detail later in this document. Thus, the techniques of the present invention are useful for controlling the various reactions that occur in many battery reaction systems.
Furthermore, the techniques of the present invention can be used as well, for example, at the cathode where a reduction reaction or charge transfer catalyst occurs. In the case of the aforementioned PEM fuel cell, for example, oxygen is generated and flows near the cathode, and the oxygen reacts with hydrogen ions (that is, protons) that have moved through the polymer membrane, and is combined with electrons to convert water molecules. Form. As before, platinum can be utilized as a physical catalyst to catalyze the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen to form water. As mentioned elsewhere in this specification, various intermediates are formed in this process (eg, hydroxide ions and hydrogen atoms), and in the water-forming reaction, as well as the reactants, The platinum energy frequency of resonates. Thus, similar to the discussion above with respect to the anode, if a spectral energy donor such as a spectral catalyst or a spectral energy catalyst is provided alone or in combination with a physical catalyst (eg, as a mere catalyst source, or present physical Enhancing the catalyst), the applied spectral energy donor will help in the rate of the reduction reaction. Similarly, a spectral energy adjustment offering, such as a spectral tuning catalyst or spectral energy tuning catalyst, is provided to a tunable participant to form a tuned participant, and the tuned participant alone or physically If present in combination with a catalyst (e.g., merely as a source of catalyst or augmenting the physical catalyst present), the conditioned participant may help the rate of the reduction reaction. Furthermore, a spectral energy donor, a spectral energy regulator, a regulated participant and / or a physical catalyst may be used.
Still further, the techniques of the present invention can serve for the transport of, through and / or from ionic electrolytes, one of the slowest processes in electrochemical reactions. For example, by understanding the specific ion transfer mechanisms that occur in different electrolytes, the present invention enhances the dissolution of ionic species in the electrolyte by exerting a dynamic equilibrium between bound and dissociated ions. Suitable spectroscopic energy donors and / or suitable spectroscopic energy conditioning offerings (eg, spectroscopic tuned environmental reaction conditions) such as spectroscopic catalysts or spectroscopic energy catalysts can be applied (eg, as described herein). (See the discussion of H ₂ → 2H discussed below). Furthermore, the conduction of ions through the electrolyte can be enhanced using a spectral electromagnetic frequency such as the number of revolutions. In this respect, depending on the particular electrolyte and the particular ions that need to be transported, various environmental conditions can be simulated with appropriate spectral environmental conditioning reaction conditions. Similarly, other techniques that may be used to enhance ion transport include (1) a resonance frequency or harmonic frequency corresponding to the wavelength between, for example, the binding sites of the ionic species being transported through the electrolyte. (2) By inputting the natural frequency of the radius of rotation to the ions in the electrolyte, or by applying a magnetic field line to the electrolyte, thereby correcting the helical trajectory of the ions and correcting the radius of rotation. Utilizing ion cyclotron resonance by entering a frequency; (3) within at least a portion of the electrolyte that moves ions from a higher temperature, concentration and / or pressure region to a corresponding lower region, eg, Applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition that mimics at least one of temperature, concentration and / or pressure gradient; and / or (4 ) Exposing the electrolyte to a spectral frequency that resonates with ions moving in the electrolyte; and (5) spectrally adjusting the electrolyte solution, thereby changing the material properties of the solvent, ie, the transport medium. Can be mentioned.
Moreover, the speed | rate of the ion species transfer to the electrolyte in chemical conversion can be improved with a spectral energy donor. For example, the receiving electrode can project an electromagnetic scaffold that resonates with and attracts ionic species such as an electron spectroscopy pattern.
In each of the above discussion examples, (1) Spectral energy donations (applicable spectral energy patterns applied to at least a portion of a battery reaction system can result in, for example, catalytic spectral energy patterns, catalytic spectroscopy, etc. Application of patterns, spectral energy patterns, spectral energy catalysts, spectral patterns, spectral catalysts, spectral environmental reaction conditions and / or combinations thereof; and / or (2) spectral energy adjustment offerings (eg, controlled reaction systems) The resulting spectral energy adjustment pattern applied to the tunable participants in can collectively result in, for example, catalytic spectral energy adjustment pattern, catalytic spectral adjustment pattern, spectral energy adjustment pattern, spectral energy adjustment catalyst, spectroscopy Adjustment pattern, spectral adjustment catalyst, spectral environment adjustment reaction Matter and / or their application in a combination of form),
(1) Suitable introducers of energy, such as fiber optic cables, waveguides, vibrators, transfer elements, etc. that can be commanded to provide energy to at least a portion of the battery reaction system where the desired reaction should occur. Use of;
(2) For example, providing energy to at least a portion or one side of the electrolyte so that the electrolyte is at least another portion of the cell reaction system (eg, the portion of the catalyst located at the adjacent anode and / or cathode) ) Capable of transmitting energy applied to (eg, one or more surfaces or parts thereof). Energy can be directed to ions, solutions or ionic solution interactions.
(3) At least a portion of the electrolyte that can introduce energy into at least a portion of the electrode and / or at least a portion of the electrode where the reaction should occur, and / or at least a portion of the electrode or a physical catalyst Including one or more suitable members (e.g., members capable of transmitting energy) when augmented to be part of a battery reaction system
(4) Modulating energy to one or more reactants prior to their arrival and reaction at and / or near the anode and / or cathode to enhance physical catalytic activity. Providing;
(5) applying a spectral energy pattern in the reformer reaction used to provide fuel to the cell reaction system, thereby, for example, controlling and / or directing the reaction in the reformer; And / or the product leaving the reformer is affected before reaching the cell reaction system;
(6) controlling the parameters of the battery reaction system such that the current and / or the electric field strength generated is optimized to produce the desired Stark frequency and optimal reaction rate;
(7) controlling the specific fuel reaction system parameters and applying an external magnetic field so that the desired Zeeman frequency occurs in the cell reaction system, thereby optimizing at least one reaction rate;
(8) applying at least one form of energy to increase the flow of reactants in the battery reaction system; and / or (9) applying at least one form of energy directly to at least a portion of the battery reaction system. Can be caused by one or more of the above techniques including causing and / or affecting at least one reaction.
In all such cases, the goal of delivering energy to the right location in the right amount is the main driving force in determining which technique, and a combination of techniques would be most desirable. In this regard, as discussed above, at least one of the battery reaction systems (or adjustment reaction systems) where an appropriate energy pattern for the battery reaction (and / or adjustment energy pattern in the adjustment reaction system) is to occur. As long as it is delivered to the part, the delivered energy pattern (and / or the regulated energy pattern) is ultimately desired in the battery reaction system (eg, either directly or via a regulated participant) Acts to enhance the chemical reaction.
The technique of the present invention is suitable for each of the known battery reaction systems. In this regard, in each of the cell reaction systems involved in oxidation and reduction reactions, the technique of the present invention can be applied to one or more of its, for example, depending on the particular reaction rate desired to be achieved. It can be used to enhance such reactions. In this respect, the resulting spectral energy pattern applied to at least a portion of the battery reaction system results in, for example, catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral energy pattern, spectral energy catalyst, spectral pattern, Substances (eg, solids, liquids, gases and / or in the desired reaction in the cell reaction system along the desired reaction path by applying energy, for example in the form of spectrocatalysts, spectroscopic environmental reaction conditions and combinations thereof. Or plasma and / or a mixture thereof and / or part thereof) can be generated or affected to interact and / or react with other substances and / or parts thereof.
Furthermore, the conditioning technique of the present invention is suitable for each of the known battery reaction systems. In this regard, in each of the battery reaction systems involved in the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction, the adjustment technique of the present invention can be used, for example, depending on the specific reaction rate desired to be achieved in the battery reaction system. It can be used to enhance one or more such reactions by forming coordinated participants in the system. In this regard, tunable materials (eg, solids, liquids, gases and / or plasmas and / or mixtures and / or parts thereof) are conditioned and introduced into the cell reaction system along the desired reaction path. Other substances and / or parts can be generated, influenced, interacted with and / or reacted in the battery reaction system. The tuning participant results in an applied spectral energy tuning pattern that is applied in at least a portion of the tuning reaction system, eg, catalytic spectral energy tuning pattern, catalytic spectral tuning pattern, spectral energy tuning pattern, spectral energy It can be formed by applying conditioning energy in the form of a conditioning catalyst, a spectral tuning pattern, a spectral tuning catalyst, spectral environmental conditioning reaction conditions and / or combinations thereof. Thereafter, the adjusted participating substances have a good influence on the battery reaction system.
The techniques of the present invention are applicable to the following non-inclusive list of cell reaction systems: alkaline batteries or alkaline cells; anode protection or corrosion protection systems; anodized cells; batteries; bioelectrochemical cell reaction systems; Corrosion cell reaction system; dry cell; electroacoustic cell; electroanalytical chemistry technique; electrochemical cell; electrocrystallization cell; electroforming cell; electrokinetic cell; electrolysis reaction; Battery; Electrolytic pickling reaction; Electrometallurgy reaction; Electrophoretic reaction; Electroplating battery; Electrorefining battery; Electrolytic cell; Fuel cell; Galvanic cell; Galvanic reaction; Hydrolysis reaction; Ion exchange membrane reaction; Lacquer-type battery; lithium battery or lithium battery; lithium ion battery or lithium ion battery; magnetoelectrochemical reaction; Reaction in membrane / electrode assembly; NiCd battery or NiCd battery; NiMH battery or nickel metal hydride battery; photoelectrochemical cell or photogalvanic cell or solar cell; photoelectrochemical reaction; photoelectrolysis cell; Secondary reaction or secondary battery or rechargeable battery; sodium / sulfur battery or sodium / sulfur battery; sonoelectrochemical reaction; zinc-air battery; and zinc-carbon battery or zinc-carbon battery.
In addition to the redox reactions occurring in the various techniques, processes, systems, batteries and / or battery reaction systems listed immediately above, the techniques of the present invention are also applicable to battery cell reaction systems. In this regard, the techniques of the present invention are more broadly applicable to techniques other than simple redox reactions that typically involve electrolytes. Specifically, the technique of the present invention (and the adjustment technique of the present invention) can also be applied to a storage battery reaction system that uses a dielectric instead of an electrolyte. However, a specific battery also uses an electrolyte-like substance, for example, as at least one electrode.
An electrical accumulator or an electrical capacitor is an electrical device that stores electricity or electrical energy. This action of preserving electrical energy can be seen as an analog of a gas tank used in gas storage. The amount of electricity that the capacitor can hold depends on the pressure or voltage of electricity applied to the capacitor, just like the amount of gas that the tank can hold depending on the pressure of the gas in the tank. For example, if the pressure is doubled in a gas tank, twice the amount of gas can be forced into the tank. Similarly, if the electrical pressure or voltage applied to the battery is doubled, 2 Double the amount of electricity can be forced into the battery. Therefore, in the battery, “electric size” is expressed as a capacity form. The capacity of an electrical storage device is the ratio between the amount of electricity and the pressure or voltage of electricity. The ratio is expressed as:
Q = CV
Where Q = electric quantity, C = capacitor capacity and V = electric pressure or voltage. Therefore, the capacity of the capacitor is expressed as:
C = Q / V
Thus, the capacity is equal to the quantity of electricity divided by the pressure or voltage of electricity. The capacity of the capacitor depends on the size and spacing of the conductive plates and the type of insulation and dielectric medium between the plates.
The dielectric material of the capacitor is one of the essential components of the capacitor. The dielectric material may be solid, liquid or gas, and may be in the form of plasma or vacuum. The simplest form of accumulator includes two electrodes or conductive plates separated by air. In this case, the capacitor includes a gaseous dielectric. It is common practice to match the capacitors according to the type of dielectric employed in these structures. Accordingly, expressions such as a mica capacitor, an air capacitor, an oil-based capacitor, and a paper capacitor are generally used. However, according to the present invention, electrochemical capacitors and electrolytic capacitors are of particular interest. In particular, for example, an electrolytic capacitor uses a metal plate on one conductive surface, but the other conductive surface is usually a compound or electrolyte. The dielectric used is usually a thin film of metal oxide that constitutes one metal plate used in the structure. Electrolytic capacitors are divided into two general types, namely wet electrolytic capacitors and dry electrolytic capacitors.

In order to practice the techniques of the present invention, materials (eg, solids, liquids, gases and / or plasmas, and / or mixtures and / or parts thereof) are applied to, for example, at least part of a battery reaction system. Spectral energy donors, such as catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral energy pattern, spectral energy catalyst, spectral pattern, spectral catalyst, spectral environment, that collectively provide or apply the applied spectral energy pattern Applying energy in the form of reaction conditions and / or combinations thereof causes interactions and / or reactions with other substances and / or parts thereof in the battery reaction system along the desired reaction pathway. Or can be affected (or reacted and / or interacted) Have been discovered). Subsequently, one example of this phenomenon, discussed in more detail in the “Examples” section, utilizes sodium vapor light as a spectral energy pattern that results in enhanced conductivity in aqueous solutions.
Similarly, applied spectral energy adjustments that are applied to tunable participating substances where substances (eg, solids, liquids, gases and / or plasmas and / or mixtures thereof and / or parts thereof) are produced or affected. Resulting in patterns together, for example, catalytic spectral energy tuning pattern, catalytic spectral tuning pattern, spectral energy tuning pattern, spectral energy tuning catalyst, spectral tuning pattern, spectral tuning catalyst, spectral tuning environmental reaction conditions and combinations thereof Can interact and / or react with other substances and / or parts thereof in a regulated reaction system along a desired reaction path, for example by applying a regulated energy to a regulated participant . Specifically, the applied conditioning energy results in the battery reaction system being configured in a desired manner (eg, at least in the battery reaction system) when exposed to and / or activated in the battery reaction system. This results in a tuned participant that can behave with a tuned energy pattern of a tuned participant that interacts well with one participant. An example of this phenomenon is discussed in more detail in the “Examples” section of this specification, but the spectral energy in the conditioned water prior to dissolving the sodium chloride that results in an increase in conductivity therein. Sodium vapor light is used as the adjustment pattern.

  In those cases, the interaction and / or reaction may be applied to a spectral energy pattern (or applied spectral energy conditioning pattern), for example, a type to a spectral energy pattern of one or more forms of material in a battery reaction system. Can lead to development. Various forms of substances include: reactants: transients; intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials; A mixture of these components. For example, the applied spectral energy donor (ie, at least one spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction conditions) Can be appropriately targeted to participants and / or components in a battery reaction system, resulting in the generation of and / or desired interaction with one or more participants. In particular, the applied spectral energy donor can be targeted for achieving a very specific desired result and / or desired rate of reaction product and / or along the desired reaction path.

  Targeting occurs by direct resonance approach (ie, direct resonance targeting), harmonic resonance approach (ie, harmonic targeting) and / or anharmonic heterodyne resonance approach (ie, non-resonant heterodyne targeting) Can do. Spectral energy donors are, for example, at least one frequency or field of atoms or molecules, such as electronic frequency, vibration frequency, rotation frequency, rotation-vibration frequency, vibration frequency, deformation frequency, swirl frequency, microfission frequency, hyperfine fission frequency , Magnetic field induced frequency, electric field induced frequency, natural vibration frequency, and interaction with all components and / or parts thereof (but not limited to) Will be discussed in more detail later in the book; and specific examples are given in Table D). Those approaches can result in mimicking at least one mechanism of action of the physical catalyst in the cell reaction system.

  Similar concepts also apply to the use of applied spectral energy conditioning patterns in conditioning battery reaction systems. Where one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern is used, the interactions and / or reactions are included in the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern, eg, cell reaction system, and / or are such activated If some type of modification to the spectral energy pattern of one or more tunable participants before the body is brought about, it can be triggered in a conditioning cell reaction system. Various forms of substances that can be used as tunable participants include: reactants; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; Includes a mixture of ingredients. For example, the applied spectral energy conditioning donor (eg, at least one of the following: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; application Spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions) are included in and / or activated by the battery reaction system and / or prior to, for example, tunable involvement of components thereof Production of the desired reaction product and, if appropriately targeted to the body and / or its components, and / Or may provide the desired interaction with one or more participant in the battery reaction system. In particular, the applied spectral energy conditioning donor can be targeted to a tunable participant to achieve a very specific desired result (eg, a very specific tailored energy pattern). Thus, the desired tuned energy pattern is such that the tuned participant is involved in or activated in the cell reaction system, the desired reaction pathway, the desired reaction product, and / or the cell reaction. The desired speed in the system can be provided. Furthermore, the regulated participant comprises both the reactant and the reaction product itself, so that the chemical composition of the regulated participant is substantially unchanged (if any), but One or more physical properties or structures or phases, or relationships, in one or more of the energy structures are subject to change once the regulated participant is encompassed by and / or activated by the cell reaction system.

  Conditioning targeting includes direct resonance conditioning approach (ie, direct resonance conditioning targeting), harmonic resonance conditioning approach (ie, harmonic conditioning targeting), anharmonic heterodyne conditioning resonance approach (ie, anharmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting) ). Spectral energy conditioning donor is at least one frequency of atom or molecule, e.g. electronic frequency, vibration frequency, rotation frequency, rotation-vibration frequency, vibration frequency, deformation frequency, swirl frequency, microfission frequency, hyperfine fission frequency, magnetic field Interact with tunable participants by interacting with, but not limited to, induced frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, natural vibrational frequencies, and all components and / or parts thereof (Discussed later in more detail herein; and specific examples are given in Table D). Some examples of known sources of spectral energy conditioning donors include EOF sources, VLF sources, radiation sources, microwave sources, infrared sources, visible light sources, ultraviolet light sources, X-ray sources and γ-ray sources, However, it is not limited only to them.

  Table D below lists examples of various possible sources of spectral energy patterns and spectral energy conditioning patterns.

Table D
ELF, VLF and radiation sources :
• Electron tubes (eg oscillators, eg regenerators, Meissner, Harley, Colpitts, Ultraudion, tuned lattice tuned plates, crystal rectifiers, dynatrons, transitionrons, beat-frequency, RC transitionrons, phase transitions, Multivibrator, inverse feedback, sweep-circuit, thyratron cleanup);
・ Glow tube;
・ Silatron;
・ Electron beam tubes;
・ Cathode ray tubes;
・ Light tube;
・ Ballast tube; Hot body;
・ Magnetotubes;
・ Velocity modulation tube;
A crystal rectifier (eg, microprocessor, piezoelectric, quartz, quartz strip, SAW resonator, semiconductor);
Oscillators (eg crystal rectifiers, digitally compensated crystal rectifiers, hybrids, ICs, microcomputer-compensated crystal rectifiers, oven-controlled crystal rectifiers OCXO, positive emitter coupled theories, pulses, RC, RF, RFXO, SAW, sine wave, square wave, temperature compensated TCXO, trigger coherent, VHF / UHF, potential controlled crystal VCXO, potential controlled VCO, dielectric resonator DRO);
Microwave source :
・ Hot body ・ Spark discharge;
An electron tube (eg triode);
・ Velocity modulation tube ・ Velocity modulation tube and multiplier tube;
・ Magnetotubes;
・ Magnetoelectric harmonized tube;
Traveling wave tubes and antibody wave tubes;
・ Fireworks oscillator;
・ Mass oscillator;
・ Vacuum tube ・ Double tube ・ Microwave tube;
Microwave solid state devices (eg, transistors, bipolar transistors, field effect transistors, migrated electron (Gann) devices, avalanche bipolars, tunnel bipolars);
・ Maser;
Oscillators (eg crystal rectifiers, digitally compensated crystal rectifiers, hybrids, ICs, microcomputer-compensated crystal rectifiers, oven-controlled crystal rectifiers OCXO, positive emitter coupled theories, pulses, RC, RF, RFXO, SAW, sine wave, square wave, temperature compensated TCXO, trigger coherent, VHF / UHF, potential controlled crystal VCXO, potential controlled VCO, dielectric resonator DRO);
Infrared source :
Filaments (eg Nernst, heat-resistant, spherical);
Gas mantle;
Lamps (eg mercury, neon);
・ Hot body;
・ Bipolar ILEDs that emit infrared light, arrays;
Visible source :
· flame;
・ Electric arc;
・ Spark electrodes;
Gas discharge (eg sodium, mercury);
・ Planar gas discharge;
・ Plasma;
・ Hot body;
・ Filament, incandescent;
• Laser, laser bipolar (eg, multiple quantum well type, double heterostructure);
• Lamps (eg arc, cold cathode, fluorescence, electroluminescence, fluorescence, high intensity discharge, hot cathode, incandescent, mercury, neon, tungsten halogen, deuterium, tritium, hollow cathode, xenon, high pressure, photoionization, zinc );
-Light-emitting diode, LED array:
Organic light-emitting bipolar OLEDs (eg small molecules, polymers);
• fluorescence (eg electricity-, chemistry-);
· Charge coupled device CCD;
・ Cathode ray tube CRT;
Cold cathodes;
・ Field radiation;
・ Liquid crystal LCD;
Liquid crystals on silicon LcoS;
・ Low temperature polycrystalline silicon LTPS;
Metal-insulating metal (MLM) active matrix;
Active matrix liquid crystal;
・ Chips on glass COG;
・ Twisted nematic TN;
・ Super Swiss Tonematic STN;
・ Thin film transistor TNT;
• fluorescence (eg vacuum, chemical-);
Ultraviolet source :
・ Spark discharge;
・ Arc discharge;
・ Hot body;
Lamps (eg gas discharge, mercury vapor, neon, fluorescence, mercury-xenon);
・ Light emitting diode, LED array;
· laser;
X-ray source :
・ Atomic inner shell;
・ Positron-electron annihilation;
-Electron impact on solids;
・ Spark discharge;
・ Hot body;
• tubes (eg gas, high vacuum);
γ-ray source :
・ Radiation nuclei;
・ Hot body.

  In some cases, the desired result in the battery reaction system can be achieved by using a single applied spectral energy pattern targeted to a single participant; Many applied spectral energy patterns can be targeted to a single participant or multiple participants by multiple approaches in a single cell reaction system. In particular, the combination of direct resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and anharmonic heterodyne targeting, which can be made to interact with one or more frequencies occurring in atoms and / or molecules, is continuous or substantially Used continuously. Further, in some cases, spectral energy donor targeting results in various interactions at preferentially higher energy levels of one or more different forms of material present in the cell reaction system.

  Further, the desired result is that the regulated participant is exposed to the battery reaction system (eg, activated in the battery reaction system) and / or the regulated participant is in a certain reaction pathway and / or Increasing the reaction rate (eg, the kinetics of the reaction is increased or decreased; or the reaction product is altered, increased or decreased) can be achieved. For example, in some cases, the desired result is achieved by using a single applied spectral energy conditioning pattern that is targeted to a single tunable participant; More applied spectral energy conditioning patterns can be targeted to a single tunable participant or multiple tunable participants, eg, by multiple approaches. In particular, a combination of direct resonance conditioning, harmonic conditioning targeting and anharmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting, which can be made to interact with one or more frequencies occurring in the atoms and / or molecules of a tunable participant, Used continuously or substantially continuously to create the desired coordinated participant. Further, in some cases, spectral energy conditioning donor targeting can result in various interactions at preferentially higher energy levels of one or more different forms of material that exist as tunable participants.

  Furthermore, many combinations of the aforementioned applied spectral energy patterns and applied spectral energy conditioning patterns can be used in battery reactions to target participants and / or tunable participants. For example, the applied spectral energy pattern can be directed to one or more participants; and / or the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern can be directed to one or more adjustable participants. In some battery reaction systems, the spectral energy pattern and the spectral energy conditioning pattern are substantially similar to each other (eg, comprise exactly the same, or at least comprise similar portions of the magnetic spectrum), or each other. Very different (eg comprising similar or very different parts of the magnetic spectrum). The combination of the one or more spectral energy conditioning patterns and the one or more spectral energy patterns has a significant relationship for control of various reaction paths and / or reaction rates in the battery reaction system.

  Furthermore, the present invention recognizes and illustrates that various environmental reaction conditions can affect the reaction pathways in a battery reaction system when using spectral energy catalysts, such as spectral catalysts. The present invention teaches specific methods for controlling various environmental reaction conditions to achieve a desired result in a reaction (eg, a desired reaction product in one or more desired reaction pathways). Furthermore, the present invention discloses an applied spectral energy approach that allows at least partial simulation of desired environmental reaction conditions by application of at least one spectral environmental reaction condition. Thus, environmental reaction conditions can be controlled and used in combination with at least one spectral energy pattern to achieve the desired reaction pathway. On the other hand, conventionally used environmental reaction conditions are supplemented and / or replaced by at least one spectral environmental reaction condition in a desired manner (eg reduced concentration). And / or application of reduced pressure).

  Similarly, the present invention further provides battery reaction systems where various conditioned environmental reaction conditions are such that such conditioned participants are associated with and / or activated in the battery reaction system. Recognize and explain that the resulting energy pattern of a tunable participant that can affect the reaction pathway in The present invention can achieve desired results in a battery reaction system (e.g., desired reaction products and / or one or more desired reaction pathways and / or desired interactions and / or desired reaction rates), at least In order to achieve the desired conditioning of one tunable participant, specific methods are taught to control the various conditioning environmental reaction conditions. The present invention further discloses an applied spectral energy conditioning approach that allows at least partially simulation of desired cyclic reaction conditions by application of at least one spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition. Thus, the conditioning environmental reaction conditions can be controlled and used in combination with at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern to achieve the desired adjusted energy pattern in the adjusted participant. On the other hand, conventionally used environmental reaction conditions are reduced in a desired manner (e.g., reduced by filling and / or replacing conventional environmental reaction conditions with at least one spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition). Application of temperature and / or reduced pressure).

  The present invention also provides a desired physical catalyst (ie, a material known to function as a physical catalyst used in a battery reaction system to achieve a desired reaction path / or desired reaction rate or A method is provided for determining (comprising an unknown material). In this regard, the present invention can provide a formulation for physical and / or spectral catalysts for specific reactions in battery reaction systems where no physical catalyst is pre-existing. In this aspect of the invention, the spectral energy pattern is determined or calculated by the technique of the invention, and the corresponding physical catalyst is applied or manufactured, and then the calculated need Included in the battery reaction system to produce a spectral energy pattern. In some cases, one or more existing physical species can be converted to a single physical species in order to obtain a calculated spectral energy pattern suitable to achieve the desired reaction path and / or required reaction rate. If the species appears to be deficient, it can be used or combined in an appropriate manner. Such catalysts can be used alone, with other physical catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, controlled environmental reaction conditions, to achieve the desired resulting energy pattern and, consequently, the reaction path and / or the desired reaction rate. And / or can be used in combination as spectral environmental reaction conditions.

  Similarly, the present invention also provides a desired reaction pathway and / or desired reaction rate when the regulated participants become associated with the cell reaction system (eg, added or activated). And / or desired physical catalyst (e.g., known materials or physical) that can be used in battery reaction systems by appropriately adjusting at least one tunable participant to achieve the desired reaction product. A method is provided for determining (including materials previously unknown to function as catalysts). In this regard, the present invention can also provide a formulation for physical and / or spectral catalysts for certain cell reaction systems in which no physical catalyst is ever present. In this aspect of the invention, the spectral energy conditioning pattern is determined or calculated by the techniques of the present invention and the corresponding adjustable participants are supplied or manufactured and adjusted It can be included in a conditioned cell reaction system to produce a calculated and required spectral energy pattern in the body. In some cases, a tunable participant of one or more existing physical species obtains a suitable calculated spectral energy tuned pattern to achieve the desired reaction pathway and / or desired reaction rate. Thus, if a single physical species appears to be insufficient, it can be used or combined in an appropriate manner. Such tuned participants can be used alone or with other physical catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, tuned environmental reactions to achieve the desired reaction pathway and / or desired reaction rate. It can be used in combination with conditions, spectral environmental reaction conditions and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions. Thus, once the desired regulated energy pattern is achieved in a tunable participant, the tunable participant becomes associated with and / or activated in the cell reaction system.

  The present invention is adapted by adjusting one or more important themes of the present invention, i.e., the frequency of the participants in the battery reaction system, with at least one adjustable participant, or the energy can be Many different modifications are disclosed that transfer between components, participants or regulated participants in the reaction system. Many different modifications thereof can be used alone or desired to achieve the desired result (eg, desired reaction pathway and / or desired reaction rate and / or desired reaction product). It should be understood that a combination of infinite modifications can be used to achieve a result (eg, desired reaction path, desired reaction product, desired reaction rate). However, in one preferred embodiment of the invention, the participant or tuned participant is compatible with at least one frequency of at least one other participant in the cell reaction system (eg, spectral pattern overlap). Or as long as it has a plurality of its frequencies, energy can be transferred. When energy is transferred in this targeted manner, the desired interaction, reaction and / or energy dynamics are enhanced in the key components involved in one or more reactions in a battery reaction system, for example, the entire reaction system. Energy amplitude can be provided. Furthermore, the conditioned participant comprises both the reactant and the reaction product itself, so that, for example, the chemical composition of the tuned participant does not change substantially (if any). However, one or more physical properties or structures or phases are altered when the tuned participant is associated with and / or activated by the cell reaction system.

  Furthermore, the same targeted frequency or energy can be used with different power amplitudes in the same overall reaction system to achieve dramatically different results. For example, the vibration frequency of a liquid solvent can be input with a low power amplitude to improve the solvent properties of the liquid without causing any substantial change in the chemical composition of the liquid. At high power levels, the same vibration frequency can be used to dissociate the liquid solvent, thereby changing its chemical composition. Thus, there is a continuous effect obtained with a single targeted frequency that ranges from a change in the energy dynamics of the participant to a change in the actual chemical or physical structure of the participant.

  Furthermore, the concept of frequency adaptation can also be used in reverse. In particular, if a reaction in a battery reaction system has occurred because the frequency is matched, the reaction is no longer frequency matched or is slowed by at least the frequency matching to a lower extent, or Can be stopped. In this regard, one or more battery reaction system components (eg, environmental reaction conditions, spectral environmental reaction conditions and / or applied spectral energy patterns) may minimize, but reduce or eliminate frequency from adaptation. Can be modified, modified and / or applied. This also prevents the formation of certain species, controls the amount of product formed in the cell reaction system, easily provides new controls in countless reactions in the cell reaction system, including, Allows starting and stopping of the reaction. Furthermore, it is not necessary to include those with a spectrum that is somewhat larger than those wavelengths or frequencies (ie, energy) needed to optimize (or prevent) a particular reaction in a battery reaction system, for example. Some of the (or undesired) wavelengths can be prevented (eg, blocked) from contacting the battery reaction system by appropriate filtration, absorption and / or reflection techniques, as will be discussed in more detail later herein. , Reflected, absorbed, etc.).

  Furthermore, the concept of frequency adaptation can also be used in reverse with respect to adjustable participants. In particular, if the response occurs because the frequency is matched, the response can be slowed or stopped by the frequency no longer matching or at least by matching to a lower extent. In this regard, may one or more battery reaction system components (eg, environmental reaction conditions, spectral environmental reaction conditions and / or applied spectral energy patterns) minimize, but reduce, frequency from adaptation in the battery reaction system? Or, to eliminate, once adjusted, it can be modified by introducing a tunable participant. This also prevents the formation of certain species, controls the amount of product formed in the cell reaction system, easily provides new controls in countless reactions in the cell reaction system, including, Allows starting and stopping of the reaction. In addition, for example, those with a spectrum that is somewhat larger than their wavelength or frequency (ie, energy) needed to optimize (or prevent) a particular reaction in a battery reaction system, for example, a source of magnetic radiation In some cases, some of the unwanted (or undesired) wavelengths can be prevented from contacting the cell reaction system by appropriate filtration, absorption and / or reflection techniques, as will be discussed later in more detail herein. Obtain (eg, blocked, reflected, absorbed, etc.).

  It is also apparent that various tunable participants can be used in combination with various participants and / or spectral energy donors in the battery reaction system to control various reaction pathways once tuned. Should be.

  Furthermore, the tunable participant can be tuned by removing at least a portion of its spectral pattern before the tunable participant introduced as a tuned participant in the battery reaction system.

  In order to simplify the disclosure and understanding of the present invention, specific categories or sections have been created in the "Summary of Invention" and "Specific Description of Preferred Embodiments". However, it should be understood that these categories are not mutually exclusive and there are some overlaps. Accordingly, these artificially created sections do not limit the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

  Further, in the next section, attempts have been made to simplify the discussion and reduce the overall length of this disclosure. For example, in many cases “participants” in a reaction or battery reaction system are referred to exclusively. However, “adjustable participants” can also be addressed separately in the disclosure, not necessarily explicitly mentioned. Thus, when the various general mechanisms of the present invention are referred to herein, the discussion is also accompanied by similar relevance whether only "participants" are referred to directly or indirectly. It should be understood that this applies to “adjustable participants”. Efforts have been made throughout the disclosure to explicitly mention all of the novel phenomena associated with adjustable participants only when required for illustrative purposes.

I. Wave energy :
In general, thermal energy has traditionally been used to drive chemical reactions by applying heat and raising the temperature of the cell reaction system. The addition of heat increases the kinetic (transfer) energy of the chemical reactant. Reactants with strong kinetic energy have moved faster and farther and have been implicated by chemical reactions. Mechanical energy also increases their kinetic energy by agitating and moving chemicals and hence their reactions. The addition of mechanical energy often increases temperature by increasing kinetic energy.

  Sound energy is applied to chemical reactions as regular mechanical waves. Because of its mechanical properties, sound energy can increase the kinetic energy of chemical reactants and can also increase their temperature. Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of electric and magnetic field waves. EM energy also increases kinetic energy and heat in the battery reaction system. It also activates electron orbital or vibrational motion in some reactions.

  Both sound and electromagnetic energy consist of waves. Energy waves and frequencies have several interesting properties and can be combined in several interesting ways. The manner in which wave energy is transferred and coupled depends primarily on its frequency. For example, if two energy waves, each having the same amplitude but one at a frequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz, are caused to interact, the waves combine and their frequencies add up, 500Hzno Generate a new frequency (ie "total" frequency). Wave frequencies also decrease when they combine to produce a frequency of 300 Hz (ie, a “different” frequency). All wave energy typically adds and decreases in this manner, and such additions and decreases are referred to as heterodynes. The usual result of heterodyne is best known as harmony in music. The importance of heterodyne will be discussed in more detail later herein.

Another important concept of the present invention is wave interaction or interference. In particular, wave energy is known to interact constitutively and destructively. These phenomena are important in determining the applied spectral energy pattern. FIGS. 1a-1c show two different spectral energy patterns corresponding to two different spectral energy patterns with two different wavelengths λ ₁ and λ ₂ (and therefore different frequencies) applied to the cell reaction. The incident sine waves 1 (FIG. 1a) and 2 (FIG. 1b) are shown. The energy pattern of FIG. 1 corresponds to an electromagnetic spectral pattern (or electromagnetic spectral conditioning pattern), and FIG. 1b appears to correspond to one spectral environmental reaction condition (or spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition). Each of the sine waves 1 and 2 has a different differential equation describing its individual motion. However, when the sine wave is combined with the resulting additional wave 1 + 2 (FIG. 1c), it is obtained that accounts for the sum of the combined energy (ie, applied spectral energy pattern; or applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) The compound differential equation is actually high at some point in time (ie, constructive interference indicated by high amplitude) and low at some point in time (ie destructive interference indicated by low amplitude), constant input energy Bring.

  In particular, part “X” represents the region where the electromagnetic spectral pattern of wave 1 constitutively interfered with spectral environment reaction condition 2 and part “Y” was the destructive interference of the two waves 1 and 2 Represents an area. Wavelength, frequency or energy desired or undesired by said portion “X” (eg, a spectral energy pattern (or a positive or negative interaction applied with one or more participants and / or components in the cell reaction system) Depending on whether it corresponds to (causes acquisition due to the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern), the part “X” enhances the positive effect in the cell reaction system or the negative effect in the cell reaction system can do. Similarly, the portion “Y” can correspond to an effective loss of either positive or negative effects, depending on whether the portion “Y” is desired or undesired, frequency depends on energy. .

In addition, if the source of magnetic radiation includes those of a spectrum that is somewhat larger than the wavelength or frequency (ie, energy) required to optimize a particular response, some unnecessary (or undesired) The wavelength can be prevented from contacting the cell reaction system (eg, blocked, affected, absorbed, etc.). Thus, in the simplified example discussed immediately above, by allowing interaction in the cell reaction of only the desired wavelength λ ₁ (eg, filtering certain wavelengths or frequencies of a broad spectrum magnetic emitter). By doing so, the possibility of negative effects due to the combination of waves 1 (FIG. 1a) and 2 (FIG. 1b) is minimized or eliminated. In this regard, it is noted that in fact many desired incident wavelengths can be incident on at least a portion of the cell reaction system. Further, the positive or desired effect includes the wavelength or frequency of the incident light, the wavelength inherent in the battery reaction system itself (eg, atoms and / or molecules, etc.), frequency or nature (eg, Stark effect, Zeeman effect, Etc.) (including, but not limited to, heterodyne, resonance, additive wave, subtractive wave, constitutive or destructive interference). It is. Thus, by maximizing the desired wavelength (or by minimizing the undesired wavelength), battery reaction effects that are never known before can be achieved. On the other hand, certain destructive interference effects due to different energy, frequency and / or wavelength combinations can reduce certain desired results in battery reaction systems. Since the present invention is designed to be incident on the battery reaction system, it masks or screens as many such undesired energies (or wavelengths) as possible (eg, somewhat larger spectral wavelengths are present on the battery reaction system). Therefore, we try to strive for synergistic results that can be generated, for example, due to the desired constructive interference effects between incident wavelengths of electromagnetic energy.

  It is clear from this particular analysis that constitutive interference (ie, point “X”) can maximize positive and negative effects in the cell reaction system. Thus, this simplified example is from one or more other frequencies from at least one spectral environmental reaction condition (or at least one spectral environmental conditioning reaction condition), eg from a spectral pattern (or spectral conditioning pattern). Combining with a constant frequency indicates that the spectral energy pattern (or applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) actually applied to the entire reaction system is a combination of constructive and destructive interference. The degree of interference can also depend on the relative phase of the waves. Therefore, these factors should also be taken into account when selecting the appropriate spectral energy pattern (or applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) to be applied to the battery reaction system. In this regard, practically, many desired incident wavelengths are applied to undesired incident wavelengths that are removed from an incident source on the cell reaction system, or at least a portion of the cell reaction, and the wave interaction effect is heterogeneous. It is also obvious that it includes dining, direct resonance, articulation resonance, additive waves, subtractive waves, constitutive or destructive interference, etc., but not by itself. Further, as will be discussed in detail later, additional effects, such as electrical and / or magnetic field effects, also affect the spectral energy pattern or spectral energy conditioning pattern (or spectral pattern or spectral conditioning pattern). be able to.

II. Spectral catalyst, spectral conditioning catalyst and spectroscopic analysis :
A wide variety of reactions conveniently initiate and control a desired reaction path within a battery reaction system (eg, a desired reaction path in a single or multiple component battery reaction system) and a desired reaction rate; And / or facilitated by the aid of a spectral energy catalyst (or spectral energy conditioning catalyst) having a specific spectral energy pattern (eg, a spectral pattern or electromagnetic pattern) that transfers the targeted energy, and instructions Can be done. This section discusses spectral catalysts (and spectral conditioning catalysts) in more detail and describes various techniques for using spectral catalysts (and / or spectral conditioning catalysts) in various cell reaction systems. For example, spectral catalysts can be used in battery reaction systems to displace and provide additional energy normally supplied by physical catalysts. Spectral catalysts can in fact mimic or copy the mechanism of action of physical catalysts. The spectral catalyst can act as a positive catalyst to increase the reaction rate or as a negative catalyst or poison to reduce the reaction rate. Furthermore, the spectral catalyst can enhance the physical catalyst by using both the physical catalyst and the spectral catalyst, for example, to achieve the desired reaction pathway in the cell reaction system. Spectral catalysts can improve the activity of physical chemical catalysts. Spectral catalysts also partially replace certain amounts of physical catalyst, thereby reducing and eliminating many difficulties combined by various processing difficulties in many reactions.

  Furthermore, the tunable participant can be tuned by a spectral conditioning catalyst to form a tuned participant, after which it can be used alone or in combination with a spectral catalyst. Spectral conditioning catalysts activate tunable participants to displace, enhance, or augment additional energy normally provided by physical catalysts in battery reaction systems, as discussed immediately above with respect to spectral catalysts, or It can result in a coordinated participant that can be delivered.

  Further, in the present invention, the spectral energy catalyst is used in a sufficient amount for a sufficient period of time to initiate and / or promote and / or direct a chemical reaction (eg, following a specific reaction pathway). Energy (eg, electromagnetic radiation comprising a particular frequency or combination of frequencies) is provided. The total targeted energy combination applied at any time to the cell reaction system is referred to as the applied spectral energy pattern. The applied spectral energy pattern can consist of a single spectral catalyst, multiple spectral catalysts and / or other spectral energy catalysts. Reactants can participate in one or several reaction pathways, such as chemical reactions, by absorption of targeted conditioning energy (eg, electromagnetic energy from a spectral catalyst) into a conditioning cell reaction system. Ionizing or dissociating; stabilizing reaction products; activating and / or stabilizing intermediates and / or transients and / or activated complexes involved in the reaction pathway; Causing one or more components in the cell reaction system having a partially overlapping spectral pattern; altering the energy dynamics of the component to affect its properties; and / or resonance of energy in the cell reaction system Adaptation of frequency to change exchange; for initiation of chemical reaction by causing ionization or dissociation Can cause one or more reactants to proceed in the cell reaction system through an energy transfer that can excite electrons to a higher energy state.

  Further, in the present invention, the spectral energy conditioning catalyst forms a regulated participant when the regulated participant is initiated or activated in the cell reaction system, and a chemical reaction (eg, specific In a sufficient amount for a sufficient period of time to adjust the adjustable participants to allow initiation and / or promotion and / or instruction by the adjusted participants) Provide targeted conditioning energy (eg, electromagnetic radiation comprising a particular frequency or combination thereof). The total combination of targeted conditioning energies that can be applied to the conditioning cell reaction system at any time is referred to as the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern. This applied spectral energy conditioning pattern can consist of a single spectral conditioning catalyst, multiple spectral conditioning catalysts and / or other spectral energy conditioning catalysts. The tuned participants are involved in one or several reaction pathways, such as chemical reactions, due to the absorption of targeted conditioning energy (eg, electromagnetic energy from the spectral conditioning catalyst) into the conditioning cell reaction system. Adapts the reaction that can be; ionizes or dissociates; stabilizes the reaction product; activates and / or stabilizes intermediates and / or transients and / or activated complexes involved in the reaction pathway Causing one or more components in the cell reaction system having spectral patterns that at least partially overlap; altering the energy dynamics of the component to affect its properties; and / or within the cell reaction system For the initiation of a chemical reaction by inducing a frequency to change the resonant exchange of energy Can cause one or more reactants to proceed in the cell reaction system through an energy transfer that can excite electrons to a higher energy state.

物質A及びB＝未知の周波数、及びC＝30Hz；
従って、物質A＋30Hz→物質B。 For example, in a simple battery reaction system, a physical catalyst “C” (or conditioned) may be provided when a chemical reaction provides at least one reactant “A” that is converted to at least one reaction product “B”. Participant “C”) may be utilized. In contrast, a portion of the catalyst spectral energy pattern of the physical catalyst “C” (eg, in this section, the catalyst spectral pattern) is used by electromagnetic radiation (other parts of this specification) to catalyze the cell reaction. Can be applied in the form of:

Substances A and B = unknown frequency, and C = 30 Hz;
Therefore, substance A + 30Hz → substance B.

  In the present invention, the spectral pattern (eg, electromagnetic spectral pattern) of the physical catalyst “C” can be determined by known spectroscopy. Using a spectrometer, the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst is preferably physical catalyst (eg, the spectral energy pattern, and the spectral pattern can be affected by environmental reaction conditions, as discussed later in this specification. ) Is preferably determined under conditions close to those conditions that occur in the battery reaction system.

  Spectroscopic methods typically deal with the interaction of wave energy with matter. Spectroscopic methods typically involve measuring the energy difference between the enabled states of any system by determining the frequency of its corresponding electromagnetic energy that is absorbed or emitted. It is. When spectroscopy interacts with, for example, electrons or molecules, changes in atomic and molecular properties are observed.

  Atoms and molecules are joined by several different types of motion. The whole molecule rotates, the bond oscillates, and the electrons move very rapidly despite the electron density distribution being the main focus of the prior art. Each of these types of movement is quantified. That is, atoms, molecules or ions can exist only in well-defined states corresponding to different amounts of energy. The energy difference between different quantum states exists in the form of motion involved. Thus, the frequency of energy required to produce the transition is different for different types of motion. That is, individual types of motion correspond to energy absorption in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and different spectroscopic measurements are required for individual spectral regions. The total kinetic energy of an atom or molecule appears to be at least the sum of its electron, vibration and rotational energy.

In both the emission and absorption spectra, the relationship between the energy change in an atom or molecule and the frequency of electromagnetic energy emitted or absorbed is the so-called Bohr wavenumber condition:
ΔE = hν
Where h is the Planck constant; ν is the frequency; and ΔE is the energy difference between the final and initial states.

  An electron spectrum is the result of electrons moving from one electron energy level to another in an atom, molecule or ion. Molecular physics catalytic spectral patterns include not only electronic energy transfer, but also transfer between rotational and vibrational energy levels. As a result, the molecular spectrum is much more complicated than the atomic spectrum. The main changes observed in an atom or molecule after interaction with a photon include chemical bond excitation, ionization and / or destruction, all of which are radiation or energy giving the same information about energy level separation. It can be measured and quantified by spectroscopy, including absorption spectroscopy.

  In emission spectroscopy, when an atom or molecule is subjected to a flame or electrical discharge, such atom or molecule will absorb energy and become “excited”. When they return to their “normal” state, they can release radiation. Such radiation is the result of the conversion of an atom or molecule from a high energy or “excited” state to one low state. The energy lost in the transition is released in the form of electromagnetic energy. “Excited” atoms usually generate line spectra, whereas “excited” molecules tend to generate band spectra.

  In absorption spectroscopy, the absorption of a nearly monochromatic incident line is monitored when it is moved over a range of frequencies. Depending on the absorption process, atoms or molecules pass from a low energy state to a high energy state. The energy change produced by electromagnetic energy absorption exists only in the isolated amount of energy, called quantity, which is a characteristic of the individual absorbing species. Absorption spectra can be classified into four types: rotation; rotation-vibration; vibration; and electron.

  The rotational spectrum of a molecule is related to changes that occur in the rotational state of the molecule. The energy of the rotational state varies only by relatively small amounts, and therefore the frequency required to bring about a change in rotational level is very low and the wavelength of the electronic energy is very large. The energy interval of the molecular rotation state depends on the bond distance and angle. A pure rotational spectrum is observed in the far infrared and microwave and radio regions (see Table 1).

  The rotation-vibration spectrum relates to a transition in which the vibrational state of the molecule is altered and can be accompanied by a change in the rotational state. Absorption occurs at high frequencies or short wavelengths and usually occurs in the middle of the infrared region (see Table 1).

  Vibration spectra from different vibration energy levels arise due to the movement of the bonds. Stretch vibration includes changes in interatomic distance along the axis of bonding between two atoms. Bending vibration is characterized by a change in the angle between the two bonds. The vibrational spectrum of a molecule is typically in the near infrared range. The term vibration spectrum means all states of the following bond motion spectrum: stretching vibration, bending vibration, equilibrium vibration, deformation vibration, torsional bending vibration, etc.

  The electronic spectrum is from the transition between electronic states for atoms and molecules and is accompanied by simultaneous changes in rotational and vibrational states in the molecule. A relatively large energy difference is included, and therefore absorption occurs at fairly large frequencies or relatively short wavelengths. Different electronic states of atoms or molecules correspond to energies in the infrared, ultraviolet-visible or x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum (see Table 1).

  It should be understood that not all molecules absorb and emit electromagnetic energy at the same frequency. For example, materials with color centers can absorb electromagnetic waves at one frequency and release them at different frequencies.

  Electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy can be absorbed or emitted, and therefore many different types of electromagnetic spectroscopy analysis to determine the desired pattern of a spectral catalyst (eg, the spectral pattern of a physical catalyst) Can be used in the present invention: x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, atomic absorption, flame emission, atomic emission, inductively coupled plasma, DC argon plasma, arc-source emission, spark-source Radiation, high resolution laser, radio, Raman and the like.

  In order to study electron transfer, the material being studied needs to be heated to a high temperature in a flame, where the molecules are atomized and excited. Another very effective means of atomizing the gas is the use of a gas discharge. When the gas is placed between charged electrodes that cause an electric field, electrons are generated from the electrodes and from the gas atoms themselves and can form a plasma or plasma-like state. Those electrons will collide with gas atoms that will be atomized, excited or ionized. By using a high frequency field, it is possible to induce gas discharge without using electrodes. By changing the field strength, the excitation energy can be changed. For solid materials, electrical spark or arc excitation can be used. In a spark or arc, the material to be analyzed is evaporated and the atoms are excited.

  The basic scheme of a radiation spectrophotometer includes a purified silica cell containing the sample to be excited. The sample radiation passes through the slit and is separated into the spectrum by a dispersive element. The spectral pattern can be detected on a screen, photographic film, or by a detector.

  Typically, an atom will absorb electromagnetic energy most strongly at the same frequency that it releases. Absorption measurements are often made such that the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the source passes through the wavelength-limiting device and impinges on the physical catalyst sample held in the cell. When a white light beam passes through the material, a selected frequency is absorbed from the beam. Electromagnetic radiation that is not absorbed by the physical catalyst passes through the cell and reaches the detector. If the remaining beam is spread in the spectrum, the absorbed frequency is shown as a dark line in the continuous spectrum. The positions of these dark lines correspond exactly to the positions of the lines in the emission spectrum of the same molecule or atom. Emission and absorption spectrometers are available through normal commercial routes.

In 1885, Ballmer, hydrogen, has the following simple formula:
1 / λ = R (1/2 ² -1 / m ² )
[Where λ is the wavelength, R is the Reed-Beri constant, and m is an integer greater than or equal to 3 (eg, 3, 4 or 5 etc.)] in the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum It has been found to vibrate at frequency and generate energy. Subsequently, Reedbury's equation is as follows:
1 / λ = R (1 / n ² -1 / m ² )
[Where n is an integer greater than 1 and m is an integer greater than n + 1], can be adapted to yield all wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum by changing 1/2 ² to 1 / n ² I discovered that. Thus, for every different number n, the result is a series of numbers for the wavelength and assigned to each such series from which many chemist names are obtained. For example, if n = 2 and m ≧ 3, the energy is in the visible light spectrum and the series is referred to as the Balmer series. The Lyman series is present in the ultraviolet spectrum when n = 1, and the Paschen series is present in the ultraviolet spectrum when n = 3.

  In the prior art, energy level diagrams were the primary means used to describe the energy level in hydrogen atoms (see FIGS. 7a and 7b).

After determining the magnetic spectral pattern of the desired catalyst (eg, physical catalyst), the catalytic spectral pattern can be at least partially overlapped and applied to the cell reaction system. For example, any generator of one or more frequencies within an acceptable approximate range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies may be used in the present invention. For example, if one or more frequencies in a spectrum pattern (or spectrum conditioning pattern) overlap, it is not necessary to overlap that frequency exactly. For example, the effect achieved with a frequency of 1,000 THz can also be achieved with a frequency very close to it, such as 1,001 or 999 THz. Thus, there will also be ranges above and below the individual exact frequencies that catalyze the reaction. In particular, FIG. 12 shows a typical bell curve “B” distribution of frequencies near the desired frequency f ₀ , where it does not correspond exactly to f ₀ , but the frequency f to achieve the desired effect. Desired frequencies sufficiently close to ₀ may be applied, for example those frequencies between frequencies in the range of f ₁ and frequencies in the range of f ₂ . Note that f ₁ and f ₂ correspond to about 1/2 of the maximum amplitude a _max of curve “B”. Thus, it should be understood that the term “frequency”, “exact” or specific or similar, has this meaning when used. Furthermore, harmony of spectral catalysts (or spectral conditioning catalysts) above and below the correct spectral catalyst frequency (or spectral conditioning catalyst frequency) will cause resonance with the correct frequency and catalyze the reaction. Finally, rather than using the exact frequency itself, it is possible to catalyze the reaction by overlapping one or more mechanisms of action of the exact frequency. For example, platinum catalyzes, in part, the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen by stimulating hydroxyl groups at that frequency of approximately 1,060 THz. The desired reaction can also be catalyzed by stimulating the hydroxyl group with its microwave frequency, thereby duplicating the mechanism of action of platinum.

  The electromagnetic radiation-radiation source should have the following characteristics: high intensity desired wavelength; long lifetime; stability; and the ability to emit electromagnetic energy in a pulsed and / or continuous manner. Furthermore, in certain overall reaction systems, it is desirable for the emitted electromagnetic energy to be able to be directed to an appropriate point (or region) within at least a portion of the battery reaction system. Suitable techniques include optical waveguides, engineering fibers, etc.

  Irradiation sources include arc lamps such as xenon-arc, hydrogen and deuterium, krypton-arc, high pressure mercury, platinum, silver; plasma arc discharge lamps such as As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Hg, K, Na, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl and Zn; hollow cathode lamps, single or multiple elements such as Cu, Pt and Ag; and solar and coherent electromagnetic energy radiation such as masers and lasers Including, but not limited to. A more complete list of irradiation sources is listed in Table D.

  A maser is a device that amplifies or generates electromagnetic energy waves with high stability and accuracy. Masers work on the same principle as lasers, but generate electromagnetic energy in the radio and microwave, rather than in the visible range of the spectrum. In the maser, electromagnetic energy is generated by a molecular transition between rotational energy levels.

  A laser is a powerful interfering photon source that produces a beam of light having the same frequency, phase and direction, ie, a beam of photons that also moves precisely. Thus, for example, a predetermined spectral pattern of the desired catalyst can be generated by a series or group of lasers that generate one or more required frequencies.

Any laser capable of emitting the necessary electromagnetic radiation having the frequency of the spectral energy donor can be used in the present invention. Lasers are available for use throughout most spectral ranges. They can be operated in either a continuous or pulsed manner. Lasers that emit lines and lasers that emit continuums can be used in the present invention. Sources include argon ion lasers, ruby lasers, nitrogen lasers, Nd: YAG lasers, oxygen dioxide lasers, carbon monoxide lasers and nitrous oxide-carbon dioxide lasers. In addition to the spectral lines emitted by the laser, several other lines can be obtained by addition or subtraction in the crystal of the frequency emitted by one laser or emitted by another laser. Devices that combine frequencies and can be used in the present invention include different frequency generators and total frequency mixers. Other lasers that can be used in the present invention include crystals such as Al ₂ O ₃ doped with Cr ³⁺ , Y ₃ Al ₅ O ₁₂ doped with Nd ³⁺ ; gases such as He—Ne, Kr− ions Including, but not limited to: glass, chemicals such as vibrationally excited HCL and HF; dyes such as rhodamine 6G in methanol; and semiconductor lasers such as Ga _1-x AlxAs. Many models can be tuned to different frequency ranges, thereby providing several different frequencies from one instrument and applying it to a crystallization cell reaction system (see example in Table 2). about).

  Interfering light from a single laser or series of lasers is simply focused or introduced into the region of the entire reaction system where the desired reaction occurs. The photogen should be close enough to avoid “dead space” where light does not reach the desired region in the entire reaction system, but is not sufficient to assume perfect incident light absorption. Since ultraviolet sources generate heat, such sources need to be cooled to maintain effective operation. The subsequent irradiation times that cause the excitation of one or more components in the cell reaction system can be adjusted for each individual reaction: some short period for a continuous reaction with large surface exposure to the light source; Or long light-contact time for other systems. Further, the exposure time and energy amplitude or intensity can be controlled depending on the desired effect (eg, altered energy dynamics, ionization, bond breaking, etc.).

The purpose of the present invention is to apply at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) determined and calculated, for example, by waveform analysis of the spectral pattern of the reactants and reaction products, Providing a spectral energy pattern (eg, a spectral pattern of electromagnetic energy) to one or more reactants in a battery reaction system. Thus, in the case of a spectral catalyst, the calculated electromagnetic pattern will be a spectral pattern or will act as a spectral catalyst to obtain a preferred reaction path and / or preferred reaction rate. In a basic relationship, the spectroscopic data for the identified substance is used to perform simple waveform calculations to arrive at the correct electromagnetic energy frequency or combination of frequencies needed to catalyze the reaction. obtain. In a simple relationship:
A → B
Substance A = 50Hz and Substance B = 80Hz
80Hz-50Hz = 30Hz:
Therefore, substance A + 30Hz → substance B.

  The spectral energy pattern (eg, spectral pattern) of both the reactants and the reaction product can be determined. In the case of a spectral catalyst, this can be achieved by the spectroscopic means mentioned above. Once the spectral pattern is determined within an appropriate set of environmental reaction conditions (eg, having a particular frequency or combination of frequencies), the spectral energy pattern (eg, electromagnetic conditioning spectrum) of the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst). Pattern) can be determined. Using spectral energy patterns (eg, spectral patterns) of the reactants and reaction products, waveform analysis calculations can determine the energy difference between the reactants and reaction products, and spectral energy catalysts (eg, At least a portion of the calculated spectral energy pattern (e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) in the form of a spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) of the spectral catalyst causes the desired reaction tracking along the desired reaction path. Therefore, it can be applied to a desired reaction in a battery reaction system. The specific frequency of the calculated spectral energy pattern (eg, spectral pattern) corresponding to the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) affects the desired reaction pathway and cell reaction to initiate it. It will provide the necessary energy input during the desired reaction in the system.

  For example, the implementation of waveform analysis calculations to reach the correct electromagnetic energy frequency can be accomplished by using complex algebra, ie, the Fourier transform or Wavelet Transforms, supplied under the trademark Mathematica and by Wolfram, Co. . Only a portion of the calculated spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) may be sufficient to catalyze the reaction, or a substantially complete spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) may be suitable for a particular environment. Can be applied depending on.

  Further, at least a portion of the spectral energy pattern (eg, the required spectral catalyst electromagnetic pattern) can be generated and applied to the cell reaction system by the electromagnetic radiation source as defined and described above.

Another object of the invention is that of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g., spectral conditioning catalyst) determined and calculated, for example, by waveform analysis of the adjustable participant and the spectral pattern of the adjusted participant. Providing a spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, a spectral conditioning pattern of electromagnetic energy) to one or more conditioning participants in a conditioning cell reaction system by applying at least some (or substantially all) . Thus, in the case of a spectral conditioning catalyst, when the calculated electromagnetic conditioning pattern is applied to a tunable participant, it acts as a spectral catalyst in the conditioned participant's battery reaction system, and the preferred reaction path in the battery reaction system and It will be possible to produce a favorable reaction rate. In a basic relationship, the spectroscopic data for the identified substance is used to perform simple waveform calculations to arrive at the correct electromagnetic energy frequency or combination of frequencies needed to catalyze the reaction. obtain. In a simple relationship:
A → B
Adjustable substance A = 50Hz and adjusted substance B = 80Hz
80Hz-50Hz = 30Hz:
Therefore, substance A + 30Hz → substance B.

  Spectral energy conditioning patterns (eg, spectral conditioning patterns) of both tunable participants and tuned products can be determined. In the case of a spectral conditioning catalyst, this can be achieved by the previously mentioned spectroscopic means. Once the spectral pattern is determined within an appropriate set of environmental reaction conditioning conditions (eg, having a particular frequency or combination of frequencies), the spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) of the spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) Electromagnetic spectrum conditioning pattern) can be determined. Using a tunable participant and the spectral energy conditioning pattern of the tuned participant (eg, a spectral conditioning pattern), a waveform analysis calculation can determine the energy difference between the reactant and the reaction product, And at least a portion of the calculated spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, electromagnetic spectral conditioning pattern) in the form of a spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, spectral conditioning pattern) of a spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) is adjusted Once the introduced participants are introduced into the battery reaction system, the conditioning battery reaction is continued to effect the desired reaction in the battery reaction system. May be applied to the participant can be adjusted desired in the system. The specific frequency of the calculated spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, spectral conditioning pattern) corresponding to the spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) required to form the tuned participant is desired In order to influence and initiate the reaction pathway, it will provide the necessary energy input during the desired reaction in the cell reaction system.

  For example, the implementation of waveform analysis calculations to reach the correct electromagnetic energy frequency can be accomplished by using complex algebra, ie, the Fourier transform or Wavelet Transforms, supplied under the trademark Mathematica and by Wolfram, Co. . Only a portion of the calculated spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) used to form the tuned participant may be sufficient to catalyze the reaction, or tuned participant The substantially complete spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) used to form the can be applied depending on the particular environment.

  Further, at least a portion of the spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, the required electromagnetic spectrum of the spectral catalyst) can be generated and applied to the conditioning battery reaction system by the electromagnetic radiation source as defined and described above. .

Specific physical catalysts that can be replaced or augmented by tuned participants in the present invention include any solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma catalyst having either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic activity. can do. A homogeneous physical catalyst is defined as a catalyst whose molecules are dispersed in the same phase as the reactive chemical. A heterogeneous physical catalyst is defined as a catalyst whose molecules do not exist in the same phase as the reactive chemical. In addition, enzymes that are considered biological catalysts are encompassed by the present invention. Some examples of physical catalysts that can be substituted or enhanced include elemental and molecular catalysts, such as metals such as silver, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iron; reactive metal oxides and sulfides, For example _{Ni0 2, Zn), MgO,} Bi 2 0 3 / Mo0 3, TiO 2, SrTiO 3, CdS, CdSe, SiC, GaP, Wo 2 and MgO 3; copper sulfate; insulating oxide such as Al ₂ O _3, SiO ₂ and MgO; and Ziegler-Natta catalysts such as, but not limited to, titanium tetrachloride and trialkylaluminum.

III. Targeting :
The frequency and wave nature of energy has been discussed herein. Further, Section I entitled “Wave Energy” disclosed the concept of various possible interactions between different waves. The general concepts of “targeting”, “direct resonance targeting”, “harmonic targeting” and “nonharmonic heterodyne targeting” (all defined terms in this document) Based on.

  Targeting generally involves a spectral energy donor (e.g., spectral energy catalyst, spectral catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern, catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral environmental condition and the desired reaction in a battery reaction system). Applied spectral energy pattern) has been defined. Application of those types of energy to the desired reaction can result in an interaction between the applied spectral energy donor and the material (including all of its components) in the cell reaction system. This targeting can result in at least one direct resonance, harmonic resonance and / or anharmonic heterodyne resonance with at least a portion of the cell reaction system, such as at least one substance. In the present invention, targeting is generally the substance (or its) to achieve a particular desired result (eg, a desired reaction product and / or a desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate). It should be understood as a means of applying a particular spectral energy donor (eg, a spectral energy pattern) to another entity comprising any component. Furthermore, the present invention provides techniques for achieving such desired results without, for example, the production of desired transients, intermediates, activated complexes and / or reaction products. In this regard, there are some limited prior art techniques that apply certain forms of energy (discussed previously) to various reactions. Their constant form of energy has been limited to direct and harmonic resonances along with some electronic and / or vibrational frequencies of some reactants. Those limited forms of energy used by the prior art were due to the fact that the prior art lacks the spectral energy mechanism and proper understanding disclosed herein. In addition, at least some undesired intermediates, transients, activated complexes and / or reaction products have formed and / or a suboptimal reaction rate for the desired reaction pathway has occurred. Often in the prior art. The present invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by specifically targeting different forms of material (and / or its components) in the battery reaction system, for example by the applied spectral energy pattern. To date, such selective targeting of the present invention has never been disclosed or proposed. In particular, at best, the prior art provides identification of a single spectral catalyst frequency, but such an approach is very expensive and time consuming, for random, test and error or feedback analysis. Nor is it mentioned that it has been reduced to use and cannot be substantially regenerated under a slightly different set of reaction conditions. Such tests and errors to determine the appropriate catalyst also have the added disadvantage that once a particular catalyst is identified, that catalyst survives without its intended meaning. If it is desired to modify a reaction, eg, a simple reaction, using size and shape, another test and error analysis becomes necessary rather than the simple and quick calculations provided by the techniques of the present invention.

  Thus, when the term “targeting” is used herein, targeting does not correspond to an unordered energy band applied to battery reaction systems; but rather, well defined and targeted, Corresponding to the applied spectral energy pattern, it is understood that each of them has a specific desired purpose in the reaction path, for example to achieve the desired result and / or the desired result at the desired reaction rate. Should be.

IV. Conditioning targeting :
Conditioning targeting generally forms at least one regulated participant before a regulated participant that becomes involved (eg, introduced and / or activated) in the battery reaction system. Spectral energy conditioning donors (eg, spectral energy conditioning catalyst, spectral conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning pattern, catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, catalytic spectral conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning environment to participants that can be adjusted to Reaction conditions and applied spectral energy conditioning patterns). The application of those types of conditioning to the participants that can be tuned to form a tuned participant prior to the conditioned participant being introduced into the battery reaction system, Components (including all of its components) in can interact with each other so that the conditioned material initiates the desired reaction pathway and / or the desired reaction rate in the cell reaction system, And / or can be directed. This conditioning targeting is at least a portion of the participant (in any form) that can be tuned to form a conditioned participant that is subsequently introduced into or activated in the cell reaction system. For example, at least one direct conditioning resonance, harmonic conditioning resonance, and / or anharmonic conditioning heterodyne resonance can be provided with at least one form. In the present invention, conditioning targeting is generally desired to achieve a particular desired result (eg, for a conditioned substance introduced into a cell reaction system, a desired reaction product, and / or Or another tunable entity comprising a tunable substance (or any component thereof) to ultimately achieve a desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate in a battery reaction system In particular, it should be understood to mean applying a particular spectral energy conditioning donor (eg, a spectral energy conditioning pattern). The introduction into the cell reaction system should not be construed to mean only the physical introduction of the conditioned participants conditioned in the conditioning reaction vessel, but also the tunable participants are in the reaction vessel It can be tuned in-situ (or the reaction vessel itself can be tuned), and then the cell reaction system can be initiated, activated, or tuned (eg, when conditioned participants are present in the reaction vessel) , Starting with the application of temperature, pressure, etc.). Thus, the present invention provides such desired results by using tailored participants, for example, without the production of unwanted temperature bodies, intermediates, activated complexes and / or reaction products. Provide techniques to achieve this. In this regard, there are some limited prior art techniques that directly apply some form of energy to the battery reaction system. Those certain forms of energy applied directly to the cell reaction system are limited to direct and harmonic resonances along with some electronic and / or vibrational frequencies of some reactants in the cell reaction system. I came. Those limited forms of energy used by the prior art were due to the fact that the prior art lacks the spectral energy mechanism and proper understanding disclosed herein.

  In addition, at least some undesired intermediates, transients, activated complexes and / or reaction products have formed and / or a suboptimal reaction rate for the desired reaction pathway has occurred. Often in the prior art. The present invention specifically targets various forms of tunable substances (and / or their components) to form conditioned substances before the conditioned substances involved in reactions in battery reaction systems. To overcome the limitations of the prior art. To date, such selective targeting of the present invention has never been disclosed or proposed. In particular, at best, the prior art provides identification of a single spectral energy conditioning donor, but such an approach is very expensive and time consuming, random, test and error or feedback type A tunable participant that is reduced to the use of analysis, does not mention that it cannot be substantially regenerated under a slightly different set of reaction conditions, and further results in being involved in a battery reaction system Nor does it mention the simplicity of applying tunable energy. Such testing and error techniques for determining an appropriate conditioning donor also add to the added disadvantage that once a particular conditioning participant that acts is identified, the catalyst remains without its intended meaning. Have If it is desired to modify a reaction, eg, a simple reaction, using size and shape, another test and error analysis becomes necessary rather than the simple and quick calculations provided by the techniques of the present invention.

  Thus, as the term “conditioning targeting” is used herein, conditioning targeting applies to participants that can be tuned to form a tuned participant that becomes involved in the battery reaction system. Does not correspond to the undisciplined energy bands that are made; but rather, corresponds to well-defined, targeted and applied spectral energy conditioning patterns, each of which is used to form a coordinated participant Have a specific desired purpose, so that the tuned participants allow the desired reaction pathway to be traced and / or desired in the battery reaction system and / or desired at the desired reaction rate It should be understood that results can be achieved. Those results can cause favorable behavior of the conditioned material when such conditioned material is activated or initiated in the battery reaction system, or can be conditioned participant substances in the conditioning targeted polymorphism Including conditioning to target a single form of a regulatable participant substance to form a tuned substance that causes the achievement of the desired results.

V. Environmental reaction conditions :
Environmental reaction conditions are important to understand because they have a positive or negative impact on the reaction pathway in the battery reaction system. Conventional environmental reaction conditions include temperature, pressure, catalyst surface area, catalyst size and shape, solvent, support material, poison, promoter, concentration, electromagnetic radiation, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical force, sound field, reaction vessel size, shape And compositions, combinations thereof, and the like.

The following reaction can be used to discuss the effects of environmental reaction conditions that need to be considered to cause the reaction to proceed along the simple reaction pathway disclosed below:
C
A → B
In particular, in some cases, reactant A is present in the presence of any catalyst C, provided that the environmental reaction conditions in the cell reaction system do not include a certain maximum or maximum conditions of environmental reaction conditions, such as pressure and / or temperature. Under no reaction product B will be formed. In this regard, many reactions will not occur in the presence of a physical catalyst unless the environmental reaction conditions include, for example, elevated temperature and / or elevated pressure. In the present invention, such environmental reaction conditions should be considered when applying certain spectral energy catalysts (eg, spectral catalysts). Many specific and various environmental reaction conditions are discussed in more detail in the section entitled “Description of Preferred Embodiments”.

VI. Conditioning environmental reaction conditions :
Conditioning environmental reaction conditions also have a positive or negative impact on the energy dynamics and conditioning of the participants that they can also tune, and the conditioned participants are introduced into the cell reaction system, or When activated there, ultimately, different reaction pathways can be derived in the battery reaction system, which is important for understanding. The same conventional environmental reaction conditions listed above: temperature, pressure, catalyst surface area, catalyst size and shape, solvent, support material, poison, promoter, concentration, electromagnetic radiation, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical force, sound field, The size, shape, and composition of reaction vessels, and combinations thereof, etc. apply here.

  In the present invention, such conditioning environmental reaction conditions should be considered when applying a particular spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, a spectral conditioning catalyst) to a tunable participant. Those considerations similar to the environmental considerations discussed above need to be taken into account when coordinated participants are introduced into the cell reaction system. Many specific different environmental and / or conditioning environmental reaction conditions are discussed in more detail in the section entitled “Description of Preferred Embodiments”.

VII. Spectral environmental reaction conditions :
If it is known that a certain reaction path does not occur in the cell reaction system (or does not occur at the desired rate), certain minimum or maximum environmental reaction conditions (eg, temperature and / or pressure are increased) If no is present, the presence of the catalyst can also be applied to the battery reaction system, or additional frequencies or combinations thereof (ie, the applied spectral energy pattern). In this regard, spectral environmental reaction conditions are applied in place of, or in addition to, those environmental reaction conditions that exist or need to exist naturally, depending on the desired reaction pathway and / or desired subsequent reaction rate. Can be done. Environmental reaction conditions that can be measured or replaced by spectral environmental reaction conditions include, for example, temperature, pressure, catalyst surface area, catalyst size and shape, solvent, support material, poison, promoter, concentration, electric field, magnetic field, etc. Is included.

  In addition, a specific frequency or combination of frequencies and / or fields that can generate one or more spectral environmental reaction conditions generate an applied spectral energy pattern that can be concentrated in a specific region in the battery reaction system. Can be combined with one or more spectral energy catalysts and / or spectral catalysts. Thus, it should be considered what specific frequencies or combinations of frequencies and / or fields are desired to be combined (or replaced) with various environmental reaction conditions.

  Further, the field that generates a particular frequency or combination of frequencies and / or one or more spectral environmental reaction conditions can be combined with an applied spectral energy pattern that can be focused on a particular region in the battery reaction system. Thus, various considerations can make which particular frequency or combination of frequencies and / or fields combine (or replace) with various environmental reaction conditions.

  As an example in a simple reaction, the first reactant “A” has a frequency or simple spectral pattern of 3 THz, and the second reactant “B” has a frequency or simple spectral pattern of 7 THz. No reaction takes place at room temperature. However, when reactants A and B are exposed to high temperatures, their frequency, or simple spectral pattern, moves to 5 THz. Since their frequencies match, they transfer energy and a reaction occurs. By applying a frequency of 2 THz at room temperature, the applied 2 THz frequency is heterodyned with a 3 THz pattern to yield 1 THz and 5 THz heterodyne frequencies; however, the applied frequency of 2 THz is 7 THz of reactant “B” Heterodyne with the spectral pattern and result in 5 THz and 9 THz heterodyned frequencies in reactant “B”. Thus, a 5 THz heterodyne frequency is generated at room temperature in each of the reactants “A” and “B”. Thus, the frequencies in each of the reactants are matched and thus energy can be transferred between the reactants “A” and “B”. If energy can be transferred between such reactants, all desired reactions along the reaction path can be achieved. However, in some reactions, only some desired reactions along the reaction path can be achieved by applying a single frequency. In those cases, additional frequencies and / or fields are applied to result in the formation of all desired, for example, all required intermediates and / or transients along the adapted reaction path. There is a need.

  Thus, by applying a frequency, or frequency and / or field (ie, creating an applied spectral energy pattern) that corresponds to at least one spectral environmental reaction condition, in some cases a broad spectral energy pattern Spectral energy patterns (eg, reactants, intermediates, transients, catalysts, etc.) that can produce (eg, broad spectral patterns) or otherwise narrow spectral energy patterns (eg, spectral patterns) are effective. Can be modified. Such wide or narrow spectral energy patterns (eg, spectral patterns) can correspond to wide or narrow line widths in the spectral energy patterns (eg, spectral patterns). As mentioned throughout this specification, energy is transferred when the frequencies match. In this particular embodiment, the frequency can be caused to fit by broadening the spectral pattern of one or more participants in the battery reaction system. For example, as will be discussed later in more detail herein, application of temperature to a cell reaction system typically results in an expansion of one or more spectral patterns of one or more reactants in the cell reaction system. cause. It is this expansion of the spectral pattern that can cause the spectral pattern overlap of one or more reactants. Spectral pattern overlap can cause frequency adaptation and thus energy transfer. A reaction occurs when energy is transferred. The range of reactions that occur includes all those reactions along any particular reaction pathway. Thus, the expansion of the spectral pattern can result in, for example, formation of reaction products, formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of reaction intermediates and / or transients, catalytic frequency, poisons, promoters, and the like. All environmental reaction conditions discussed in detail in the section entitled “Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments” may be mimicked at least in part in the battery reaction system by application of spectral environmental reaction conditions.

  Similarly, the spectral patterns can be caused to become non-overlapping by changing at least one spectral environmental reaction condition and thus changing the applied spectral energy pattern. In this case, no energy is transferred (or the rate at which energy is transferred can be reduced) and no reaction will occur (or the reaction rate may be slowed).

  Finally, by controlling the spectral environmental reaction conditions, the energy dynamics within the overall reaction system can be controlled. For example, with a first spectral environmental reaction condition, the first set of frequencies is matched, and thus energy can be transferred at the first set of energy levels and types. If the spectral environmental reaction conditions are changed, the second set of frequencies will adapt, resulting in energy transfer at different levels or types.

  Spectral environmental reaction conditions can be used to initiate and / or stop the reaction in the reaction pathway. Thus, certain reactions can be started, stopped, delayed, and / or accelerated by applying different spectral environmental reaction conditions at different times and / or at different intensities during the reaction. Can be. Thus, the spectral environmental reaction conditions can positively or negatively affect the reaction path and / or reaction rate in the battery reaction system.

XIII. Spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions :
Similarly, consideration of spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions applies in a similar manner in this section. In particular, if it is known that constant conditioning of a conditioned participant does not occur in the cell reaction system (or does not occur at the desired rate), certain minimum or maximum conditioning environmental reaction conditions (e.g. In the absence of temperature and / or pressure), the presence of catalyst can also be applied to participants whose additional frequencies or combinations thereof (ie applied spectral energy conditioning patterns) can be adjusted. In this regard, the spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions are those that exist or need to exist for the desired conditioning of the tunable participants that occur (ie, form the desired tuned participants). Can be applied in place of the conditioning environment reaction conditions or in the supplement. Conditioning environmental reaction conditions that can be supplemented by or replaced by spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions include, for example, temperature, pressure, catalyst surface area, catalyst size and shape, solvent, support material, poison, promoter, concentration, electric field, magnetic field. , Etc.

  In addition, a specific frequency or combination of frequencies and / or fields that can generate one or more spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions can be concentrated in a specific region in the battery reaction system. Can be combined with one or more spectral energy conditioning catalysts and / or spectral conditioning catalysts. Thus, it should be considered what specific frequencies or combinations of frequencies and / or fields are desired to be combined (or replaced) with various conditioning environmental reaction conditions.

  Thus, by applying a frequency, or frequency and / or field (ie, creating an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) that corresponds to at least one spectral environmental conditioning reaction condition, in some cases a broad spectrum The spectral energy conditioning pattern of an adjustable participant can be effectively modified, which can result in an energy conditioning pattern (eg, a broad spectral conditioning pattern), or in other cases, a narrow spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, a spectral conditioning pattern). obtain. Such a wide or narrow spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, a spectral conditioning pattern) can correspond to a wide or narrow line width in a spectral conditioning energy pattern (eg, a spectral conditioning pattern). As mentioned throughout this specification, energy is transferred when the frequencies match. In this particular embodiment, the frequency can be induced by broadening the spectral conditioning pattern of one or more participants in the overall reaction system. For example, as discussed later in more detail herein, the application of temperature to a conditioned cell reaction system typically involves one or more spectral conditioning of one or more tunable participants in the cell reaction system. Causes pattern expansion. It is this extension of the spectral conditioning pattern that can cause the overlap of one or more component spectral conditioning patterns in the conditioning cell reaction system. Spectral conditioning pattern overlap can cause frequency adaptation and thus tuned participant transitions. The same tunable participants can be tuned with different spectral energy patterns or amounts to yield tuned participants with different energy dynamics (eg, activated electron level vs. activated rotation). The range of reactions that occur includes all those reactions along any particular reaction pathway when conditioned participants are introduced into the cell reaction system. Thus, the expansion of the spectral conditioning pattern in the tuned participants may include, for example, formation of reaction products, formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of reaction intermediates and / or transients in battery reaction systems, catalyst frequencies, toxicants , Promoters, etc. All environmental reaction conditions discussed in detail in the section entitled “Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments” can be mimicked at least in part in the conditioning cell reaction system by the application of spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions.

  Spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions can be used to initiate, direct, include, and / or properly condition an adjustable participant, so that the adjusted participant is a reaction or reaction pathway in a battery reaction system. Can be stopped. Thus, certain reactions apply different spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions to the tunable participants, and the tuned participants are allowed to react at different times and / or different intensities during the reaction. By introducing in, it can be started, stopped, delayed and / or accelerated in the battery reaction system. Thus, the spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions can positively or negatively affect the reaction pathway and / or reaction rate in the battery reaction system by providing different spectral energy patterns to one or more tuned participants. it can.

IX. Planning of physical and spectral catalysts :
Furthermore, rather than applying the desired spectral energy pattern, eg, the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) itself, to plan (eg, calculate or determine) the desired spectral pattern for the spectral energy catalyst. By using the above technique, for example, the designed spectral pattern can be used to plan an optimal physical and / or spectral catalyst that can be used in a battery reaction system to obtain a specific result, and / or Can be used to determine. Furthermore, the present invention can provide a formulation for physical / or spectral catalysts for certain reactions where no catalyst is present. For example,
A → I → B
Where A = reactant, B = product and I = known intermediate, and in the absence of a known catalyst, it resonates with intermediate “T”, thereby causing one or more reaction products. Physical or spectral catalysts that catalyze the formation of can be envisaged.

  As a first step, the known spectral pattern for the existing material is determined in order to determine whether there is a similarity between the planned spectral pattern and the spectral pattern of the known material. Can be compared. If the planned spectral pattern is at least partially compatible with the spectral pattern of the known material, the known material as a physical catalyst is used to obtain the desired reaction and / or the desired reaction path or rate in the battery reaction system. It is possible to use. In this regard, it is desirable to use known materials alone or in combination with spectral energy catalysts and / or spectral catalysts. Furthermore, environmental reaction conditions and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions can be used to cause the behavior of known materials in a manner closer to the planned energy pattern or spectral pattern. Furthermore, the application of different spectral energy patterns can cause different behaviors of the planned catalyst, e.g., promoting the first reaction path by applying the first spectral energy pattern, and The application of a second spectral energy pattern facilitates the second reaction path. Similarly, changing one or more environmental reaction conditions has a similar effect.

  Furthermore, this designed catalyst is applicable to all types of reactions, including but not limited to chemical (organic and inorganic), biological, physical, energy reactions, and the like.

  Further, in certain cases, one or more physical species are suitable to obtain a physical catalyst material that exhibits a spectral energy pattern (eg, a spectral pattern) that is properly designed to achieve the desired reaction pathway. Can be used or combined in various aspects, such as physical mixing. Thus, a planned catalyst (eg, a physical catalyst that is known or manufactured to function as a physical catalyst), a spectral energy catalyst, and / or a combination of spectral catalysts may form the desired reaction product, And / or can provide an energy pattern (eg, in this case, which can be a combination of physical and / or spectral catalysts) that aids in the progress of the desired reaction pathway at the desired reaction rate. In this regard, spectral energy patterns and / or various linewidth broadening and / or narrowing of the spectral patterns can occur when the planned catalyst is combined with various spectral energy patterns and / or spectral patterns.

  When calculating or determining a suitable planned catalyst, it is important to consider the energy interaction between all components involved in the desired reaction in the cell reaction system. There will be a specific combination of specific energy patterns (eg, electromagnetic energy) that will interact with the planned catalyst to form an applied spectral energy pattern. For example, the particular frequency of electromagnetic radiation that should be caused to be applied to the battery reaction system, when interacting with the planned catalyst frequency, has the desired effect on one or more participants in the battery reaction system. It should be possible to have as many of those frequencies as possible and eliminate as many of those frequencies as possible, which will cause undesirable effects in the cell reaction system.

X. Planning of participants that can be adjusted :
Further, rather than applying the desired spectral energy pattern, eg, the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) itself, to plan the desired spectral pattern for the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) (eg, By using the above technique, for example, the planned spectral pattern can be calculated when the adjusted participants are introduced into the cell reaction system or activated there. It can be achieved in a conditioned participant that can function as an optimal physical and / or spectral catalyst that can be used in a battery reaction system (eg, roughly conditioned tunable participant). Furthermore, the present invention can provide a formulation for tailored physical participants for a particular reaction in which no catalyst is present. For example,
A → I → B
Where in A = reactant, B = product and I = known intermediate, and in the absence of a known catalyst, the intermediate “ Tunable physical participants that resonate with T ″ can be tuned. Thus, the tuned physical participant can catalyze the reaction when the tuned physical participant is introduced into the cell reaction system.

  As a first step, the desired spectral pattern to resonate with the intermediate “T” determines if there is a similarity between the planned spectral pattern and the spectral pattern of the known tunable material Thus, it can be compared to a known spectral pattern for the tunable material present. Adjust the known tunable material to form a tuned material that will function as a physical catalyst in the battery reaction system if the planned spectral pattern matches at least in part to the spectral pattern of the known tunable material Is possible. In this regard, it is desirable to use the conditioned material alone or in combination with a spectral energy catalyst and / or a spectral catalyst in a battery reaction system. Furthermore, environmental reaction conditions and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions can be used to cause the behavior of the tuned material in a manner that is closer to the desired energy pattern or spectral pattern required in the battery reaction system. is there. Further, the application of different spectral energy patterns can cause different behavior of the tuned material, such as the first spectral energy pattern when the tuned material is introduced into the cell reaction system. The first reaction pathway is facilitated by the application of and the second reaction pathway is facilitated by the application of the second spectral energy pattern. Similarly, changing one or more environmental reaction conditions has a similar effect. Thus, the various phases, compositions, products, etc. simply change the spectral energy conditioning pattern exposed to the tunable participants before the tunable participants introduced into the battery reaction system as tuned participants. By modification, it can be achieved from the same or similar battery reaction system. In addition, various desired results are introduced in the battery reaction system with the conditioned participants, and then various spectral energy patterns and / or spectral patterns are introduced into the battery reaction system with the tuned participants. Can occur if

  Furthermore, this planned coordinated participant applies to all types of reactions, including but not limited to chemistry (organic and inorganic), biological, physical, energy reactions, etc. it can.

  Further, in certain cases, one or more physical species, once the conditioned material has been introduced into the cell reaction system, a spectral energy tuned pattern (if appropriately designed to achieve the desired reaction pathway) For example, it can be used or combined in any suitable manner, such as physical mixing, to obtain a physically tunable material that exhibits a properly tuned). Thus, planned tunable participants (eg, physically tunable materials that are known or manufactured to function as physical catalysts when properly targeted by conditioning energy), spectral energy conditioning catalysts And / or a combination of spectral conditioning catalysts can assist in the formation of the desired reaction product and / or the progression of the desired reaction path at the desired reaction rate when the conditioned material is introduced into the cell reaction system. An energy pattern (eg, in this case may be a combination of physical and / or spectral catalysts). In this regard, spectral energy patterns and / or various linewidth broadening and / or narrowing of the spectral pattern can be designed to produce various tunable participants in order to form a tuned participant. This can occur when combined with patterns and / or spectral conditioning patterns.

  When calculating or determining the appropriate tunable participants planned, it is important to consider the energy interaction between all components of the overall reaction system. Identification of a specific energy pattern (eg, electromagnetic energy) that will interact with the tuned participant to provide an applied spectral energy pattern when the tuned participant is introduced into the cell reaction system There will be a combination of For example, the particular frequency of electromagnetic radiation that should be caused to be applied to a conditioning cell reaction system can have the desired effect in the cell reaction system when a conditioned participant is introduced therein, When interacting with tunable participant frequencies, there should be as many of those frequencies as possible, and as many of those frequencies as possible leading to undesirable effects in the cell reaction system should be eliminated.

XI. Objects of the present invention :
All of the above information disclosing the present invention should provide an understanding of the main aspects of the present invention. However, for a further understanding of the invention, the invention will now be discussed with respect to some of the representative objectives or goals to be achieved.

  1. One object of the present invention is in the form of a spectral catalyst having at least one electromagnetic energy frequency capable of initiating, activating and / or influencing at least one of the participants involved in the battery reaction system. Controlling or directing reaction pathways in battery reaction systems by applying spectral energy patterns.

2. Another object of the present invention is to
At least part of the spectral pattern of a known physical catalyst (eg present in or near at least part of an electrode and / or electrolyte) to form a catalyst spectral pattern (eg of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst) At least one frequency); and applying at least a portion of the catalyst spectral pattern to at least a portion of the cell reaction system to replace a known physical catalyst in the cell reaction system, To provide an effective, selective and economic method.

3. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
Overlapping at least one frequency of the physical catalyst spectral pattern with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and to catalyze the formation of a reaction product in a desired portion of the cell reaction system Physical catalyst in a cell reaction system having its own catalyst spectral pattern comprising applying at least one frequency of the catalyst spectral pattern to at least a portion of the cell reaction system with sufficient intensity and for a sufficient period of time It is to provide a method for augmenting. The at least one frequency is added to (1) a wave guide; (2) an optical fiber array; (3) at least a portion of an electrode and / or electrolyte in, or in or near a battery reaction system. (4) an electric field; (5) a magnetic field; (6) an acoustic field, and / or (7) at least one of the transducers.

4). Another object of the present invention is to
Overlapping at least a portion of the physical catalyst spectral pattern (eg, at least one frequency of the physical catalyst spectral pattern) to form a catalyst spectral pattern;
Applying at least a portion of the catalyst spectral pattern to a cell reaction system; and, when combined with the catalyst spectral pattern, applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern that forms an applied spectral energy pattern. To provide an effective, selective and economical method for replacing known physical catalysts in battery reaction systems.

5). Another object of the present invention is to
Determining the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
Overlapping at least one frequency of the physical spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
Applying at least one frequency of said catalytic spectral pattern to a battery reaction system; and applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral energy pattern; A method for replacing a physical catalyst in a system is provided, wherein the applied energy pattern is strong enough and for a sufficient period to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in a cell reaction system. Applied.

6). Another object of the present invention is to
Overlapping at least a portion of the physical catalyst spectral pattern (eg, at least one frequency of the physical catalyst spectral pattern) with at least one energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
At least a portion of a catalyst spectral pattern (eg, a magnetic spectral pattern having a frequency range from radio frequency to ultraviolet frequency) with sufficient intensity and for a sufficient period to catalyze one or more specific reactions in a battery reaction system. Applying to a cell reaction system (eg, irradiation); and introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system, wherein the specific catalyst in the cell reaction system is enhanced by a spectral catalyst by enhancing the physical catalyst. To provide a method for influencing and / or directing the reaction pathway.

  The method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or during and / or after applying the catalyst spectrum and pattern to the cell reaction system.

7). Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient strength and for a sufficient time to catalyze a particular reaction in a cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system, It is to provide a method for influencing and / or directing a specific reaction path in a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst by enhancing the catalytic catalyst.

  The method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or during and / or after applying the spectral energy catalyst to the cell reaction system.

8). Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient strength and for a sufficient period to at least partially catalyze the desired cell reaction system;
Applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient strength and for a sufficient time to at least partially catalyze the desired cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system. It is to provide a method for influencing and / or directing specific reaction pathways in a cell reaction system with spectral catalysts and spectral energy catalysts by enhancing physical catalysts.

  The method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or during and / or after applying the spectral catalyst and / or spectral energy catalyst to the cell reaction system. Furthermore, the spectral catalyst and the spectral energy catalyst are applied simultaneously to form the applied spectral energy pattern, or they are the same as or when the physical catalyst is introduced into the cell reaction system. It can be applied continuously at different times.

9. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one spectral catalyst with sufficient strength and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the reaction pathway;
Applying at least one spectral energy catalyst with sufficient strength and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the reaction pathway;
Apply at least one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the reaction pathway, whereby the at least one spectral catalyst, the at least one spectral energy catalyst and / or at least one If any of the spectral environmental reaction conditions are applied at the same time, they form the applied spectral energy pattern; and the physical catalyst is transferred to the cell reaction system (eg, positive and / or negative and / or electrolyte). As desired for the cell reaction system depending on the spectrum catalyst and the spectral energy catalyst and the spectral environmental reaction conditions, with or without physical catalyst, comprising the step of introducing at least partly and / or in) How to influence and / or direct the reaction It is to provide.

  The method may be performed by introducing any one or any combination of spectral catalysts and / or spectral energy catalysts and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions into the cell reaction system. Similarly, the spectral catalyst and / or spectral energy catalyst and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions may be supplied continuously or intermittently.

10. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one applied spectral energy pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient time to catalyze a particular reaction in a battery reaction system, whereby the at least one applied spectral energy pattern is applied to the catalyst spectrum Comprising at least two members selected from the group consisting of: energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral catalyst, spectral energy catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral environmental reaction conditions and spectral pattern; and Providing a method for influencing and directing a battery reaction system by means of an applied spectral energy pattern and a spectral energy catalyst comprising applying to the reaction system Is Rukoto.

  The method may be performed by introducing a spectral energy pattern that is applied into the cell reaction system before and / or during and / or after application of the spectral energy catalyst to the cell reaction system. Furthermore, the spectral energy catalyst and the applied spectral energy pattern can be applied continuously or intermittently. When applied intermittently, a new applied spectral energy pattern is formed.

11. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining at least a portion of the spectral energy for the starting reactant in a particular reaction in the cell reaction system;
Determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for a reaction product in the particular reaction in the battery reaction system;
From the reactant and reaction product spectral energy patterns, an additive and / or subtractive spectral energy pattern (eg, at least one magnetic frequency) is used to determine the required spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst). Calculate
Generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst (eg, at least one magnetic frequency of the required spectral catalyst); and in order to form at least one desired reaction product Applying a spectral energy catalyst to the battery reaction system comprising: applying at least a portion of the spectral energy catalyst (eg, spectral catalyst) to a particular reaction in the battery reaction system (eg, irradiation with magnetic energy). To provide a way to influence and / or direct it.

12． Another object of the present invention is to
At least one in the cell reaction system with at least one spectral energy catalyst to cause the formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate, resulting in the desired reaction product. To provide a method for influencing and / or directing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising targeting one participant.

13. Another object of the present invention is to
At least one spectrum with sufficient time and sufficient intensity to cause formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one transient and / or intermediate, resulting in the desired reaction product at the desired reaction rate Providing a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy pattern to produce at least one reaction product comprising applying an energy pattern.

14. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one applied spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in the cell reaction system; and causing formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one transient and / or intermediate, desired Applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to the battery reaction system to allow the battery reaction system to form a reaction product with the spectral energy catalyst and the at least one spectral environmental reaction condition. To provide a way to influence and direct it.

15． Another object of the present invention is to
At least one frequency (eg It is to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst to produce at least one reaction product comprising applying an electromagnetic).

16． Another object of the present invention is to
A sufficient number of frequencies (e.g. magnetic, e.g. magnetic) to stimulate the applied spectral energy pattern that stimulates all transients and / or intermediates required in the reaction pathway to yield the desired reaction product. And / or applying a field (eg, an electric field, a magnetic field, and / or a sound field) for catalyzing a cell reaction system with at least one spectral energy pattern that results in at least one reaction product Is to provide a method.

17． Another object of the present invention is to
Targeting at least one participant in the battery reaction system with at least one frequency and / or field to indirectly form at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate, thereby said at least one Spectral energy resulting in at least one reaction product, comprising forming one transient and / or at least one intermediate resulting in the formation of an additional at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate. It is to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a catalyst.

  18． Targeting at least one spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in the cell reaction system to indirectly form at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate, thereby said at least one By a spectral energy catalyst that results in at least one reaction product comprising the formation of a transient and / or at least one intermediate results in the formation of an additional at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system.

  19. A battery reaction system along a desired reaction path comprising applying at least one targeting approach selected from the group of approaches consisting of direct resonant targeting, harmonic targeting and anharmonic heterodyne targeting It is an additional object of the invention to provide a method for directing.

  In this regard, these targeting approaches may form and / or stimulate and / or stimulate at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate in at least a portion of the cell reaction system to yield the desired reaction product. Can cause stabilization.

  20． At least one participant in the battery reaction system and / or at least to cause formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate to yield the desired reaction product It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system comprising applying at least one frequency to one component, wherein the at least one frequency is Direct resonance frequency, harmonic resonance frequency, anharmonic heterodyne resonance frequency, electron frequency, vibration frequency, rotation frequency, rotation-vibration frequency, peristaltic frequency, translation frequency, turning frequency, microfission frequency, hyperfine fission frequency, electric field induction Frequency, magnetic field induced frequency, cyclotron resonance frequency, orbital frequency, high frequency and / or nuclear frequency Comprising at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of.

  In this regard, the applied frequency resonates with at least one participant and / or at least one component in the cell reaction system either directly, harmonically or by anharmonic heterodyne techniques, any desired. A combination of frequencies to be included.

  21. Spectral patterns of at least one other participant and / or at least one other component in the battery reaction system (eg, to allow energy transfer between at least two participants and / or components (eg, At least one frequency and / or field to cause at least partial overlap of the spectral energy pattern (eg, spectral pattern) of at least one participant and / or at least one component in the battery reaction system. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for directing a system along a desired reaction path according to a spectral energy pattern.

  twenty two. At least in the battery reaction system according to the spectral energy pattern of at least one other participant and / or component in the battery reaction system in order to allow resonance transfer of energy between the at least two participants and / or components. Applying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause at least partial overlap of spectral energy patterns of one participant and / or component, thereby causing formation of said at least one reaction product It is to provide a method for catalyzing a battery reaction system with a spectral energy pattern resulting in at least one reaction product.

  twenty three. In the battery reaction system to cause the occurrence of energy transfer resulting in the conversion (eg, chemical, physical, phase, property or other means) of at least one participant and / or at least one component in the battery reaction system. Applying at least one frequency and / or field to cause expansion of the spectral energy pattern (eg, spectral pattern) of at least one participant (eg, at least one reactant) and / or components. It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst that results in at least one reaction product.

  In this regard, the conversion can result in a reaction product that is of the chemical and / or physical or crystalline composition and / or phase of any starting reactant. Thus, only transients can be included in the conversion of reactants to reaction products.

  twenty four. The battery reaction to cause the occurrence of a resonance transfer of energy that results in a conversion (eg, chemical, physical, phase, property or other means) of at least one participant and / or at least one component in the battery reaction system. Applying an applied spectral energy pattern to cause an expansion of the spectral energy pattern (eg, spectral pattern) of at least one participant (eg, at least one reactant) and / or components in the system. It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst that results in at least one reaction product.

twenty five. Another object of the present invention is to
At least one spectral environmental reaction condition comprising: forming a battery reaction system; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct the battery reaction system along at least one desired reaction path To provide a method for controlling reactions and / or directing reaction pathways in battery reaction systems.

  In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reaction conditions can be used alone or in combination with other environmental reaction conditions to achieve the desired result. Furthermore, additional spectral energy patterns can also be applied simultaneously and / or continuously with other spectral environmental reaction conditions.

26. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining the required spectral pattern to obtain the desired reaction and / or desired reaction path and / or desired reaction rate; and a catalyst exhibiting a spectral pattern close to said required spectral pattern (e.g., Catalysts that have not previously existed to be used in battery reaction systems, including planning materials or combinations of materials and / or spectral energy catalysts) (eg, physical catalysts and / or It is to provide a method for planning a spectrum energy catalyst.

  In this regard, the planned catalyst material comprises a physical mixture of one or more materials and / or a plurality of materials combined by a suitable reaction. The planned material can be functionally enhanced by one or more spectral energy patterns that can also be applied to battery reaction systems. Furthermore, the application of different spectral energy patterns facilitates the first reaction path in different embodiments, for example by application of the first spectral energy pattern, and the second reaction path by application of the second spectral energy pattern. In promoting the above, the planned material behavior can be caused. Similarly, changing one or more environmental reaction conditions has a similar effect.

  Furthermore, this designed material applies to all types of reactions, such as but not limited to chemical (organic or inorganic), biological, physical, etc. reactions.

27. Another object of the present invention is to
Providing at least one control means for absorbing, filtering, trapping, reflecting, etc. the generated spectral energy;
Allowing the emission of the desired spectral energy from the control means and contacting at least a part of the battery reaction system with the emitted spectral energy; and the battery of the emitted spectral energy from the control means; Certain undesired effects from interacting with the battery reaction system comprising causing the desired interaction with the reaction system, thereby directing the battery reaction system along at least one desired reaction path It is to provide a method for controlling the reaction and / or directing the reaction path by interfering with at least part of the spectral energy.

  28. It should be understood in each of the aforementioned 27 objects of the present invention that the battery reaction system also desirably includes preventing the occurrence of certain reaction phenomena.

  29. One object of the present invention is to control or direct a reaction pathway in a battery reaction system with a tuned participant, and to at least one tunable participant a spectral energy conditioning pattern (eg, a spectrum conditioning catalyst). Generating the tuned participant by applying, wherein the tunable participant initiates and activates at least one of the participants involved in the battery reaction system; And / or has at least one adjusted energy frequency (eg, magnetic energy frequency) to affect and / or can itself be influenced by subsequent application of spectral energy in a battery reaction system.

30. Another object of the present invention is to
Overlapping at least part of the physical catalyst's spectral pattern (eg, at least one frequency of the physical catalyst's spectral pattern) by modifying the tunable participant so that the tunable participant forms a catalyst spectral pattern And an effective, selective and economical method for replacing a known physical catalyst in the battery reaction system comprising the step of applying or introducing a conditioned participant to the cell reaction system. Is to provide.

31. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining the magnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
Emphasizing at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst by conditioning the tunable participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the tuned participant; and To provide a method for enhancing a physical catalyst in a cell reaction system by its own catalyst spectral pattern, comprising the step of applying or introducing a conditioned participant to the cell reaction system.

32. Another object of the present invention is to
At least a portion of the physical catalyst spectral pattern (eg, at least one frequency of the physical catalyst spectral pattern) by conditioning the tunable participants to form a catalyst spectral pattern in the tuned participant. Duplicate;
Applying the tuned participant to the cell reaction system; and, when combined with the catalyst spectrum pattern of the tuned participant, applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern that forms the applied spectral energy pattern To provide an effective, selective and economic method for replacing known physical catalysts in battery reaction systems.

33. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining the magnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
Emphasis is placed on at least one frequency of the magnetic spectrum pattern of the physical catalyst by conditioning the tunable participant by at least one electromagnetic energy emitter conditioning source to form a catalyst spectral pattern in the tuned participant. ;
Applying or introducing a conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; and applying at least an additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral energy pattern, wherein said applied spectral energy pattern is For replacing the physical catalyst in the cell reaction system comprising a step that is applied with sufficient strength and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the cell reaction system. Is to provide a method.

34. Another object of the present invention is to
At least a portion of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst (e.g., physical catalyst Overlapping at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of
Applying or introducing a conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system, the cell reaction having a spectral catalyst by enhancing the physical catalyst To provide a method for influencing and / or directing the system.

  The above method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or after application of the conditioned participant to the cell reaction system.

35. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying or introducing at least one conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; and introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system to enhance the physical catalyst. To provide a method for influencing and / or directing battery reaction systems having different participants.

  The above method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or after application of the conditioned participant to the cell reaction system.

36. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying or introducing at least one coordinated participant into the cell reaction system;
Applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient strength and for a sufficient period to at least partially catalyze the cell reaction system; and introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system, It is to provide a method for influencing and / or directing cell reaction systems with tailored participants and spectroenergy catalysts by enhancing the catalytic catalyst.

  The method may be performed by introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system before and / or after application of the tuned participant and / or spectroenergy catalyst to the cell reaction system. Furthermore, the tuned participants and the spectral energy catalyst are applied simultaneously to form the applied spectral energy pattern, or they are simultaneously with the physical catalyst being introduced into the cell reaction system, or It can be applied continuously at different times.

37. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying or introducing at least one coordinated participant into the cell reaction system;
Applying at least one spectral energy catalyst with sufficient strength and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the reaction pathway;
Applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient period of time to catalyze the reaction pathway, whereby the at least one conditioned participant is the at least one spectral energy catalyst and / or Or if any of the at least one spectral environmental reaction conditions are applied simultaneously, they form applied spectral energy; and a physical step comprising introducing said physical catalyst into a cell reaction system, To provide a method of influencing and / or directing a cell reaction system with tuned participants and spectral energy catalysts and spectral environmental reaction conditions, with or without a catalytic catalyst.

  The method may include a cell reaction prior to and / or after application of any one or combination of the tuned participants and / or spectroenergy catalysts and / or spectroenvironmental reaction conditions to the cell reaction system. This can be done by introducing a physical catalyst into the system. Similarly, tuned participants and / or spectral energy catalysts and / or spectroenvironment reaction conditions can be applied continuously or intermittently.

38. Another object of the present invention is to
Applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and / or spectral energy conditioning comprising applying at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient period of time to condition an adjustable participant Providing a method for conditioning a participant tunable by a catalyst, wherein the at least one applied spectral energy conditioning comprises a catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, a catalytic spectral conditioning pattern, a spectral conditioning catalyst, a spectral energy Conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning environmental reaction Matter, and comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of spectral conditioning pattern.

  The above method is combined with the introduction of the applied spectral energy pattern into the battery reaction system before and / or during and / or after the introduction of the conditioned participants into the battery reaction system. obtain. Furthermore, the tuned participants and the applied spectral energy pattern can be provided continuously. When applied continuously, a new applied spectral energy pattern is formed.

  The method also comprises conditioning the conditioning reaction vessel and / or a participant that can be adjusted in the reaction vessel. If the tunable participants are first conditioned in the reaction vessel, the conditioning occurs before some or all other components comprising the battery reaction system are introduced into the battery reaction system.

  Furthermore, the reaction vessel and / or the conditioning reaction vessel itself can be treated with conditioning energy. When the reaction vessel is treated with conditioning energy, such conditioning treatment occurs before some or all other components comprising the battery reaction system are introduced into the reaction vessel.

39. Another object of the present invention is to
Determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for initiating reactants in a battery reaction system;
Determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for a reaction product in the battery reaction system;
An additional spectral energy pattern (eg, at least one electromagnetic frequency) is determined from the reactant and reaction product spectral energy patterns to determine the required adjusted participant (eg, spectrally tuned catalyst). Calculate;
Producing at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, at least one electromagnetic frequency of the required spectral conditioning catalyst);
Applying at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (eg, spectral conditioning catalyst) to the adjustable participant (eg, irradiation with magnetic energy) to form the desired tuned participant; And a regulated participation comprising the step of introducing a regulated participant into the battery reaction system to form a desired reaction product and / or a desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate It is to provide a method for influencing and directing the battery reaction system by the body.

40. Another object of the present invention is to
Targeting at least one tunable participant in the conditioning cell reaction system with at least one spectral conditioning pattern to cause formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one conditioned participant; and Applying or introducing at least one desired reaction product in the battery reaction system and / or a regulated participant in the battery reaction system to provide a desired or controlled reaction rate. It is to provide a method for influencing and directing battery reaction systems with coordinated participants.

41. Another object of the present invention is to
When the conditioned participant communicates with the battery reaction system, it causes the formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one tuned participant to yield the desired reaction product at the desired reaction rate. Applying the at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern for a time and intensity sufficient to catalyze a battery reaction system with a tuned participant to yield at least one reaction product Is to provide a method.

42. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying or introducing at least one coordinated participant into the cell reaction system; and causing the formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one transient and / or intermediate to produce the desired reaction Influencing the battery reaction system by means of a conditioned participant and at least one spectral environment reaction condition comprising applying at least one spectral environment reaction condition to the battery reaction system to enable formation of an object And provide a way to direct it.

43. Another object of the present invention is to
Applying at least one frequency (eg, electromagnetic) heterodyne with at least one tunable participant frequency to cause formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one tuned participant A method for forming a tuned participant with a spectral energy conditioning pattern to yield at least one tuned participant.

44. Another object of the present invention is to
A sufficient number of frequencies (eg, magnetic) and / or fields (eg, electric field, magnetic field, and / or) to provide an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern that results in the formation of at least one coordinated participant. To provide a method for forming a tuned participant with at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern that results in applying at least one tuned participant.

45. Another object of the present invention is to
Conditioning at least one tunable participant prior to being introduced into the cell reaction system by at least one frequency and / or field to form a tuned participant, at least one Providing a method for forming a tuned participant by a spectral energy conditioning catalyst that results in one tuned participant, whereby formation of the at least one tuned participant is said tuned When the relevant participant is introduced into the cell reaction system, it results in the formation of at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate.

  46. The battery reaction when at least one reaction in the battery reaction system is initiated such that at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate and / or at least one reaction product is formed in the battery reaction system; At least one reaction product comprising conditioning targeting of at least one spectral energy conditioning catalyst to form at least one tunable participant (eg, at least one spectral energy catalyst) present in the system It is another object to provide a method for catalyzing the entire reaction system with tailored participants that yields.

  47. Applying at least one conditioning targeting approach selected from the group of approaches consisting of direct resonance conditioning targeting, harmonic conditioning targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting to at least one adjustable participant It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for directing a battery reaction system along a desired reaction path comprising:

  In this regard, these conditioning targeting approaches can form and / or stimulate and / or stabilize at least one transient and / or at least one intermediate to yield the desired reaction product at the desired reaction rate. Can lead to the formation of coordinated participants that can cause crystallization.

  48. At least one tunable comprising applying at least one conditioning frequency to the at least one tunable participant to cause formation and / or stimulation and / or stabilization of at least one tuned participant It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for conditioning a participant, wherein the at least one frequency is a direct resonance conditioning frequency, a harmonic resonance conditioning frequency, an anharmonic heterodyne conditioning resonance frequency, an electron. Conditioning frequency, vibration conditioning frequency, rotation conditioning frequency, rotation-vibration conditioning frequency, microfission conditioning frequency, hyperfine fission conditioning frequency, electric field induced conditioning frequency Comprises a magnetic field-induced conditioned frequency, cyclotron resonance conditioning frequencies, at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of orbital conditioning frequency, and / or nuclear conditioning frequency.

  In this regard, the applied conditioning frequency resonates with at least one tunable participant and / or at least one component of said tunable participant, directly, in a harmonic or anharmonic heterodyne technique, Any desired frequency or combination of conditioning frequencies can be included.

  49. Spectral energy patterns of at least one participant and / or at least one other component in the overall reaction system to allow coordinated participants and energy transfer between participants and / or components ( At least one conditioning frequency and / or conditioning field to cause an adjusted spectroenergy pattern (e.g., a spectral conditioning pattern) of one adjusted participant in at least a partial overlap with (e.g., a spectral pattern). It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for directing a battery reaction system along a desired reaction path with a coordinated participant comprising applying.

  50. At least partial overshoot of the spectral energy pattern of at least one other participant and / or component in the battery reaction system to allow tuned participants and energy transfer between the participant and / or component Applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern to at least one conditioning participant to cause a wrap to an adjusted spectral energy pattern of at least one regulated participant in the battery reaction system, at least It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with tailored participants that yields one reaction product.

51. At least one participant in the overall reaction system and / or at least one that results in conversion (eg, chemical, physical, phase, property or other means) of at least one participant and / or at least one component in the battery reaction system At least one frequency and / or to cause an expansion of a tuned spectral energy pattern (eg, a tuned spectral pattern) of the tuned participant to cause an energy transfer between two participants. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant that yields at least one reaction product comprising applying a field.
In this regard, the transformation may be a different chemical and / or physical composition than any of the chemical and / or physical composition and / or phase of any starting reactant and / or regulated participant. And / or a reaction product that is in phase. Thus, only transients can be included in the conversion of reactants to reaction products.

52. Another object of the present invention is to
Forming a battery reaction system comprising conditioned participants; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct the battery reaction system along a desired reaction path, at least To provide a method for controlling and / or directing a reaction pathway by using one coordinated participant and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition.

  In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reaction conditions can be used alone or in combination with other environmental reaction conditions to achieve the desired result. Furthermore, additional spectral energy patterns can also be applied simultaneously and / or continuously with other spectral environmental reaction conditions.

53. Another object of the present invention is to
To obtain the desired reaction and / or the desired reaction path and / or the desired reaction rate, determine the required spectral pattern; and when exposed to an appropriate spectro-energy conditioning pattern, said required There has heretofore been a catalyst to be used in a battery reaction system comprising planning a tunable participant (eg, a material or combination of materials) that exhibits a tuned spectral pattern close to the spectral pattern. It is to provide a method for planning tunable participants (eg, physical catalysts and / or spectral energy catalysts) to be used as catalysts once tuned in a battery reaction system.

  In this regard, the planned tunable participants comprise a physical mixture of one or more materials and / or a plurality of materials combined by a suitable reaction, such as a chemical reaction. The planned tunable participant material can be functionally enhanced by one or more spectral energy conditioning patterns that can also be applied to the conditioning cell reaction system. Further, the application of the different spectral energy conditioning patterns can be adjusted to facilitate the first reaction pathway in the battery reaction system in different ways, for example by applying the first spectral energy conditioning pattern, and the second In promoting the second reaction path by adapting the spectral energy conditioning pattern, the behavior of the planned material can be caused. Similarly, changing one or more environmental conditioning reaction conditions has a similar effect.

  Furthermore, this planned tunable participant or material can be used for all types of reactions (when tuned), such as chemical (organic or inorganic), biological, physical, etc. (But not limited to) reactions.

  54. It should be understood in each of the aforementioned 29-53 purposes of the present invention that the battery reaction system also desirably includes preventing the occurrence of certain reaction phenomena.

  55. Another object of the present invention is to use at least one coordinated participant with the individual techniques shown in the above objects 1-28; and at least one with the individual techniques shown in the above objects 29-54. Is to use two additional spectral energy patterns.

  In each of the 55 purposes of the invention referred to above, specific energy can be applied by at least one of the following techniques: (1) wavelength; (2) optical fiber array; (3) energy t At least one element added to, and / or adjacent to, at least one participant in the battery reaction system that allows for the emission of; and / or a transducer, and the like.

  While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation of operation, it is likely that energy will transfer if the frequencies are matched. This energy transfer can be the sharing of energy between two entities and can be, for example, the energy transfer from one entity to another. The entities can be, for example, both substances, or one entity is a substance, and the other is energy (eg, an energy spectrum energy pattern, such as a magnetic frequency and / or an electric field and / or a magnetic field). It is. The reaction and conversion of materials can be controlled and directed by controlling the resonant exchange of energy within the entire reaction system.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In general, thermal energy is used to promote chemical reactions by applying heat and raising the temperature. Heating increases the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the chemical reactant. Reactants with greater mechanical energy move faster and farther and are more likely to participate in chemical reactions. Similarly, mechanical forces increase their mechanical energy, and consequently their reactivity, by stirring and moving chemicals. Adding mechanical force often increases the temperature by increasing mechanical energy.

  Acoustic energy is added to the chemical reaction as an ordered mechanical wave. Because of its mechanical properties, acoustic energy can increase the mechanical energy of chemical reactants and can also raise their temperature (s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of electric and magnetic field waves. Electromagnetic energy can also increase the mechanical energy and heat of the battery reaction system. It can energize electron orbital or vibrational motion in some reactions.

  Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy can consist of waves. The wave number within a certain time can be calculated. Waves are often drawn as in FIG. 1a. Usually, the time is placed on the horizontal X axis. The vertical Y axis indicates the strength or intensity of the wave. This is also called amplitude. Weak waves are of weak intensity and have a low amplitude (see FIG. 2a). Strong waves have a high amplitude (see FIG. 2b).

Traditionally, the wave number per second is calculated to obtain the frequency.
Frequency = wave number / time = wave / second = Hz

  Another name for “waves per second” is “Hertz” (abbreviated “Hz”). The frequency is drawn on the wave diagram by showing different numbers of waves in a certain time (see FIG. 3a showing waves with frequencies of 2 Hz and 3 Hz). It is also drawn by placing the frequency itself rather than time on the X axis.

  Energy waves and frequencies have several interesting properties and can interact in several interesting ways. The way wave energy interacts is largely frequency dependent. For example, if two energy waves, each having the same amplitude but one with a frequency of 400 Hz and the other with a frequency of 100 Hz, interact, the waves add their frequencies to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz (ie, a “sum” frequency). To do. The frequency of the wave is also subtracted to produce a frequency of 300 Hz (ie, a “difference” frequency). All wave energy is generally added and subtracted in this manner, and such additions and subtractions are called heterodyning. The usual results of hetero dining are mostly familiar as music overtones.

  There is a mathematical and musical basis for overtones generated by heterodyning. For example, consider the continuous progression of heterodyned frequencies. As discussed above, starting at 400 Hz and 100 Hz, the sum frequency is 500 Hz and the difference frequency is 300 Hz. If these frequencies are further heterodyned (added and subtracted), then 800 (ie 500 + 300) and 200 (ie 500-300) new frequencies are obtained. 800 and 200 additional hetero-dining results in 1,000 and 600 Hz as shown in FIG.

  Mathematical patterns begin to appear. Both the sum and difference columns contain a number of alternating series that doubles with each set of heterodynes. In the sum column, 400 Hz, 800 Hz, and 1,600 Hz alternate with 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. The same kind of doubling phenomenon also occurs in the difference column.

  Frequency heterodyning is a natural process that occurs whenever wave energy interacts. Heterodining results in a mathematically derived pattern of increasing numbers. The number pattern is an integer multiple of the original frequency. These multiples are called overtones. For example, 800 Hz and 1600 Hz are overtones of 400 Hz. In musical expression, 800 Hz is one octave above 400 Hz, and 1600 Hz is two octaves higher. It is important to understand the mathematical heterodyne basis for harmonics that occur in all waveform energies and therefore in all nature.

  Frequency mathematics is extremely important. Frequency heterodyne increases mathematically in the visible pattern (see FIG. 5). Mathematics has names for these visible patterns in FIG. These patterns are called fractals. A fractal is defined as a mathematical function that produces a series of self-similar patterns or numbers. The fractal pattern has historically driven great interest because fractal patterns can be found everywhere in nature. Fractals can be found in a wide range of patterns from large coastal stretches to microorganisms. Fractals are found in biological insect behavior and fluid behavior. The visible pattern generated by the fractals is very clear and recognizable. A typical fractal pattern is shown in FIG.

  Heterodyne is a mathematical function that is controlled by mathematical equations just like fractals. Heterodyne also generates a number of self-similar patterns, such as fractals. When graphed, heterodyne sequences produce visible shapes and forms that are as familiar as those that are characteristic of fractals. It is interesting to compare the heterodyne sequence in FIG. 5 with the fractal sequence in FIG.

  Heterodynes are fractals; conclusions are inevitable. Heterodynes and fractals are both mathematical functions that generate a series of self-similar patterns or numbers. Wave energy interacts in a heterodyne pattern. Therefore, all wave energy interacts as a fractal pattern. Once it is understood that the fundamental process of interaction energy is itself a fractal process, it becomes easier to understand why so many organisms and systems in nature also exhibit fractal patterns. Natural fractal processes and patterns are established at a fundamental or basic level.

  Therefore, since energy interacts with heterodyning, it is preferred that the material can also interact with the heterodyning process. All materials, whether large or small, have what is called the natural frequency. The natural vibration frequency ("NOF") of an object is the frequency at which the object chooses to vibrate once it enters motion. The NOF of an object is related to many factors including size, shape, scale, and composition. The smaller the object, the smaller the distance it will cover if it vibrates back and forth. The smaller the distance, the faster it can vibrate and its NOF becomes higher.

For example, consider a wire composed of metal atoms. The wire has a natural vibration frequency. Individual metal atoms also have a unique natural vibration frequency. Atomic NOFs and wire NOFs generate heterodynes by addition and subtraction, just in the way that energy generates heterodynes.
NOF _atom + NOF _wire = sum frequency _{atom + wire}
And NOF _atom- NOF _wire = difference frequency _{atom + wire}

When a wire is stimulated by a difference frequency _atom-wire , the difference frequency generates (in addition) a heterodyne by the NOF _wire to generate a NOF _atom (the natural vibration frequency of the atom), which absorbs energy, thereby Stimulated to higher energy levels. Silac and Zeller reported this phenomenon in 1995 and they used a laser to generate the difference frequency.
Difference frequency _atom-wire + NOF _wire = NOF _atom

  Substances generate heterodyne with substances in a manner similar to how wave energy generates heterodyne with other wave energies. This means that substances in their various states can also interact in the fractal process. This interaction of substances by fractal processes helps explain why so many organisms and systems in nature exhibit fractal processes and patterns. Matter and energy interact through heterodyne mathematical equations to produce overtones and fractal patterns. That is why there are fractals everywhere around us.

Therefore, energy generates heterodyne by energy, and substance generates heterodyne by substance. But perhaps even more important is that the substance can generate heterodyne by energy (and vice versa). In the metal wire study above, the difference frequency _atom-wire in the experiment by Syrac and Zeller was provided by a laser using electromagnetic energy at a frequency equal to the difference frequency _atom-wire . The substance in the wire generated heterodyne by the electromagnetic energy frequency of the laser through its natural vibration frequency, and generated the frequency of individual atoms of the substance. This indicates that energy and matter interact with each other to generate heterodyne.

  In general, when energy encounters a material, one of three possibilities occurs. Energy bounces off the material (ie, is reflected energy), passes through the material (ie, is transmitted energy), interacts with and / or synthesizes (eg, is absorbed by the material) Or generate heterodyne). When energy generates heterodyne by a substance, new frequencies of energy and / or substance are generated by a mathematical process of sum and difference. If the frequency thus generated matches the NOF of the material, the energy is at least partially absorbed and the material is excited, for example, to a higher energy level (ie it has more energy). The critical factor that determines which of these three possibilities occurs is the energy frequency compared to the material frequency. If the frequencies do not match, the energy is reflected or passes as transmitted energy. Both energy and material frequencies are directly matched (eg, in close proximity to each other, as discussed in more detail later herein), or indirectly matched (eg, generating heterodynes). ) Energy can then interact with or be synthesized with the substance.

  Another term often used to describe frequency matching is resonance. In the present invention, the use of the term resonance generally means that the frequency of matter and / or energy is matched. For example, if the frequency of the energy and the frequency of the material are matched, the energy and the material are in resonance and the energy can be synthesized with the material. Resonance or frequency matching is just one aspect of heterodyning that allows coherent transfer and synthesis of energetic materials.

In the above example of wires and atoms, resonances with the atoms could have been created by stimulating the atoms with a laser frequency that accurately matches the NOF of the atoms. In this case, the atom will receive energy by its own resonant frequency and the energy will be transferred directly to the atom. Alternatively, as was done in actual wire / laser experiments, resonance could have been created by atoms by using heterodyning that naturally occurs between different frequencies. Thus, the resonant frequency of _atoms (NOF _atoms ) can be indirectly generated as an addition (or subtraction) heterodyned frequency between the resonant frequency of the _wire (NOF _wire ) and the applied frequency of the laser. Resonances are generated either directly or indirectly through heterodyne frequency adaptation, thus allowing the synthesis of materials and energy. When the frequency is matched, energy transfer and amplitude can increase.

  Heterodinning creates indirect resonances. Heterodining also produces overtones (ie, frequencies that are integer multiples of the resonance (NOF) frequency). For example, the note “A” is about 440 Hz. When the frequency is doubled to about 880 Hz, the note “A” sounds one octave higher. This first octave is called the first overtone. Double the note or frequency again from 880 Hz to 1,760 Hz (ie, 4 times the frequency of the original note) yields another “A” that is two octaves above the original note. This is called the third overtone. Each time the frequency is doubled, another octave is achieved, where these are even integer multiples of the resonant frequency.

  Between the first and third overtones is the second overtone, which is three times the original note. Musically, this is not an octave like the first and third overtones. It is one octave above the original “A” and is exactly 5 degrees higher than the second “E”. Every odd integer multiple is a fifth degree rather than an octave. Since harmonics are simply a multiple of the fundamental natural frequency, the harmonics indirectly stimulate the NOF or resonant frequency. Thus, by playing a high “A” at 880 Hz on the piano, the string for the center “A” at 440 Hz should also begin to vibrate due to the phenomenon of overtones.

Substances and energy in a chemical reaction correspond to the harmonics of the resonant frequency in the way that a musical instrument does. Thus, the resonant frequency of an atom (NOF _atom ) can be stimulated indirectly using one or more of its harmonic frequencies. This is the reason why the harmonic frequency generates heterodyne due to the resonance frequency of the atom itself (NOF _atom ). For example, in the wire / atom example above, if the laser is tuned to 800 THz and the atom resonates at 400 THz, then the two frequency heterodyning is:
800 THz-400 THz = 400 THz
Bring.

  800 THz (first overtone of an atom) generates a heterodyne by the resonance frequency of the atom and generates the resonance frequency of the atom itself. Therefore, the first overtone indirectly resonates with the NOF of the atom and stimulates the resonance frequency of the atom as the first generated heterodyne.

Of course, the two frequencies are also
800 THz + 400 THz = 1,200 THz
To generate heterodyne in the other direction.

  The 1,200 THz frequency is not an atomic resonance frequency. Thus, some of the energy of the laser generates heterodyne to generate the resonant frequency of the atoms. Other parts of the laser energy generate heterodynes for different frequencies that themselves do not stimulate the resonant frequency of the atom. That is why the stimulation of an object with an overtone frequency of a specific intensity amplitude is generally less than the stimulation with its own resonant frequency (NOF) at the same specific intensity.

Although it appears that half of the harmonic energy is wasted, this is not necessarily the case. Again, exposing the atom to electromagnetic energy oscillating at 800 THz and referring to a typical atom oscillating at 400 THz results in the following subtraction and addition frequencies:
800 THz-400 THz = 400 THz
And 800 THz + 400 THz = 1,200 THz

The 1200 THz heterodyne, which is expected to waste about 50% of its energy, also generates heterodyne at other frequencies such as 800 THz. Therefore,
1,200 THz-800 THz = 400 THz

Also, 1,200 THz generates heterodyne by 400 THz:
1,200 THz-400 THz = 800 THz,
Thus, 800 THz is generated, and 800 THz generates heterodyne with 400 THz:
800 THz-400 THz = 400 THz,
Thus, the 400 THz frequency is generated again. If other heterodyne generations that seem to be wasted are taken into account, the amount of energy transmitted by the first overtone frequency is much greater than the 50% transmission of the previously estimated energy. Compared to direct resonance, less energy is transferred by this method, but this energy transfer is sufficient to produce the desired effect (see FIG. 14).

  As mentioned above, Ostwald's theory of catalyst and bond formation was based on chemical kinetics from the turn of the century. However, chemical reactions are substance interactions, substances interact with other substances through frequency resonance and heterodyning; and energy is just as easy as substances through similar methods of resonance and heterodyning It should now be understood that interactions can be made. With the advent of spectroscopy (discussed in more detail elsewhere herein), it is clear that a material produces, for example, electromagnetic energy at the same or substantially the same frequency that it vibrates. . Since energy and materials are transferred when their frequencies are matched, they can move around and recombine with other energy or materials as long as their frequencies are matched. In many respects, both principle and mathematical, both matter and energy, can be considered fundamentally corresponding to frequency. Therefore, since the chemical reaction is a recombination of substances promoted by energy, the chemical reaction is effectively accelerated by just the frequency.

The analysis of general chemical reactions is preferably useful in understanding the usual methods disclosed herein. A typical reaction to examine is the production of water from hydrogen and oxygen gases catalyzed by platinum. Platinum has not been well understood for this reason, but has been known to be a good hydrogen catalyst for some time.

This reaction has been proposed to be a chain reaction in response to the formation and stabilization of hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates. The proposed reaction chain is:

  The formation of hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates appears to be critical to this reaction chain. Under normal circumstances, hydrogen and oxygen gas can be mixed together over an indefinite period of time and they do not produce water. Whenever a hydrogen molecule happens to break up, the hydrogen atom does not have the proper energy to combine with the oxygen molecule to produce water. Hydrogen atoms have only a very short lifetime because they simply recombine again to form hydrogen molecules. Indeed, how platinum catalyzes this reaction chain is a mystery over the prior art.

  The present invention only generates an intermediate such that the critical step for catalyzing this reaction now has enough energy for the intermediate to react with other components in the reaction system, for example. Rather than energizing and / or stabilizing (ie, holding the intermediate for a longer time) is taught to understand the condition that is critical. In the case of platinum, the intermediate reacts with the reactants to produce a product and further intermediate (ie, by generating a hydrogen intermediate, energizing and stabilizing it, instead of returning to the hydrogen molecule. And have sufficient energy to react with molecular oxygen reactants to produce water and hydroxy intermediates). In addition, by energizing and stabilizing the hydroxy intermediate, the hydroxy intermediate can react with more reactive hydrogen molecules, again water and more intermediate result from this chain reaction. Thus, generating intermediates, energizing and / or stabilizing will affect this reaction pathway. In this regard, parallel properties may be desirable (eg, properties can be collimated by increasing the energy level of the intermediate). In particular, the desired intermediate can be energized and / or stabilized by applying at least one suitable electromagnetic frequency that resonates with the intermediate, thereby exciting the intermediate to a higher energy level. . Interestingly, that is what platinum does (for example, various platinum frequencies resonate with intermediates on the reaction path for water production). Furthermore, in a process that energizes and stabilizes the reaction intermediates, platinum facilitates the formation of more intermediates, thereby allowing the reaction chain to continue, thereby catalyzing the reaction.

  As a catalyst, platinum takes advantage of many ways in which frequencies interact with each other. In particular, the frequencies interact and resonate with each other by 1) directly adapting the frequency and 2) indirectly adapting the frequency through harmonics or heterodynes. In other words, platinum is both a frequency that directly adapts the natural vibration frequency of the intermediate, and a frequency that indirectly adapts those frequencies by, for example, heterodyning harmonics with the intermediate. Vibrate.

  Furthermore, in addition to the specific intermediates of the reactions discussed hereinabove, it should be understood that there are also various transition materials or transition states in this reaction as in all reactions. In some cases, the transition material or transition state can include only different bond angles between similar species, or in other cases, the transition material can exhibit an entirely different chemistry. It is possible to include. In any event, it should be understood that many transition states exist between any particular combination of reactants and reaction products.

  It should now be understood that physical catalysts produce effects by producing, energizing and / or stabilizing all types of transition materials and intermediates. In this regard, FIG. 8a shows a single reactant and a single product. Point “A” corresponds to the reactant and point “B” corresponds to the reaction product. Point “C” corresponds to the active complex. The transition material corresponds to all those points on the curve between the reactant “A” and the product “B” and can also include the active complex “C”.

In more complex reactions involving the production of at least one intermediate, the reaction profile appears to be somewhat different. In this regard, reference can be made to FIG. 8b, which shows reactant “A”, product “B”, active complexes “C ′ and C ″”, and intermediate “D”. In this particular example, the intermediate “D” is present as a minimum in the energy reaction profile of the reaction while it is surrounded by the active complexes C ′ and C ″. But again, in this particular reaction, the transition material is
In this particular example, it corresponds to anything between the reactant “A” and the reaction product “B”, including the two active complexes “C ′” and “C ″” and the intermediate D. In the specific example of hydrogen and oxygen combined to produce water, the reaction profile is closer to that shown in FIG. 8c. In this particular reaction profile, “D ′” and “D ″” could generally correspond to intermediates of hydrogen atoms and hydroxy molecules.

  Now, particularly with respect to the reaction that produces water, both intermediates are good examples of how platinum creates resonances in the intermediate by directly matching the frequency. Hydroxy intermediates vibrate strongly at frequencies of 975 THz and 1,060 THz. Platinum also vibrates at 975 THz and 1,060 THz. By directly matching the frequency of the hydroxy intermediate, platinum can resonate with the hydroxy intermediate, allowing them to energize, stabilize and / or stabilize long enough to participate in chemical reactions. Can cause. Similarly, platinum also directly adapts the frequency of the hydrogen intermediate. Platinum resonates with about 10 from about 24 hydrogen frequencies in its electronic spectrum (see FIG. 69). In particular, FIG. 69 shows the frequency of hydrogen listed in the horizontal direction of the table and the frequency of platinum listed in the vertical direction of the table. Thus, by directly resonating with the intermediates in the reactions described above, platinum facilitates intermediate formation, energy application, stimulation, and / or stabilization, thereby catalyzing the intended reaction.

  The interaction of platinum with hydrogen is also a good example of frequency matching through heterodyning. It is disclosed herein and clearly shown in FIG. 69 that many platinum frequencies resonate indirectly as harmonics with hydrogen atom intermediates (eg, overtone heterodyne). Specifically, the 56 frequencies of platinum (ie 33% of all its frequencies) are overtones of 19 hydrogen frequencies (ie 80% of its 24 frequencies). The platinum frequency 14 is the first overtone (2X) of the hydrogen frequency 7. The platinum frequency 12 is the third overtone (4X) of the hydrogen frequency 4. Thus, the presence of platinum causes a large amount of indirect overtone resonances in hydrogen atoms, and significant direct resonances.

It is even more informative to focus on individual hydrogen frequencies. Figures 9-10 show various graphs of how hydrogen looks when the same information used to create the energy level diagram is instead plotted as actual frequency and intensity. Specifically, the X axis shows the frequencies released and absorbed by hydrogen, while the Y axis shows the relative intensity for each frequency. Frequency is plotted in terahertz (THz, 10 ¹² Hz), rounded to the nearest THz. Intensities are plotted against a relative magnitude of 1-1000. The highest intensity frequency produced by hydrogen atoms is 2,466 THz. This is the peak of curve I towards the right end of FIG. 9a. This curve I is to be called the first curve. The curve I hangs in the right direction from 2,466 Hz at a relative intensity of 1,000 to 3,237 THz at a relative intensity of only about 15.

  The second curve in FIG. 9a, curve II, starts from 456 THz with a relative intensity of about 300 and hangs to the right. It ends at a frequency of 781 THz with a relative intensity of 5. Every curve in hydrogen has this same downward sag. In FIG. 9, going from right to left, transitioning from high frequency to low frequency, from high intensity to low intensity, the curves are numbered from I to V.

  The hydrogen frequency table shown in FIG. 10 appears to be much simpler than the energy level diagram. Therefore, it is easier to imagine how frequencies are organized in the various curves shown in FIG. In fact, there is one curve for each series described by Rydberg. Curve “I” contains the frequencies in the Lyman series that originate from what quantum mechanics is involved in the first energy level. The second curve from the right, curve “II” is the same as the second energy level, and so on.

The curves in the hydrogen frequency diagram of FIG. 9 consist of sums and differences (ie, they are heterodyned). For example, the smallest curve at the left end, labeled “V”, has two frequencies shown at 40 THz and 64 THz, with relative intensities 6 and 4, respectively (see also FIG. 10). The next curve, IV, starts at 74 THz, progresses to 114 THz, and ends at 138 THz. The calculation of sum heterodyne is:
40 + 74 = 114
64 + 74 = 138.

  The frequency in curve IV is the sum of the frequency of curve V plus the peak intensity frequency in curve IV.

Alternatively, subtracting the frequency of curve V from the frequency in curve IV yields the peak of curve IV:
114−40 = 74
138−64 = 74.

  This is not just a coincidental combination of sums or differences in curves IV and V. Any curve in hydrogen is the result of adding the highest intensity frequency of the next curve to each frequency in any curve.

  These hydrogen frequencies are found both in the atom itself and in the electromagnetic energy it radiates. The frequencies of the atoms and their energy are added and subtracted in the usual way. This is hetero dining. Thus, not only substances and energy alternately cause a heterodyne effect, but substances also generate heterodynes in their own energy within themselves.

Furthermore, the highest intensity frequency in each curve is the heterodyne heterodyne. For example, the peak frequency in curve I of FIG. 9 is 2,466 THz, which is the third overtone of 616 THz;
4x616 THz = 2,466 THz

  Thus, 2,466 THz is the third overtone of 616 THz (for heterodyned overtones, the result is an even multiple of the starting frequency, ie for the first overtone the 2X original frequency and the third overtone is 4X Recall that it is the original frequency, quadrupling the frequency is a natural result of the heterodyning process). Therefore, 2,466 THz is the fourth generated heterodyne, that is, the third overtone of 616 THz.

  The frequency corresponding to the peak of curve II in FIG. 9 and 456 THz is the third overtone of 114 THz in curve IV. The peak of curve III corresponding to a frequency of 160 THz is the third overtone of 40 THz in curve V. The peaks of the curves shown in FIG. 9 are not only heterodyne between the curves, but also the overtones of the individual frequencies that are themselves heterodyne. It can be seen that the entire hydrogen spectrum is a combination of heterodyning with balanced frequency and harmonics.

  Theoretically, this heterodyne process could last forever. For example, if 40 is the peak of a curve, it means that the peak is 4 times the lower number, which also means that the peak of the previous curve is 24 (64-40 = 24). It is thus possible to extrapolate backward and downward mathematically in order to induce lower and lower frequencies. The peaks in the series of curves to the left are 24.2382, 15.732, and 10.786 THz, all resulting from the heterodyne process. These frequencies are in full agreement with Rydberg's formula for energy levels 6, 7 and 8, respectively. Prior to these lower frequencies and their heterodyning, the prior art has historically not paid much attention.

  The present invention teaches that heterodyned frequency curves amplify hydrogen vibrations and energy. The low intensity frequency for curve IV or V has a very high intensity until the time that it heterodynes to curve I. In many respects, hydrogen atoms are just one large energy amplification system. Moving from low frequency to high frequency (ie, from curve V to curve I in FIG. 9), the intensity increases dramatically. By stimulating hydrogen with 2,466 THz at an intensity of 1,000, the result is 2,466 THz at 1,000 intensity. However, if hydrogen is stimulated by 40 THz at an intensity of 1,000, by the time it is amplified until it enters curve I in FIG. 9, the result is 2,466 THz at an intensity of 167,000. It can be seen that this heterodyning has a direct relationship with platinum and how platinum interacts with hydrogen. It must all require hydrogen which is an energy amplification system. That is why we perceive a lower frequency curve as a higher energy level. By understanding this process, low intensity low frequencies suddenly become very large.

  Platinum has energy level 1 as one notable exception and has the highest intensity curve at the right end of the frequency diagram of FIG. 9 starting at 2,466 THz (ie, curve I), most if not all. Resonates with the hydrogen frequency. Platinum does not appear to resonate significantly with the ground state transition of the hydrogen atom. However, it resonates with a higher energy level that is a multiple of the lower frequency.

  With this information, one ongoing mystery can be solved. Since the laser was developed, prior art chemists believed that there must be some way to catalyze the reaction using a laser. The standard method is to explicitly use a single highest intensity frequency of atoms (such as 2,466 THz for hydrogen) because it was clearly believed that the highest intensity frequency would yield the highest reactivity. Including using. This method was taken up considering only the energy level diagram. Thus, prior art lasers are generally directed to the ground state transition frequency. The use of this laser in the prior art has been minimally successful for catalyzing chemical reactions. It is now understood why this method was not successful. Platinum, an essential hydrogen catalyst, does not resonate with the ground state transition of hydrogen. It resonates with a higher energy level frequency, indeed many higher level frequencies. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, this is probably the reason why platinum is such a good hydrogen catalyst.

  Platinum resonates with multiple frequencies from the upper energy level (ie, lower frequency). There is a name given to the method of stimulating many upper energy levels, called the laser.

Einstein, at the turn of the century, essentially solved the statistical problem of lasers when atoms at the ground energy level (E ₁ ) are resonated to the excitation energy level (E ₂ ). The number of atoms in the ground state is referred to as “N ₁ ”, the number of excited atoms as “N ₂ ”, and the total number as “N _total ”. Because there are only two possible states that an atom can occupy:
“ _Total N” = N ₁ + N ₂ .

After all mathematics has been performed, the relationship that is developed is the following:

2 In-level system; simultaneously, atoms of greater than 50% at higher energy level E ₂ is never expected absence.

However, if the same set of atoms is energized with more than two energy levels (ie, a multilevel system), it is possible to obtain atoms that are excited beyond the first level greater than 50%. . By referring to the ground and excitation levels as E ₁ , E ₂ , and E ₃ , respectively, and the number of atoms as N _total , N ₁ , N ₂ , and N ₃ under certain circumstances, high energy The number of atoms at the level (N ₃ ) can be greater than the number at the lower energy level (N ₂ ). When this happens, it is called an “inversion distribution”. Inversion distribution means that more atoms are at higher energy levels than at lower energy levels.

  The inversion distribution in the laser is important. Inversion distribution causes amplification of light energy. For example, in a two-level system, if one photon enters, one photon comes out. In a system having three or more energy levels and inversion distribution, if one photon enters, five, ten, or fifteen photons will be emitted (see FIG. 11). The amount of emitted photons depends on the number of levels and how each level is excited. All lasers are based on this simple idea of creating inversion distributions in atomic groups by creating a multilevel excitation system between atoms. A laser is a simple device for amplifying electromagnetic energy (ie, light). Laser is actually an abbreviation for Light Amplifying System for Emitting Radiation.

  Looking back on the interaction between platinum and hydrogen discussed herein, platinum activates 19 higher level frequencies in hydrogen (ie, 80% of the total hydrogen frequency). However, only three frequencies are required for the inversion distribution. Hydrogen is stimulated at 19. This is a clear multilevel system. In addition, consider that 70 platinum frequencies stimulate. On average, any hydrogen frequencies involved are stimulated by 3 or 4 (ie 70/19) different platinum frequencies; both direct and / or indirect resonant harmonic frequencies. Platinum provides sufficient stimulation per atom to produce a population inversion in hydrogen. Finally, consider the fact that whenever a stimulated hydrogen atom emits some electromagnetic energy, the energy is in return at a frequency that matches and stimulates platinum.

  Both platinum and hydrogen resonate with each other in their respective multilevel systems. Platinum and hydrogen together form an atomic scale laser (ie, an energy amplifier at the atomic level). In doing so, platinum and hydrogen amplify the energy required to stabilize both the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates, thereby catalyzing the reaction pathway for producing water. Platinum is such a good hydrogen catalyst because it forms an oscillating system with hydrogen at the atomic level, thereby amplifying their respective energies.

  In addition, this reaction may involve only one transition material and / or intermediate produced by an applied frequency (eg, spectral catalyst) and / or to catalyze the reaction system and / or control the reaction path in the reaction system. It is possible to be activated and at least one transition material and / or at least one required to continue the intended reaction pathway (eg, either complex reaction or single reaction) By generating and / or stimulating one intermediate, then only one such required transition material and / or frequency, or combination of frequencies, that results in such generation or stimulation of the intermediate is required. Suggest that it is possible. Thus, the present invention determines at least one required transition material and / or intermediate in some reaction systems, produces, activates and activates said at least one transition material and / or intermediate. By applying at least one frequency to stabilize, then all other transition materials and / or intermediates required for the reaction to proceed down the intended reaction path are Admit that it can occur. However, in some cases, the appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern that directly stimulates all transition materials and / or intermediates that are required for the reaction to travel down the intended reaction pathway By applying, the reaction could be increased in rate. Thus, depending on the details of any reaction system, it will produce and / or stimulate and / or stabilize any required transition materials and / or intermediates for a variety of reasons including equipment, environmental reaction conditions, etc. It may be desirable to provide or apply a frequency or spectral energy pattern. Therefore, it is primarily desirable to determine which transition materials and / or intermediates are present in which reaction pathways in order to determine the appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern. Similarly, conditioned participants could be formulated to achieve a similar role.

  In particular, once all known required transition materials and / or intermediates are determined, then experimentally determine which transition materials and / or intermediates are intrinsic to the reaction pathway or It can be determined empirically and then it can be determined which transition materials and / or intermediates can be naturally generated by stimulation and / or generation of different transition materials and / or intermediates. Once such a determination is made, the appropriate spectral energy (eg, electromagnetic frequency) can then be applied to the reaction system to obtain the desired reaction product and / or desired reaction path.

It is known that platinum atoms interact with hydrogen atoms and / or hydroxy intermediates. And that is exactly what modern chemistry has taught over the last 100 years, based on Ostwald's theory of catalysis. However, the prior art teaches that the catalyst must participate in the reaction by binding to the reactant, in other words, the prior art teaches the substance: a substance binding interaction is required for the physical catalyst It is said. As mentioned above, these reactions take the following steps:
1. Diffusion of reactants into the catalytic site;
2. Binding of the reactant to the catalytic site;
3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
4). 4. bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and Product diffusion away from the catalytic site.

  However, according to the present invention, for example, energy: energy frequency can interact with energy: material frequency. Furthermore, the substance emits energy, and the energy frequency is substantially the same as the substance frequency. There, platinum oscillates at a frequency of 1,060 THz, which also radiates electromagnetic energy at 1,060 THz. Thus, according to the present invention, the distinction between energy frequency and material frequency begins to appear less important.

Resonance, for example, allows them to contact additional materials that vibrate at substantially the same frequency as the frequency of platinum atoms (eg, platinum that stimulates the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to produce water). Can be produced in the reaction intermediate. Alternatively, according to the present invention, resonances can also be created in the intermediate by introducing electromagnetic energy corresponding to one or more platinum energies that also vibrate at the same frequency, thus at least partially mimicking the mechanism of platinum catalysis. (An additional mechanism of platinum is resonance with H ₂ molecules, pathway reactants). Since energy is transferred when the frequency is matched, the substance or energy is not different as long as the frequency is concerned. Thus, no physical catalyst is required. Rather, application of at least a portion of the physical catalyst's spectral pattern may be sufficient (ie, at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern). However, in another preferred embodiment, substantially all spectral patterns can be applied.

Still further, by understanding the catalytic mechanism of action, a particular frequency is applied to, for example, one or more reactants in the reaction system, for example, the applied frequency generates heterodyne with the existing frequency in the substance itself. Thus, a frequency corresponding to one or more platinum catalysts or other related spectral frequencies can be provided. For example, both hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules have unique frequencies. By heterodyning the frequency, the difference frequency can be determined:
NOF _{H atom-} NOF _{H molecule} = difference _{H atom-molecule}

The difference _{H atom-molecule} frequency applied to the H ₂ molecule reactant heterodynes the molecule and energizes individual hydrogen atoms as intermediates. Similarly, any reaction participant can serve as a heterodyned backboard for stimulation of another participant. For example,
Difference _{H atom-oxygen molecule} + NOF _{oxygen molecule} = NOF _{H atom}
Or difference _OH-water + NOF _water = NOF _OH

  This method allows a greater degree of freedom for the selection of an appropriate device for applying the appropriate frequency. However, the key to this method is to understand the catalytic mechanism of action and the reaction pathway so that an appropriate choice for frequency application can be made.

  In particular, whenever reference is made to, for example, a spectral catalyst that replicates at least a portion of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst, this reference is to all the different frequencies produced by the physical catalyst, and includes electrons, vibration, Examples include, but are not necessarily limited to, rotation and NOF frequency. Next, in order to catalyze, control and / or direct chemical reactions, all that is required is to replicate one or more frequencies from the physical catalyst, eg, with appropriate electromagnetic energy. . The actual physical presence of the catalyst is not necessarily required. A spectral catalyst can substantially completely replace a physical catalyst if desired.

  Spectral catalysts can also increase or promote the activity of physical catalysts. Energy exchange at a specific frequency between hydrogen, hydroxy, and platinum primarily promotes the conversion to water. These participating substances interact to create a miniature atomic scale oscillation system that amplifies their energy. The same is done by adding these same energies to the entire reaction system using a spectral catalyst. Spectral catalysts amplify the substance energy involved by resonating with them, and energy transfer and chemicals (substances) can absorb energy if the frequency is matched. Thus, the spectral catalyst can not only replace it, but also reinforce the physical catalyst. In doing so, spectral catalysts can increase reaction rates, increase specificity, and / or allow the use of less physical catalysts.

FIG. 12 shows a basic bell-shaped curve made by comparing how much energy is absorbed by the target object with respect to the frequency of energy. This curve is called a resonance curve. As described elsewhere herein, for example, energy transfer between atoms or molecules reaches a maximum at the resonant frequency (f ₀ ). The further away the applied frequency is from the resonant frequency, f ₀ , the lower the energy transfer (eg, material to material, energy to material, etc.). At some point, energy transfer falls to a value that represents only about 50% of that at the resonant frequency f ₀ . A frequency that is higher than the resonant frequency and has only about 50% energy transfer is called “f ₂ ”. The frequency at which about 50% energy transfer occurs below the resonance frequency is denoted as “f ₁ ”.

従って、式から示されるように、ベル型共振曲線が高くて狭い場合、その結果（ｆ₂−ｆ₁）は極めて小さい数となり、Ｑ、共振特性は高くなる（図１３ａを参照すること）。高い「Ｑ」を有する材料の例は、高品質水晶共振器である。共振曲線が低く広い場合、その結果ｆ₂およびｆ₁間の広がりまたは差は比較的大きくなる。低い「Ｑ」を有する材料の例は、マシュマロである。この大きな値により共振周波数を割ることは、極めて低いＱ値を生じる（図１３ｂを参照すること）。 The resonance characteristics of various objects can be compared using information from a simple representative resonance curve shown in FIG. One such useful characteristic is called the “resonance characteristic” or “Q” factor. To determine the resonance characteristics of an object, the following equation is used:

Therefore, as shown in the equation, when the bell-shaped resonance curve is high and narrow, the result (f ₂ −f ₁ ) is an extremely small number, and the Q and resonance characteristics are high (see FIG. 13a). An example of a material with a high “Q” is a high quality quartz resonator. If the resonance curve is low and wide, the result is a relatively large spread or difference between f ₂ and f ₁ . An example of a material with a low “Q” is marshmallow. Dividing the resonant frequency by this large value results in a very low Q value (see FIG. 13b).

  For example, atoms and molecules have resonance curves that exhibit properties similar to larger target objects such as quartz and marshmallows. If the goal is to stimulate atoms in the reaction (eg, hydrogen in the reaction to produce water as described above), the exact resonant frequency produced by the battery reaction system components or environmental reaction conditions (eg, hydrogen ) Can be used. However, it is not always necessary to use an accurate frequency. For example, the use of frequencies that are near the resonant frequency of one or more battery reaction system components or environmental reaction conditions is appropriate. Less energy is transferred, but there is still an effect, so it cannot be said to be exactly the same as using an exact resonant frequency. The closer the applied frequency is to the resonant frequency, the greater the effect. The farther the applied frequency is from the resonant frequency, the smaller the effect that exists (ie, the less energy transfer occurs).

  Overtones provide a similar situation. As mentioned above, overtones are created by frequency heterodyning (ie, addition and subtraction) that allows the transfer of a significant amount of energy. Thus, for example, the desired result is that the applied frequency (eg, at least a portion of the spectral catalyst) has one or more cell reaction system components or one or more resonance frequencies (including a plurality) of environmental reaction conditions (ie, adaptation) Can be achieved in chemical reactions.

  In addition, an applied frequency close to the harmonic frequency, as well as an applied frequency close to the resonant frequency, can also produce desirable results. The amplitude of energy transfer is not very related to the harmonic frequency, but it still affects it. For example, if the overtone yields 70% of the amplitude of the fundamental resonance frequency, and by using a frequency that is just close to the overtone, eg, about 90% on the resonance curve of the overtone, the overall effect is The battery energy transfer is 70% of the resonance frequency, 90%, that is, about 63%. Thus, according to the present invention, if at least some of the frequency or environmental reaction conditions of one or more battery reaction system components are at least partially compatible, then at least some energy is transferred and at least some reaction is achieved. Occurs (ie, energy is transferred when the frequency is matched).

Replication of the catalytic mechanism of action As described above, spectral catalysts can be applied to catalyze, control and / or direct chemical reactions. Whether the spectral catalyst can correspond to at least part of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst, or can the spectral catalyst correspond to the frequency at which the required participant is generated or stimulated ( For example, heterodyne frequencies), or spectral catalysts can substantially replicate environmental reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure. Thus, as taught by the present invention, the actual physical presence of the catalyst is not required to achieve the desired chemical reaction. The removal of a physical catalyst is a fundamental mechanism inherent to catalysis, ie, the desired energy is, for example, (1) at least one participant in the reaction system (eg, reactant, transition material, intermediate, active complex) Reaction products, promoters and / or toxicants) and / or at least one component, and (2) electromagnetic energy applied when such energy is present at one or more specific frequencies (eg, spectral catalysts). This is accomplished by understanding that they can be exchanged (ie communicated). In other words, the target mechanism that nature has incorporated into the catalytic process can be replicated in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. Further, it can be mimicked from nature, as the catalytic process reveals several opportunities for replicating the catalytic mechanism of action, thus improving the use of spectral catalysts and the control of myriad chemical reactions.

  For example, the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water using platinum as the catalyst described above is a good starting point for understanding the catalytic mechanism of action. For example, the present invention discloses that platinum catalyzes the reaction in several ways not conceivable by the prior art:

  Platinum directly resonates with and energizes reaction intermediates and / or transition materials (eg, atomic hydrogen and hydroxy groups);

  Platinum resonates with and energizes at least one reaction intermediate and / or transition material (eg, atomic hydrogen);

  Platinum energizes a number of upper energy levels of at least one reaction intermediate and / or transition material (eg, atomic hydrogen).

  This knowledge designs spectral catalysts and spectral energy catalysts that differ from the actual catalyst spectral pattern, and designs physical catalysts (or conditioned participants that can be conditioned to function as physical catalysts) and environments It can be used to improve the function of spectral catalysts and / or spectral energy catalysts to optimize reaction conditions. For example, the frequency of atomic platinum is in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electronic spectrum of virtually every atom is in these same regions. However, these extremely high electromagnetic frequencies can be problematic for large scale and industrial applications because wave energy with high frequencies generally cannot penetrate materials well (ie, do not penetrate deep into materials). . The tendency of wave energy to be absorbed rather than transmitted can be referred to as attenuation. High frequency wave energy has high attenuation, so that it does not penetrate deeply into typical industrial scale reactors that contain common reactants for chemical reactions. Thus, replication and application of at least a portion of a platinum spectral pattern into a commercial scale reactor allows a large portion of the spectral spectrum applied spectral pattern to be rapidly absorbed near the end of the reactor. In general, it is a slow process.

  Thus, lower frequency energy that would penetrate deep into the reactants present in the reactor could be used to input energy into a large industrial scale commercial reactor. The present invention teaches that this can be accomplished in a unique way by replicating nature. As discussed herein, atomic and molecular spectra are broadly classified into three different sets: electrons, vibrations, and rotations. The electronic spectrum of atoms and small molecules is said to arise from a transition from one energy level of an electron to another, and generally occurs in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the EM spectrum. Has the highest frequency supported. The vibrational spectrum is said to arise mainly from this movement of individual interatomic bonds in the molecule and generally occurs in the infrared and microwave regions. The rotational spectrum occurs mainly in the microwave and radio wave regions, mainly due to molecular rotation.

  Microwave and radio wave radiation could be acceptable frequencies to be used as spectral catalysts because it will penetrate well into large reactors. Unfortunately, platinum atoms do not generate frequencies in the microwave and radio portions of the electromagnetic spectrum because they do not have a vibration or rotation spectrum. However, by copying the mechanism of working platinum, the selected platinum frequency can be used as a model for spectral catalysis in the microwave portion of the spectrum. In particular, as previously discussed, one mechanism of platinum action in a cell reaction system to produce water involves energizing at least one reaction intermediate and / or transition material. Reaction intermediates in this reaction are atomic hydrogen and hydroxy groups. Atomic hydrogen has a high frequency electronic spectrum without vibrational or rotational spectra. On the other hand, hydroxy groups are molecules and have vibrational and rotational spectra and electronic spectra. Thus, the hydroxy group emits, absorbs, and heterodynes frequencies at the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

  Thus, in order to replicate the action of platinum in the reaction to produce water, ie, the mechanism that resonates with at least one reaction intermediate and / or transition material, the hydroxy intermediate is specifically targeted via resonance. can do. However, instead of resonating with a hydroxy group in its electronic spectrum as a physical platinum catalyst is doing, at least one hydroxy frequency in the microwave portion of the EM spectrum can be used to resonate with the hydroxy group. . Hydroxy groups generate heterodynes at microwave frequencies of about 21.4 GHz. Energizing the hydrogen and oxygen gas reaction system with a spectral catalyst at about 21.4 GHz catalyzes the production of water. In this example, the mechanism of action of the physical catalyst platinum has been partially replicated and the mechanism has been displaced to different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

  The second method discussed above for platinum catalyzing the reaction involves overtone energizing at least one reaction intermediate in the reaction system. For example, one or more lasers could be used to catalyze the hydrogen-oxygen reaction to produce water, but the frequency range of such lasers is, for example, only 1,500-2,000 THz. It was. Platinum does not generate frequencies in that part of the EM spectrum. Furthermore, the two hydroxy frequencies at which platinum resonates, 975 and 1,060 THz, are outside the frequency range that the laser can produce in this example. Similarly, the hydrogen spectrum does not have any frequency between 1500 and 2000 THz (see FIGS. 9-10).

  However, according to the present invention, by copying again the mechanism of platinum action, the frequency can be adapted or selected to be convenient and / or efficient for the available equipment. In particular, harmonic frequencies corresponding to reaction intermediates and / or transition materials and also corresponding to frequencies that can be created by the laser of this example can be used. Due to the hydroxy group having a resonance frequency of 975 THz, the first overtone is 1,950 THz. Therefore, the laser of this example could be tuned to 1,950 THz, which resonates with the hydroxy intermediate. The first overtone of three different hydrogen frequencies also falls within the operating range of the laser of this example. The fundamental frequencies are 755, 770, and 781 THz, and the first harmonics are 1,510, 1540, and 1,562 THz, respectively. Thus, the laser of this example is tuned to the first harmonics 1,510, 1540, and 1,562 THz to achieve a heterodyne adaptation of the frequency between electromagnetic energy and matter, and as a result, transfer and absorption of said energy. Could be achieved.

  Thus, depending on how many lasers are available and the frequency at which the laser can be tuned, third or fourth overtones could also be used. The third overtone with a hydrogen frequency of 456 THz also occurs at 1,824 THz, which is within the operating range of the laser of this example. Similarly, the fourth overtone with a hydrogen frequency of 314 THz occurs again at 1,570 THz which falls within the operating range of the laser of this example. In summary, the mechanism of action of a physical catalyst can be replicated or replicated while transferring the relevant spectral catalyst frequency to a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is compatible with the reaction system and equipment available for application of electromagnetic energy. Or can be imitated.

  The third method discussed above for platinum catalyzing this reaction energizes at least one reaction intermediate and / or transition material at a number of higher energy levels, eg, an atomic scale laser. Including installing the device. Again, I think the same laser discussed above is the only source of electromagnetic energy available, and I think there are a total of 10 lasers available. There are four first overtones available for targeting within the operating frequency range of 1,500 to 2,000 THz. A portion of the laser is preferably matched to the four first harmonics, and a portion is preferably matched to the third, fourth and higher harmonics. In particular, the present invention has found that the mechanism of action used by physical platinum is to resonate with an upper energy level that is a multiple of at least one reaction participant. It is now understood that the more upper energy levels included, the better. This creates an atomic scale laser device with amplification of electromagnetic energy exchanged between platinum and hydrogen atoms. This amplification of energy catalyzes the reaction at a much faster rate than the reaction would normally proceed. This mechanism of action can also be utilized, for example, to catalyze the reaction with the available lasers discussed above.

  For example, it is desirable to set all 10 lasers for 4 first harmonics and energize as many different energy levels as possible rather than energizing only 4 levels. Deafness should be understood now. This task can be achieved by setting each of the 10 lasers to a different frequency. Even if the physical catalyst platinum is not present, the application of energy to multiple higher energy levels in hydrogen amplifies the energy exchanged between atoms, and the reaction system is its own laser device between hydrogen atoms. Form. This allows the reaction to proceed at a much faster rate than usual. Again, nature can be mimicked by duplicating one of its mechanisms of action, by achieving energy transfer in a novel way, especially targeting multiple energy levels with spectral catalysts.

Previous studies on replicating the catalytic mechanism of action are only the beginning of an understanding of the many variables associated with the use of spectral catalysts. These additional variables are preferably viewed as a potentially very useful tool for reinforcing spectral energy and / or physical catalyst performance. There are many factors and variables that affect both general catalyst performance and chemical reaction. For example, different products can be produced when the same catalyst (or conditioned participant) is mixed with the same reactant, but exposed to various environmental reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure. Consider the following example:

  The same catalyst with the same reactant produces a completely different product in these two reactions, ie molecular hydrogen or cyclohexane depending on the reaction temperature.

  Many factors are known in the art that influence the direction and strength with which a physical catalyst directs the reaction or by which they generally proceed. Temperature, however, is one of these factors. Other factors include pressure, volume, physical catalyst surface area, solvent, support material, contaminants, catalyst size and shape and composition, reactor size, shape and composition, electric field, magnetic field, and sound field, conditioned It may be mentioned whether conditioning energy is introduced into the conditioned participant before it is included in the reaction system or activated. The present invention teaches that all these factors have one thing in common. These factors can change, for example, the spectral pattern (ie, frequency pattern) of the participating substances and / or reaction system components. Some changes in the spectrum have been studied extensively so that much information is available for those considerations and applications. However, the prior art does not consider the basis of spectral chemistry for each of these factors, and how they are generally related to the catalytic mechanism and chemical reaction of action. Further, alternatively, the effects of the aforementioned factors can be increased or attenuated by the application of additional spectrum, spectral energy, and / or physical catalyst frequency. Further, these environmental reaction conditions may be at least partially in the battery reaction system by applying one or more corresponding spectral environmental reaction conditions (eg, a spectral energy pattern that replicates at least a portion of the one or more environmental reaction conditions). I can imitate. Alternatively, one spectral environmental reaction condition (eg, a spectral energy pattern corresponding to temperature) can be replaced with another (eg, a spectral energy pattern corresponding to pressure) as long as the frequency match target is met. I can do it.

At very low temperatures, the atomic or molecular spectral pattern has a clean and distinct peak (see FIG. 15a). As the temperature increases, the peaks begin to broaden, creating a bell-shaped curve of the spectral pattern (see FIG. 15b). At higher temperatures, the bell-shaped curve is still wider and contains more frequencies on either side of the fundamental frequency (see FIG. 15c). This phenomenon is called “spreading”.

These spectral curves are very similar to the resonance curves discussed in the previous section. The spectrographer uses resonance curve terminology to describe the spectral frequency curve for atoms and molecules (see FIG. 16). The frequency at the top of the curve, f _0, is called the resonance frequency. There is a frequency (f ₂ ) above the resonant frequency and another (f ₁ ) (ie in frequency) below it, where the energy or intensity (ie amplitude) is 50 of that relative to the resonant frequency f ₀ . %. The quantity f ₂ −f ₁ is a measure of how wide or narrow the spectral frequency curve is. This amount (f ₂ −f ₁ ) is the “line width”. A spectrum with a narrow curve has a small line width, while a spectrum with a wide curve has a large line width.

  Temperature affects the line width of the spectral curve. Line width can affect catalyst performance, chemical reaction and / or reaction pathway. At low temperatures, the spectral curves of the chemical species are separated and clear, and have a lower potential for resonant energy transfer between potential battery reaction system components (see FIG. 17a). However, as the line width of potential reactive species increases, their spectral curves can begin to overlap with the spectral curves of other species (see FIG. 17b). Energy is transferred when the frequencies match or when specific energy patterns overlap. Thus, when the temperature is low, the frequency does not match and the response is slow. At higher temperatures, resonant transfer of energy can occur and reactions can proceed very fast or along a different reaction path than they would otherwise have had at lower temperatures. .

Besides affecting the line width of the spectral curve, the temperature can also change, for example, the resonant frequency of the battery reaction system components. For some chemical species, the resonant frequency shifts as the temperature changes. This can be seen in the infrared absorption spectrum of FIG. 18a and the blackbody radiation graph shown in FIG. 18b. Furthermore, atoms and molecules do not all displace their resonant frequency by the same amount or in the same direction if they are at the same temperature. This can also affect catalyst performance. For example, if the catalyst resonance frequency shifts more than the resonance frequency of its target species due to temperature rise, then the catalyst can then eventually adapt the frequency of the species, and the resonance is Can be created in a place that did not exist (see FIG. 18c). Specifically, FIG. 18c shows catalyst “C” at low temperature and “C ^* ” at high temperature. Catalyst “C ^* ” resonates with reactant “A” at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures.

  The amplitude or intensity of the spectral line can also be affected by temperature. For example, linearly symmetric rotating molecules have an increase in strength as the temperature decreases, while other molecules increase in strength as the temperature increases. These changes in spectral intensity can also affect catalyst performance. Consider an example where the low intensity spectral curve of a catalyst resonates with one or more frequencies of a particular chemical target. Only a small amount of energy can be transferred from the catalyst to the target chemical (eg, hydroxy intermediate). As the temperature increases, the amplitude of the catalyst curve also increases. In this embodiment, the catalyst can transfer a greater amount of energy to the chemical target as the temperature increases.

  If the chemical target is an intermediate species for an alternative reaction pathway, the type and ratio of the final product can be affected. By reviewing the cyclohexene / palladium reaction described above, the product is benzene and hydrogen gas at temperatures below 300 ° C. However, if the temperature exceeds 300 ° C., the product is benzene and cyclohexane. The temperature is adjusted in such a way that the alternative reaction path leading to the formation of cyclohexane is above 300 ° C., with palladium and / or other components (eg reactants, intermediates, and / or products) in the cell reaction system. Including). This could be the result of, for example, an increased line width, a modified resonant frequency, or a change in spectral curve intensity for any component in the cell reaction system.

It is important to consider not only the spectral catalyst frequencies that may be desired to be used to catalyze the reaction, but also the reaction conditions under which those frequencies are assumed to function. For example, in a palladium / cyclohexene reaction at low temperatures, palladium can be frequency matched with an intermediate for molecular hydrogen (H ₂ ) production. At temperatures above 300 ° C., reactants and transition materials can be unaffected, but palladium can have increased linewidth, altered resonant frequency, and / or increased intensity. Changes in line width, resonant frequency and / or intensity can cause palladium to adapt the frequency and instead transfer energy to intermediates in the production of cyclohexane. If a spectral catalyst is to be used to help produce cyclohexane at room temperature, the frequency for the cyclohexane intermediate, if used, will be more effective than the spectral catalyst frequency used at room temperature.

  Thus, it can be important to understand cell reaction system kinetics in designing and selecting an appropriate spectral catalyst. Energy transfer between different reaction system components varies with temperature. Once understood, this consciously conditions the temperature to optimize reaction, reaction product, interaction and / or reaction product production at the desired reaction rate without prior art trial and error means. It is possible to do. In addition, it makes it possible to select a catalyst such as a physical catalyst, a spectral catalyst and / or a spectral energy pattern to optimize the desired reaction path. Understanding this spectral effect of temperature allows customary high temperature (and sometimes high and dangerous) chemical processes to be performed at a safer room temperature. It also makes it possible to design physical catalysts that function over a wider temperature range (eg, cryogenic temperatures or furnace temperatures) as desired.

Pressure and temperature are directly related to each other. In detail, from the law of ideal gas, we
PV = nRT
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Thus, at equilibrium, an increase in temperature results in a corresponding increase in pressure. Pressure also affects the spectral pattern. In particular, an increase in pressure can cause spectral curve broadening and changes, just as an increase in temperature (see FIG. 19 showing the effect of pressure broadening on the NH ₃ 3.3 absorption line). ).

  The mathematical treatment of pressure spread is generally incorporated into either collision or statistical theory. In collision theory, it is almost always assumed that atoms or molecules are separated from other atoms or molecules so that their energy fields do not interact. However, in some cases, atoms or molecules approach each other so that they collide. In this case, the atoms or molecules can cause a change in the wave (spectrum) function or can change to a different energy level. Collision theory treats a material's emission energy as occurring only when an atom or molecule is far away from the other and is not involved in a collision. Because collision theory ignores the spectral frequency during a collision, collision theory cannot predict the exact chemical behavior at pressures above a few atmospheres when collisions occur frequently.

However, statistical theory takes into account the spectral frequencies before, during and after the collision. They are based on calculating the probability that various atoms and / or molecules interact with or are perturbed by other atoms or molecules. A drawback with statistical processing of pressure effects is that statistical processing does not do a good job of explaining the effects of molecular motion. In any case, neither collisions nor statistical theory can adequately predict the rich interactions between frequency and heterodyne that occur as pressure increases. Due to experimental work, increased pressure
1) broadening of the spectral curve producing an increased linewidth; and 2) shifting the resonant frequency (f ₀ ),
Has been demonstrated to have an effect similar to that produced by increased temperatures.

Pressure effects different from those caused by temperature are: (1) Pressure changes generally do not affect intensity as temperature changes (represents a theoretical set of curves showing invariant intensity for three different applied pressures) (See FIG. 20); and (2) The curve resulting from pressure spreading is often not as symmetric as the temperature-effect curve. Consider the shape of the three theoretical curves shown in FIG. As the pressure increases, the curve becomes less symmetric. The tail extending into higher frequencies is expanding. This upper frequency extension is confirmed by the experimental values shown in FIG. In particular, FIG. 21a shows the absorption pattern due to water vapor in air ( ₁₀ g H ₂ O per cubic meter) and FIG. 21b shows the absorption in NH ₃ at 1 atmosphere.

The effect of pressure broadening on the spectral curve is broadly incorporated into two types: resonance or “Holtzmark” broadening and “Lorentz” broadening. Holzmark broadening is secondary to collisions between atoms of the same element, and therefore collisions are considered symmetric. Lorentz broadening results from collisions between different atoms or molecules. The collision is asymmetric and the resonant frequency, f _0, is often displaced to a lower frequency. This displacement at the resonant frequency is shown in FIG. Changes in spectral curves and frequencies with changes in pressure can affect both physical and spectral catalysts, and chemical reactions and / or reaction pathways. At low pressure, the spectral curve tends to be fairly narrow and clear and almost symmetric with respect to the resonant frequency. However, as the pressure increases, the curve widens and displaces, allowing the high frequency tail to expand.

  Spectral frequencies in battery reaction systems at low pressures can be so different for various atoms and molecules that there is little or no resonance effect and, as a result, little or no energy transfer is possible. Is possible. However, at higher pressures, the combination of spreading into higher frequencies, displacement and expansion creates overlap between spectral curves that results in the creation of resonances that did not exist before, and consequently energy transfer be able to. The cell reaction system can follow one reaction path or another depending on changes in the spectral curve produced by various pressure changes. One reaction path can resonate and proceed at moderate pressure, while another reaction path can resonate and dominate at higher pressures. As with temperature, it is important to consider the cell reaction system frequency and the mechanism of action of the various catalysts under the environmental reaction conditions that one wishes to replicate. In particular, there must be at least some frequency overlap in order for an effective transfer of energy to occur, for example, between at least one reactant in a spectral catalyst and a cell reaction system.

  For example, reactions with physical catalysts at 400 THz and key transition materials at 500 THz can proceed slowly at atmospheric pressure. When the frequency pressure is raised to about 5 atmospheres, the catalyst spreads through, for example, 500 THz of the transition material. This enables energy transfer between the catalyst and the transition material, for example, by applying energy to the transition material and stimulating it. The reaction then proceeds very quickly. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, the reaction rate is less related to the number of collisions than it must be related to the spectral pattern of the battery reaction system components. There seems to be nothing (as taught in the prior art). In the example above, the reaction could be energized at low pressure by applying a 500 THz frequency to directly stimulate the key transition material. This could also occur indirectly at the same time using various heterodynes (eg, with a 1,000 THz harmonic or a 100 THz non-harmonic heterodyne between the catalyst and the transition material (500 THz-400 THz = 100 THz)).

  As shown herein, energy transfer between different battery reaction system components varies with pressure. Once understood, this allows the pressure to be deliberately conditioned to optimize the reaction without prior art trial and error methods. Furthermore, it allows to select physical catalysts, catalysts such as spectral catalysts, and / or spectral energy patterns to optimize one or more desired reaction paths. This understanding of the spectral effects of pressure allows conventional high pressure (and therefore generally high risk) chemical processes to be performed at safer room pressures. It also makes it possible to design physical catalysts that function over a large range of acceptable pressures (eg from low pressure equal to vacuum to several atmospheres).

Surface area Traditionally, the surface area of a catalyst has been considered important because the available surface area controls the number of available binding sites. Perhaps the more exposed binding sites, the more catalysis. In light of the spectral mechanisms disclosed in the present invention, the surface area can be important for another reason.

  Many spectral catalytic frequencies corresponding to physical catalysts are electronic frequencies in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. These high frequencies have, for example, relatively weak penetration into large reactors containing one or more reactants. High frequency spectral emissions from catalysts such as platinum or palladium (or equivalent spectral catalysts) therefore do not penetrate deeply into such cell reaction systems before such spectral emissions (or spectral catalysts) are absorbed. Thus, for example, atoms or molecules must be in close proximity to the physical catalyst so that their respective electronic frequencies can interact.

  Thus, surface area primarily affects the likelihood that a particular chemical species is close enough to a physical catalyst to interact with its electromagnetic spectral emission (s). With a small surface area, only a few atoms or molecules are close enough to interact. However, as the surface area increases, the possibility that more atoms or molecules are in the range for reaction also increases. Thus, rather than increasing the available number of binding sites, a larger surface area probably increases the volume of the reaction system that is exposed to the spectral catalyst frequency or pattern. This is similar to the idea of ensuring proper penetration of the spectral catalyst into the cell reaction system (eg, assuming that there is a good opportunity for the chemical species to interact with each other).

An understanding of the effect of surface area on catalyst and reaction system components can be achieved by optimizing surface area and other to optimize the production of reactions, reaction pathways and / or reaction product (s) at the desired reaction rate without the disadvantages of the prior art. It is possible to consciously condition the reaction system components. For example, the surface area is currently optimized by making the catalyst particles as small as possible, thereby maximizing the overall surface area. Small particles, for example, have a tendency to sinter (fuse or bond together) reducing overall surface area and catalytic activity. The regeneration of the large surface area catalyst can be an expensive and time consuming process. This step can be avoided with the understanding of the invention presented herein in the field of spectral chemistry. For example, assume that the reaction is rapidly catalyzed by a 3 m ² catalyst bed (in energy transfer from the catalyst to key reactants and products). After sintering occurs, the surface area is reduced to 1 m ² , however. Thus, energy transfer from the catalyst is dramatically reduced and the reaction is slowed down. Expensive and time consuming processes to regenerate the surface area can be avoided (or at least delayed) by increasing the reaction system with one or more desired spectral energy patterns. In addition, since the spectral energy pattern can affect the final physical form or phase of the material and its chemical formula, the sintering process itself can be reduced or eliminated.

In the relevant path of catalyst size and shape reasoning, catalyst size and shape are classically thought to affect physical catalyst activity. The choice of reaction controlled by particle size has historically been used towards the catalytic pathway. Like the surface area, some particle sizes provide the maximum number of active binding sites, and thus appear to maximize the reaction rate. The relationship between particle size and surface area was previously examined.

  In light of the current understanding of physical mechanisms and spectral mechanisms that generally emphasize the activity of the reaction, catalyst size and shape can be important for other reasons. One of those reasons is a phenomenon called “self-absorption”. When a single atom or molecule produces its classic spectral pattern, it radiates electromagnetic energy that jumps out of the atom or molecule into the adjacent space. FIG. 22a shows radiation from a single atom versus radiation from a group of atoms shown in FIG. 22b. The more atoms or groups that come together, the more the radiation from the middle of a group is absorbed by its neighbors and it is never possible to let it jump into space. Depending on the size and shape of the group, self-absorption can cause many changes in the spectral emission pattern (see FIG. 23). Specifically, FIG. 23a shows a normal spectral curve produced by a single atom, FIG. 23b shows the resonant frequency displacement due to self-absorption, and FIG. 23c shows self-inversion produced by self-absorption in the atomic group. And FIG. 23d shows a self-inverted spectral pattern produced by self-absorption in the atomic group. These changes include resonance frequency and displacement of the self-reversal pattern.

  Changes in spectral curves and frequencies with changes in catalyst size and shape can affect the catalyst, chemical reaction and / or reaction pathway. For example, physical catalyst atoms or molecules can produce spectral frequencies in a reaction system that resonates with key transition materials and / or reaction products. With a larger group of atoms, such as a sintering catalyst, the combination of resonant frequency displacement and self-inversion can eliminate overlap between the spectral curves of the chemical species, thereby minimizing or destroying the resonant state.

  The reaction system can proceed to one reaction path or another depending on the change in the spectral curve caused by the particle size. For example, a catalyst with a medium particle size can proceed through the first reaction path, while a larger size catalyst (or conditioned participant) directs the reaction to another reaction path. It is possible.

  Spectral curves and frequency changes with changes in catalyst size and shape are relevant to practical applications. Industrial catalysts are produced within a range of sizes and shapes depending on the process requirements and the design requirements of the type of reactor used. Catalytic activity is generally proportional to the surface area of the catalyst bed in the reactor. The surface area increases as the catalyst particle size decreases. Apparently, the smaller the catalyst particle size, the better for industrial applications. But this is not always the case. If very fine catalyst particle size beds are used, high pressures may be required to drive reactive chemicals across or through the catalyst bed. The chemical enters the catalyst bed under high pressure and exits the catalyst bed at a lower pressure (eg, the other side). This large difference in inlet and outlet pressure is called "pressure loss". In many cases, a compromise between catalyst particle size, catalyst activity, and catalyst bed pressure drop is required.

  The use of a spectral catalyst according to the invention allows for a more delicate conditioning of this compromise. For example, a large catalyst particle size can be used so that the pressure loss in the catalyst bed is minimized. At the same time, a high level of catalytic activity obtained with smaller catalyst particle sizes can still be obtained, for example, by reinforcing the physical catalyst with at least a portion of one or more spectral catalyst (s).

  For example, assume that a catalyst with an average particle size of 10 mm has 50% of the activity of a catalyst with an average particle size of 5 mm. With a catalyst with an average particle size of 5 mm, however, the pressure loss in the reactor can be very large and the reaction cannot be carried out economically. The compromise in historical methods has generally been to use twice the amount of 10 mm catalyst to obtain the same or nearly the same amount of activity as the original 5 mm catalyst amount. However, an alternative desirable method is to use the original amount of 10 mm physical catalyst and reinforce the physical catalyst with at least a portion of at least one spectral catalyst. The catalyst activity can be effectively doubled (or even more) with a spectral catalyst that provides approximately the same degree of activity (or perhaps even greater activity) similar to a 5 mm catalyst. Accordingly, the present invention provides a catalyst that maintains preferred reactor pressure conditions so that the reaction can be carried out economically using half (or less) physical catalyst than traditional prior art means. It is possible to increase the particle size.

  Another way to address the problem of physical catalyst bed pressure drop is to eliminate the physical catalyst completely. For example, in another embodiment of the present invention, fiber optic sieves (eg, those with very large pores) can be used in flow reactors. If the pore size is designed to be sufficiently large, it can be said that there is virtually no pressure loss on the sieve compared to the pressure loss associated with the use of a physical catalyst at the 5 mm diameter or even 10 mm diameter discussed above. In accordance with the present invention, spectral catalysts are released through a fiber optic sieve so that reactive species can be catalyzed as they flow. This improvement over prior art methods has important methodological implications including lower costs, higher reaction rates and improved safety, to name a few.

  Industrial catalysts are also produced within a certain range of shapes as well as sizes. Shapes include spheres, irregular granules, pellets, extrusions, and rings. Some shapes are more expensive to manufacture than others, while some shapes have superior properties (eg, catalytic activity, strength, and less pressure loss) than others. The spheres are inexpensive to manufacture, the floor packed with spheres produces a high pressure drop, and the spheres are generally not very strong. On the other hand, the physical catalyst wheels have excellent strength and activity, resulting in very little pressure loss, but they are also relatively expensive to manufacture.

  Spectral energy catalysts allow greater freedom in choosing the catalyst shape. For example, instead of using an inexpensive sphere packed bed with inevitable high pressure loss and resulting mechanical damage to the catalyst particles, for example, a single layer sphere reinforced with a spectral energy catalyst can be used. . This catalyst is inexpensive, maintains its activity and does not cause a large pressure drop, thus preventing mechanical damage and extending the useful life of the physical catalyst sphere. Similarly, a smaller number of catalyst wheels can be used, for example, while obtaining the same or greater catalyst activity by supplementing at least a portion of the spectral catalyst. The process can proceed at a faster flow rate because the catalyst bed is smaller than a bed that is not reinforced with a spectral catalyst.

The use of spectral energy catalysts and / or spectral environmental reaction conditions to augment existing physical catalysts has the following advantages:
-Enabling the use of catalyst particles with a cheaper shape,
-Allows the use of fewer catalyst particles overall,
-Allows the use of a stronger shape of the catalyst particle size; and-Enables the use of a catalyst particle shape with better pressure drop characteristics.

Their use to replace existing physical catalysts has similar advantages:
-Eliminate the use and cost of catalyst particles collectively,
-Allows the use of stronger spectral catalytic delivery systems; and-Delivery systems can be designed to incorporate superior pressure drop characteristics.

The catalyst size and shape is also important for the spectral emission pattern because all target objects have NOF depending on their size and shape. The smaller the target object is in size, the higher its NOF in frequency (because speed = length × frequency). Also, two target objects of the same size but different shapes have different NOF values (eg, the resonant NOF frequency of a 1.0 m diameter sphere is different from the NOF for a cube with a 1.0 m edge). Wave energy (both sound and EM) has a unique resonant frequency for a particular target object. Object objects such as physical catalyst particles or powder granules of the reactant in slurry form function like antennas that absorb and release energy at their structural resonance frequency. This understanding further allows the size and shape of battery reaction system components (eg, physical catalysts, reactants, etc.) to be manipulated and controlled to achieve the desired effect. For example, a transition material for the intended reaction path can produce a spectral rotation frequency of 30 GHz. A 1 cm diameter catalyst sphere with a structural EM resonance frequency of 30 GHz (3 × 10 ⁸ m / s1 × 10 ⁻² m = 30 × 10 ⁹ Hz) can be used to catalyze the reaction. The catalyst particles structurally resonate with the rotational frequency of the transition material, provide energy to the transition material and catalyze the reaction. Similarly, structural resonant catalyst particles can be further energized by a spectral energy catalyst such as, for example, 30 GHz microwave radiation. With this understanding, the spectral dynamics of chemical reactions can be controlled more accurately than prior art trial and error methods.

Solvent In general, the term solvent applies to mixtures in which the solvent is liquid, but the solvent also includes solids, liquids, gases or plasmas and / or mixtures and / or their components Should be understood. The prior art generally classifies liquid solvents into three broad sets: aqueous, organic, and non-aqueous. When an aqueous solvent is used, it means that the solvent is water. Organic solvents include hydrocarbons such as alcohols and ethers. Non-aqueous solvents include inorganic non-aqueous materials. Many catalytic reactions occur in solvents.

Since solvents themselves consist of atoms, molecules and / or ions, they can have a distinct effect on chemical reactions. Solvents consist of substances, which emit their own spectral frequency. The present invention teaches that these solvent frequencies undergo the same basic processes as previously discussed, including heterodyning, resonance, and harmonics. Spectrographers have known over the years that solvents can dramatically affect the spectral frequencies produced by their solutes. Similarly, chemists have known over the years that solvents can affect catalyst activity. However, spectrographers and chemists in the prior art have clearly not been associated with these solute frequency changes that accompany these long-studied changes in catalytic activity. The present invention recognizes that these changes in solute spectral frequency generally affect catalyst activity and chemical reactions and / or reaction pathways, and that the changes include spectral curve broadening. There is a change in curve strength, a gradual or abrupt shift of the resonance frequency f ₀ , and a rapid relocation of the resonance frequency.

  Furthermore, the present invention allows one or more spectral frequencies in a solvent to be targeted by a spectral energy pattern or a spectral energy conditioning pattern to alter one or more properties of the solvent, so that the battery We recognize that it is possible to change the reaction and energy dynamics in the reaction system. Similarly, a spectral energy pattern or spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied to a solute and cause a change in one or more properties of the solute, solvent, or solute / solvent system, resulting in a reaction in a battery reaction system. And it is possible to change the energy dynamics.

  When reviewing FIG. 24a, the solid line represents a portion of the spectral pattern of phthalic acid in alcohol, while the dotted line represents phthalic acid in the solvent hexane. Consider the reaction that occurs in an alcohol that resonates with phthalic acid at a frequency of 1,250 with a large solid curve in the middle of the catalyst. When the solvent is changed to hexane, phthalic acid no longer resonates at a frequency of 1,250, and the catalyst can not stimulate and energize it. Changing the solvent makes the catalyst ineffective.

  Similarly, with respect to FIG. 24b, iodine, when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, produces a high intensity curve at 580 as shown in curve B. In alcohol, iodine, instead, produces a moderate intensity curve at 1,050 and a low intensity curve at 850, as shown by curve A. Thus, the reaction is assumed to use a spectral catalyst that resonates directly with iodine in carbon tetrachloride at 580. If the spectral catalyst does not change and the solvent changes to alcohol, the spectral catalyst will no longer function because the frequency is no longer matched and no energy is transferred. Specifically, the spectral catalyst frequency 580 no longer matches or resonates with the new iodine frequencies 850 and 1,050.

  However, the catalyst may change its spectral pattern due to solvent changes. The catalyst could be converted to iodine in a similar manner, but in this case the catalyst can continue to catalyze the reaction regardless of the solvent change. Conversely, the spectral catalyst pattern could change in the opposite direction to that of iodine. In this example, the catalyst again fails to catalyze the original reaction. Also, changes in the catalyst may be able to bring the catalyst into resonance with different species and help the reaction proceed to an alternative reaction path.

  Finally, consider the graph in FIG. 24c showing various solvent mixtures ranging from 100% benzene at the left end to 50:50 mixture of middle benzene and alcohol to 100% alcohol at the right end. The solute is phenylazophenol. Phenylazophenol has a frequency of 855 to 860 for most solvent mixtures. The frequency is 855 for a benzene: alcohol 50:50 mixture, or the frequency is still 855 for a benzene: alcohol 98: 2 mixture. However, in the benzene: alcohol 99.5: 0.5 mixture, the frequency suddenly changes to about 865. A catalyst that is active in 100% benzene by resonating with phenylazophenol at 865 loses its activity if there is only a small amount of alcohol (eg 0.5%) in the solvent.

  With this understanding, the principles of spectral chemistry presented herein can be applied to general catalysis and reactions and / or reaction pathways. Instead of using prior art trial and error methods for the selection of solvents and / or other battery reaction system components, the solvents can be conditioned and / or modified to optimize spectral environmental reaction conditions. For example, the reaction can have key reaction participants that resonate at 400 THz, while the catalyst resonates at 800 THz while transmitting energy overtones. Changing the solvent can cause the resonant frequency of both the participant and the catalyst to suddenly shift to 600 THz. Thus, the catalyst will resonate directly with the participating substances, still transferring more energy, and catalyzing the cell reaction system more efficiently.

  Furthermore, the properties of solvents, solutes, and solvent / solute systems can be affected by spectral energy donors. Water is a universal solvent. It is generally known and understood that when water is heated, its kinetic energy increases and, as a result, the rate at which the solute dissolves also increases. After solutes are added to a solvent such as water, physical properties such as pH and conductivity change at a rate that is related to their kinetic energy and the temperature of the solute / solvent system.

  The novel aspect of the present invention allows the properties of solvents, solutes, and solvent / solute systems to be influenced and controlled by spectral energy-providing materials outside the area of simple thermal or kinetic mechanisms. Is to understand that. For example, water at about 28 ° C. dissolves salt (sodium chloride) at a specific rate. Water at about 28 ° C. conditioned by its own vibration overtone dissolves the salt faster, even if there is no obvious difference in temperature. Similarly, when salt is added to water, there is a predictable rate of change of solution pH and conductivity. If water is conditioned by its own overtone, or spectrally activated, either before or after each addition of salt, the rate of change in pH and conductivity is quite different even in temperature. If not, it will be enhanced. These effects are shown in more detail in the Examples section herein.

  Furthermore, if the salt is conditioned by some of its own electronic frequency before adding it to water, the rate of change of conductivity is again enhanced, even if there is no difference in temperature again. These effects are shown in more detail in the Examples section herein.

  In general, delivery of spectral energy patterns and / or spectral energy conditioning patterns to solvents, solutes, and solvent / solute systems alters energy conditioning patterns to solvents, solutes, and solvent / solute systems It is possible to change the energy dynamics and consequently their properties in the battery reaction system. These spectral techniques disclosed herein can be used to control many aspects of material transformations such as chemical reactions, phase changes, and material properties (all of which are described in the examples herein). Column).

The support material catalyst can be either unsupported or supported. An unsupported catalyst is a pure catalyst formulation and is substantially free of other molecules. Unsupported catalysts are rarely used industrially because these catalysts generally have low surface areas and consequently low activity. The low surface area can arise, for example, from agglomerating small molecule catalysts into larger particles in the process of sintering or reducing the surface tension of the particles. An example of an unsupported catalyst is a platinum alloy gauze that is sometimes used for the selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide. Another example is a small silver granule that is sometimes used to catalyze the reaction of methanol with air to formaldehyde. Where unsupported catalysts can be used, their advantages include simple manufacture and relatively simple installation in various industrial processes.

  A supported catalyst is a blend of catalysts having other particles, and the other particles function as a supporting skeleton for the catalyst. Traditionally, support particles appear to be inert, thus providing a simple physical scaffold for catalyst molecules. Thus, one of the traditional functions of the support material is to provide catalyst shape and mechanical strength. The support material is also said to reduce the sintering rate. When the catalyst support is finely divided like the catalyst, the support functions as a “spacer” between the catalyst particles, thereby preventing sintering. An alternative theory believes that the interaction occurs between the catalyst and the support, thereby preventing sintering. This theory is supported by many observations that catalytic activity is altered by changes in support material structure and composition.

  Supported catalysts are generally made by one or more of the following three methods: impregnation, sedimentation, and / or crystallization. The impregnation technique uses a preformed support material that is then exposed to a solution containing the catalyst or its precursor. The catalyst or precursor diffuses into the pores of the support. Heating, or another conversion process, drives off the solvent and converts the catalyst or precursor to the final catalyst. The most common support materials for impregnation are refractory oxides such as alumina and aluminum hydroxide. These support materials have found their greatest use for catalysts that must be operated under extreme conditions such as steam reforming because they have reasonable mechanical strength.

  The precipitation technique uses a concentrated solution of a catalyst salt (eg, a normal metal salt). The salt solution is rapidly mixed and then left to settle in a finely divided form. The sediment is then prepared using a variety of processes including washing, filtration, drying, heating, and pelletizing. In many cases, a graphite-type lubricant is added. Precipitated catalysts have high catalyst activity next to high surface area, but they are generally not as strong as impregnated catalysts.

Crystallization techniques produce a support material called zeolite. The structure of these crystallization catalyst zeolites is based on SiO ₄ and AlO ₄ (see FIG. 25a showing silicon tetrahedral units and FIG. 25b showing aluminum tetrahedral units). These units are connected in various combinations to form a group of structures including rings, chains, and complex polyhedra. For example, SiO ₄ and AlO ₄ tetrahedral units can form cut octahedrons that form constructs for A, X, and Y zeolites (lines represent oxygen atoms and corners are Al or Si atoms). Fig. 26a showing a cut octahedron structure, Fig. 26b showing a zeolite having a bonded cut octahedron in which tetragonal faces are joined by oxygen bridges, and zeolite having a joined cut octahedron in which hexagonal faces are joined by oxygen bridges (See FIG. 26c showing X and Y).

  The crystal structure of zeolites gives them a distinct pore size and structure. This is different from the various pore sizes found in impregnated or settled support materials. Zeolite crystals are made by mixing silicate and aluminate and catalyst solutions. Crystallization is generally induced by heating (see the spectral effect of temperature in the heading “Temperature”). The structure of the resulting zeolites depends on the silicon / aluminum ratio, their concentration, the presence of added catalyst, the temperature, and even the size of the reactor used, all of which are environmental reaction conditions. Zeolites generally have greater specificity than other catalyst support materials (eg, they not only accelerate the reaction). They can also direct the reaction to a specific reaction pathway.

  The support material can affect the activity of the catalyst. Traditionally, the prior art has attributed these effects to form factors. However, with the present invention, there is a spectral factor to be considered above. It has been well documented that solvents affect the spectral patterns produced by their solutes. The solvent can be a liquid, solid, gas and / or plasma. The support material can often be seen as just a solid solvent for the catalyst. As such, support materials can influence the spectral pattern produced by their solute catalyst.

The catalyst can be placed in a support material that is a solid phase solvent so that just dissolved sugar can be placed in the solid phase solvent (ice). These support material solid solvents can have a spectral effect on the catalyst similar to that liquid solvents have. The support materials can, for example, cause the spectral frequency of their catalytic solutes by causing broadening of the spectral curves, changes in curve strength, gradual or abrupt shifting of the resonance frequency f ₀ , and still abrupt rearrangement of the resonance frequency. Can be changed.

  Furthermore, the use of spectral techniques that affect material transformation is not limited to solvent / solute or support / catalyst systems, but rather all material systems and phases of substances, and their respective properties (e.g. chemical , Physical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, etc.).

  The use of target spectrum technology in many material systems (solids, liquids, and gases) to control chemical reactions, phase changes and material properties (eg, chemical, physical, electrical, thermal, etc.) Further details will be described later in this specification in the Examples section.

  The support material can simply be viewed as a solid solvent for their catalytic solute. The present invention teaches that spectral techniques can be used to control many aspects of mass transformation in solvent / solute systems such as chemical reactions, phase changes, and material properties. Similarly, spectral techniques can be used to control many aspects such as support / catalyst system chemistry, phase change, and material properties. These spectral techniques can be used to influence the synthesis of the support / catalyst system or to influence the subsequent properties of the support / catalyst system in the cell reaction system.

  Thus, it is preferred that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, due to the disclosure herein, changes in support material (or conditioned support material) can have a dramatic effect on catalyst activity. The support material affects the spectral frequency produced by the catalyst. Changes in the catalyst spectral frequency accelerate the reaction rate and produce various effects on chemical reactions and catalyst activity, including directing reactions on specific reaction pathways. Thus, the support material can potentially affect frequency matching, resulting in transfer of energy between reaction system components and / or spectral energy patterns, resulting in certain reactions. The possibility of allowing the occurrence and / or modification of the reaction rate to be favored can be supported.

Poisoning of poisoned catalysts occurs when the catalytic activity is reduced by adding a small amount of another component such as a chemical species. Prior art has attributed poisoning to chemical species containing excess electrons (eg, electron donor materials) and to the adsorption of poisons onto physical catalyst surfaces where the poisons physically shield the reaction sites. . However, none of these theories account for poisoning satisfactorily.

  Consider the case of a nickel hydrogenation catalyst. These physical catalysts are substantially deactivated when only 0.1% by weight of sulfur compounds are adsorbed on them. It is difficult to believe that 0.1% by weight of sulfur will be able to contribute so many electrons to deactivate the nickel catalyst. Similarly, it is difficult to believe that the presence of 0.1 wt% sulfur occupies so many reaction sites that it completely deactivates the catalyst. Therefore, neither prior art explanation is satisfactory.

The poisoning phenomenon can be understood more logically in terms of spectral chemistry. Referring to the example in the solvent term using benzene solvent and phenylazophenol as solute, in pure benzene, phenylazophenol had a spectral frequency of 865 Hz. The addition of only a few drops of alcohol (0.5%) suddenly changed the frequency of phenylazophenol to 855. If the expected value at which phenylazophenol resonates is 865, the alcohol would have poisoned that particular reaction as a result. Addition of small amounts of other chemical species can change the resonant frequency (f ₀ ) of the catalyst and reactive chemicals. The addition of another species can function as a poison that removes the catalyst and reactive species from resonance (ie, the presence of the added species eliminates any substantial overlap of frequencies, and thus any energy Can prevent significant transmission).

  In addition to changing the resonant frequency of the chemical species, adding a small amount of other chemicals can also cause the battery to have a spectral strength of the catalyst and, for example, either increase or decrease the spectral strength. Other atoms and molecules in the reaction system can be affected. Consider cadmium and zinc mixed in an alumina-silica sediment (see FIG. 27 showing the effect of copper and bismuth on the zinc / cadmium line ratio). The normal ratio between the cadmium 3252.5 spectral line and the zinc 3345.0 spectral line was determined. The addition of sodium, potassium, lead, and magnesium had little or no effect on the Cd / Zn strength ratio. However, the addition of copper decreased the relative strength of the zinc wire and increased the cadmium strength. Conversely, the addition of bismuth increased the relative strength of the zinc wire while decreasing cadmium.

  Also consider the effect of a small amount of magnesium on the copper-aluminum mixture (see FIG. 28 showing the effect of magnesium on the copper aluminum strength ratio). Magnesium present at 0.6% caused a significant decrease in line strength relative to copper and aluminum. At 1.4% magnesium, the spectral intensity for both copper and aluminum was reduced to about 1/3. If copper frequency is important to catalyze the reaction, adding this small amount of magnesium will dramatically reduce the catalytic activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the copper catalyst was poisoned by magnesium.

  In summary, the poisoning effect on the catalyst is due to spectral changes. Adding a small amount of another chemical species to the physical catalyst and / or reaction system can change the resonant frequency or spectral intensity of one or more chemical species (eg, reactants). The catalyst could remain the same while the key intermediates change. Similarly, the catalyst could vary, while the intermediate remains the same. They could both vary, or they could both remain the same and could be the added poison species. This understanding targets the species that cause the overlap in frequency or, in this example, prevents any substantial overlap in frequency and, as a result, prevents reactions from occurring by preventing energy transfer. It is important to achieve the goals of the present invention, including targeting one or more chemical species.

Just as the addition of a small amount of another chemical species to the cocatalyst catalyst and the cell reaction system, the opposite can occur. If the added species enhances the activity of the catalyst, it is called a cocatalyst. For example, the addition of 2-3% calcium oxide and potassium to iron-aluminum compounds facilitates the activity of iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. The cocatalyst works by all the mechanisms discussed above in the section titled Solvent, Support Material and Activity Inhibition. Not surprisingly, some of the support materials are actually cocatalysts. Cocatalysts enhance the catalyst and specific reactions and / or reaction pathways by changing spectral frequencies and intensities. Catalytic activity inhibitors obtain reactive species from resonance (ie, frequencies do not overlap), while cocatalysts resonate them (ie, frequencies overlap). Similarly, instead of reducing the spectral intensity at the critical frequency, the cocatalyst can increase the critical intensity.

  Thus, when it is desirable for phenylazophenol to react at 855 in a benzene solvent, an alcohol is added and the alcohol is called a cocatalyst. If it is desired that phenylazophenol react at 865, an alcohol is added and the alcohol can be considered an activity inhibitor. Understood in this way, the difference between the activity inhibitor and the cocatalyst is a matter of view and depends on which reaction pathway and / or reaction product is desired. They both work by the same basic spectral chemistry mechanism of the present invention.

Concentration The concentration of chemical species is known to affect reaction rate and kinetics. The concentration also affects the catalytic activity. The prior art explains these effects by the prospect that various chemical species will collide with each other. At high concentrations of a particular species, there are a large number of individual atoms or molecules present. The more atoms or molecules present, the more likely they will collide with something else. However, this statistical processing according to the prior art does not explain the whole situation. FIG. 29 shows various concentrations of N-methylurethane in the carbon tetrachloride solution. At low concentrations, the spectral lines have a relatively low intensity. However, as the concentration increases, the intensity of the spectral curve increases. At 0.01 molar concentration, the spectral curve at 3,460 cm ^-1 is the only significant frequency. However, at 0.15 molar, the curves at 3,370 and 3,300 cm ^-1 are also prominent.

As the concentration of a chemical species is changed, the spectral characteristics of that species in the reaction mixture also change. Let us assume that 3,300 and 3,370 cm ^-1 are important frequencies for the desired reaction path. At low concentrations, the desired reaction pathway is not found. However, when the concentration is increased (and therefore the intensity of the associated frequency is increased), the reaction proceeds in the desired path. The concentration is also related to the solvent, support structure, activity inhibitor and cocatalyst as described above.

The fields of science generally related to the measurement of energy and material frequencies known as fine structure frequency spectroscopy have already been discussed herein. In particular, three broad classes of atomic and molecular spectra have been reviewed. The electronic spectrum, which is due to electronic transitions, has frequencies in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) regions and occurs in atoms and molecules. For example, vibrational spectra, which are due to bond motion between individual atoms in a molecule, are primarily in the IR and occur in the molecule. The rotation spectrum is mainly due to the rotation of the molecule in space, has a microwave or radio frequency, and also occurs in the molecule.

  The previous discussion of various spectral and spectroscopic methods has been oversimplified. In practice, there are at least three additional spectral sets, including the spectra described hereinabove: the fine structure spectrum, the hyperfine structure spectrum and the ultrafine structure spectrum. These spectra occur in atoms and molecules and extend, for example, from the ultraviolet region down to the low radio wave region. Because prior art chemists are typically more concentrated on traditional types of spectroscopic analysis, namely electronic, vibrational and rotational spectroscopic analysis, these spectra are incorporated into prior art chemistry and spectroscopic textbooks. , Typically often described as an epic.

  Fine and hyperfine spectra are very common in the fields of physics and radio astronomy. For example, cosmologists map the location of the hydrogen interstellar cloud and, for example, detect the origin of the universe by detecting signals from interstellar space at a microwave frequency of 1,420 GHz, one of the hyperfine division frequencies for hydrogen. Collect data about. Most large databases of molecular and atomic microwave and radio frequencies have been developed by astronomers and physicists rather than chemists. This apparent gap between the use by chemists and the use by physicists of fine and hyperfine spectra in chemistry is apparently the prior art chemists, if any, in these potentially useful spectra. It seems that he did not pay much attention.

  Referring again to FIGS. 9a and 9b, the Balmer series (ie frequency curve II) starts at a frequency of 456 THz (see FIG. 30a). This more rigorous examination of individual frequencies is actually very close together as a group containing curves at 456 THz, instead of having exactly one distinct narrow curve at 456 THz. It shows that there are two different curves. Seven different curves are the fine structure frequencies. FIG. 30b shows the emission spectrum for the 456 THz curve in hydrogen. The high resolution laser saturation spectrum shown in FIG. 31 shows further details. These seven different curves located in close proximity in one step are commonly referred to as multiple lines.

There are seven different fine structure frequencies shown, but these seven frequencies fall into roughly two main frequencies. These are the two tall, relatively high intensity curves shown in FIG. 30b. These two high intensity curves are also shown in FIG. 31 at 0 cm ⁻¹ (456.676 THz) and at a relative wavenumber of 0.34 cm ⁻¹ (456.686 THz). What appears to be a single frequency (456 THz) is actually composed primarily of two slightly different frequencies (456.676 and 456.686 THz), and the two frequencies are typically doublet and It is said that the frequency is divided. The difference or split between the two main frequencies in the hydrogen 456 THz doublet is 0.010 THz (100 THz) or 0.34 cm ⁻¹ wavenumber. This difference frequency of 10 GHz is called the fine division frequency for the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.

Thus, the individual frequencies typically shown in the normal electronic spectrum consist of two or more different frequencies that are very closely spaced together. The difference between the two microstructures frequency divided by a very small amount may include a finely divided frequency (f _0, see FIG. 32 shows the f ₁ and f ₂ is shown as the bottom f ₀ .f ₁ And the difference between f ₂ is known as the fine division frequency). This “difference” between two microstructure frequencies is important because such a difference between any two frequencies is heterodyne.

  Almost all hydrogen frequencies shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b are doublets or multiplets. This means that almost all hydrogen electron spectral frequencies are fine structure frequencies and fine splitting frequencies (this is possible because these heterodynes can be used as spectral catalysts if desired, Means that). The present invention discloses that these “differs” or heterodynes can be very useful for certain reactions. However, before considering the use of these heterodynes, more must be understood in the present invention for these heterodynes. Some of the fine resolution frequencies (ie heterodynes) for hydrogen are listed in Table 3. These finely divided heterodynes range from the microwave down to the upper section of the radio frequency region.

There are more than 23 fine splitting frequencies (ie heterodyne) for the very first series or curve I in hydrogen. A list of finely divided heterodynes can be found, for example, in the classic 1949 reference "Atomic Energy Levels" (Cherlotte Moore). This reference also lists 133 finely divided heterodyne spacings for carbon, but these frequencies range from 14.1 THz (473.3 cm ^-1 ) down to 12.2 GHz (0.41 cm ^-1 ). Oxygen has the listed 287 finely divided heterodynes down from 15.9 THz (532.5 cm ^-1 ) to 3.88 GHz (0.13 cm ^-1 ). The 23 platinum fine separation intervals detailed are from 23.3 THz (775.9 cm ⁻¹ ) to 8.62 THz (287.9 cm ⁻¹ ) in frequency.

  Graphically, the expansion and resolution of the electronic frequency to several closely spaced fine frequencies is shown in FIG. The electron trajectory is indicated by trajectory numbers n = 0, 1, 2, etc. The microstructure is shown as α. The quantum diagram for the hydrogen microstructure is shown in FIG. In particular, the fine structure of hydrogen atoms at n = 1 and n = 2 levels is shown. FIG. 35 shows multiplet splitting for the lowest energy levels of carbon, oxygen and fluorine as represented by “C”, “O” and “F”, respectively.

  In addition to the fine splitting frequency for atoms (ie, heterodyne), molecules have similar fine structure frequencies. The origin and origin for molecular microstructure and partitioning are different from those for atoms, however, the graph results and the actual results are exactly the same. In atoms, the fine structure frequency is said to be due to the interaction of rotating electrons with its own magnetic field. Basically this means that a single atomic sphere electron cloud that rotates and interacts with the magnetic field itself produces atomic fine structure frequencies. The prior art refers to this phenomenon as “spin orbit coupling”. For molecules, the fine structure frequency corresponds to the actual rotational frequency of the electron or vibration frequency. As such, both the fine structure frequencies for atoms and molecules are due to rotation. In the case of atoms, it is an atomic swirl and rotation around itself, similar to the way the Earth rotates around its axis. In the case of molecules, it is molecular rotation and rotation through space.

FIG. 36 shows an infrared absorption spectrum of the SF ₆ vibrational band in the vicinity of 28.3 THz (wavelength 10.6 μm, wave number 948 cm ⁻¹ ) of the SF ₆ molecule. The molecule is highly symmetric and rotates somewhat like the top. Spectral tracking was obtained using a high resolution grating spectrometer. A broad band is observed between 941 and 952 cm ^-1 (28.1 and 28.5 THz), and three sharp spectral curves exist at 946, 947 and 948 cm ^-1 (28.3, 28.32 and 23.834 THz).

FIG. 37a shows a thin section taken from 949-950 cm ⁻¹ , which is enlarged to show in more detail in FIG. 37b. To obtain details, a tunable semiconductor diode laser was used. There are more spectral curves that appear when the spectrum is reviewed with finer details. These curves are called the fine structure frequencies for this molecule. The total energy of an atom or molecule is the sum of its electron, vibration and rotational energy. Thus the simple Planck equation considered earlier in this specification:
E = hv
Can be rewritten as:
E = E _e + E _v + E _r
(Where E is total energy, E _e is electron energy, E _v is vibrational energy, and E _r is rotational energy). Graphically, these equations are shown in FIG. 38 for molecules. The electron energy E _e includes a change in one orbit of electrons in the molecule. It is indicated by orbital number n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. The vibration energy E _v is generated by a change in vibration rate between two atoms in the molecule, and is represented by vibration frequency v = 1, 2, 3, and the like. Finally, the rotational energy _Er is the energy of rotation caused by molecules rotating around its center of mass. The rotational energy is represented by quantum numbers J = 1, 2, 3, etc., as determined from the angular momentum equation.

  Therefore, by examining the vibration frequency in more detail, the fine structure molecular frequency becomes clear. These fine structure frequencies are actually generated by molecular rotation “J” as a subset of each vibrational frequency. Just as the rotation levels “J” are substantially evenly divided in FIG. 38, they are also substantially uniformly divided when plotted as frequency.

This concept can be easily understood by examining several additional frequency graphs. For example, FIG. 39a shows the pure rotational absorption spectrum for gaseous hydrogen chloride, and FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum at low resolution. In FIG. 39a, the separated waves that appear like teeth on the “comb” correspond to individual rotational frequencies. A complete wave (i.e., a wave including all combs) ranging in frequency from 20 to 500 cm ^-1 corresponds to the total vibration frequency. At low resolution or magnification, this set of rotational frequencies appears to be a single frequency that is maximal at about 20 cm ⁻¹ (598 GHz) (see FIG. 39b). This is very similar to the manner in which atomic frequencies, such as the 456 THz hydrogen frequency, appear (ie, it is exactly one frequency at low resolution, but several different frequencies at higher magnifications).

  FIG. 40 shows the rotational spectrum (ie, fine structure) of hydrogen cyanide, where “J” is the rotational level. Note also the regular spacing of the rotation level (note that this spectrum is oriented opposite to the typical one). This spectrum uses transmission rather than emission on the horizontal Y axis, so the intensity increases downward on the Y axis rather than upward.

FIG. 41 further shows the v _{1 to} v ₅ vibration bands (where v ₁ is vibration level 1 and v ₅ is vibration level 5) for an FCCF that includes multiple rotational frequencies. The fine sawtooth spike is a fine structure frequency corresponding to the rotation frequency. Note the substantially regular spacing of the rotational frequency. Note also the rotational frequency intensity wave pattern as well as the alternating rotational frequency intensity pattern.

  Consider the actual rotational frequency (ie, fine structure frequency) for the ground state carbon monoxide listed in Table 4.

Each of the rotational frequencies is regularly spaced about 115 GHz apart. Prior art quantum theory has the following equation:
B = h / (8π ² I)
Where B is the rotational constant, h is the Planck constant, and I is the moment of inertia for the molecule.
This regular spacing is explained by the fact that it is related to the Planck constant and the moment of inertia (ie the center of mass for the molecule). From there, the prior art follows:
f = 2B (J + 1)
(Where f is the frequency, B is the rotation constant, and J is the rotation level)
The frequency equation for the rotation level corresponding to is established. Thus, the rotational spectrum (ie, fine structure spectrum) for a molecule is found to be a harmonic series line with frequencies that are all spaced or divided (heterodyned) by the same amount. This amount is referred to in the prior art as “2B” and “B” is referred to as the “rotational constant”. In current charts and databases of molecular frequencies, “B” is usually described as a frequency such as MHZ. This is graphically represented in FIG. 42 for the first four rotational frequencies for CO.

  This fact is interesting for several reasons. The rotation constant “B” described in many databases is equal to half the difference between rotation frequencies for molecules. That means that B is the first subharmonic frequency for the fundamental frequency “2B”, which is the heterodyned difference between all rotational frequencies. The rotation constant B described for carbon monoxide is 57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz). This is basically half of the 115 GHz difference between the rotational frequencies. Thus, according to the present invention, if it is desired to stimulate the rotational level of the molecule, the quantity “2B” can be used to be a basic first generation heterodyne. Alternatively, the same “B” can be used because “B” corresponds to the first order subharmonic of the heterodyne.

  Furthermore, the prior art indicates that if it is desirable to use microwaves for stimulation, the microwave frequency used is limited to the molecular ground state (n = 0 in FIG. 38) or to a stimulation level in the vicinity thereof. Teach. The prior art teaches that the required frequencies correspond to the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions when trying to go to information in FIG. 38 towards higher electron and vibration levels. However, the prior art is wrong in this respect.

  Referring again to FIG. 38, it is clear that the rotational frequency is evenly spaced even if the electron or vibration level is under scrutiny. The equivalent spacing shown in FIG. 38 is because the rotational frequencies are evenly spaced when traveling upward through all higher vibration and electron levels. Table 5 lists the rotation frequencies for lithium fluoride (LiF) at several different rotation and vibration levels.

  It is clear from Table 5 that whatever the vibration level, the difference between the rotational frequencies is about 86,000-89,000 MHz (ie 86-89 GHz). Thus, according to the present invention, by using microwaves of about 86,000 MHz to 89,000 MHz, molecules can be stimulated in various ways from the ground state level to its highest energy level. This effect was only slightly implied by the prior art. In particular, the rotational frequency of the molecule can be manipulated in a unique way. The primary rotation level has a natural vibration frequency (NOF) of 89,740 MHz. The secondary rotation level has a NOF of 179,470 MHz. Therefore,

Thus, the present invention has discovered that NOF at rotational frequency causes a heterodyne effect by adding or subtracting all frequencies in a manner similar to that causing a heterodyne effect. In particular, the two rotational frequencies cause a heterodyne effect, resulting in a subtraction frequency. This subtraction frequency happens to be exactly twice the magnitude of the induced rotation constant “B” described in the nuclear physics and spectroscopic analysis manuals. Thus, if the primary rotation frequency in the numerator is stimulated with the subtraction frequency _{rotation 2 → 1} , the primary rotation frequency causes a heterodyne effect (ie in this case in addition) with NOF _{rotation 0 → 1} (ie the primary rotation frequency), NOF _{rotation 1 → 2} results, which is the natural vibrational frequency of the secondary rotation level of the molecule. In other words:

  Since the present invention discloses that the rotational frequency is actually equidistant harmonics, the subtracted frequency adds the secondary level NOF to produce the tertiary level NOF. The subtraction frequency adds the third level NOF to produce the fourth level NOF. This approach can be repeated over and over again. Thus, according to the present invention, it is possible to stimulate the full rotation level in the vibration band by using a single microwave frequency.

  Furthermore, if all the rotation levels relating to the vibration frequency are excited, the vibration frequency is also excited correspondingly. Furthermore, if all vibration levels related to the electronic level are excited, the electronic level is excited as well. Thus, according to the teachings of the present invention, it is possible to excite the highest level of electronic and vibrational structure of a molecule by using a single microwave frequency. This is incompatible with the prior art teaching that the use of microwaves is limited to ground state molecules. The prior art teaches that microwave frequencies cannot be used, especially if the goal is to resonate directly using the upper vibration or electronic level. However, according to the present invention, if the catalytic mechanism of action is initiated by resonating with the target species indirectly, for example by heterodyne, at least one higher level is used using one or more microwave frequencies. Can give energy to the vibration or electronic state of Thus, using the teachings of the present invention along with a simple method of heterodyning, it is readily apparent that the microwave frequency is not limited to the ground state level of the molecule.

  The present invention has determined that the catalyst can actually stimulate the target species indirectly by utilizing at least one heterodyne frequency (eg, harmonic). However, the catalyst can also stimulate the target species by direct resonance with at least one of the fundamental frequencies. However, rotational frequency can result in the use of both mechanisms. For example, FIG. 42 graphically illustrates a fine structure spectrum showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in the ground state. The primary rotational frequency for CO is 115 GHz. The heterodyned difference between rotational frequencies is also 115 GHz. The primary rotational frequency and the heterodyned difference between the frequencies are the same. All high level rotational frequencies are harmonics of the primary frequency. This relationship is not apparent when dealing only with the prior art rotation constant “B”. However, frequency-based spectral chemical analysis similar to that of the present invention facilitates understanding of such concepts.

  Examination of the primary level rotational frequency for LiF shows that it is nearly identical to the heterodyned difference between it and the secondary level rotational frequency. Thus, if the numerator is stimulated at a frequency equal to 2B (ie, a heterodyne harmonic difference between rotational frequencies), the energy resonates indirectly with all high rotational frequencies via the heterodyne and directly with the primary rotational frequency. The present invention teaches that they resonate. This is an important discovery.

  Just as the rotation constant “B” is related to the harmonic spacing of the rotating fine-structured molecular frequency, a number of spectroscopic analyzes that are related in one way or another in relation to atomic and molecular frequencies. The prior art discloses constants. The alpha (α) rotation-vibration constant is a good example of this. The α rotation-vibration frequency constant is related to a slight change in frequency for the same rotation level when the vibration level changes. For example, FIG. 43a shows the frequency of the same rotation level but different vibration levels for LiF. The frequency is approximately the same, but varies 2-3% between different vibration levels.

  Referring to FIG. 43b, the difference between all frequencies for various rotational transitions at the different vibration levels of FIG. 43a is shown. The top row rotational transition 0 → 1 in FIG. 43b has a frequency of 89,740.46 MHz at vibration level 0. At vibration level 1, the 0 → 1 transition is 88,319.18 MHz. The difference between these two rotational frequencies is 1,421.28 MHz. At vibration level 2, the 0 → 1 transition is 86,921.20 MHz. The difference between it and the vibration level 1 frequency (88,319.18 MHz) is 1,397.98 MHz. These slight differences with respect to the same J rotation level between different vibration levels are almost identical. For J = 0 → 1 rotation level, they gather around a frequency of 1,400 MHz.

  For the J = 1 → 2 transition, the difference is concentrated around 2,800 Hz, and for the J = 2 → 3 transition, the difference is concentrated around 4,200 Hz. These different frequencies, such as 1,400, 2,800, and 4,200 Hz, are all harmonics of each other. Furthermore, they are all harmonics of the α rotation-vibration constant. Just as the actual molecular rotation frequency is a harmonic of the rotation constant B, the difference between the rotation frequencies is the harmonic of the α rotation-vibration constant. Thus, the present invention teaches that when a molecule is stimulated at a frequency equal to the α vibration-rotation frequency, the energy resonates indirectly with all rotation frequencies via heterodyne. This is an important discovery.

Consider the rotational and vibrational states for the triatomic molecule OCS shown in FIG. FIG. 44 shows the same rotation level (J = 1 → 2) for different vibrational states in the OCS molecule. For the ground vibration (000) level, J = 1 → 2 transition; and the excited vibrational state (100) J = 1 → 2 transition, the difference between the two frequencies is equal to 4 × alpha ₁ (4α ₁ ). In another excited state, the frequency difference between the ground vibration (000) level, the J = 1 → 2 transition and the two l-type doublets is 4 × alpha ₂ (4α ₂ ). In the higher excitation vibrational state, the frequency difference between (000) and (02 ° 0) is 8 × alpha ₂ (4α ₂ ). Thus, it can be seen that the rotation-vibration constant “α” is actually a harmonic of the molecular frequency. Thus, according to the present invention, stimulation of a molecule by “α” frequency or “α” harmonics resonates directly with the various rotational-vibration frequencies of the molecule or indirectly with heterodyne harmonics. To do.

  Another interesting constant is the l-type doubling constant. This constant is also shown in FIG. In particular, FIG. 44 shows the rotational transition J = 1 → 2 for the triatomic molecule OCS. Just as atomic frequencies are sometimes split into doublets or multiplets, rotational frequencies are sometimes split into doublets. The difference between them is called the l-type doubling constant. These constants are usually smaller than the α constant (ie have a low frequency). For OCS molecules, the α constant is 20.56 and 10.56 MHz, while the l-type doubling constant is 6.3 MHz. All these frequencies are in the radio wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

  As discussed earlier herein, energy is transported by two fundamental frequency mechanisms. If the frequencies are substantially the same or match, energy is transported by direct resonance. Energy can also be transported indirectly by heterodyning (ie, the frequency substantially matches after another frequency is added or subtracted). Furthermore, as noted above, the direct or indirect resonant frequency does not have to be strictly matched. If they are simply close, U medical energy will still move. Any of these constants or frequencies that are related to molecules or other substances via heterodyne can be used, for example, to transfer energy to the substance and therefore interact directly with the substance.

  In the reaction where hydrogen and oxygen combine to produce water, the present invention teaches that energizing the reaction intermediate of atomic hydrogen and hydroxy radicals is critical to sustaining the reaction. In this respect, platinum, a physical catalyst, energizes both reaction intermediates by directly and indirectly resonating with them. Platinum energizes intermediates at multiple energy levels, creating conditions for energy amplification. The present invention also teaches how to copy the mechanism of action of platinum by using atomic fine structure frequencies.

The present invention has previously considered resonances with fine structure frequencies with only slight variations between frequencies (eg 456.676 and 456.686 THz). However, indirect resonance with the fine structure frequency is a significant difference. In particular, the present invention teaches that indirect resonance can be achieved by using a fine splitting frequency that is simply a difference or a heterodyne between the fine structure frequencies. By examining the hydrogen 456 THz microstructure and the fine splitting frequency (see, eg, FIGS. 30 and 31 and Table 3), a large number of heterodynes are shown. In other words, the difference between the microstructure frequencies can be calculated as follows:
456.686 THz−456.676 THz = 0.0102 THz = 10.2 GHz
Thus, when hydrogen atoms are subjected to 10.2 GHz electromagnetic energy (ie, energy corresponding to microwaves), they resonate indirectly with it to energize the 456 THz electron spectral frequency. In other words, 10.2 GHz adds to 456.676 THz, resulting in a resonant frequency of 456.686 THz. 10.2 GHz subtracts from 456.686 THz, resulting in a resonant frequency of 456.676 THz. Thus, by introducing 10.2 GHz into the hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom is excited at a frequency of 456 THz. Microwave frequencies can be used to stimulate electronic levels.

  According to the present invention, it is also possible to use a combination of mimicking catalyst mechanisms. For example, 1) it can resonate indirectly with the hydrogen atom frequency via heterodyne (ie, fine division frequency); and / or 2) it can resonate with hydrogen atoms at multiple frequencies. Such multiple resonances can occur using a combination of microwave frequencies simultaneously in diffusion and / or in chirp or burst. For example, individual microwave microstructure split frequencies for hydrogen at 10.87 GHz, 10.2 GHz, 3.23 GHz, 1.38 GHz and 1.06 GHz can be used in diffusion. In addition, there are a number of subdivision frequencies for hydrogen that were not expressly included herein, and thus, depending on the frequency range of available equipment, the present invention adapts the selected frequency to the capacity of available equipment. Provide a means for Therefore, the flexibility according to the teachings of the present invention is very great.

  Another method for delivering multiple electromagnetic energy frequencies according to the present invention is to use a low frequency as a carrier for high frequencies. This can be done, for example, by generating 10.2 GHz EM energy in short bursts where the bursts arrive at a rate of about 239 MHz. These frequencies are both fine division frequencies for hydrogen. This can also be achieved by delivering EM energy continuously and by changing the amplitude at a rate of about 239 MHz. These techniques can be used alone or in combination with various other techniques disclosed herein.

  It is therefore possible to energize higher levels of atoms using microwaves and radio frequencies by mimicking one or more mechanisms of action of the catalyst and by using atomic microstructures and splitting frequencies. . Thus, selectively energizing or targeting specific atoms can catalyze the desired reaction and lead to the desired end product. Depending on the environment, the option of using low frequencies can have a number of advantages. Low frequencies typically show better penetration into large reaction spaces and volumes and can be better adapted to large scale industrial applications. Low frequencies can be easily delivered in small, portable equipment, as opposed to large, bulky equipment that delivers high frequencies (eg, lasers). The choice of spectral catalyst frequency may be for simple reasons, such as to avoid interference from other sources of EM energy. Thus, according to the present invention, understanding the basic process of heterodyning and fine structure splitting frequency provides greater flexibility when designing and applying spectral energy catalysts in a targeted fashion. In particular, the present invention teaches that rather than simply reproducing the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst, it allows full use of the full range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum as long as the teachings of the present invention are followed. Accordingly, certain desirable frequencies are applied, while other less desirable frequencies are excluded from the applied spectral energy catalyst targeted to specific participants and / or components in the reaction system.

  As a further example, reference is again made to the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen for the purification of water. If it is desirable to catalyze a water reaction by doubling the mechanism of action of the catalyst in the microwave region, the present invention teaches that several options are available. Another such option is the use of knowledge that platinum energizes the reactive intermediate of the hydroxy radical. Besides the hydrogen atom, the B frequency for the hydroxy radical is 565.8 GHz. That means that the actual heterodyned difference between rotational frequencies is 2B or 1,131.6 GHz. Such frequencies can therefore be utilized to achieve excitation of the hydroxyl radical intermediate.

  Furthermore, the α constant for the hydroxy radical is 21.4 GHz. This frequency can therefore also be applied to energize hydroxy radicals. Therefore, water is generated by introducing hydrogen and oxygen gas into the chamber and irradiating the gas at 21.4 GHz. This particular gigahertz energy is a harmonic heterodyne of rotational frequency for the same rotational level but different vibration levels. All rotational frequencies that energize vibration levels that energize the electronic frequencies that catalyze the reaction are energized to the heterodyned frequencies. Thus, the above reaction can be catalyzed or targeted with a spectral catalyst applied at several applicable frequencies, all of which have one or more frequencies in one or more participants. Fit and thus carry energy.

  Furthermore, delivery at a frequency of 565.8 GHz, or even 1,131.6 GHz, results in virtually all rotational levels in the molecule that become energized entirely from the ground state. This approach copies the catalytic mechanism in two ways. The first method is by energizing the hydroxy radical and sustaining a critical reaction intermediate to catalyze the formation of water. The second mechanism copied from the catalyst is to energize multiple levels in the molecule. Since the rotational constant “B” is related to the rotational frequency, heterodyne occurs at all levels in the molecule. Thus, using frequency, “B” energizes all levels in the molecule. This facilitates the establishment of an energy amplification system such as occurs with platinum as a physical catalyst.

  Furthermore, when a molecule is energized using a frequency corresponding to an l-type doubling constant, such a frequency is used in a manner substantially similar to that used for finely divided frequencies from the atomic spectrum. Could have been. The difference between the two frequencies in the doublet is a heterodyne and energization of the doublet by that heterodyne frequency (ie, the splitting frequency) energizes the fundamental frequency and catalyzes the reaction.

  A further example utilizes a combination of frequencies for atomic microstructure. For example, using a constant center frequency of 1,131.6 GHz (ie, heterodyne difference between rotational frequencies for hydroxy radicals) with a vibrato that changes ± 21.4 GHz around the center frequency (ie, α constant harmonics for variations between rotational frequencies) Would use 1,131.6 GHz EM energy in a short burst, and the burst would be 21.4 GHz.

  Since slight variations are observed between rotational frequencies for the same level, bursts can be constructed using that frequency range. For example, when the maximum “B” is 565.8 GHz, the rotational frequency heterodyne corresponds to 1,131.6 GHz. If the minimum “B” is 551.2 GHz, this corresponds to a rotational frequency heterodyne of 1102 GHz. Thus, a “chirp” or burst of energy starting at 1,100 GHz and increasing in frequency to 1,140 GHz can be used. In fact, the transmitter can be set to “chirp” or burst at 21.4 GHz.

  In any case, there are a number of ways to use atomic and molecular microstructure frequencies with their associated heterodynes and harmonics. Understanding the mechanism of catalytic action allows those skilled in the art equipped with the teachings of the present invention to utilize spectral catalysts down from the high frequency ultraviolet and visible light regions, sometimes into the more manageable microwave and radio wave regions. Furthermore, the present invention allows one skilled in the art to calculate and / or determine the effects of microwaves and radio waves on chemical reactions and / or reaction pathways.

Ultrafine frequency The ultrafine structure frequency is the same as the fine structure frequency. The fine structure frequency can be observed by expanding a portion of the standard frequency spectrum. The fine structure splitting frequency occurs at frequencies lower than the electronic spectrum, mainly in the infrared and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The hyperfine splitting frequency occurs at frequencies that are even lower than the fine structure spectrum, mainly in the microwave and radio wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fine structure frequency is generally caused by electrons interacting with at least its own magnetic field. Hyperfine frequencies are generally caused by electrons that interact with at least the nuclear magnetic field.

FIG. 36 shows the rotation-vibration band frequency spectrum for the SF ₆ molecule. The rotation-vibration zone and microstructure are also shown in FIG. However, the fine structure frequency is observed by expanding a small section of the standard vibration band spectrum (ie, the lower part of FIG. 45 shows some of the fine structure frequencies). In many ways, looking at the fine structure frequency is the same as looking at the standard spectrum with a magnifying glass. Enlarging what appears to be a flat and uninteresting part of the standard vibration frequency band shows more curves with low frequency division. Many of these other curves are fine structure curves. Similarly, the small and apparently uninteresting portion of the resulting fine structure spectrum is yet another spectrum of more curves known as hyperfine spectra.

A small portion of the SF ₆ fine structure spectrum (ie 0-300) is magnified in FIG. The hyperfine spectrum includes a number of curve divisions with even lower frequencies. Now the fine structure spectrum has been expanded instead of the regular vibrational spectrum. What is found is more curves that are closer together. 47a and 47b show a further enlargement of the two curves marked with an asterisk (ie, “ ^* ” and “ ^** ”) in FIG.

  It can be seen that what appears to be a single waveform curve in FIG. 46 is a series of curves that are very closely spaced together. These are hyperfine frequency curves. The fine structure spectrum is therefore composed of several more curves spaced very close together. These other curves spaced closer together together correspond to hyperfine frequencies.

  Figures 47a and 47b show that the spacing of the hyperfine frequency curves are very close together and at slightly irregular intervals. The small amount by which the hyperfine curve is divided is called the hyperfine division frequency. The hyperfine splitting frequency is also heterodyne. This concept is substantially similar to the concept of fine division frequency. The difference between the two curves being divided is called the division frequency. Therefore, the hyperfine division frequencies are all hyperdyne heterodyne.

  Since the ultrafine frequency curve is caused by the expansion of the fraction of the fine structure curve, the ultrafine division frequency is generated only by the fraction of the fine structure division frequency. The fine structure splitting frequency is actually just a few curves spaced very close together around a regular spectral frequency. Expansion of the fine structure division frequency results in a hyperfine division frequency. The hyperfine splitting frequency is actually just a few curves that are very closely spaced together. The closer the curves are together, the smaller the distance or frequency that separates them. Here, the distance separating any two curves is the heterodyne frequency. Thus, the closer the two arbitrary curves are together, the lower (lower) the heterodyne frequency between them. The distance between the hyperfine division frequencies (that is, the amount by which the ultrafine frequency is divided) is the hyperfine division frequency. It is also called a constant or interval.

  The electronic spectrum frequency of hydrogen is 2,466 THz. The 2,466 THz frequency is made up of fine structure curves spaced 10.87 GHz (0.01087 THz). Therefore, the fine division frequency is 10.87 GHz. Here, the fine structure curve is made from a hyperfine curve. These hyperfine curves are spaced just 23.68 and 59.21 MHz. Thus, both 23 and 59 MHz are hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. Other hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen include 2.71, 4.21, 7.02, 17.55, 52.63, 177.64 and 1,420.0 MHz. The hyperfine splitting frequency is spaced closer together and closer than the fine structure splitting frequency, so the hyperfine splitting frequency is smaller and lower than the fine splitting frequency.

Therefore, the ultra fine division frequency is lower than the fine division frequency. This means that rather than being in the infrared and microwave regions, the hyperfine splitting frequency is in the microwave and radio wave regions so that there can be a finer splitting frequency. These low frequencies are found in the MHz (10 ⁶ hertz) and Khz (10 ³ hertz) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some of the hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen are shown in FIG. 48 (FIG. 48 shows the hyperfine structure at the n = 2 to n = 3 transition of hydrogen).

FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine frequency for CH ₃ I. These frequencies are an extension of the fine structure frequency for the molecule. Since the fine structure frequency for the molecule is actually a rotational frequency, what is shown is actually a hyperfine division of the rotational frequency. FIG. 49 shows the hyperfine division of the J = 1 → 2 rotation transition. The division between the two highest curves is less than 100 MHz.

  FIG. 50 shows another example of the molecular ClCN. This set of hyperfine frequencies is from the J = 1 → 2 transition of the specified vibrational state for ClCN. Note that ultrafine collections are separated by exactly 2-3 megahertz (MHz) and by less than 1 megahertz at 2-3 locations.

  The energy level graph and spectrum of the J = 1/2 → 3/2 rotational transition for NO is shown in FIG.

FIG. 52 shows the hyperfine division frequency for NH ₃ . Note that the frequencies are closely spaced together so that the magnitude at the bottom is kilohertz (Kc / sec). The ultrafine features of the lines were obtained using a beam spectrophotometer.

  Just like the fine division frequency, the hyperfine division frequency is a heterodyne of atomic and molecular frequencies. Thus, when an atom or molecule is stimulated at a frequency equal to the hyperfine splitting frequency (heterodyne difference between hyperfine frequencies), the energy is equal to the hyperfine splitting frequency that resonates indirectly with the hyperfine frequency via the heterodyne. The present invention teaches that. The associated rotation, vibration and / or electronic energy levels are stimulated sequentially. This is an important discovery. It selectively stimulates specific battery reaction components (eg atomic hydrogen intermediates can be stimulated at 2.55, 23.68, 59.2 and / or 1,420 MHz, for example) using more radio and microwave frequencies, Target.

Similar to the fine frequency, the ultrafine frequency also includes features such as a doublet. In particular, in the region where we expect to find only a single hyperfine frequency curve, two curves are seen instead, typically one on either side of the location where a single hyperfine frequency was predicted. Ultrafine doubling is illustrated in FIGS. This hyperfine spectrum is also from NH ₃ . FIG. 53 corresponds to J = 3 rotation levels, and FIG. 54 corresponds to J = 4 rotation levels. The doubling can be most easily observed in the J = 3 curve (ie FIG. 53). There are two sets of short curves, high curves and then two shorter sets. Each short set of curves is generally located where one expects exactly one curve to be found. There are two curves instead, one on one side of the main curve position. Each set of curves is a hyperfine doublet.

  There are different notations to indicate sources such as doubling, eg l-type doubling, K doubling, and Λ doubling, and they all have their own constants or intervals. Unless the theory behind the generation of various types of doublets is discussed in detail, the spacing between any two hyperfine multiplet curves is also heterodyne, so all these doubling constants represent frequency heterodynes. Therefore, their frequency heterodynes (ie hyperfine constants) can also be used as the spectral energy catalyst of the present invention.

  In particular, frequencies in atoms or molecules can be stimulated directly or indirectly. If the goal is to stimulate the 2,466 THz frequency of hydrogen for several reasons, for example, an ultraviolet laser may radiate 2,466 THz electromagnetic radiation. This directly stimulates the atom. However, if such a laser is not available, a hydrogen microstructure splitting frequency of 10.87 GHz can be achieved using a microwave device. The gigahertz frequency is heterodyned (ie, added or subtracted) using two closely spaced microstructure curves at 2,466 and stimulates the 2,466 THz frequency band. This indirectly stimulates the atom.

  Furthermore, the atoms are stimulated using a hyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogen at 23.68 MHz as generated by radio equipment. The 23.68 MHz frequency is heterodyned (ie, added or subtracted) using two closely spaced hyperfine frequency curves at 2,466 and stimulates the fine structure curve at 2,466 THz. Stimulation of the fine structure curve then leads to stimulation of the 2,466 THz electron frequency for the hydrogen atom.

  Furthermore, additional hyperfine clusters for hydrogen in the radio and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can also be used to stimulate atoms. For example, radio wave patterns for 2.7 MHz, 4.2 MHz, 7 MHz, 18 MHz, 23 MHz, 52 MHz, and 59 MHz can be used. This stimulates several different hyperfine frequencies of hydrogen, which stimulate them essentially at the same time. This causes stimulation of the fine structure frequency, which in turn stimulates the electronic frequency in the hydrogen atom.

  Furthermore, several delivery scheme variations may be used depending on the available equipment and / or design and / or processing constraints. For example, one of the low frequencies can be a carrier frequency for a high frequency. The continuous frequency of 52 MHz can be varied with a rate amplitude of 2.7 MHz. Alternatively, the 59 MHz frequency can be pulsed at a rate of 4.2 MHz. There are various ways in which these frequencies can be combined and / or delivered, including different waveform durations, intensity shapes, cycles of use, etc. Depending on which hyperfine splitting frequency is stimulated, for example, the generation of various and specific intermediates can be precisely adapted, allowing precise control of the entire cell reaction system using fine and / or hyperfine splitting frequencies To do.

  Thus, an important aspect of the present invention is that once it is understood that energy is transferred when the frequencies are matched, the next step is to determine which frequencies are available for adaptation. The present invention clearly discloses a method for achieving the objective. The interaction between equipment limitations, processing constraints, etc. determines which frequency is best suited for a particular purpose. Thus, both direct resonance and indirect resonance are appropriate approaches for the use of spectral energy catalysts.

Another means for modifying the spectral pattern of the electric field material is to expose the material to an electric field. Particularly in the presence of an electric field, atomic and molecular spectral frequency lines are split, moved, broadened, or changed in intensity. The action of the electric field on the spectral lines is known as the “Stark effect” in honor of its discoverer J. Stark. In 1913, Stark discovered that the hydrogen Balmer series (ie curve II in FIGS. 9a and 9b) was broken down into several different components, while Stark was in the presence of a hydrogen flame. A high electric field was used. In the meantime, Stark's first observations have evolved into a study of atomic and molecular structures by measuring changes in their respective spectral lines caused by separate branches of the spectroscopic method, namely electric fields.

  The electric field effect has some similarities with fine and hyperfine splitting frequencies. In particular, as discussed previously herein, the microstructure and hyperfine structure frequencies, along with their low frequency splitting or coupling constants, are between atoms of electrons and magnetic fields of electrons or nuclei, or atoms or Caused by intramolecular interactions. The electric field effect is similar, except that an electric field from the outside of the atom is applied instead of an electric field originating from the inside of the atom. The Stark effect is mainly the interaction of an external electric field from the outside of an atom or molecule with the electric and magnetic fields already established in the atom or molecule.

  When investigating electric field effects on atoms, molecules, ions and / or their constituents, the nature of the electric field also needs to be taken into account (eg whether the electric field is static or dynamic). The static electric field can be generated by direct current. The dynamic electric field is time-varying and can be generated by alternating current. If the electric field is from alternating current, the alternating frequency should also be taken into account, for example compared to the frequency of atoms or molecules.

  In an atom, an external electric field disturbs the charge distribution of the atom's electrons. This perturbation of the electric field of the electron itself induces a dipole moment therein (ie a slightly biased charge distribution). This polarized electron dipole moment then interacts with the external electric field. In other words, the external electric field first induces a dipole moment in the electric field and then interacts with the dipole. The net result is that the atomic frequency will split into several different frequencies. The amount of frequency is divided by the strength of the electric field. In other words, the stronger the electric field, the more widely separated it is.

If the split varies directly with the electric field strength, it is called a primary split (ie Δv = AF (where Δv is the split frequency, A is a constant, and F is the electric field strength). is there)). If the split changes with the square of the field strength, it is called a quadratic or quadratic function action (ie Δv = BF ² ). One or both effects can be observed with various forms of material. For example, hydrogen atoms exhibit a primary Stark effect at low electric field strength and a secondary action at high electric field strength. Other electric field effects, such as the third or fourth order of the electric field intensity, have not been studied very much, but nevertheless generate split frequencies. The secondary electric field effect for potassium is shown in FIGS. FIG. 55 is a scheme of the dependence of 4s and 5p energy levels on the electric field. FIG. 56 shows a plot of the deviation of the 5p ² P1 / 2.3 / 2 ← 4s ² S1 / 2 transition wave number from the zero electric field position with respect to the square of the electric field. Note that frequency division or frequency separation (ie, deviation from zero field wavenumber) varies with the square of the electric field strength (v / cm) ² .

  The mechanism for the Stark effect in molecules is simpler than that in atoms. Most molecules already have an electric dipole moment (ie a slightly inhomogeneous charge distribution). The external electric field simply interacts with the electric dipole moment already inside the molecule. The type of interaction, ie the primary or secondary Stark effect, is different for molecules shaped differently. For example, most symmetrical surface molecules have a first-order Stark effect. Asymmetric rotors typically have a secondary Stark effect. Thus, in molecules, as in the case of atoms, the frequency division or separation by an external electric field is proportional to the electric field strength itself or to the square of the electric field strength.

An example of this is shown in FIG. 57, which graphically shows how the J = 0 → 1 rotational transition for the molecule CH ₃ Cl responds to an external electric field. If the electric field is very small (eg less than 10 E ² esu ² / cm ² ), the main effect is a shift of the three rotational frequencies to higher frequencies. When the electric field strength is increased (eg 10-20 E ² esu ² / cm ² ), the three rotation frequencies are divided into five different frequencies. As the electric field strength continues to increase, the five frequencies here continue to move to higher frequencies. Some of the intervals or differences between the five frequencies remain the same regardless of the electric field strength, but other intervals become progressively larger and higher. Thus, the heterodyned frequency stimulates the splitting frequency at one electric field strength but not at another electric field strength.

  Another molecular example is shown in FIG. 58 (this is a graph of the Stark effect on the same OCS molecule shown in FIG. 44 for J = 1 → 2). The J = 1 → 2 rotational transition frequency is shown centered at zero on the horizontal frequency axis of FIG. Its frequency centered at zero is a single frequency in the absence of an external electric field. However, when an electric field is applied, the single rotation frequency splits in two. The stronger the electric field, the wider the division between the two frequencies. One of the new frequencies moves higher and higher, but the other frequency moves lower and lower. Because the difference between the two frequencies changes as the electric field strength changes, the heterodyned split frequency can stimulate the rotational level at one electric field strength, but not the other. The electric field affects the spectral frequency of the reaction participants and can thus affect the spectral chemistry of the reaction.

  Spectral line broadening and migration also occurs with the intermolecular Stark effect. The intermolecular Stark effect is created when the electric field from surrounding atoms, ions or molecules affects the spectral emission of the species under test. In other words, the external electric field arises from other atoms and molecules rather than from DC or AC current. Other atoms and molecules are constantly moving, so their electric fields are spatially and temporally inhomogeneous. Instead of dividing the frequency into a number of easily recognized narrow frequencies, the original frequency is simply wider and encompasses most if not all (ie, it is expanded) that was the divided frequency. Solvents, support materials, activity inhibitors, promoters, etc. are composed of atoms and molecules and their constituents. It is understood here that many of these actions are the result of the intermolecular Stark effect.

  The above example demonstrates how the electric field splits, shifts and broadens the spectral frequency associated with the material. However, the line strength can also be affected. Some of these variations in intensity are shown in FIGS. 59a and 59b. FIG. 59a shows the Stark constituent pattern for the transition in the rotation of the asymmetric surface molecule for the J = 4 → 5 transition, while FIG. 59b corresponds to J = 4 → 4. The intensity variation depends on rotational transition, molecular structure, etc., and electric field strength.

  An interesting Stark effect is shown in molecular-like structures with hyperfine (rotational) frequencies. The general rule for the production of hyperfine frequencies is that the hyperfine frequencies are due to interactions between electrons and nuclei. This interaction can be affected by an external electric field. When the applied external electric field is weak, the Stark energy is much lower than the energy of hyperfine energy (ie rotational energy). Ultrafine lines are divided into various new lines, and the separation (i.e. division) between the lines is very small (i.e. radio frequency and very low frequency).

  When the external electric field is very strong, the Stark energy is much greater than the hyperfine energy, and the molecules are sometimes shaken back and forth by the electric field, sometimes intensely. In this case, the ultrastructure is changed from the ground up. It almost seems as if there is no longer any ultrastructure. Stark splitting is substantially the same as that observed in the absence of hyperfine frequencies, and the hyperfine frequencies simply act as small variations on the Stark splitting frequency.

  When the external electric field is of medium strength, Stark and hyperfine energy are substantially equivalent. In this case, the calculation becomes very complicated. In general, the Stark division approximates the same frequency as the hyperfine division, but the relative intensities of the various components can change rapidly with small changes in the intensity of the external electric field. Thus, for a given electric field strength, a certain splitting frequency may be dominant, whereas for an electric field that is just 1% higher, the overall different Stark frequency dominates in strength.

  All of the above considerations on the Stark effect have focused on actions attributable to static electric fields, such as those that can be found using direct current. The Stark effect of dynamic or time-varying electric fields generated by alternating current is very interesting and can be quite different. Which of these propensities appears depends on the frequency of the electric field (ie alternating current) compared to the frequency of the material. If the electric field is changing very slowly, for example with a 60 Hz exit current, normal or static type electric field action occurs. Since the electric field varies from zero to the maximum field strength, the material frequency varies from their non-dividing frequency to their maximum dividing frequency at the changing electric field velocity. Therefore, the electric field frequency adjusts the frequency of the division phenomenon.

  However, as the electrical frequency increases, it is the line width that begins to overtake the primary frequency measurement (see FIG. 16 for the line width graph). The line width of the curve is its distance across, and the measurement is actually a very small heterodyne frequency measurement from one side of the curve to the other. The linewidth frequency is typically about 100 Khz at room temperature. In practical terms, the line width represents the relaxation time for a molecule, where the relaxation time is the time required for any transient phenomenon to disappear. Therefore, if the electrical frequency is significantly less than the line width frequency, the molecule has sufficient time to adjust to a gradually changing electric field and a normal or static type Stark effect occurs.

  If the electrical frequency is slightly less than the line width frequency, the numerator will change its frequency substantially in rhythm with the frequency of the electric field (ie it tunes to the frequency of the electric field). This is shown in FIG. 60 which shows the Stark effect for OCS on the J = 1 → 2 transition, along with the applied electric field at various frequencies. The letter “a” corresponds to the Stark effect with a static DC electric field; “b” corresponds to the Stark frequency expansion and blur with a 1 KHz electric field; and “c” is normal with an electric field of 1,200 KHz Corresponds to the Stark effect. As the electric field frequencies approach the KHz linewidth range, the Stark curves change their frequency with the electric field frequency and become wider and somewhat blurry. As the electric field frequency increases and moves beyond the line width range to about 1,200 KHz, the normal Stark curve becomes rippled again and becomes distinguishable. In many ways, molecules cannot keep up with rapid electric field fluctuations, but simply average the Stark effect. In all three cases, the periodic division of the Stark frequency is adjusted by the electric field frequency or its first harmonic (ie, 2 × electric field frequency).

  The next frequency measurement that the ever increasing electrical frequency overtakes in the numerator is the transition frequency (ie hyperfine frequency) between the two rotation levels. Since the electric field frequency approximates the transition frequency between two levels, emission of the transition frequency in the molecule induces a transition before and after the level. The molecule oscillates back and forth between both levels at the frequency of the electric field. When the electric field and transition level frequencies are substantially the same (ie, in a resonant state), the molecule oscillates back and forth at both levels, and the spectral lines for both levels appear simultaneously and at approximately the same intensity. Normally only one frequency level is observed at a time, but the resonant electric field essentially causes the molecule to go to both levels at the same time, so both transition frequencies appear in the spectrum.

In addition, for sufficiently large electric fields (eg, those used to generate plasma), additional transition level frequencies occur with regular spacing substantially equal to the electric field frequency. Furthermore, the division of the transition level frequency occurs at a frequency of the electric field frequency divided by an odd number (eg, the electric field frequency “f _E ” is divided by 3 or 5 or 7, ie, f _E / 3 or f _E / 5 etc.). obtain.

  Any change in the action of the electric field results in a new frequency, a new split frequency and a new energy level condition.

  Furthermore, if the electric field frequency is equal to, for example, the transition level frequency of an atom or molecule, secondary components with opposite frequency charge and equal intensity can be generated. This is a negative Stark effect, with two components having equal and opposite frequency charges that destructively erase each other. In spectral chemistry terms, this amount for negative catalysts or activity inhibitors in battery reaction systems was important for the reaction pathway when the transition was thus targeted. The electric field thus gives rise to the Stark effect, which is a split, shift, broadening, or intensity change and transition state change of the spectral frequency for substances (eg atoms and molecules). As with many of the other mechanisms that have been discussed herein, changes in the spectral frequency of the battery reaction system can affect the reaction rate and / or reaction pathway. For example, consider the following battery reaction system:

(Where A & B is a reactant, C is a physical catalyst, I represents an intermediate, and D & F is a product).

  Based on the fact that the physical catalyst produces several frequencies that are quite close to the harmonics of the intermediate, for the sake of discussion it is assumed that the reaction normally proceeds only at moderate rates. It is further assumed that when an electric field is applied, the catalyst frequency is shifted so that some of the catalyst frequency is now an accurate or substantially accurate harmonic of the intermediate. This results, for example, in a reaction that is catalyzed at a faster rate. Thus, the Stark effect can be used to obtain more efficient energy transport (ie frequency adaptation, energy transport) by frequency adaptation.

  If the reaction normally proceeds only at moderate rates, a number of “solutions” have involved subjecting the reaction system to extremely high pressures. The high pressure causes a broadening of the spectral pattern, which improves the energy transport due to the resonance frequency adaptation. By understanding the underlying catalytic mechanism of action, the high-pressure system can be replaced by a simple electric field that causes, for example, expansion. This is not only low cost for industrial manufacturers, but can also be safer to manufacture, for example due to the removal of high pressure equipment.

  Some reactants do not react very quickly when mixed together, but they react fairly rapidly when an electric field is applied. The prior art mentions that such reactions are catalyzed by an electric field, and the equation is as follows:

(Where E is the electric field). In this case, rather than applying catalyst “C” (above) to obtain product “D + F”, an electric field “E” may be applied. In this case, the electric field is applied to one of the reaction systems so that the frequency becomes resonant and the reaction can proceed along the desired reaction path (ie, energy is transported when the frequency is matched). Or it works by changing the spectral frequency (or spectral pattern) of multiple components. Understood in this way, the electric field becomes just another tool for changing the spectral frequency of atoms and molecules, thereby affecting the reaction rate in spectral chemistry.

  The reaction pathway is also important. In the absence of an electric field, the reaction pathway proceeds to a set of products:

  However, when an electric field is applied, the spectral frequency can change such that at some specific intensity of the field, different intermediates are energized and the reaction proceeds in different reaction paths:

This is similar to the concept previously discussed herein for the formation of products that vary with temperature. Changes in temperature cause changes in spectral frequency, and therefore different reaction paths are preferred at different temperatures. Similarly, the electric field causes a change in spectral frequency, and therefore different reaction paths are selected by different electric fields. By adjusting the electric field to a specific battery reaction system, not only the reaction rate but also the reaction product produced can be controlled.

  The ability to adapt the reaction by changing the strength of the electric field with or without a physical catalyst must be useful in many manufacturing situations. For example, it depends on which product is desired, by building only one physical setup for the reaction system, and by using one or more electric fields to change the reaction mechanics and product It can be cost effective. This saves expensive costs by having separate physical settings for the production of each group of products.

  Along with changing the strength of the electric field, the frequency of the electric field can also be changed. Assume that the reaction proceeds at a very fast rate when a specific strong static electric field (ie direct current) is applied as follows:

  However, further assume that due to the design and location of the reactor, it is very easy to deliver a time-varying electric field using alternating current. For example, a very low frequency field with a 60 Hz wall outlet can produce a normal or static Stark effect. The reactor is therefore adapted to a 60 Hz electric field and undergoes the same increase in reaction rate that occurs using a static electric field.

  If certain physical catalysts produce spectral frequencies that are close to the intermediate frequency, but not exactly, the activity of the physical catalyst in the past may have been improved by using high temperatures. As previously disclosed herein, the high temperature actually broadens the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst to at least partially match the frequency of the physical catalyst to the at least one intermediate. What is significant here is that high temperature boilers are minimized and eliminated altogether, and instead a moderate frequency electric field, e.g. extending the spectral frequency, can be used. For example, a frequency of about 100 KHz, which is equivalent to a typical linewidth frequency at room temperature, broadens substantially all the spectral curves and adapts the physical catalyst spectral curves to those of the required intermediates, for example. . Thus, the electric field can cause the material to behave as if the temperature had risen even if it was not a layer (as well as any spectral manipulation that causes a change in spectral linewidth (eg, electric field acoustics, heterodyne, etc.) Can make the substance act as if it had been changed).

  The periodic division of the Stark frequency can be adjusted by the electric field frequency or its first harmonic (ie, the primary Stark effect is adjusted by the electric field frequency, while the secondary Stark effect is adjusted by the second electric field frequency) ). Assuming that a metal platinum catalyst is used for the hydrogen reaction, it is desirable to stimulate the 2.7 MHz hyperfine frequency of the hydrogen atoms. Earlier in this specification it was disclosed that electromagnetic radiation could be used to deliver a 2.7 MHz frequency. However, the use of an alternating electric field at 2.7 MHz can be used instead. Because platinum is a metal and conducts electricity well, it can be considered to be part of an AC circuit. Platinum exhibits the Stark effect, with all frequencies splitting at a rate of 2.7 MHz. In a sufficiently strong electric field, additional transition frequencies or “sidebands” occur with regular spacing equal to the electric field frequency. There are a number of splitting frequencies in the platinum atom, which is a 2.7 MHz heterodyne. This bulk heterodyned output can stimulate a hydrogen hyperfine frequency of 2.7 MHz and direct the reaction.

  Another way to achieve this reaction is, of course, to completely exclude platinum from the reaction. The 2.7 MHz field has a resonant Stark effect on separate and individual platinum catalysts of hydrogen. Copper is usually not catalytic to hydrogen, but copper can be used to build a reaction vessel such as a Stark waveguide to energize the hydrogen. The Stark waveguide is used to perform Stark spectroscopy analysis. It is shown as Figures 61a and 61b. In particular, FIG. 61a shows the construction of a Stark waveguide, while FIG. 61b shows the field distribution in the Stark waveguide. The electric field is delivered through the conductive plate. The reaction vessel is made for gas flow and uses an economical metal, such as copper, for the conductive plate. When 2.7 MHz alternating current is delivered to a copper conducting plate via an electrical connection, the copper spectral frequency, none of which specifically resonates with hydrogen, exhibits a Stark effect with normal division. The Stark frequency is divided at a rate of 2.7 MHz. With sufficiently strong electric field strength, additional sidebands appear in the copper, with regular spacing of 2.7 MHz (ie, heterodyne), and Stark splitting or heterodyne matches the hydrogen frequency. A number of copper splitting frequencies resonate indirectly with the hydrogen hyperfine frequency to direct the reaction (ie, when the frequency is balanced and energy is transported).

  Stark resonances can be used with transition level frequencies, with high performance equipment and a good understanding of specific systems. For example, assuming that a specific reaction pathway is achieved, the molecule needs to be stimulated with a transition level frequency of 500 MHz. By delivering a 500 MHz electric field to the molecule, this resonant electric field can cause the molecule to oscillate back and forth between two levels at a rate of 500 MHz. This electrically creates a state for optical amplitude (ie, a laser with multiple high energy level stimuli), and arbitrarily added electromagnetic radiation at this frequency is amplified by the molecule. Thus, the electric field can replace the laser action of the physical catalyst.

  In essence, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanism of a chemical reaction, an electric field can be generated by modifying spectral features such as at least one participant and / or one or more components in a battery reaction system. It can be used as yet another tool for catalyzing and modifying chemical reactions and / or reaction pathways. Thus, another tool can be utilized to mimic the catalytic mechanism of the reaction.

In magnetic field spectral terminology, magnetic fields behave like electric fields in their action. In particular, for example, atomic and molecular spectral frequency lines can be split and moved by a magnetic field. In this case, the external magnetic field from outside the atom or molecule interacts with the electric and magnetic fields already inside the atom or molecule.

  This action of the external magnetic field on the spectral lines is called the “Zeeman effect” in honor of its discoverer, the German physicist Pieter Zeeman. In 1896, Zeeman discovered that when the flame was held between strong magnetic poles, the yellow flame spectroscopic “D” line of sodium was magnified. It was later discovered that the apparent broadening of the sodium spectral lines was actually due to their splitting and shifting. Zeeman's initial observations developed into a separate branch of spectroscopic methods for studying atomic and molecular structures by measuring changes in their spectral lines caused by magnetic fields. This then evolved into nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging used in medicine, and laser magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy used in physics and chemistry.

The Zeeman effect for the famous sodium “D” line is shown in FIGS. 62a and 62b. FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect for the sodium “D” line, while FIG. 62b shows a graph of the energy level for the transition in the Zeeman effect for the sodium “D” line. The “D” line is traditionally said to result from a transition between 3p ² P and 3s ² S electron orbitals. As shown, each single spectral frequency is divided into two or more slightly different frequencies centered around the original undivided frequency.

  In the Zeeman effect, the amount by which the spectral frequency is divided depends on the strength of the applied magnetic field. FIG. 63 shows the Zeeman splitting effect for oxygen atoms as a function of magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, two single frequencies are observed at zero and 4.8. If the magnetic field is low strength (eg 0.2 Tesla), a slight division and movement of the first two frequency books is observed. However, when the magnetic field is increased, the frequency is gradually divided and moved.

The degree of splitting and moving in Zeeman effect is due to the magnetic field strength is shown in Figure 64 with respect to the ³ P state silicon.

  As with the Stark effect generated from an external electric field, the Zeeman effect generated from an external magnetic field varies slightly depending on whether an atom or molecule is subjected to the magnetic field. The Zeeman effect on atoms can be divided into three different magnetic field strengths: weak; medium; and strong. When the magnetic field strength is weak, the spectral frequency is shifted and the amount divided is very small. Movement from the initial spectral frequency still stimulates the movement frequency. This is because they are close to the initial spectral frequency so that they are well within the resonance curve. Similarly with respect to segmentation, it is even smaller than the normal hyperfine segmentation. This means that in a weak magnetic field, there is only a very small division of the spectral frequency that moves to a very low division frequency in the low region of the radio spectrum and falls to a very low frequency region. For example, the Zeeman splitting frequency for hydrogen atoms caused by the earth's magnetic field is about 30 KHz. Large atoms have lower frequencies in the low kilohertz region and even in the hertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

  In the absence of a magnetic field, atoms can be stimulated by using direct resonance by spectral frequency, or by using their fine or hyperfine division frequencies in the infrared-microwave or microwave-radio wave region, respectively. By simply adding a very weak magnetic field, atoms can be stimulated with lower or very low frequencies matching the Zeeman splitting frequency. Thus, by simply using a weak magnetic field, the spectral catalyst range can be extended even lower to the radio frequency range. The weak magnetic field from the Earth causes atomic Zeeman splitting in the hertz and kilohertz range. This means that all atoms, including biological organisms, are sensitive to EM frequencies in hertz and kilohertz by being subjected to the earth's magnetic field.

  There is a very strong magnetic field at the other end of the magnetic field strength. In this case, the splitting and shifting of spectral frequencies is very extensive. For this wide movement of frequency, the difference between the split frequencies is much greater than the difference between the hyperfine split frequencies. This moves to the Zeeman effect division frequency at a frequency higher than the hyperfine division frequency. This division occurs approximately around the microwave region. As with weak magnetic fields, the addition of a strong magnetic field does not extend the reach of the electromagnetic spectrum at one extreme or the other extreme, but it still remains some more that can be used in the microwave region. Provides possible spectral catalyst frequency options.

  The case of moderate field strength is more complicated. The movement and splitting caused by the Zeeman effect from a moderate magnetic field is almost equal to hyperfine splitting. Although not extensively considered in the prior art, applying a moderate magnetic field to an atom can produce a Zeeman split that is substantially equivalent to its hyperfine split. This shows an interesting possibility. A method for directing atoms in a chemical reaction by stimulating the atoms with a hyperfine splitting frequency has been previously disclosed herein. The Zeeman effect provides a way to achieve a similar effect without introducing any spectral frequencies. For example, by introducing a moderate magnetic field, resonances that stimulate and / or energize and / or stabilize the atoms can be set in the atoms themselves.

  The moderate magnetic field causes a low frequency Zeeman split that balances and thus energizes the low frequency hyperfine splitting frequency in the atom. However, the low hyperfine splitting frequency actually corresponds to the heterodyned difference between the two vibration or fine structure frequencies. When the hyperfine splitting frequency is stimulated, two electrical frequencies are ultimately stimulated. This in turn makes the atom stimulated, for example. The Zeeman effect thus allows for spectral energy catalytic stimulation of the atom by exposing the atom to a magnetic field of the correct strength, and the use of a spectral EM frequency is not necessary (ie, energy is transferred as long as the frequency is matched). ). The possibility is quite interesting because the inert cell reaction system suddenly becomes active upon application of the appropriate moderate strength magnetic field.

  There is also a difference between the “normal” Zeeman effect and the “abnormal” Zeeman effect. For the “normal” Zeeman effect, the spectral frequency is divided into three frequencies by the magnetic field, with the predicted identical spacing between them (FIG. 65a showing the “normal” Zeeman effect and FIG. 65b showing the “abnormal” Zeeman effect. reference). One of the new split frequencies is higher than the initial frequency, and the other new split frequency is lower than the initial frequency. Both new frequencies are divided at the same distance from the original frequency. Thus, the difference between the upper and original and the lower and original frequencies is approximately the same. This means that in terms of heterodyne differences, at most two new heterodyned differences exist for the normal Zeeman effect. The primary heterodyne or split difference is the difference between one of the new split frequencies and the initial frequency. The other split difference is between the new split frequencies above and below. It is, of course, twice the frequency difference between the upper or lower frequency and the initial frequency.

  In many cases, the Zeeman split generated by the magnetic field results in splits that have more than three frequencies or are spaced differently than expected. This is called the “abnormal” Zeeman effect (see FIGS. 65 and 66: FIG. 66 shows the anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc 3p → 3s).

  Furthermore, if there are exactly three frequencies and the Zeeman effect is abnormal because the spacing is different from the prediction, the situation is similar to the normal effect. However, there are at most two new division frequencies that can be used. However, there are many more fully modified situations where the effect is unusual because more than three frequencies are generated. Assume the simple case where four Zeeman split frequencies are observed (see FIGS. 67a and 67b). FIG. 67a shows four Zeeman split frequencies and FIG. 67b shows four new heterodyned differences.

  In this example of anomalous Zeeman splitting, there are a total of four frequencies where one frequency exists only once. For clarity, the new Zeeman frequencies are labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4. The frequencies 3 and 4 are also divided by the same difference “w”. Thus, “w” is the heterodyned division frequency. The frequencies 2 and 3 are also divided by different quantities “x”. So far, there are two heterodyned split frequencies as in the normal Zeeman effect.

  However, frequencies 1 and 3 are divided by a third quantity “y”, where “y” is the sum of “w” and “x”. The frequencies 2 and 4 are also divided by the same third quantity “y”. Finally, frequencies 1 and 4 are further separated by the quantity “z”. Furthermore, “z” is the total amount of the sum “w + x + w”. The result is therefore four heterodyned frequencies at anomalous Zeeman cost: w, x, y and z.

  If there are six frequencies indicated by the anomalous Zeeman effect, more heterodyning differences are observed. The anomalous Zeeman effect thus gives much greater flexibility in frequency selection when compared to the normal Zeeman effect. In the normal Zeeman effect, the initial frequency is divided into three evenly spaced frequencies, for a total of exactly two heterodyned frequencies. In the anomalous Zeeman effect, the initial frequency is divided into four or more non-uniformly spaced frequencies, with at least four or more heterodyned frequencies.

  Similar Zeeman effects can occur in molecules. The molecule provides three basic manifolds: ferromagnetism, paramagnetism and diamagnetism. Ferromagnetic molecules are typical magnets. Such materials typically hold a strong magnetic field and consist of magnetic elements such as iron, cobalt and nickel.

  Paramagnetic molecules retain only weak magnetic fields. When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic motion of the molecules of the material is aligned in the same direction as the external magnetic field. Here, the magnetic motion of the molecule is a direction in which the magnetic field of the molecule itself is weighted. In particular, the magnetic motion of a molecule tilts to either side of the molecule, which is heavier loaded with respect to its own magnetic field. Thus, paramagnetic molecules are typically in the same direction as the externally applied magnetic field. Because paramagnetic materials align with an external magnetic field, they are also weakly attracted to the source of the magnetic field.

Common paramagnetic elements include oxygen, aluminum, sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium. Stable molecules such as oxygen (O ₂ ) and nitric oxide (NO) are also paramagnetic. Molecular oxygen makes up about 20% of the Earth's atmosphere. Both molecules play an important role in biological organisms. In addition, unstable molecules, more commonly known as free radicals, chemical reaction intermediates or plasmas, are also paramagnetic. Paramagnetic ions include hydrogen, manganese, chromium, iron, cobalt and nickel. A number of paramagnetic substances occur in biological organisms. For example, the blood that flows through our veins is an ionic solution containing red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which in turn contains ionized iron. Hemoglobin, and therefore red blood cells, is paramagnetic. In addition, hydrogen ions can be found in many organic compounds and reactants. For example, hydrochloric acid in the stomach contains hydrogen ions. Almost all biological organism energy systems, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), require hydrogen and manganese to function properly. Therefore, nothing but life itself depends on paramagnetic substances.

  On the other hand, diamagnetic molecules are stocked with moments that are rejected by a magnetic field and that are away from the direction of an external magnetic field and that they have little magnetism. Diamagnetic materials typically do not retain a magnetic field. Examples of diamagnetic elements include hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead and mercury. Diamagnetic molecules include water, most gases, organic compounds and salts such as sodium chloride. The salt is actually just a crystal of diamagnetic ions. Examples of diamagnetic ions include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, ammonium and sulfate ions. Ionic crystals are usually readily soluble in water, for example ionic aqueous solutions are also diamagnetic. Biological organisms meet the requirements of diamagnetic materials because they are carbon-based forms of life. In addition, the blood flowing through our veins is an ionic solution containing blood cells. The ionic solution (plasma) consists of water molecules, sodium ions, potassium ions, chloride ions and organic protein compounds. Therefore our blood is a diamagnetic solution containing diamagnetic blood cells.

  Regarding the Zeeman effect, first consider the case of paramagnetic molecules. As with atoms, effects can be classified based on magnetic field strength. If the external magnetic field applied to the paramagnetic molecule is weak, the Zeeman effect results in splitting into equally spaced levels. In most cases, the amount of splitting is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, ie the “first order” effect. The general rule of thumb is that one (1) Oersted (ie, slightly larger than the Earth's magnetic field) field results in an approximately 1.4 MHz Zeeman splitting in paramagnetic molecules. The weaker the magnetic field, the narrower the division that occurs at lower frequencies. A strong magnetic field produces a wider split at high frequencies. In these primary Zeeman effects, there is usually only splitting, and no initial or central frequency shift is observed, as was the case with the Zeeman effect on atoms.

  In many paramagnetic molecules, a secondary effect in which Zeeman splitting is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength is also observed. In these cases, the split is very small and has a very low frequency. In addition to splitting, the initial or central frequency moves in the atoms as they do in proportion to the magnetic field strength.

  Sometimes the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the molecular orientation makes a difference. For example, the π frequency is associated with a magnetic field parallel to the excitation electromagnetic field, while the σ frequency is found when it is perpendicular. Both π and σ frequencies exist with a circularly polarized electromagnetic field. A typical Zeeman splitting pattern for paramagnetic molecules in two different transitions is shown in FIGS. 68a and 68b. The π frequency is observed when ΔM = 0 and is above the long horizontal line. When a paramagnetic molecule is placed in a weak magnetic field, circular deflection excites both sets of frequencies in the molecule. Thus, any set of frequencies excited in the molecule can be controlled by controlling its orientation with respect to the magnetic field.

  When the magnetic field strength is intermediate, the interaction between the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic molecule and the externally applied magnetic field produces a Zeeman effect equivalent to other frequencies and energies in the molecule. For example, Zeeman splitting is close to the rotational frequency and disrupts the end-over-end rotational motion of the molecule. Zeeman splitting and energy are either unique or large enough to move the molecular spin away from its molecular axis.

  When the magnetic field is very strong, the nuclear magnetic moment spin deviates from the molecular momentum. In this case, the Zeeman effect overwhelms the hyperfine structure and has a very high energy at a very high frequency. In the spectrum of molecules exposed to strong magnetic fields, hyperfine splitting appears as a small variation of Zeeman splitting.

Next, consider the Zeeman effect in so-called “ordinary molecules” or diamagnetic molecules. Most molecules have a diamagnetic manifold and therefore have the designation “ordinary”. This includes, of course, most organic molecules found in biological organisms. A diamagnetic molecule has a rotational magnetic moment from the rotation of a positively charged nucleus, and this magnetic moment of the nucleus is only about 1/1000 that from a paramagnetic molecule. This means that the energy from Zeeman splitting in diamagnetic molecules is much less than the energy from Zeeman splitting in paramagnetic molecules. The equation for Zeeman energy in diamagnetic molecules is shown below:
Hz = − (g _j J = g ₁ I). βH ₀
(Where J is the molecular rotational angular momentum, I is the nuclear spin angular momentum, g _j is the rotational g factor, and g ₁ is the nuclear spin g factor). This Zeeman energy is much lower than the paramagnetic Zeeman energy and has a much lower frequency. In terms of frequency, it falls within the hertz and kilohertz regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

  Finally, consider the meaning of Zeeman splitting for catalysts and chemical reactions, and for spectral chemistry. Weak magnetic fields produce Hertz and Kilohertz Zeeman splitting in atoms and secondary effects in paramagnetic molecules. Virtually any type of magnetic field results in Hertz and kilohertz Zeeman splitting in diamagnetic molecules. All these atoms and molecules then become sensitive to radio waves and very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves. Atoms and molecules absorb radio waves and VLF energy and become stimulated to a greater or lesser extent. This can be used, for example, to add spectral energy to specific molecules or intermediates in chemical cell reaction systems. For example, for hydrogen and oxygen gas diversion to water over a platinum catalyst, hydrogen atom radicals are important to maintain the reaction. In the Earth's weak magnetic field, the Zeeman split for hydrogen is about 30 KHz. Thus, hydrogen atoms in battery reaction systems can be energized by applying to them a Zeeman splitting frequency for hydrogen (eg, 30 KHz). Application of energy to hydrogen atoms in the battery reaction system replicates the action mechanism of platinum and catalyzes the reaction. If the reaction is moved out of the atmosphere away from the Earth's weak magnetic field, hydrogen no longer has a 30 KHz Zeeman splitting frequency, and 30 KHz no longer effectively catalyzes the reaction.

  The numerous materials on this planet exhibit Zeeman splitting of the Hertz and Kilohertz regions by being in the Earth's weak magnetic field. This is true for biologics, organic materials, and inorganic or inanimate materials. Humans consist of a wide variety of atoms, diamagnetic molecules and second-effect paramagnetic molecules. All these atoms and molecules are present in the earth's weak magnetism. All these atoms and molecules in humans have a Zeeman split in the hertz and kilohertz regions because they are present in the earth's magnetic field. Biochemical and biocatalytic processes in humans are therefore sensitive to hertz and kilohertz electromagnetic radiation due to the fact that they exist in the Earth's weak magnetic fields. As long as humans continue to exist on this planet, they are subjected to spectral energy catalysis from Hertz and kilohertz EM waves due to the Zeeman effect from the planet's magnetic field. This has significant implications for low frequency communication and chemical and biochemical reactions, disease diagnosis and treatment.

  A strong magnetic field results in a division greater than the hyperfine frequencies in the microwave and infrared regions of the EM spectrum in atoms and paramagnetic molecules. In the hydrogen / oxygen reaction, a strong field is added to the cell reaction system, sending MHz and / or GHz frequencies to the reaction and energizing the hydroxy radical and the hydrogen reaction intermediate. When catalyzing a reaction with physical platinum, the application of a specific magnetic field strength is divided in a way that matches more frequencies than without a magnetic field, and the platinum and reaction intermediate spectra with shifted frequencies Both can occur. In this way, Zeeman splitting can be used to improve the effectiveness of a physical catalyst by copying its mechanism of action (ie, more frequencies are matched and thus more energy is transferred).

  A moderate magnetic field causes Zeeman splitting in atoms and paramagnetic molecules at frequencies equivalent to hyperfine and rotational splitting frequencies. This means that the battery reaction system can be energized without the addition of electromagnetic energy. Similarly, increasing the reaction occurs by placing the cell reaction system in a moderate magnetic field that produces a Zeeman split that is equivalent to hyperfine or rotational splitting. For example, by using a magnetic field that causes hyperfine or rotational splitting in hydrogen and oxygen gases consistent with Zeeman splitting on hydrogen atoms or hydroxy radicals, hydrogen or hydroxy intermediates are energized and proceed through a reaction cascade. , Produce water. By using a moderately tuned moderate magnetic field, the magnetic field can be used to change the reactants into a catalyst for their own reaction, without the addition of the physical catalyst platinum or platinum spectral catalyst. obtain. The magnetic field simply replicates the mechanism of action of platinum, but has the situation that the reaction is catalyzed only by the applied magnetic field.

  Finally, consider the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the molecular orientation. If the magnetic field is parallel to the excitation electromagnetic field, a π frequency is generated. If the magnetic field is orthogonal to the excitation electromagnetic field, the σ frequency is found. Assume that there is an industrial chemical cell reaction system that uses the same (or similar) starting reactants, but the objective is to be able to optionally produce different products. By using a magnetic field combined with spectral energy or a physical catalyst, the reaction can be directed to one set or another. For the first set of products, the electromagnetic excitation is oriented parallel to the magnetic field to produce a set of π frequencies, which results in the first set of products. To achieve a different product, the direction of the magnetic field is changed so that it is orthogonal to the excitation electromagnetic field. This results in different sets of sigma frequencies and different reaction paths are energized, thus producing different sets of products. Thus, according to the present invention, the specificity of many battery reaction systems can be fine-tuned using magnetic field effects, Zeeman splitting, splitting and spectral energy catalysts.

  In short, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanisms for chemical reactions, the magnetic field catalyzes those chemical reactions by modifying the spectral characteristics of at least one participant and / or at least one component in the cell reaction system. And can be used as yet another tool for modification.

Reaction vessel and conditioning Reaction vessel size, shape and composition An important consideration in the use of spectral chemistry is reaction vessel size, shape and composition. The reaction vessel size and shape can assign the vessel's NOF to various wave energies (eg, electromagnetic, acoustic, current, etc.). This in turn affects battery reaction system dynamics. For example, a particularly small bench top reaction vessel may have an electromagnetic NOF of 1,420 MHz for a 25 cm dimension. When reactions with atomic hydrogen intermediates are carried out in a small bench top reaction, the reaction proceeds rapidly due in part to the fact that the reaction vessel and hydrogen hyperfine resolution frequency are matched (1,420 MHz). This resonates the reaction vessel and the hydrogen intermediate, thus transferring energy to the intermediate and promoting the reaction path.

  When the reaction is scaled up for large scale industrial production, the reaction takes place in a very large reaction vessel using, for example, 100 MHz electromagnetic NOF. The reaction proceeds at a slow rate because the reaction vessel is no longer resonating with the hydrogen intermediate. This deficiency in large reaction vessels can be compensated, for example, by replenishing reactions with 1,420 MHz radiation and thereby restoring faster reaction rates.

  Similarly, the reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel) composition may play a similar role in battery reaction system kinetics. For example, a stainless steel bench top reaction vessel produces a vibration frequency that resonates with the vibration frequency of the reactant, thus facilitating the dissociation of the reactant into, for example, a reactive intermediate. If the reaction is scaled up for industrial production, it can be placed, for example, in a ceramic-clad metal reaction vessel. New reaction vessels typically do not generate reactant vibration frequencies and the reaction proceeds at a slower rate. Once again, this deficiency in the new reaction vessel caused by its different composition can be caused by returning the reaction to a stainless steel vessel, or replenishing the vibration frequency of the reactants, for example in a ceramic-lined vessel, and / or other reaction systems. This may be compensated by conditioning the reaction vessel with an appropriate conditioning energy before some or all of the components are introduced into the reaction vessel.

  Here, all aspects of spectral chemistry discussed above (resonance, targeting, activity inhibitors, cocatalysts, support materials, electric and magnetic fields etc. that are both intrinsic and extrinsic with respect to battery reaction system components ) Should be understood to apply to the reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel) as well as to any participant (or conditioning participant) placed therein, for example. The reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel) can be composed of a material (eg, stainless steel, plastic, glass and / or ceramic, etc.) or it can be comprised of a field or energy (eg, magnetic bottle, shading device, etc.). A reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel) interacts with other components in the cell reaction system and / or with at least one participant by possessing unique properties such as frequency, wave and / or field. obtain. Similarly, holding containers, conduits, etc., some of which may interact with the cell reaction system, but where the reaction does not actually take place, interact with one or more components in the cell reaction system, And they can potentially affect them positively or graduately. Thus, when a reaction vessel is referred to, it should be understood that all parts associated with it can also participate in the desired reaction.

  The invention will be more clearly read and better understood from the following specific examples.

Example 1:
Substitution of physical catalysts by spectral catalysts in gas phase reactions.
2H ₂ + O ₂ >>> Platinum catalyst >>>> 2H ₂ O
Water can be generated by exposing H ₂ and O ₂ to a physical platinum (Pt) catalyst, but there is always the potential for potentially dangerous explosion hazards. This experiment replaced the physical platinum catalyst with a spectral catalyst that included the spectral pattern of the physical platinum catalyst, which resonates with energy and transfers it to hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates.

  To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen combine to produce water utilizing a spectral catalyst, electrolysis of water is performed to provide the theoretical amounts of oxygen and hydrogen starting gases. Two rubber stoppers were attached to the outer neck of the three-necked flask, and each of the necks was equipped with a platinum electrode 4 inches long in a glass case. Fill the flask with distilled water, expose the part of the electrode in the glass case to air, and submerge the part of the electrode not in the case completely below the surface of the water. The central neck was connected to a vacuum tube via a rubber stopper, which was led to a dry light column to remove any moisture from the product gas.

  After vacuum removal of all gases in the system (to about 700 mmHg), electrolysis was performed using a 12 V power supply attached to the two electrodes. After starting the electrolysis, hydrogen and oxygen gas were produced in theoretical amounts. The gas was passed through a dry lite column and through a vacuum tube connected to positive and negative pressure gauges into a sealed 1,000 ml round quartz glass flask. A strip of filter paper containing dry cobalt was placed in the bottom of the sealed flask. Initially, the cobalt paper was blue, indicating the absence of water in the flask. Similar cobalt test strips exposed to ambient air were also blue.

Spectral catalytic platinum electrical frequency from a Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Platinum Lamp with a traditional physical platinum catalyst placed approximately 1 inch from the flask. (With their associated fine and ultrafine frequencies). This allowed the oxygen and hydrogen gas in the round quartz glass flask to be irradiated with radiation from the spectral catalyst. The Pt lamp was powered at 80% maximum current (12 mAmps) using a Cathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610. Dry ice in a styrofoam container placed directly under the round quartz flask was used to cool the reaction flask to offset any effect of heat from the Pt lamp. Turning on the Pt lamp revealed a pronounced pink color on the cobalt paper strip within 2 days of irradiation, indicating the presence of water in the round quartz flask. Cobalt test strips exposed to laboratory ambient air remained blue. Over the next 4-5 days, the pinked area on the cobalt strip became brighter and larger. When Pt radiation was stopped, H ₂ O diffused from the cobalt strip and was taken up by the drylite column. During the next 4-5 days, the pink color of the cobalt strip in the quartz flask turned amber. Cobalt strips exposed to ambient air remained blue.

  In this example, targeted spectral energy was used to affect chemical reactions in the gas phase.

Example 2:
Spectral catalyst replacement of physical catalysts in liquid phase reactions.
H ₂ O ₂ >>>> platinum catalyst >>>> H ₂ O + O ₂
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is a very slow reaction in the absence of a catalyst. Therefore, experiments were conducted that showed that the finely divided platinum, a physical catalyst, could be replaced with a spectral catalyst having a spectral pattern of platinum. Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was filled in two nipple quartz test tubes (the nipple quartz test tube was about 10 mm long towards the upper capillary section with an inner diameter of about 2.0 mm and a length of about 140 mm. It is made of a Photo Vac Laser quartz tube with a narrowed inner diameter of about 17 mm and a length of about 150 mm. Both quartz tubes were placed upside down in a 50 ml beaker reservoir filled to approximately 40 ml of (3%) hydrogen peroxide and shielded from incident light (cardboard cylinder covered with aluminum foil). One of the light shielding tubes was used as a control. The other light-shielding tube was exposed to a platinum (Pt) Fisher Scientific hollow cathode lamp using a cathode-on-hollow cathode lamp source C610 at 80% maximum current (12 mAmps). Experiments were performed several times with exposure times ranging from about 24 to about 96 hours. The shading tube was monitored for temperature increase (not observed at all) to ensure that no reaction was due to thermal effects. In a typical experiment, a nipple tube was prepared using hydrogen peroxide (3%) as described hereinabove. Both tubes were shielded from light as above and the Pt tubes were exposed to platinum spectral radiation for about 24 hours. Gas production in the control tube A is measured as about 4 mm in length (ie about 12.5 mm ³ ) in the capillary while the gas in Pt (test tube B) is measured as about 50 mm (ie about 157 mm ³ ). did. Thus, the platinum spectrum catalyst increased the reaction rate by about 12.5 times.

The test tube was then switched to expose test tube A to the platinum spectrum catalyst for about 24 hours, while test tube B served as a control. Gas production in the control (test tube B) is measured at a length of about 2 mm (ie about 6 mm ³ ) in the capillary, while the gas in Pt (test tube A) is about 36 mm (ie about 113 mm ^3). ) And a difference of about 19 times the reaction rate was obtained.

The experiment was repeated using 6 mA (80% of maximum current) as a negative control to confirm that not all lamps produced the same results. Na in traditional reactions is a reactant with water-releasing hydrogen gas, but is not a catalyst for hydrogen peroxide decomposition. The control tube measured the gas to be about 4 mm (ie about 12 mm ³ ) in length of the capillary section, while the Na tube gas was measured to be about 1 mm (ie about 3 mm ³ ) in length. This indicated that the spectral emission replaced the catalyst, but they still cannot replace the reactants. Furthermore, the simple effect of using a hollow cathode tube that releases heat and energy into hydrogen peroxide is not the cause of bubble formation, but instead the Pt spectral pattern that replaces the physical catalyst reacts. I showed that it causes.

  In this example, targeted spectral energy was used to affect chemical reactions in the liquid phase and subsequent conversion to the gas phase.

Example 3:
It is well known that certain microorganisms have a toxic reaction to silver (Ag) by replacing the physical catalyst with a spectral catalyst in a solid phase reaction . The silver electrical spectrum consists essentially of two ultraviolet frequencies lying between UV-A and UV-B. Here, according to the present invention, the high intensity spectral frequency generated in the silver electrical spectrum is understood to be the ultraviolet frequency that suppresses bacterial growth (by generating free radicals and causing bacterial DNA damage). . These UV frequencies are essentially harmless to mammalian cells. It was therefore theorized that the known pharmaceutical and antibacterial use of silver is due to spectral catalysis. In this regard, experiments were performed to show that spectral catalysts that emit a spectrum of silver demonstrate toxic or inhibitory effects on microorganisms.

  Using standard plating techniques, bacterial dishes were placed on standard growth media in two Petri dishes (one control and one Ag) to cover all dishes. Each dish was placed at the bottom of a light-tight cylindrical chamber. Each culture plate was covered with a light-shielding foil coated cardboard disc having patterned slits. A Fisher Scientific hollow cathode lamp for silver (Ag) was inserted through the top of the Ag exposure chamber so that only the spectral emission pattern from the silver lamp irradiates bacteria on the Ag culture plate (ie through the patterned slit). A cathode on hollow cathode lamp source C610 was used to power Ag at 80% maximum current (3.6 mA). The control was not exposed to the Ag lamp emission and blocked ambient light. Both control and Ag plates were held at room temperature (eg, about 70-74 degrees F.) for silver spectral emission exposure times ranging from about 12-24 hours in various experiments. Both plates were then incubated for approximately 24 hours using standard techniques (37 ° C., aerobic Forma Scientific Model 3157, water-cooled incubator).

The following bacteria (obtained from Microbiology Laboratory at People's Hospital in Mansfield, Ohio, US) were tested for the effects of Ag lamp spectral emission:
1. E. coli;
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae;
3. 3. Staphylococcus aureus; and Salmonella typhoid.

This group included gram positive and gram negative species, and cocci and bacilli. The results are shown below:
1. Controls—All controls showed complete growth covering the culture plate.

2. The area that was not exposed to the Ag plate-Ag spectral emission pattern showed complete growth.

The areas exposed to the Ag spectral emission pattern were as follows:
a. E. coli-not growing;
b. Streptococcus pneumoniae-does not grow;
c. S. aureus-does not grow; and d. Salmonella typhi—inhibited growth.

  In this example, targeted spectral energy was used to catalyze chemical reactions in biological organisms. These reactions suppressed the growth of biological organisms.

Example 4:
Comparison of Physical Catalysts with Spectral Catalysts and Comparison with Physical Catalyst Results in Biological Preparations Certain sensitive organisms that have toxic effects on silver have similar reactions to spectral catalysts that emit silver spectra. For further demonstration, cultures were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), which included E. coli # 25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Pneumoniae # 13883. Control and Ag plate cultures were performed as described above. After incubation, the plates were examined using a binocular microscope. E. coli was moderately resistant to the bactericidal action of spectral silver release, while Klebsiella was moderately sensitive. All controls showed complete growth.

  Therefore, experiments were performed that demonstrated similar results with physical silver catalysts as obtained with Ag spectral catalysts. Sterilization test disks were immersed in 80 ppm colloidal silver solution. As above, the same two organisms were re-plated. A colloidal silver test disc was placed on each Ag plate, while the control plate had nothing. Plates were incubated as before and examined under a binocular microscope. Colloidal silver E. coli was moderately resistant to the bactericidal action of physical colloidal silver, while Klebsiella was again moderately sensitive. All controls showed complete growth.

Example 5:
Enhancement of physical catalyst with spectral catalyst As in Example 1, to demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can be combined to produce water using a spectral catalyst to enhance the physical catalyst. Water electrolysis is performed to provide the necessary oxygen and hydrogen starting gases.

Two quartz flasks (A and B), each with its own set of vacuum and pressure gauge, were connected separately after the drylite column. Platinum powder (about 31 mg) was placed in each flask. The flask was charged with theoretical amounts of H ₂ and O ₂ generated by electrolysis to 120 mm Hg. The flasks were separated from the electrolysis system by a cock and from each other. The pressure in each flask was recorded over time as the reaction proceeded through the physical platinum catalyst. The reaction combines 3 moles of gas (ie 2 moles H ₂ and 1 mole O ₂ ) to produce 2 moles of H ₂ O. This reduces the molar concentration, and thus the progress of the reaction can be monitored by reducing the pressure “P” proportional to the molar concentration “n” according to the ideal gas law (PV = nRT). In this way a baseline rate of reaction was obtained. In addition, the test was repeated and each flask was filled with H ₂ and O ₂ to 220 mm Hg. Catalysis of the reaction with only the physical catalyst produced two baseline reaction curves, which were in good agreement for both Flasks A and B and for both the 110 mm and 220 mm Hg tests.

  The traditional physical platinum catalyst in Flask A is then used with spectrally catalyzed platinum release from two parallel Fisher Scientific hollow cathode platinum lamps as in Example 1 located approximately 2 cm from Flask A. Strengthened. The test was repeated as above, separating the two flasks from each other and monitoring the rate of reaction by reducing the pressure in each. Flask B served as a control flask. In Flask A, oxygen and hydrogen gas and physical platinum catalyst were irradiated directly by release from the Pt lamp spectrum catalyst.

  The reaction rate in control flask B was in good agreement with the previous baseline rate. The reaction rate in flask “A”, where the physical platinum catalyst was enhanced by the platinum spectral pattern, showed an overall average increase of 60% and a maximum increase of 70% over baseline and Flask B.

  In this example, the targeted spectral energy was used to change the chemical reaction characteristics of the solid catalyst in the gas phase (heterogeneous) reaction system.

Example 6:
Substitution of physical catalyst by microstructure heterodyne frequency and substitution of physical catalyst by microstructure frequency α rotation-vibration constant As described hereinabove, water is electrolyzed to yield theoretical amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gases. Was generated. In addition, a dry ice cooled stainless steel coil was placed immediately after the dry light column. After vacuum removal of all gases in the system, electrolysis was accomplished using a 12 V power source attached to the two electrodes to produce hydrogen and oxygen gas. After passing through a dry area column, hydrogen and oxygen gas were passed through a vacuum tube connected to positive and negative pressure gauges, through a dry ice cooled stainless steel coil, and then into a 1,000 ml round quartz flask. A strip of filter paper impregnated with dry (blue) cobalt was placed at the bottom of the quartz flask as an indicator of the presence or absence of water.

  The entire system was evacuated to a pressure of about 700 mm Hg, lower than atmospheric pressure. Electrolysis was performed to produce theoretical amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gas, resulting in a pressure of about 220 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure. Here, the center of the quartz flask containing hydrogen and oxygen gas is centered on a continuous micro wave emitted from a Hewlett Packard microwave spectroscopy system including the HP 83350B Sweep Oscillator, HP 8510B Network Analyzer, and HP 8513A Reflection Transmission Test Set. Irradiated with wave electromagnetic radiation for about 12 hours. The frequency used was 21.4 GHz, which corresponds to the fine resolution constant of the hydroxy intermediate, the α-rotation-vibration constant, and is therefore a harmonic resonant heterodyne for the hydroxy radical. The cobalt strips changed color strongly to pink, indicating the presence of water in the quartz flask and its formation was catalyzed by the harmonic resonant heterodyne frequency for the hydroxy radical.

This example used targeted spectral energy to control the gas phase chemical reaction.

Example 7:
Replacement of physical catalyst with hyperfine splitting frequency An experimental darkroom was prepared in which there was no ambient light and it could be totally dark. Shielded basement (Ace Shielded Room, Ace, Philadelphia, PA, US, Model A6H3-16; 8 feet wide, 17 feet long and 8 feet high (approx. 2 meters x 5.2 meters x 2.4 meters) copper mesh), dark room Equipped inside.

  Hydrogen peroxide (3%) is placed in a nipple quartz test tube, which is then placed in a beaker filled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide as described in more detail herein. I put it upside down. The test tube was allowed to rest in the dark for about 18 hours and covered with a non-metallic light shielding hood (so that the test tube was placed in the room without exposure to light). Next, the baseline measurement of the gas in the nipple tube was performed.

  Three nipple RF tubes on a wooden grid in the shielding room, using a center frequency of about 6.5 MHz, from a frequency emitting antenna (copper tube, 15 mm diameter, octagonal outer circumference 4.7 m), about 107 cm each Centered on grids 4, 54 and 127, corresponding to distances of 187 cm and 312 cm. A 25 watt, 17 MHz signal was sent to the antenna. This frequency corresponds to the hyperfine division frequency of hydrogen atoms, which are transients in the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide. The antenna was continuously pulsated by the BK Precision RF signal generator model 2005A and amplified by the Amplifier Research amplifier model 25A-100. A control tube was placed on a wooden cart next to the shielded room in the dark room. All tubes were covered with a non-metallic shading hood.

After about 18 hours, gas production from the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide in the nipple tube and the resulting oxygen production were measured. The RF tube closest to the antenna produces a 11 mm long gas in the capillary (34 mm ³ ), and the intermediate distance tube produces a 5 mm (10 mm ³ ) long gas from the antenna. The remote RF tube produced no gas. The control tube produced 1 mm gas. It can therefore be concluded that the RF hyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogen increases the reaction rate by about 5 to 10 times.

  In this example, targeted spectral energy was used to control the chemical reaction in the liquid phase, resulting in the conversion to the gas phase.

Example 8:
Replacement of physical catalyst by magnetic field As described above, hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in a nipple quartz tube, which was then placed upside down in a beaker filled with (15%) hydrogen peroxide. The test tube was allowed to rest for about 4 hours on a wooden table in a shielded cage in a dark room. Next, the baseline measurement of the gas in the nipple tube was performed.

  In a dark room, the two control tubes were left on a wooden table as controls, while still in the shielding cage. Two magnetic field tubes were mounted on a central platform of ETS Helmholz single axis coil, model 6402, 1.06 Gauss / Amp and pulsated at approximately 83 Hz by a BK Precision 20 MHz sweep / function generator model 4040. The voltage output of the function generator was adjusted to produce an alternating magnetic field of approximately 19.5 milligauss on the Helmholtz Coil central platform, as measured by the Holaday Model HI-3627, 3-axis ELF magnetic field meter and probe. Hydrogen atoms, which are transients in hydrogen peroxide dissociation, showed nuclear magnetic resonance via Zeeman splitting at this applied frequency and applied magnetic field strength. The frequency of the alternating magnetic field was therefore resonant with the hydrogen transient.

After about 18 hours, gas production from the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide in the nipple tube and the resulting oxygen production were measured. The control tube averaged about 180 mm gas production (540 mm ³ ), while the tube exposed to the alternating magnetic field produced about 810 mm gas (2,430 mm ³ ), and the mid-range tube at the antenna generates a gas in length 5 mm (10 mm ^3), it resulted in an increase of approximately 4 times the reaction rate.

Example 9:
Negative catalyst for reaction by electric field As described in more detail hereinabove, hydrogen peroxide (15%) is placed in four nipple quartz tubes which are filled with hydrogen peroxide (15%) beakers. I put it upside down. The test tube was placed on a wooden table in a shielded room in a dark room. After 4 hours, a baseline measurement of the gas in the capillary part of the tube was performed.

  An Amplifier Research self-sufficient electromagnetic cell (“TEM”) model TC1510A was placed in a dark shielding room. A BK Precision RF signal generator, model 2005A and Amplifier Research amplifier model 25A100 provided a sinusoidal signal of approximately 133 MHz to the TEM cell. An electric field (E field) of about 5 V / m at the center of the TEM cell, as measured by the Holaday Industries electric field probe, model 4433GRE, adjusted at the output level in the signal generator and amplifier. Was generated.

  Two of the hydrogen peroxide filled tubes were placed in the middle of the upper chamber of the TEM cell, approximately 35 cm from the shielding chamber wall. The other two tubes served as controls, which were also placed on a wooden table approximately 35 cm from the same wall of the shielded dark room, so that there was no ambient electric field as verified by E-field probe measurements. Removed from nearby.

The 133 MHz AC sine signal delivered to the TEM is well above the typical linewidth frequency at room temperature (eg, about 100 KHz) and is:
ΔE = cE ^3/4
(Where E is the change in energy at cm ⁻¹ , c is 7.51 +/− 0.02 for the hydrogen state n = 20, and E is the electric field strength at (Kv / cm) ² )
It is theorized to be resonant with the n = 20 Ryderg state of the hydrogen atom as obtained from

  About 5 hours after exposure to the electric field, the average gas production in the test tube subjected to the E field was about 17.5 mm, while the average gas production during the control test was about 58 mm.

  Although not wishing to be coupled with any particular theory or explanation, the alternating electric field resonates with the high energy level of the hydrogen atom, producing a negative Stark effect, thereby catalyzing the reaction negatively.

Example 10:
Enhancing Physical Catalysts by Irradiating Reactants / Transients with Spectral Catalysts Hydrogen and oxygen gases were generated in stoichiometric amounts by electrolysis as described in more detail hereinabove. A stainless steel coil cooled in dry ice was placed immediately after the dry light column. A positive and negative pressure gauge was connected after the coil, and then a 1,000 ml round quartz flask was connected in series with a second set of pressure gauges.

  At the start of each experimental run, the entire system was evacuated to a pressure of about −650 mm Hg. The system was sealed for approximately 15 minutes to ensure retention of the resulting vacuum and connection integrity. As above, electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gas was performed.

  As above, about 10 mg of finely pulverized platinum was initially placed in a round quartz flask. The reaction rate was monitored by reacting the reactant gas over platinum and increasing the rate of pressure drop over time. The starting pressure was about 90 mm mm Hg positive pressure, and the final pressure was about the first half of 30 above the amount when the measurements were made. Two control experiments were performed with reaction rates of about 0.47 mm Hg / min and about 0.48 mm Hg / min.

  For the third experiment, a single platinum lamp was applied as above, except that the operating current was reduced to about 8 mA and the lamp irradiated only the reactant / transient gas, and the physical platinum lamp Placed through the center of the flask to avoid irradiating the catalyst. The reaction rate was determined in the same manner as above, and was found to be about 0.63 mm Hg / min, and the increase rate was 34%.

Example 11:
Apparent disabling of the reaction due to the catalyst pattern of the physical activity inhibitor It is known that the conversion of hydrogen and oxygen gas to water on a stepwise platinum physical catalyst is neutralized by gold. This addition of gold to the platinum catalyzed reaction reduces the reaction rate by about 95%. Gold only blocks about 1/6 of the platinum binding site, which according to the prior art needs to be blocked in order to suppress the physical catalyst to this extent. Therefore, it was theorized that the spectral interaction between physical gold and physical platinum and / or reaction system could also be involved in the activity-inhibiting action of gold on the reaction. It was further theorized that the addition of a gold spectral pattern to the reaction catalyzed by physical platinum could also inhibit the reaction.

  As described in more detail above, hydrogen and oxygen gas were generated by electrolysis. About 15 mg of finely pulverized platinum was added to a round quartz flask. The starting pressure was approximately 90 mm Hg positive pressure and the final pressure was approximately 20 mm Hg above the amount when the measurement was performed. The reaction rate was determined as above. The first control experiment demonstrated a reaction rate of about 0.81 mm Hg / min.

  In the second experiment, a Fischer hollow cathode gold lamp was applied as described above, with an operating frequency of about 8 mA (80% of maximum current) almost through the center of the round flask. The reaction rate increased to about 0.87 mm Hg / min.

  A third experiment was then performed with physical platinum that was in the same reaction flask as well as the flask exposed to the gold spectral pattern. The reaction rate was reduced to about 0.75 mm Hg / min.

  In this example, targeted spectral energy was used to control (inhibit activity) environmental reaction conditions and to change the chemical reaction characteristics of the physical catalyst in a heterogeneous catalytic reaction system.

Example 12:
Increased pH readings in NaCl / water solutions due to sodium spectral pattern
  This example demonstrates the adjustment effect of tunable substances (distilled water) by adjusting energy (sodium lamp) by dissolving sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals in water and monitoring the pH change.
a)Equipment and materials
  The following reference numbers refer to items outlined in FIGS. 70, 71 and 72 corresponding to Examples 12a, 12b and 12c, respectively. FIG. 73 shows the pH electrode 109 in more detail. Similar reference numerals are used whenever possible.
  100-bernozomatic propane fuel
  101-Humboldt Bunsen burner
  102-annular stand
  103-Fisher Scientific cast iron hot plate
  104-1000ml pyrex, cylinder type beaker
  105-water or a solution of sodium chloride and water
  -Sodium chloride, manufactured by Fisher Chemicals, lot no. 025149, 3 kg bottle made of gray plastic. Crystalline sodium chloride is characterized as follows:
Sodium chloride: Certified A. C. S
  Certificate for batch analysis
    Barium (Ba) (about 0.001%)-P. T.A.
    Bromine (Br) -0.01%
    Calcium (Ca)-0.0007%
    Chlorates and nitrates (NO_ThreeAs) -0.0006%
    Heavy metal (as Pb) -0.4ppm
    Insoluble matter-0.001%
    Iodine (I)-0.0004%
    Iron (Fe) -0.4ppm
    Magnesium (Mg)-0.0003%
    Nitrogen compounds (as N) -0.0003%
    PH-6.8 of 5% solution at 25 ° C
    Phosphate (PO_Three) -1ppm
    Potassium (K) -0.001%
    Sulfate (SO_Four-0.003%
  -Distilled water-Made in American Fair, 1 gallon translucent, colorless plastic water bowl, processed by distillation, microfiltration, and ozone treatment. Source: Greenville public water supply in Greenville, Tennessee. Store in a cardboard box in a dark, shielded room until used for the experiments described in Examples 12a, 12b and 12c.
  106-pH meter support structure
  107-Accumet Research's AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./Conductivity” meter (Fisher Catalog No. 13-636-AR20, 2000/2001 catalog)
  108-pH meter temperature probe
  PH electrode of 109-AR20 pH meter (Fischer 2000-2001 catalog # 13-620-285); FIG. 73 shows the details.
  110-Aluminum foil tube made of kitchen grade aluminum foil (medium)
  111-Stonko 70 Watt High Pressure Sodium Safety Wall Fixture (TLW Series Twilighter Wall Prism Model) Attached to Parabolic Aluminum Reflector for Light from Enclosure
  112-1 or more sodium lamps, Stonco 70 Watt high pressure sodium safety wall light attached to a parabolic aluminum reflector facing the light away from the enclosure. The sodium bulb was a 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A S62 type lamp manufactured in Hungary by Gemannam Jasond. One or more sodium lamps were placed at various angles and positions as specified for each experiment. Unless otherwise stated in the examples, the lamps were located 15 inches from the beaker or dish and maintained substantially consistent strength.
  113-annular stand
  114-chain fastener
Experimental procedure:
Example 12a:
  FIG. 70 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used to create a baseline of pH information measured at about 55 ° C. as a function of time. In Example 12a, the Bunsen burner 101 was supplied together with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via the flexible rubber tube 115. The flame of the Bunsen burner 101 was projected onto a cast iron hot plate 103 attached to the annular stand 102. A 1000 ml pyrex cylinder type beaker 104 was placed on the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fair. An Accumet Research AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./conductivity” meter 107 was communicated with 800 ml of distilled water and then with solution 105 via temperature probe 108 and pH electrode 109. Further details of the pH electrode can be seen in FIG. The pH meter was raised to a convenient height by using the support structure 106.
  By measuring the pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 first at room temperature, then using the Bunsen burner that heats the hot plate 103 and the hot plate 103 that radiates its conditioning energy to the beaker 104 containing distilled water. , And heated to about 55 ° C. between about 15-20. The temperature of water was monitored with an accumulator 107. Once a temperature of about 50 ° C. is obtained, add about 50 grams of sodium chloride (as certified above in this specification) to 800 ml of distilled water in beaker 104; Solution 105 was formed. By using a glass stir bar, the sodium chloride was stirred in 800 ml of distilled water, resulting in complete dissolution of the sodium chloride within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 dropped by about ½ to 1 ° C., but quickly returned to about 55 ° C. in about several seconds by the Bunsen burner 101 and the cast iron hot plate 103. The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 so that the sodium chloride was stirred in distilled water, mixed and dissolved. However, when stirring was complete, electrodes 108 and 109 were quickly reinserted into solution 105.
  FIG. 74a shows the results of three separate experiments corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, the pH of distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature, then at 55 ° C., then sodium chloride was added and dissolved, and then the pH of solution 105 was measured about every 2 minutes. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart, with the final measurement after about 40 minutes.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of pH electrode readings.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs on 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Example 12b:
  FIG. 77 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used to create pH information measured at about 55 ° C. as a function of time. In Example 12b, the Bunsen burner 101 was supplied together with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via the flexible rubber tube 115. The flame of the Bunsen burner 101 was projected onto a cast iron hot plate 103 attached to the annular stand 102. A 1000 ml pyrex cylinder type beaker 104 was placed on the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fair. An Accumet Research AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./conductivity” meter 107 was communicated with 800 ml of distilled water and then with solution 105 via temperature probe 108 and pH electrode 109. Further details of the pH electrode can be seen in FIG. The pH meter was raised to a convenient height by using the support structure 106.
  The pH of distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room temperature and then heated to about 55 ° C. between about 15-20 by using a Bunsen burner that heated the hot plate 103. The temperature of water was monitored with an accumulator 107. Once a temperature of about 50 ° C. is obtained, about 50 grams of sodium chloride (as certified above in this specification) is added to 800 ml of distilled water in a beaker and the solution 105 was formed. By using a glass stir bar, the sodium chloride was stirred in 800 ml of distilled water, resulting in complete dissolution of the sodium chloride within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 dropped by about ½ to 1 ° C., but quickly returned to about 55 ° C. in about several seconds by the Bunsen burner 101 and the cast iron hot plate 103. The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 so that the sodium chloride was stirred in distilled water, mixed and dissolved. However, when stirring was complete, electrodes 108 and 109 were quickly reinserted.
  The high-pressure sodium light 112 contained in the storage unit 111 and surrounded by the aluminum foil tube 110 is emitted from the light bulb 112, passes through the aluminum foil tube 110, and is incident on the side surface of the beaker 104. Adjacent to the annular stand 102. The annular stand 113 was placed such that the end of the aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side surface of the beaker 104 was separated from the side surface of the beaker 104 by about 1/2 to 3/4 inch. Tube 110 was about 8 inches long and about 3.5 inches in diameter. The upper end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about 5 inches from the end of the tube 110. In this Example 12b, after sodium chloride was mixed and dissolved in distilled water, the sodium light bulb 112 was operated almost simultaneously with the re-insertion of the electrodes 108 and 109 into the solution 105. The fixture 111 was fixed to the annular stand 113 using the chain fastener 114.
  FIG. 74b shows the results of three separate experiments corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, the pH of distilled water alone is first measured at room temperature and then at 55 ° C., after which sodium chloride is added and dissolved, and the high pressure sodium light 112 is activated approximately every 2 minutes. The pH of the solution 105 was measured. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of pH electrode readings.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs about 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Example 12c:
  FIG. 72 creates measurement information of pH when the temperature of distilled water in the beaker 104 and then the temperature of the solution 105 in the beaker 104 are heated only by using the high-pressure sodium bulb 112 contained in the fixture 111. It is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used for this.
  This Example 12c differs from Examples 12a and 12b in that no Bunsen burner is provided for heating. In this regard, the only heat generated from the energy radiated by the combination of the high pressure sodium bulb 112 and the fixture 111. In particular, the energy permeated through the bottom of the beaker 104 initially containing distilled water and later containing the solution 105 through the use of an aluminum foil tube 110. Specifically, the annular stand 102 supported the beaker 104 through the use of chain fasteners 114. The beaker 104 was initially lowered into the aluminum foil tube 110 so that approximately 150-200 ml of distilled water contained in the beaker 104 was physically located inside the aluminum foil tube 110. Tube 110 was about 7 inches long and about 4 inches in diameter. The upper end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about 4 inches from the end of the tube 110. After about 1 hour 15 minutes to 1 and a half hours, once the temperature of the distilled water reached 55 ° C., sodium chloride was added as discussed above. The chain-like fastener 114 was slightly raised vertically by the annular stand 102 so that the bottom of the beaker 104 is now positioned slightly outside the aluminum foil tube 110 (as shown in FIG. 72). The exact final position of the bottom of the beaker 104 is about 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch above the end of the aluminum foil 110. The main difference between this example 12c and the previous two examples 12a and 12b is that the only energy provided to the distilled water and solution 105 is provided by the combination of the sodium bulb 112 and the fixture 111. .
  FIG. 74c shows the results of three separate experiments corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, first, the pH of distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature, then at 55 ° C., then sodium chloride was added and dissolved, and then the pH of solution 105 was measured about every 2 minutes. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of the pH electrode pH reading.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs about 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Example 12d:
  FIG. 71 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus used to create pH information measured at about 55 ° C. as a function of time. In Example 12d, the high-pressure sodium light 112 contained in the storage unit 111 and surrounded by the aluminum foil tube 110 is emitted from the light bulb 112, passes through the aluminum foil tube 110, and enters the side surface of the beaker 104. The annular stand 113 is adjacent to the annular stand 102. The annular stand 113 was placed such that the end of the aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side surface of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (about 2.0 cm to about 2.5 cm) away from the side surface of the beaker 104. Tube 110 was about 8 inches long (about 2.4 meters) and about 3.5 inches (about 8.5 cm) in diameter. The upper end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about 5 inches (12.5 cm) from the end of the tube 110. In Example 12d, the sodium light bulb 112 was activated approximately 40 minutes before heating the water with a Bunsen burner, and the solution was irradiated continuously during pH measurement. The fixture 111 was fixed to the annular stand 113 using the chain fastener 114.
  The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied together with the propane fuel from the fuel source 100 through the flexible rubber tube 115. The flame of the Bunsen burner 101 was projected onto a cast iron hot plate 103 attached to the annular stand 102. A 1000 ml pyrex cylinder type beaker 104 was placed on the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fair. An Accumet Research AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./conductivity” meter 107 was communicated with 800 ml of distilled water and then with solution 105 via temperature probe 108 and pH electrode 109. Further details of the pH electrode can be seen in FIG. The pH meter was raised to a convenient height by using the support structure 106.
  Prior to operating the sodium lamp, the pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured. After adjustment with Na light for 40 minutes, the water was then heated to about 55 ° C. in about 15-20 minutes by using a Bunsen burner to heat the hot plate 103. The temperature of water was monitored with an accumulator 107. Once a temperature of about 55 ° C. is obtained, add about 50 grams of sodium chloride (as certified above in this specification) to 800 ml of distilled water in beaker 104; Solution 105 was formed. By using a glass stir bar, the sodium chloride was stirred in 800 ml of distilled water, resulting in complete dissolution of the sodium chloride within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 dropped by about ½ to 1 ° C., but quickly returned to about 55 ° C. in about several seconds by the Bunsen burner 101 and the cast iron hot plate 103. The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 so that the sodium chloride was stirred in distilled water, mixed and dissolved. However, when stirring was complete, electrodes 108 and 109 were quickly reinserted.
  FIG. 74e shows the results of three separate experiments corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, the pH of distilled water alone is first measured at room temperature and then at 55 ° C., after which sodium chloride is added and dissolved, and the high pressure sodium light 112 is activated approximately every 2 minutes. The pH of the solution 105 was measured. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of the pH electrode pH reading.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each about 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs on 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (about 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Example 12e:
  FIG. 71 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus used to create pH information measured at about 55 ° C. as a function of time. In Example 12e, the high-pressure sodium light 112 contained in the storage unit 111 and surrounded by the aluminum foil tube 110 is emitted from the light bulb 112, passes through the aluminum foil tube 110, and enters the side surface of the beaker 104. The annular stand 113 is adjacent to the annular stand 102. The annular stand 113 was placed such that the end of the aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side surface of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (about 2.0 cm to about 2.5 cm) away from the side surface of the beaker 104. Tube 110 was about 8 inches long (about 2.4 meters) and about 3.5 inches (about 8.5 cm) in diameter. The upper end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about 5 inches (about 12.5 cm) from the end of the tube 110. In this example 12e, the sodium light bulb 112 was activated and then terminated approximately 40 minutes before heating the water with a Bunsen burner. The fixture 111 was fixed to the annular stand 113 using the chain fastener 114.
  The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied together with the propane fuel from the fuel source 100 through the flexible rubber tube 115. The flame of the Bunsen burner 101 was projected onto the cast iron hot plate 103 attached to the annular stand 102. A 1000 ml pyrex cylinder type beaker 104 was placed on the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fair. An Accumet Research AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./conductivity” meter 107 was communicated with 800 ml of distilled water and then with solution 105 via temperature probe 108 and pH electrode 109. Further details of the pH electrode can be seen in FIG. The pH meter was raised to a convenient height by using the support structure 106.
  Before operating the sodium lamp adjustment, the pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room temperature. After adjustment with a sodium lamp for 40 minutes, the water was then heated to about 55 ° C. in about 15-20 minutes by using a Bunsen burner to heat the hot plate 103. The temperature of water was monitored with an accumulator 107. Once a temperature of about 50 ° C. is obtained, add about 50 grams of sodium chloride (as certified above in this specification) to 800 ml of distilled water in beaker 104; Solution 105 was formed. By using a glass stir bar, the sodium chloride was stirred in 800 ml of distilled water, resulting in complete dissolution of the sodium chloride within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 dropped by about ½ to 1 ° C., but quickly returned to about 55 ° C. in about several seconds by the Bunsen burner 101 and the cast iron hot plate 103. The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 so that the sodium chloride was stirred in distilled water, mixed and dissolved. However, when stirring was complete, electrodes 108 and 109 were quickly reinserted.
  FIG. 74f shows the results of three separate experiments corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, the pH of distilled water alone is first measured at room temperature, then at about 55 ° C., after which sodium chloride is added, dissolved, and activated high pressure sodium light 112, about every 2 minutes. The pH of the solution 105 was measured. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart.
  FIG. 74g shows the average calculated from the respective data for each of the three series of experiments of Examples 12a, 12b and 12e.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of the pH electrode pH reading.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each about 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (approximately 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Example 12f:
  FIG. 71 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus used to create pH information measured at about 55 ° C. as a function of time. In this example 12f, the high-pressure sodium light 112 contained in the storage unit 111 and surrounded by the aluminum foil tube 110 is emitted from the light bulb 112, passes through the aluminum foil tube 110, and enters the side surface of the beaker 104. The annular stand 113 is adjacent to the annular stand 102. The annular stand 113 was placed so that the end of the aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side surface of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (about 1 cm to about 1.5 cm) away from the side surface of the beaker 104. The tube 110 was about 8 inches long (about 20 cm) and about 3.5 inches (about 8.5 cm) in diameter. The upper end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about 5 inches (12.5 cm) from the end of the tube 110. In this Example 12f, the sodium light bulb 112 was turned on and terminated for about 40 minutes, and the pH was measured. The fixture 111 was fixed to the annular stand 113 using the chain fastener 114.
  The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied together with the propane fuel from the fuel source 100 through the flexible rubber tube 115. The flame of the Bunsen burner 101 was projected onto the cast iron hot plate 103 attached to the annular stand 102. A 1000 ml pyrex cylinder type beaker 104 was placed on the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fair. An Accumet Research AR20 “pH / mV / ° C./conductivity” meter 107 was communicated with 800 ml of distilled water and then with solution 105 via temperature probe 108 and pH electrode 109. Further details of the pH electrode can be seen in FIG. The pH meter was raised to a convenient height by using the support structure 106.
  Before the sodium lamp adjustment was activated, the pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured. After adjustment with a sodium lamp for 40 minutes, the following time intervals passed before heating the water to 55 ° C. with a Bunsen burner: 1) 0 minutes; 2) 20 minutes; 3) 40 minutes; 4) 60 minutes and 5) 120 minutes. The water was then heated to about 55 ° C. within about 5 minutes by using a Bunsen burner to heat the hot plate 103. The temperature of water was monitored with an accumulator 107. Once a temperature of about 55 ° C. is obtained, add about 50 grams of sodium chloride (as certified above in this specification) to 800 ml of distilled water in beaker 104; Solution 105 was formed. By using a glass stir bar, the sodium chloride was stirred in 800 ml of distilled water, resulting in complete dissolution of the sodium chloride within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 dropped by about ½ to 1 ° C., but quickly returned to about 55 ° C. in about several seconds by the Bunsen burner 101 and the cast iron hot plate 103. The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 so that the sodium chloride was stirred in distilled water, mixed and dissolved. However, when stirring was complete, electrodes 108 and 109 were quickly reinserted.
  FIG. 74h shows the decay curve for the Na lamp adjustment effect in water with the results of three separate experiments (# 3, 4 and 5) corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. The plotted data shows the measured pH change of solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ° C. In particular, the pH of distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature, measured when the next sodium lamp was completed, and then added approximately every 2 minutes after sodium chloride was added and dissolved. All time measurements were about 2 minutes apart for 20 minutes and the final measurement was about 40 minutes.
  FIG. 74i shows the results of three separate experiments (# 1, 2 and 3) corresponding to the experimental apparatus of FIG. 71 and represents the activation curve for the Na lamp adjustment effect in water.
  The AR20 meter 107 using the pH electrode 109 (electrodes are shown in more detail in FIG. 73) was calibrated together using two different buffer solutions. The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 ± 0.01 at about 25 ° C. and was a potassium monohydrogen phosphate-sodium hydroxide solution. Both solutions were 0.05 molar and certified and were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was aimed at ensuring the accuracy of the pH electrode pH reading.
  All experimental conditions described in the examples occurred in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were 75 watt Sylvania Cool White Deluxe fluorescent lamps, each 8 feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The fluorescent lamps were hung in pairs on 3.5 meters above the experimental bench where the experimental equipment was placed. There were six pairs of fluorescent lamps in a room approximately 25 feet x 40 feet (about 2.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
Discussion of Examples 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e and 12f:
  FIG. 74d shows the average calculated from the data of each of the three series of experiments of Examples 12a, 12b and 12c. The data show that heating only the Bunsen burner corresponding to Example 12a and FIG. 70 had the smallest overall increase in pH measurement after a time of approximately 4-6 minutes. The data generated from Example 12b and corresponding to FIG. 71 showed an intermediate increase in measured pH after about 4-6 minutes. In Example 12b, the sodium spectral pattern was added only when the solution 105 reached a temperature of about 55 ° C.
  The overall maximum increase in pH measured over a period of about 2-40 minutes is shown in the data corresponding to Example 12c, which corresponds to the experimental apparatus shown in FIG. In this Example 12c, the distilled water in the beaker 104 is heated to about 55 ° C. for 1 hour 15 minutes to an hour and a half and an additional 40 minutes while measuring pH for the longest time of sodium light. Exposure to the sodium spectral pattern emanating from the bulb 112 (eg, energy is provided to the distilled water and solution 105 exclusively through the combination of the sodium light bulb 112 and the fixture 111).
  Thus, the data shown in FIG. 74d is for the sodium chloride / water solution 105 as measured by an Accumet Research AR20 meter used in combination with the pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in FIG. 73). It clearly shows the effect of the sodium spectral pattern at the measured pH.
  FIG. 74g shows the average calculated from the respective data for each of the three series of experiments of Examples 12a, 12b and 12e. The data show that heating only the Bunsen burner corresponding to Example 12a and FIG. 70 had the smallest overall increase in pH measurement after a time of approximately 4-6 minutes. The data generated from Example 12b and corresponding to FIG. 71 showed an intermediate increase in measured pH after about 4-6 minutes. In Example 12e, water was adjusted according to the sodium spectral pattern, then heated to 55 ° C., and NaCl was added and dissolved.
  The overall maximum increase in pH measured over a period of about 2-40 minutes is shown in the data corresponding to Example 12e, which corresponds to the experimental apparatus shown in FIG. In this Example 12e, the distilled water in the beaker 104 is exposed to the sodium spectral pattern radiated from the sodium light bulb 112 for about 40 minutes (eg, the adjustment energy is distilled water for 40 minutes exclusively in the sodium light bulb 112). 105).
  Thus, the data shown in FIG. 74g is later measured as measured by an Accumet Research AR20 meter used in combination with pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in FIG. 73). Clearly shows the pH effect of the adjusted sodium spectral pattern on the distilled water used to make
  FIG. 74h shows the experimental data for each of the three series of experiments for Examples 12f3, 12f4, and 12f5. The data (12f5) shows that the 120 minute interval between the adjustment of distilled water and dissolution of the NaCl salt had an overall minimal measured increase in pH after a time of about 40 minutes. After a 60 minute interval between adjustment of distilled water and dissolution of the NaCl salt, the data generated from Example 12f4 showed an intermediate increase in pH measured over time after about 40 minutes. In Example 12f3, water is adjusted by the sodium spectral pattern, and the interval between preparation and dissolution of the NaCl salt is only about 40 minutes. Example 12f3 showed a maximum increase in pH.
  Accordingly, the data shown in FIG. 74h is later determined as measured by an Accumet Research AR20 meter used in combination with pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in FIG. 73). Clearly shows the time-related attenuation effect of the adjusted sodium spectral pattern for distilled water used to create The adjustment effect of the sodium spectral pattern on distilled water remained in the water for almost the same time as the adjustment time. After an adjustment time interval of 1.5 times, the adjustment effect of the sodium spectral pattern on distilled water began to fade. Finally, after an adjustment time interval of 3.0 times, the adjustment effect of the sodium spectral pattern on distilled water further diminished.
  FIG. 74i shows the experimental data for each of the three series of experiments for Examples 12f1, 12f2, and 12f3. The data (12f2 and 12f3) show that the 20 and 40 minute intervals between the adjustment of distilled water and the dissolution of the NaCl salt had a measured maximum increase in pH after a time of approximately 40 minutes. ing. After a 0 minute interval between adjustment of distilled water and heating of the water and dissolution of the NaCl salt, the data generated from Example 12f1 showed an even lower increase in measured pH after about 40 minutes. .
  Thus, the data shown in FIG. 74i is later measured as measured by an Accumet Research AR20 meter used in combination with pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in FIG. 73). Clearly shows the time-related activation effect of the adjusted sodium spectral pattern on the distilled water used to make The adjustment effect of the sodium spectral pattern on distilled water reaches its peak in water after a time approximately equal to the adjustment time of 0.5 to 1.0 times.
  In this example, the targeted spectral energy and environmental reaction conditions were used to influence the solid phase change and the liquid material properties.
Example 12g:
Changes in pH due to the effect of NaCl adjusted with Na lamp on pH:
  Under a sodium lamp, otherwise sodium chloride (about 50 g) was spread in a thin layer overnight in a dark room. The next day, salt was used for pH experiments.
  Throughout both experiments, there was continuous fluorescent light illumination overhead. Water (about 800 ml) was put into a 1000 ml beaker, and pH was measured. The water was then heated to about 55 ° C. and the pH was measured again. For the remainder of the experiment, the water temperature was maintained at about 55 ° C. NaCl (about 50 g) was added and stirred with a stir bar. Ten additional pH measurements were taken approximately every 2 minutes after the addition of NaCl for a total of 20 minutes. The final pH was measured about 40 minutes after the addition of NaCl. FIG. 74j shows the pH as a function of time for two sets of experiments where sodium chloride solids were adjusted before dissolving in water.
  A series of pH tests were performed with solutions made with normal salt (not adjusted) and a series of tests with solutions made with conditioned salt.
resultWhen the salt was adjusted with its own sodium spectral energy pattern, the pH increased further. This same effect was seen in other similar experiments. Furthermore, when a significantly thicker layer was irradiated with a significantly larger amount of salt at the same intensity, this effect was hardly noticeable or not seen at all.
  In this example, the target spectral energy was used to change the material properties of the solid in the subsequent phase change to solution.
Example 13:
conductivity:
  For Example 13 below, the equipment, materials, and experimental procedures listed below were utilized.
a) Equipment and materials
  -Accumet Research AR20ph / conductivity meter calibrated with reference solution prior to all experiments
  -Traceable conductivity calibration standard-Catalog # 09-328-3
  -Micro MHOS / cm-1,004
  -Micro Siemens / cm-1,004
  -OmhS / cm-99
  -PPMD. S. -669
  -Accuracy 25 ° C (± 0.25%)
  -Size-16 oz (473 ml)
  -Analysis # -2713
  -Conductivity probe with thermocouple # 16-620-155
  -Humboldt Bunsen burner with bernozotic propane fuel. Annular stand and Fischer cast iron ring and heating plate
  -1 or more sodium lamps, Stonco 70 Watt high pressure sodium safety wall light attached to a parabolic aluminum reflector facing light away from the enclosure. The sodium bulb was a 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A S62 type lamp manufactured in Hungary by Gemannam Jasond. One or more sodium lamps were placed at various angles and positions as specified for each experiment. Unless otherwise stated in the examples, the lamps were located 15 inches from the beaker or dish and maintained substantially consistent strength.
  -Sterile water-contained in a biowhisker, 1 liter clear plastic bottle and processed by ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, deionization and distillation.
Example 13:
Conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride solution:
  A procedure similar to that described in detail in Example 12 was followed by the following specific differences.
  After putting water (about 800 ml) into a 1000 ml beaker and allowing the probe to equilibrate to water for about 10 minutes, room temperature measurements for conductivity (S / cm), dissolved solids (ppm) and resistance (kOhms) were made. Obtained. The water was then heated to about 56.1 ° C. and the measurement was repeated. Sodium chloride (about 0.01 gram) was added and stirred with a glass stir bar for about 30 seconds. Conductivity measurements were obtained approximately every 20 minutes for approximately 20 minutes, with final measurements being obtained in approximately 40 minutes. Dissolved solids and resistance measurements were also obtained at about 4 minutes, about 14 minutes and about 20 minutes after the salt was added.
  The experimental apparatus used to obtain the data is shown in FIGS. The pH probe of Example 12 was replaced with an adjustment probe.
  Four sets of parameters were evaluated in three trials, with each set:
  1. Bunsen burner heating only (equipment corresponding to FIG. 70);
  2. Sodium lamp irradiation of water (apparatus corresponding to FIG. 71) for about 40 minutes before adding salt;
  3. About 40 minutes after adding the salt, irradiation with a sodium lamp in water (apparatus corresponding to FIG. 71)
  4). Sodium lamp irradiation of water (apparatus corresponding to FIG. 71) for about 40 minutes before and after adding the salt;
Met.
result: After adding sodium chloride, the conductivity is expected to increase with sodium lamp irradiation.
  FIG. 75a is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner only data.
  FIG. 75b is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate points) for Bunsen burner only data.
  FIG. 75c is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner only data, where the plot is the data point occurring 2 minutes after adding sodium chloride to water. Begins.
  FIG. 75d is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. .
  FIG. 75e is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate points) corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. .
  FIG. 75f is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. .
  Figure 75g shows conductivity as a function of time for sodium chloride solution irradiated with sodium lamp spectral energy pattern starting when sodium chloride is added to water and three separate sets of data corresponding to water. It is a graph of experimental data.
  FIG. 75h shows conductivity as a function of sodium chloride solution irradiated with sodium lamp spectral energy pattern starting when sodium chloride is added to water and temperature corresponding to water (only two separate points). It is a graph of experimental data.
  Fig. 75i shows the conductivity as a function of time for sodium chloride solution irradiated with sodium lamp spectral energy pattern starting when sodium chloride was added to water and three separate sets of data corresponding to water. It is a graph of experimental data.
  FIG. 75j corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral adjustment pattern for about 40 minutes before adding sodium chloride to the water and continues to irradiate water with the sodium lamp spectral pattern while adding sodium chloride to it, FIG. 6 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data that remain intact while taking all conductivity measurements.
  FIG. 75k corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral adjustment pattern for about 40 minutes before dissolving the sodium chloride, and continues to irradiate water with the sodium lamp spectral pattern while adding sodium chloride to it, and the conductivity. FIG. 4 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate points) for three sets of data that remain intact while taking all measurements.
  FIG. 75l corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral adjustment pattern for about 40 minutes before dissolving the sodium chloride, and continues to irradiate water with the sodium lamp spectral pattern while adding sodium chloride to it, and the conductivity. FIG. 4 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data that remain intact while taking all measurements.
  FIG. 75m is a graph of experimental data in which the averages of the data in FIGS. 75a, 75d, 75g and 75j are superimposed.
  FIG. 75n is a graph of experimental data in which the averages of the data in FIGS. 75b, 75e, 75h and 75k are superimposed.
  FIG. 75o is a graph of experimental data in which the averages of the data in FIGS. 75c, 75f, 75i, and 75j are superimposed.
  In this example, the target spectral pattern and / or the target spectral adjustment pattern were used to change the material properties of the solvent and / or solvent / solute system.
Example 14:
battery
For the following Examples 14a and 14b, the following equipment, materials and experimental procedures were utilized.
a)Equipment and materials
  -Sterile water-contained in a biowhisker, 1 liter clear plastic bottle and processed by ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, deionization and distillation.
  -Sodium chloride, manufactured by Fisher Chemicals, lot no. 025149, 3 kg bottle made of gray plastic. Crystalline sodium chloride is characterized as follows:
Sodium chloride: Certified A. C. S
  Certificate for batch analysis
  Barium (Ba) (about 0.001%)-P. T.A.
    Bromine (Br) -0.01%
    Calcium (Ca)-0.0007%
    Chlorates and nitrates (NO_ThreeAs) -0.0006%
    Heavy metal (as Pb) -0.4ppm
    Insoluble matter-0.001%
    Iodine (I)-0.0004%
    Iron (Fe) -0.4ppm
    Magnesium (Mg)-0.0003%
    Nitrogen compounds (as N) -0.0003%
    PH-6.8 of 5% solution at 25 ° C
    Phosphate (PO_Three) -1ppm
    Potassium (K) -0.001%
    Sulfate (SO_Four-0.003%
  -Battery anode by Sovietski; # 150400; magnesium and aluminum
  Battery / flash lamp assembly; aqueous sodium chloride (SoCl) electrolyte powdered flash lamp by Sovietski; # 150400; dual cathode / anode configuration
  A sodium (Na) lamp, a Stonco 70 watt high pressure sodium safety wall light mounted on a parabolic aluminum reflector facing light away from the horizontally oriented containment.
  -Container, clear plastic box, 7.5x5.75x3.75 inches
  -Distilled Water-Made in American Fair, contained in a 1 gallon translucent, colorless plastic water bowl and processed by distillation, microfiltration, and ozone treatment. Source: Greenville public water supply in Greenville, Tennessee. Store in a cardboard box in a dark, shielded room.
  -Ground circuit, black housing: 6ftx3ftx1.5ft metal cabinet (24 gauge metal);
  -Load box ammeter / voltmeter (fuel cell store) helicocentris # DBGMNR29126811 with 10 ohm load
  -Dual channel thermometer with Fisher compensation
  -2000ml Pyrex beaker
Example 14a:
Enhancement of sodium chloride battery current by sodium spectral irradiation.
  FIG. 76 shows an aqueous NaCl battery / flashlight assembly 308. Two assemblies 308 were placed side by side in a grounded black housing. Electrolyte 310 was distilled water (about 1700 ml) and NaCl (about 97 g) mixed simultaneously at room temperature in a 2000 ml Pyrex beaker. A thermometer wire 309 was placed in the center of the bottom of the electrolyte container 307. FIG. 77 shows the sodium lamp 112 in the containment 111 with the aluminum foil cylinder 110 located outside each electrolyte container 307, which passes through the outside of the container 307 into the electrolyte solution 310 and Sodium spectral illumination can be delivered to the outside of the anode plate 306.
  Electrolyte container 307 was filled with electrolyte 310, anode / cathode assembly 301 was lowered into electrolyte 310, and flash lamp 303 of each assembly 308 was switched on throughout the experiment. Initial measurements of current (mAmps) and temperature were made and then measured again every 40 minutes.
  The sodium lamp had the following cycle.
  1. Cut the first 40 minutes
  2.2 Add 40 minutes
  3. Cut the third 40 minutes
  4. Put the fourth 40 minutes
result: As shown in FIG. 78, the standard initial current rise occurred with the sodium lamp switched off. The current ramp continued with the switched on sodium lamp for the second 40 minutes. However, when the sodium lamp was switched off at 80 minutes, the current stopped rising and remained essentially the same until 120 minutes. When the sodium lamp was switched on again at 120 minutes, the current rose again. Eventually, when the sodium lamp was turned off, the current remained the same.
  These current characteristics were not temperature related. The temperature increased between 80 and 120 minutes and between 160 and 200 minutes, but when the sodium lamp was turned off, the current did not increase, because the increase in current was not due to an increase in temperature. It suggests that.
Example 14b:
Enhancement of sodium chloride battery current by sodium spectral irradiation.
  FIG. 76 shows an aqueous NaCl battery / flashlight assembly 308. Two assemblies 308 were placed side by side in a grounded black housing. Electrolyte 310 was distilled water (about 1700 ml) and NaCl (about 97 g) mixed simultaneously at room temperature in a 2000 ml Pyrex beaker. FIG. 77 shows the sodium lamp 112 in the containment 111 with the aluminum foil cylinder 110 located outside each electrolyte container 307, which passes through the outside of the container 307 into the electrolyte solution 310 and Sodium spectral illumination can be delivered to the outside of the anode plate 306.
  Electrolyte container 307 was filled with electrolyte 310, anode / cathode assembly 301 was lowered into electrolyte 310, and flash lamp 303 of each assembly 308 was switched on throughout the experiment. Initial measurements of current (mAmps) and temperature were made and then measured again every 10 minutes.
  The sodium lamp had the following cycle.
  Cut for 1.0 to 40 minutes
  2. Cut 40-70 minutes
  2. Add 70-110 minutes
  3. Cut 110-150 minutes
  4. Add 150-190 minutes
result: As shown in Fig. 79, the standard initial current rise occurred with the sodium lamp switched off. The rate of current increase was slow until 40 minutes. The current increased rapidly when the sodium lamp was switched on between 70 and 110 minutes. When the sodium lamp was switched off in 110 to 150 minutes, the current rise decreased. When the sodium lamp was switched on again in 150 minutes, the rate of current rise increased again.
  In these examples, the spectral energy pattern of sodium was used to increase the current in the electrolyte.
Example 15:
corrosion
Corrosion of steel razor blades in aqueous solutions.
  For the following Examples 15a and 15b, the following equipment, materials and experimental procedures were utilized.
a)Equipment and materials
  -Sterile water-contained in a biowhisker, 1 liter clear plastic bottle and processed by ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, deionization and distillation.
  -Stanley Utility Blade 11-921, 1095 carbon steel
  A sodium lamp, a Stonco 70 watt high pressure sodium safety wall light attached to a parabolic aluminum reflector facing the light away from the enclosure. The sodium bulb was a 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A S62 type lamp manufactured in Hungary by Gemannam Jasond.
Example 15a:
  A steel razor blade was placed in a beaker 104 containing distilled water 105 for about 48 hours. Five razor blades 311b were placed in the dark, and the five razor blades 311a were exposed only to sodium electron spectroscopy that resonated with water vibration overtones. FIG. 81 shows the experimental apparatus used for this experiment. FIG. 80 shows the difference in the amount of corrosion between the blades 311a and 311b.
result: The razor blade held in the dark had virtually no corrosion. Razor blades exposed to sodium electronic / water vibration overtones exhibited corrosion over 90% of the surface.
Example 15b:
  Twelve razor blades 311 were placed in a beaker 104 of a sodium chloride solution 105 (25 g / 100 ml). Six razor blades (311b) were placed in the dark, and the six razor blades (311a) were exposed only to the sodium electron / water vibration overtones from the sodium lamp. FIG. 81 shows the experimental apparatus used for this experiment.
result: The razor blade held in the dark (not shown) had light corrosion on 20-25% of its surface. Razor blades exposed to sodium electron / water vibration overtones exhibited moderate corrosion on 70-75% of their surface (not shown).
  In these experiments, the targeted spectral energy was used to alter the chemical and material properties of the solution, resulting in changes in electrochemical reaction rates and solid corrosion.

FIG. 1a shows an illustration of sound waves or electromagnetic waves. FIG. 1b shows an illustration of sound waves or electromagnetic waves. FIG. 1c shows a composite wave resulting from the combination of the waves of FIGS. 1a and 1b. Figures 2a and 2b show waves of different amplitude but the same frequency. FIG. 2a shows a low amplitude wave. Figures 2a and 2b show waves of different amplitude but the same frequency. FIG. 2b shows a high amplitude wave. Figures 3a and 3b show frequency diagrams. FIG. 3a shows a plot of time versus amplitude. Figures 3a and 3b show frequency diagrams. FIG. 3b shows a plot of frequency versus amplitude. A specific example of the heterodyne generation process is shown. 5 shows an example graph of a heterodyned sequence from FIG. A fractal diagram is shown. FIG. 7a shows the hydrogen energy level diagram. FIG. 7b shows the hydrogen energy level diagram. Figures 8a-8c show three different simple reaction profiles, and Figure 8a shows one of them. Figures 8a-8c show three different simple reaction profiles, and Figure 8b shows one of them. Figures 8a-8c show three different simple reaction profiles, and Figure 8c shows one of them. FIG. 9a shows a fine frequency diagram curve for hydrogen. FIG. 9b shows a fine frequency diagram curve for hydrogen. Various frequencies and intensities for hydrogen are shown. FIG. 11a shows two light amplification diagrams with stimulated emission / inversion distribution. FIG. 11b shows two light amplification diagrams with stimulated emission / inversion distribution. A resonance curve is shown in which the resonance frequency is f ₀ , the upper frequency = f ₂ and the lower frequency = f ₁ , and f ₁ and f ₂ are approximately 50% of the amplitude of f ₀ . Figures 13a and 13b show two different resonance curves with different quality factors. FIG. 13a shows a narrow resonance curve with high Q. Figures 13a and 13b show two different resonance curves with different quality factors. FIG. 13a shows a narrow resonance curve with high Q. Two different energy transition curves are shown at the fundamental resonance frequency (curve A) and the harmonic frequency (curve B). Figures 15a-c show how the spectral pattern changes at three different temperatures. FIG. 15a is at low temperature. Figures 15a-c show how the spectral pattern changes at three different temperatures. FIG. 15b is at a moderate temperature. Figures 15a-c show how the spectral pattern changes at three different temperatures. FIG. 15c is at high temperature. It is a spectral curve showing the corresponding line width f ₂ -f _1. Figures 17a and 17b show two amplitude versus frequency curves. FIG. 17a shows a sharp spectral curve at low temperature. Figures 17a and 17b show two amplitude versus frequency curves. FIG. 17b shows the spectral curve overlap at higher temperatures. FIG. 18a shows the effect of temperature on infrared absorption spectral resolution. FIG. 18b shows blackbody radiation. FIG. 18c shows curves A and C at low temperature and spread curves A and C ^* at higher temperatures, where C ^* is also displaced. 2 shows a spectral pattern representing the effect of pressure broadening on compound NH ₃ . The theoretical shape of a line broadened by pressures at three different pressures for a single compound is shown. Figures 21a and 21b are two graphs showing experimental confirmation of changes in the spectral pattern at increasing pressures. FIG. 21a corresponds to a spectral pattern representing the absorption of water vapor in the air. Figures 21a and 21b are two graphs showing experimental confirmation of changes in the spectral pattern at increasing pressures. FIG. 21b is a spectral pattern corresponding to the absorption of NH ₃ at 1 atmosphere. FIG. 22a shows a display of radiation from a single atom. FIG. 22b shows a display of radiation from the atomic group. Figures 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of which represent self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23a is a standard spectral curve that does not show any self-absorption. Figures 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of which represent self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23b shows the resonance frequency displacement due to self-absorption. Figures 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of which represent self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23c shows a self-reversing spectral pattern due to self-absorption. Figures 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of which represent self-absorption patterns. FIG. 23d shows an example of attenuation of the self-reversing spectral pattern. FIG. 24a shows the absorption spectra of alcohol and phthalic acid in hexane. FIG. 24b shows the absorption spectrum for the absorption of iodine in alcohol and carbon tetrachloride. FIG. 24c shows the effect of alcohol and benzene mixture on the solute phenylazophenol. FIG. 25a shows a tetrahedral unit representation of aluminum oxide. FIG. 25b shows a tetrahedral unit representation for silicon dioxide. FIG. 26a shows a cut octahedral crystal structure for aluminum or silicon bonded by oxygen. FIG. 26b shows a plurality of cut octahedrons joined together to represent a zeolite. FIG. 26c shows a cut octahedron for zeolites “X” and “Y” joined together by an oxygen bridge. The influence of copper and bismuth on the zinc / cadmium wire ratio is shown. It is a graph which shows the influence which acts on the copper / aluminum strength ratio of magnesium. Atomic spectral frequencies of N-methyl urethane in carbon tetrachloride solution at the following concentrations: a) 0.01M, b) 0.03M, c) 0.06M, d) 0.10M, e) 0.15M. The effect of concentration on A plot corresponding to the hydrogen emission spectrum is shown. Specifically, FIG. 30a corresponds to Ballmer series 2 for hydrogen. A plot corresponding to the hydrogen emission spectrum is shown. Specifically, FIG. 30b corresponds to the emission spectrum for hydrogen at 456 THz frequency. Corresponds to a high resolution laser saturation spectrum for hydrogen at 456 THz frequency. The fine separation frequency present under the general spectral curve is shown. It corresponds to the diagram of atomic electron level (n) at the fine structure frequency (α). The fine structure of the n = 1 and n = 2 level of a hydrogen atom is shown. Carbon atoms, a multiplet separation for the lowest energy level of the oxygen and ^{fluorine: 43.5cm = 1.3THz, 16.4cm -1 =} 490GHz, 226.5cm -1 = 6.77THz, 158.5cm -1 = 4.74 THz, 404 cm ⁻¹ = 12.1 THz. The vibration band of SF ₆ at a wavelength of 10 μm ² is shown. FIG. 37a shows a spectral pattern similar to that shown in FIG. FIG. 37b shows the fine structure frequency for compound SF ₆ in more detail. An energy level diagram corresponding to various energy levels for a molecule is shown, with rotation corresponding to “J”, vibration corresponding to “ν”, and electron level corresponding to “n”. 39a and 39b correspond to the pure rotational absorption spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride recorded by the interferometer, and FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum as FIG. 39a at a lower resolution (ie does not show any fine frequencies). ). 39a and 39b correspond to the pure rotational absorption spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride recorded by the interferometer, and FIG. 39b shows the same spectrum as FIG. 39a at a lower resolution (ie does not show any fine frequencies). ). Corresponds to the rotational spectrum for hydrogen cyanide. “J” corresponds to the rotational level. The spectrum corresponding to the additional heterodyne of ν ₁ and ν ₅ in the spectrum band showing the frequency band of A (ν ₁ −ν ₅ ), B = ν ₁ −2ν ₅ is shown. Fig. 4 shows a graphical representation of a fine structure spectrum showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in the ground state. The difference between the molecular microstructure rotation frequencies (heterodyne) is the 2X rotation constant B (ie, f ₂ −f ₁ = 2B). In this case, B = 57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz). FIG. 43a shows the rotation and vibration frequency (MHz) for LiF. FIG. 43b shows the difference between rotation and vibration frequency for LiF. The rotational transition J = 1 → 2 for the trivalent molecule OCS is shown. The vibrational state is given by the vibrational quantum numbers (ν ₁ , ν ₂ , ν ₃ ) in parentheses, and ν ₂ has the superscript [l]. In this case, l = 1. Subscript 1 applies to the lower frequency component of the l-type doublet and 2 applies to the higher frequency component. The two lines at (01 ¹ 0) and (01 ¹ 0) are l-type doublets separated by q _l . The rotation-vibration band and fine structure frequency for SF ₆ are shown. Fig. 5 shows the fine structure spectrum for SF ₆ expanded from zero to 300. Figure 47a and 47b show the expansion of the two curves from the microstructure of SF ₆ showing the ultrastructure frequency. Note the constant opening of the ultrafine structure curve. FIG. 47a shows an enlargement of the curve with a single star ( ^* ) in FIG. Figure 47a and 47b show the expansion of the two curves from the microstructure of SF ₆ showing the ultrastructure frequency. Note the constant opening of the ultrafine structure curve. FIG. 47b shows an enlargement of the curve with double asterisks ( ^** ) in FIG. FIG. 6 shows an energy level diagram corresponding to hyperfine separation for hyperfine structure at the transition from n = 2 to n = 3 for hydrogen. The hyperfine structure in J = 1 → 2 for the rotational transition of CH ₃ I is shown. The hyperfine structure of the J = 1 → 2 transition for ClCN in the ground vibration state is shown. The energy level diagram and hyperfine frequency for NO molecules are shown. The spectrum corresponding to the hyperfine frequency for NH ₃ is shown. The hyperfine structure and overlap of the NH ₃ spectrum for rotational level J = 3 is shown. The upper curve in FIG. 53 shows experimental data, while the lower curve is derived from theoretical calculations. The frequency increases from left to right at 60 KHz intervals. The hyperfine structure and overlap of the NH ₃ spectrum for rotational level J = 4 is shown. In each of FIG. 54, the upper curve represents experimental data, while the lower curve is derived from theoretical calculations. The frequency increases from left to right at 60 KHz intervals. Shows the Stark effect on potassium. Specifically, there is a graphical dependency of the 4 _S and 5 _P energy levels on the electric field. Shows a graph plotting the deviation from the zero field position of ^{_{5p 2 P 1/2 ← 4s 2 S}} 1 / 2,3 / 2 transition wavenumber to the electric field Square. The frequency component of the J = 0 → 1 rotation transition for CH ₃ Cl as a function of field strength is shown. The frequency is given in megacycles (MHz) and the electric field strength (esu cm) is given as esu ² / cm ² as the square of the electric field E ² . The theoretical value and experimental measurement value of the Stark effect in the J = 1 → 2 transition of the molecular OCS are shown. Unchanged absolute rotation frequency is plotted at zero and frequency separation and displacement are displayed as MHz higher or lower than the original frequency. The pattern of the Stark component for the transition in the rotation of the asymmetric tip molecule is shown. Specifically, FIG. 59a shows the J = 4 → 5 transition and FIG. 59b shows the J = 4 → 4 transition. The electric field is large enough for full spectral resolution. Figure 2 shows the Stark effect for OCS molecules at the J = 1 → 2 transition with applied electric field at various frequencies. The “a” curve shows the Stark effect due to static DC electric field, the “b” curve shows the Stark frequency spread and fluctuation due to the 1 KHz electric field, and the “c” curve shows the normal Stark effect due to the 1,200 KHz electric field. . FIG. 61a shows the Stark waveguide structure. FIG. 61b shows the electric field distribution in Stark waveguide. FIG. 62a shows the Zeeman effect on the sodium “D” line. FIG. 62b shows the energy level diagram of the transition in the Zeeman effect for the sodium “D” line. It is a graph which shows isolation | separation of the ground term of an oxygen atom as a magnetic field function. It is a graph which shows the dependence to the magnetic field strength of the Zeeman effect with respect to the "3P" state of silicon. FIG. 65a is a picture showing the normal Zeeman effect. FIG. 65b is a picture showing the anomalous Zeeman effect. The anomalous Zeeman effect on zinc ³ P → ³ S is shown. FIG. 67a shows a graphical representation of four Zeeman separation frequencies. FIG. 67b shows a graphical representation of four new differential heterodyne occurrences. 68a and 68b show graphs of general Zeeman separation patterns for two different transitions in paramagnetic molecules. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. The frequency of hydrogen listed beside the table and the frequency of platinum listed vertically. FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an experimental setup corresponding to a Bunsen burner that heats a solution of sodium chloride and water on a hot plate, studied in Example 12a. FIG. 4 shows a schematic of an experimental setup corresponding to a Bunsen burner that heats a solution of sodium chloride and water on a hot plate, and a sodium lamp that emits an electromagnetic spectral pattern in the side of the beaker, discussed in Example 12b. FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the experimental setup corresponding to a sodium lamp that heats a solution of sodium chloride and water from the bottom of the beaker, considered in Example 12c. A schematic diagram of a pH electrode 109 for use with an Accumet AR20 meter 107 is shown. FIG. 80a is a graph of experimental data showing pH as a function of time and corresponding to the experimental setup of Example 12a. FIG. 74b is a graph of experimental data showing pH as a function of time and corresponding to the experimental setup of Example 12b. FIG. 74c is a graph of experimental data showing pH as a function of time and corresponding to the experimental setup of Example 12c. FIG. 74d shows the average values for three (3) different experimental conditions of experiments 12a, 12b and 12c, all overlaid on a single plot. FIG. 74e is a graph of experimental data showing pH as a function of time and corresponding to the experimental setup of Example 12d. FIG. 74f is a graph of experimental data showing pH as a function of time and corresponding to the experimental setup of Example 12e. FIG. 74g shows the average values for three (3) different experimental conditions of Experiments 12a, 12b and 12e, all overlaid on a single plot. FIG. 74h is a graph showing the results of three (3) separate experiments (numbers 3, 4 and 5) and representing the decay curve generated by the experimental apparatus shown in FIG. Fig. 74i is a graph showing the results of three (3) separate experiments (numbers 1, 2 and 3) and representing the activation curve generated by the experimental apparatus shown in Fig. 77. FIG. 74j is a graph showing pH as a function of time for two sets of experiments conditioned before solid sodium chloride is dissolved in water. FIG. 84a is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for data of only three separate sets of Bunsen burners. FIG. 75b is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate sets of data points) for Bunsen burner only data. FIG. 75c is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner-only data, where the plot begins with a data point generated two minutes after sodium chloride is added to the water. FIG. 75d is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. FIG. 75e shows experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate sets of data points) corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. It is a graph. FIG. 75f is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to water conditioned by a sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is dissolved therein. FIG. 75g shows the conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to a solution of sodium chloride and water, emitted by the spectral energy pattern of the sodium lamp starting when sodium chloride is added to the water. It is a graph of the experimental data shown. FIG. 75h (only two separate sets of data points) as a function of temperature corresponding to a solution of sodium chloride and water emitted by the spectral energy pattern of the sodium lamp starting when sodium chloride is added to the water. It is a graph of the experimental data which shows electrical conductivity. FIG. 75i shows the conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to sodium chloride and water solutions emitted by the spectral energy pattern of the sodium lamp starting when sodium chloride is added to the water. It is a graph of the experimental data shown. FIG. 75j corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride is added to the water, and all conductivity measurements are taken after sodium chloride is added thereto. FIG. 4 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data that remain watered while being continuously emitted by a sodium light spectral pattern. FIG. 75k corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride is dissolved in the water, and all conductivity measurements are taken even after sodium chloride is added thereto. FIG. 4 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of temperature (only two separate sets of data points) for three sets of data that radiate water continuously with a sodium light spectral pattern while remaining. . FIG. 75l corresponds to water conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before sodium chloride dissolves and remains for all conductivity measurements after sodium chloride is added to it. Meanwhile, FIG. 5 is a graph of experimental data showing conductivity as a function of time for three separate sets of data that radiate water sequentially with a sodium light spectral pattern. FIG. 75m is a graph of experimental data that overlays the average values from the data in FIGS. 75a, 75d, 75g, and 75j. FIG. 75n is a graph of experimental data that overlays the mean values from the data in FIGS. 75b, 75e, 75h, and 75k. FIG. 75o is a graph of experimental data that overlays the average values from the data in FIGS. 75c, 75f, 75i, and 75j. It is the schematic of the battery device of the flashlight in Example 14. 14 is a schematic view of a sodium lamp used in Example 14. FIG. Figure 5 shows a graph of the change in current as a function of time. 2 shows a graph of current change as a function of time. The corrosion / non-corrosion of the steel razor blade corresponding to Example 15 is shown. 18 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus used in Example 15.

Claims (6)

A method for conditioning at least one conditionable participant in a battery reaction system comprising:
Applying at least one conditioning frequency to at least one conditioned participant to produce at least one of generation, stimulation and stabilization of the at least one conditioning participant, whereby The method wherein the at least one conditioning frequency comprises at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of a direct resonant conditioning frequency, a harmonic resonant conditioning frequency, and a non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning resonant frequency.   The method of claim 1, wherein the conditioning participant transfers energy in resonance with at least one participant in the battery reaction system to affect at least one reaction path in the reaction system.   The method of claim 2, further comprising applying at least one spectral energy pattern to the battery reaction system.   4. The method of claim 3, wherein the rate of at least one reaction in the cell reaction system is accelerated. A method of influencing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst, comprising:
Targeting at least one participant in the cell reaction system using at least one spectral energy catalyst to generate at least one of at least one transient or at least one intermediate, stimulation and stabilization A process comprising causing a desired reaction product to occur. A method for influencing a specific reaction path in a battery reaction system using a spectral catalyst by increasing the physical catalyst, comprising:
Doubling at least a portion of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least one energy emitting source to produce a catalytic spectral pattern and with sufficient intensity to catalyze at least one reaction in the reaction system; And a method comprising applying at least part of the catalytic spectral pattern to the battery reaction system for a sufficient period of time.

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