JP2004361227A - Method for identifying amyloid β-binding protein - Google Patents
Method for identifying amyloid β-binding protein Download PDFInfo
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- JP2004361227A JP2004361227A JP2003159562A JP2003159562A JP2004361227A JP 2004361227 A JP2004361227 A JP 2004361227A JP 2003159562 A JP2003159562 A JP 2003159562A JP 2003159562 A JP2003159562 A JP 2003159562A JP 2004361227 A JP2004361227 A JP 2004361227A
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Abstract
【課題】安全でありかつ有効性が高い、アルツハイマー病の新たな治療方法や予防方法を開発することを目的として、それに資する技術を提供することが本発明の課題である。
【解決手段】本発明により、プロテオミクス技術を利用して、アミロイドβ蛋白質と結合する蛋白質群が包括的に与えられた。これらの蛋白質群の知見は、その蛋白質群を標的とした治療薬を開発する可能性を開くものであると共に、アルツハイマー病の原因解明に大きく寄与するものであると考えられる。
【選択図】 なしAn object of the present invention is to provide a technique contributing to the development of a new method for treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease that is safe and highly effective.
According to the present invention, a group of proteins that bind to amyloid β protein is comprehensively provided using proteomics technology. Knowledge of these proteins opens up the possibility of developing therapeutic agents targeting those proteins, and is thought to greatly contribute to elucidating the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
[Selection diagram] None
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、プロテオミクス技術を用いて、アルツハイマー病の原因であるアミロイドβと結合する性質を有する蛋白質(アミロイドβ結合蛋白質)を包括的に同定する方法に関する。更に本発明は、そのような方法により同定された蛋白質の利用方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
アルツハイマー病は、初老期では40歳代後半から50歳代にかけ、高齢期では70歳代後半以降に発症する疾患であり、記憶障害、意欲障害、判断障害、失語、失行、失認、人格障害、感情障害、鏡障害、クリューバー・ビューシー症候群などの症状が現れ、高度の痴呆におちいるという症状を示す。脳の病理変化としては、老人班、アルツハイマー神経原線維変化、神経細胞消失などが認められ、症状の進行とともに病変は高度となり、著名な脳萎縮をきたす。
【0003】
アルツハイマー病の病態としては、アミロイドβ40やアミロイドβ42などのアミロイド蛋白質の異常かつ早期の沈着や、神経細胞内のリン酸化タウ蛋白質の貯留が認められる。また、アセチルコリンなどの神経伝達物質の異常減少が背景にあることが明らかにされている。アルツハイマー型痴呆のなかには、家族性アルツハイマー病もあり、その疾患の原因として第14、19、21のそれぞれの染色体における遺伝子の異常が報告され、また、アミロイドβの前駆体蛋白質におけるアミノ酸配列の点変異の存在が証明されている。
【0004】
上記で述べたように、アルツハイマー病に罹患した脳においては、大脳新皮質や海馬の神経細胞が脱落すると共に、老人班などの線維性蓄積物が出現する。老人班アミロイドの主要構成成分は上記のアミロイドβ蛋白質(Aβ)であり、前駆体であるアミロイド前駆体蛋白質(APP)の細胞外領域から膜貫通領域の途中までが2段階のプロテアーゼ作用により切り出され、分泌される。また、アルツハイマー病の初期において、アミロイド蛋白質の蓄積はタウ蛋白質のリン酸化などよりも早く起こる、最も初期に認められる現象である。このように、アルツハイマー病の発症においてアミロイド蛋白質が重要な役割を果たすと考えられており、このような考え方は「アミロイド仮説」と呼ばれている。なお、アルツハイマー病発症機序についての最新の知見については、例えば、岩坪らの総論(Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol.20 no.6 p626−629:非特許文献1)において詳しく述べられている。
【0005】
アミロイド蛋白質生成の第一段階においては、βセクレターゼによるβ切断が起こり、その結果としてAβのN末端が形成される。β切断により生じたAPPのC末端断片は、続いてγセクレターゼによる切断を受けるが、この切断部位には多様性がある。主要となる分子種は40アミノ酸残基からなるAβ40であるが、42アミノ酸残基からなるAβ42も10%程度存在すると言われている。Aβ40とAβ42の性質にはある程度の差が見られ、アルツハイマー病の病理変化においてAβ42は初期から蓄積し始めるが、一方、Aβ40はそれより遅れて蓄積する。また、Aβ42はAβ40と比較してより高い凝集性を示すと言われている。
【0006】
このように、近年になってアルツハイマー病の詳しい病態が明らかになってきたが、絶対的な予防方法や治療方法はなお見出されていない。現段階においては、脳代謝賦活薬、脳循環改善薬、神経伝達機能調整薬などの、脳機能改善薬を主体とした薬物療法やリハビリテーションが行われている。
【0007】
ところで、Aβを標的としたAβワクチン療法が、アルツハイマー病の新たな治療方法として注目されている。その例として、PDAPPマウスなどのアルツハイマー病のモデル動物をAβで免疫したところ、Aβに対する抗体が産生され、アミロイド沈着が抑制されることなどがSchenkらにより報告されている(Nature (1999) vol.400 p173−177)。このようなワクチン療法が有効であるのは、生成した抗Aβ抗体が血液脳関門を通って脳ミクログリア内の老人班と反応し、Fcレセプターを介してミクログリアの老人班が貪食されて消失するためであると推定されている。このワクチン療法は臨床実験段階までいったが、炎症反応が認められるという欠点もあるために未だ実用化はされていない。ワクチン療法については、例えば、針谷らの総説(Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol.20 no.6 p706−707:非特許文献3)において詳しく述べられている。
【0008】
また、血液脳関門は血中と脳内におけるAβの濃度の平衡を調整する役割も担っているが、Aβのワクチンを投与することにより、Aβに対する抗体とAβが血中で結合し、そのために血液脳関門における排出の平衡が血液側へ大きく傾くと考えられる。そのような平衡の変化により脳からのAβの排出が促進され、脳内のAβの量は減少すると共に血中のAβの量は増加すると考えられる。このように、ワクチン療法において血液脳関門を介した排出が促進されるというSink(流し)仮説(DeMattos RB et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) vol.98 no.15 p8850−8855:非特許文献4)も提唱されており、上記のミクログリアの食作用という仮説以上に有力な考え方となっている。
【0009】
【非特許文献1】
若林朋子、岩坪威「Alzheimer病はどこまで解明されているか」Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol.20 no.6 p626−629
【非特許文献2】
Schenk D.et al., Immunization with amyloid−β attenuates Alzheimer disease like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature (1999) vol.400 p173−177
【非特許文献3】
針谷康夫「ワクチン療法」Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol.20 no.6 p706−707
【非特許文献4】
DeMattos RB et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) vol.98 no.15 p8850−8855
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで、本発明の課題は、ワクチン療法より有効かつ安全なアルツハイマー病の治療方法や予防方法を新たな開発することを目的として、それに資する技術を提供することである。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために本発明者は、近年著しい進歩が認められたプロテオミクス技術に注目し、その技術を用いて、Aβと結合する蛋白質群を包括的に決定した。これらの蛋白質群の知見はアルツハイマー病の原因解明に大きく寄与するものであると共に、その蛋白質群を標的とした治療薬を開発する可能性を開くものである。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
近年、血液脳関門(BBB)を通じた輸送により、脳内から循環血中にAβを排出しているという機構が提唱されている。上記アミロイド仮説を考えると、アルツハイマー病を治療・予防するためには、Aβの沈着を防ぐことが重要であると考えられる。いくつかの蛋白質はAβと結合することによりAβを脳外へ排出する機構に寄与しており、よってAβ結合蛋白質は脳内のAβレベルの制御に関連していると考えられている。それを考えると、Aβと結合能を有する蛋白質を標的として、Aβ−Aβ結合蛋白質との相互作用を阻害するというアプローチにより、Aβの沈着を防ぐことができる可能性がある。
【0013】
なおアルツハイマー病においては神経の変性が認められるが、Aβの蓄積と神経変性の関連性についてはいまだ明らかになっていない。また。Aβの沈着が起こるメカニズムについてもまだ明らかとなっていない。しかし、Aβと結合蛋白質がこれらの現象に何らかの役割を果たしているという可能性は高いと考えられる。その観点から考えても、アルツハイマー病の治療・予防において、AβとAβ結合蛋白質との相互作用を阻害することの意義は大きいと考えられる。
【0014】
ところで近年、液体クロマトグラフィー(LC)と質量分析計(MS)、更にはデータ解析システムを直結して大量の蛋白質を自動的に測定する、プロテオミクスの新しい技術が開発されてきている。なおプロテオミクスとは、ゲノム情報の最終産物である蛋白質の全体(プロテオーム)を大規模に解析することを意味する。従来の手法においては、蛋白質を同定するためには、先ず目的の蛋白質を分離することが不可欠であると考えられており、そのために、例えば電気泳動法で蛋白質を分離する必要があった。
【0015】
この様な手法は現在においても蛋白質を同定するための重要な手法であるが、ゲノム情報の蓄積とMSの技術革新により、LC−MS/MSなどを基盤とする、処理能力の高い蛋白質同定技術が生み出された。LCとMSを直列に接続した装置がLC−MSであり、LCにタンデム型質量分析計(MS/MS)を接続した場合には、MS内での試料の破断分析(LC−MS/MS)が可能となる。
【0016】
LC−MS/MSを用いたプロテオミクス技術においては、蛋白質混合物や複数の蛋白質からなる複合体の構成成分を、トリプシンなどの特異性の高いプロテアーゼで消化し、分離することなく直接同定することができる。ここで同定の基礎となるのは、消化ペプチド断片とその開裂断片の精密な質量値、使用したプロテアーゼに依存する末端のアミノ酸情報、およびそれを高速で処理するPCとアルゴリズム解析である。この同定法は配列タグ法と呼ばれ、ペプチドの情報をもとに特定の蛋白質を同定することが可能であり、EST(expression sequence tag)などの断片的な情報を含めて既存の塩基配列情報は全て利用することができる。プロテオソーム研究において、LC−MS/MSは、配列タグ法による蛋白質同定に汎用されている。このようなプロテオミクス技術は、従来の方法と比べて処理能力(throughput)が高いという特徴を有する。なおプロテオミクスによる蛋白質の大規模解析システムの技術については、例えば田岡らの総説(実験医学「細胞内機能性複合体解析のためのタンパク質大規模解析システム」Vol.20 No1. (2002) p8−12)などを参照にすることができる。
【0017】
このようなプロテオミクス技術は多くの可能性を秘めるものであるが、これまで、プロテオミクス技術を用いてAβ結合蛋白質が包括的に同定されたことはなかった。本発明において、そのような新たな手法を用いてAβ結合蛋白質が多数同定されたが、本発明の知見はアルツハイマー病の新たな治療薬の開発や、アルツハイマー病の機構の解明に役立つものであると思われる。よって本発明においてAβ結合蛋白質とは、Aβとの結合能を有する蛋白質群を包括的に意味するものである。なお本願明細書において「包括的に同定する」とは、プロテオミクス技術を用いて、多数の蛋白質からなる複合物を分離することなく同定する概念を示すものであり、個々の蛋白質を分離した後に同定を行うという従来の技術と区別することを意図するものである。
【0018】
下記の実施例において、マウスの脳毛細血管内皮細胞と大脳膜由来の蛋白質においてAβ結合蛋白質の同定を行った。上記のサンプルから粗膜蛋白質を調製し、ビオチニル化したAβ40を用いて、Aβ40と粗膜蛋白質中のAβ結合蛋白質とを結合させ、更にアフィニティークロス架橋を行った。架橋したサンプルを可溶化した後にストレプトアビジンビーズを添加し、ビオチニル化したAβ40とアビジンとの複合体を形成させた。電気泳動法により蛋白質の分離を行い、得られた各々のバンドに含まれる蛋白質をLC−MS/MSで同定した。その結果下記の実施例において、Aβ40と結合する蛋白質群が同定された。これらの蛋白質はAβ40と相互作用し、血液脳関門におけるAβの輸送に関与する因子の候補であると考えられる。
【0019】
下記のリストに記載した蛋白質は、本発明のAβ結合蛋白質として好適なものである。しかしこのリストに記載された蛋白質以外にもAβと結合する蛋白質は存在している可能性があり、それらの他の蛋白質を用いるという態様もまた、本発明において除外されるものではない。なお、下記のリストにおいて、実施例において同定されたAβ結合蛋白質を、登録されたNCBI番号と共に示す。
【0020】
(1)原形質膜カルシウムATPアーゼ(plasma membrane Ca2+−ATPase):NCBI番号6753140
(2)ATPアーゼ、Na+/K+トランスポーターアルファ(ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha):NCBI番号16307541、NCBI番号15488862
(3) 神経細胞接着分子1(Neural cell adhesion molecule 1, 180 kDa isoform precursor (N−CAM 180)):NCBI番号400402
(4)コンタクチン関連蛋白質(contactin associated protein):NCBI番号7949100、 NCBI番号20347955
(5)コンタクチン(Contactin):NCBI番号6680954
(6) N−マレイミド感受性融合蛋白質(N−ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein):NCBI番号20347659、NCBI番号20913355
(7)ニューロコンドリン(neurochondrin):NCBI番号16877778、NCBI番号4512261
(8)シナプチン(synapsin):NCBI番号7305533、NCBI番号18606446
(9)熱ショック70KD蛋白質(heat shock 70kD protein):NCBI番号11612489、 NCBI番号20826946
(10)ダーミシジン(dermcidin):NCBI番号16751921
(11)アルファ−S1 カゼイン前躯体(Alpha−S1 casein precursor):NCBI番号115646
(12) RTN4:NCBI番号23379817、NCBI番号21898577
(13)アンキリン結合細胞接着分子ニューロファスチン( ankyrin binding cell adhesion molecule neurofascin [Rattus norvegicus] ):NCBI番号1842429
(14) 150−kDa酸素制御蛋白質(150−kDa oxygen regulated protein):NCBI番号12831229
(15)イオノトロピックグルタミン酸レセプター(glutamate receptor, ionotropic):NCBI番号8393313、NCBI番号20872260
(16)アクチニンアルファ(actinin alpha):NCBI番号11230802、NCBI番号21307732
(17) ATPアーゼ、H+/K+トランスポーターアルファATPase, H+/K+ transporting, alpha:NCBI番号9055170、NCBI番号20149728
(18)ダイナミン(Dynamin):NCBI番号487855、NCBI番号21961254
(19)ジペプチジルアミノペプチダーゼ様蛋白質(dipeptidyl aminopeptidase−like protein): NCBI番号4038348、NCBI番号22653715
(20)アダプター関連蛋白質複合体(adaptor−related protein complex):NCBI番号20347571、NCBI番号6671563
(21)アルファグルコシダーゼ2(alpha glucosidase 2, alpha neutral):NCBI番号6679891
(22)ピルビン酸キナーゼ(pyruvate kinase):NCBI番号20890302、NCBI番号16741633
(23)アトラスティン(Atlastin): NCBI番号20909780、NCBI番号19923445
(24)カルシウム/カルモジュリン依存性蛋白質キナーゼ(Calcium/calmodulin−dependent protein kinase):NCBI番号6671660、NCBI番号18158420
(25)チューブリンアルファ(tubulin alpha):NCBI番号20893179、NCBI番号6755901
(26)シナプトタグミン(synaptotagmin):NCBI番号6678197
(27)カタラーゼ(Catalase):NCBI番号20857278、NCBI番号6753272
(28)トゥイーティーホモログ2(tweety (Drosophila) homolog 2):NCBI番号20847934
(29)蛋白質ジスルフィドイソメラーゼ(protein disulfide−isomerase):NCBI番号20913929
(30)アルドラーゼ(Aldolase):NCBI番号7548322
(31)グアニンヌクレオチド結合蛋白質(guanine nucleotide binding protein):NCBI番号6680035、NCBI番号6754008
(32)アクチン(actin):NCBI番号6752952、NCBI番号20910732、NCBI番号20818844
(33)cAMP依存性蛋白質キナーゼ触媒サブユニット(cAMP−dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit):NCBI番号200367、NCBI番号7110693
(34)トロポモジュリン(Tropomodulin):NCBI番号20890948、NCBI番号7710102
(35)バキュオラーATP合成酵素(Vacuolar ATP synthase):NCBI番号12585525
(36)セプチン(septin):NCBI番号6685763、NCBI番号6754816
(37)アセチルコエンザイムAアシルトランスフェラーゼ(Acetyl−Coenzyme A acyltransferase):NCBI番号20896269、NCBI番号20342350
(38)グルタミン酸オキサロ酢酸トランスアミナーゼ(glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase):NCBI番号20889846、NCBI番号90313
(39)グルタミン合成酵素(glutamine synthetase):NCBI番号483918、NCBI番号20825772
(40)グリセルアルデヒド−3−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(glyceraldehyde−3−phosphate dehydrogenase):NCBI番号20897061、NCBI番号20829889
(41)リボソーマル蛋白質L6(ribosomal protein L6):NCBI番号14210106、NCBI番号6755354
(42)シナプトフィシン(synaptophysin):NCBI番号20983010、NCBI番号6678195
(43)キャッピング蛋白質アルファ(capping protein alpha):NCBI番号6671672、NCBI番号12842248
(44)乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(lactate dehydrogenase):NCBI番号6678674
(45)ATPアーゼ、H+トランスポーター(ATPase, H+ transporting):NCBI番号20886367、NCBI番号15029719
(46)理研cDNA 1010001N11;NADH−ユビキノンオキシドレダクターゼ39KDAサブニット前躯体(RIKEN cDNA 1010001N11;NADH−UBIQUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE 39 KDA SUBUNIT PRECURSOR)):NCBI番号20832556、NCBI番号13384720
(47)酸性リボゾーマルリン酸化蛋白質P0(acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO):NCBI番号6671569、NCBI番号13277927
(48)理研cDNA 2610020H15(RIKEN cDNA 2610020H15):NCBI番号20883070
(49)ジメチルアルギニンジメチルアミノヒドロラーゼ(dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase):NCBI番号20878745
(50)ATP合成酵素、H+ トランスポーターミトコンドリアF1複合体(ATP synthase, H+ transporting mitochondrial F1 complex):NCBI番号7949003、NCBI番号6680748
(51)興奮性アミノ酸トランスポーター(Excitatory amino acid transporter):NCBI番号20908477
(52)チューブリンベータ(tubulin, beta):NCBI番号12963615、NCBI番号13324679
(53)3−オキソ酸 CoAトランスフェラーゼ(3−oxoacid CoA transferase):NCBI番号18266680
(54)異種性核リボヌクレオ蛋白質G(Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G):NCBI番号23274033、NCBI番号20885374
(55)クレアチンキナーゼ(creatine kinase):NCBI番号10946574
(56)インターロイキンエンハンサー結合因子(interleukin enhancer binding factor):NCBI番号13385872
(57)N−myc下流(N−myc downstream):NCBI番号7305305
(58)2’,3’−サイクリック−ヌクレオチド3’−フォスフォジエステラーゼ( 2’,3’−cyclic−nucleotide 3’−phosphodiesterase):NCBI番号309178
(59)グリセルアルデヒド3−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(Glyceraldehyde 3−phosphate dehydrogenase):NCBI番号20888929、NCBI番号20828351
(60)マレイン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(malate dehydrogenase):NCBI番号6678916
(61)ATP合成酵素、H+ トランスポーター(ATP synthase, H+ transporting):NCBI番号6680748
(62) ATPアーゼ、H+ トランスポーター(ATPase, H+ transporting):NCBI番号19527064、NCBI番号1184661
(63)ダーミシジン前躯体(dermcidin precursor)
(64)Na,K−ATPアーゼアルファ−1サブユニット (Na,K−ATPase alpha−1 subunit):NCBI番号205632
(65)ATPアーゼアルファ2,Na/K(ATPase alpha2,Na/K):NCBI番号358960
(66)(NM_022030)シナプティックベヒクル糖蛋白質2a((NM_022030) synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a):NCBI番号358960
(67)(XM_125679)ヘキソキナーゼ1類似, アイソフォームHKI−R; 脳型ヘキソキナーゼ((XM_125679) similar to hexokinase 1, isoform HKI−R; brain form hexokinase):NCBI番号20860670
(68)血管アデノシントリホスファターゼサブユニットB(vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase subunit B):NCBI番号1184661
(69) (NM_007505) ATP合成酵素, H+トランスポーター, ミトコンドリアF1複合体, アルファサブユニットアイソフォーム1((NM_007505) ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit,isoform 1):NCBI番号6680748
(70)グルタミン酸/アスパラギン酸トランスポーター(glutamate/aspartate transporter):NCBI番号913796
(71)2’,3’−サイクリック−ヌクレオチド3’−ホスホジエステラーゼ、gi|279547(2’,3’−cyclic−nucleotide 3’−phosphodiesterase、gi|279547):NCBI番号279547
(72)アクチン、gi|20894101(actin、gi|20894101):NCBI番号2089410
(73)グルタミン合成酵素類似(similar to GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE):NCBI番号20825772
(74) cAMP−依存性蛋白質キナーゼ触媒サブユニット(cAMP−dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit):NCBI番号8568079、NCBI番号6755076
(75)グアニンヌクレオチド結合蛋白質(guanine nucleotide binding protein):NCBI番号6754012
(76)コンタクチン1(contactin 1):NCBI番号6680954
(77) ATP合成酵素, H+トランスポーターミトコンドリアF1複合体(ATP synthase, H+ transporting mitochondrial F1 complex):NCBI番号7949003
(78)グルコースホスフェート イソメラーゼ1 複合体(glucose phosphate isomerase 1 complex):NCBI番号20825753
(79)蛋白質キナーゼ, cAMP依存性II型ベータ(protein kinase, cAMP dependent regulatory, type II beta):NCBI番号20847768
(80)ニューロトリミン前躯体類似(GP65)(similar to NEUROTRIMIN PRECURSOR (GP65)):NCBI番号20884317
(81)仮説上蛋白質XP_166357(hypothetical protein XP_166357):NCBI番号20556253
(82)アクチン(actin):NCBI番号20894101
(83) 2’,3’−サイクリック−ヌクレオチド3’−フォスフォジエステラーゼ( 2’,3’−cyclic−nucleotide 3’−phosphodiesterase):NCBI番号279547
(84)グルタミン合成酵素類似(similar to GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE):NCBI番号20825772
(85) Na+/K+−交換ATPアーゼ(EC 3.6.1.37)ベータ−2鎖(Na+/K+−exchanging ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) beta−2 chain):NCBI番号91127
(86)SRC基質コルタクチン類似蛋白質(similar to SRC SUBSTRATE CORTACTIN):NCBI番号20895255
(87)グリセルアルデヒド3−リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ類似蛋白質(GAPDH):similar to Glyceraldehyde 3−phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH) :NCBI番号20343993
(88)キャッピング蛋白質アルファ2(capping protein alpha 2) :NCBI番号12842248
(89) ATP合成酵素, H+トランスポーターミトコンドリア複合体(ATP synthase, H+ transporting mitochondrial complex):NCBI番号11602916
(90)リボゾーム蛋白質L6(ribosomal protein L6):NCBI番号11602916
(91) 理研cDNA 1010001N11(RIKEN cDNA 1010001N11):NCBI番号13384720
(92)N−エチルマレイミド融合蛋白質接着蛋白質アルファ(N−ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment protein alpha):NCBI番号13385392
(93)電圧−依存性アニオンチャネル1(voltage−dependent anion channel 1):NCBI番号6755963
(94)シンタキシン(syntaxin):NCBI番号6981600
(95)転写因子E2F2類似蛋白質(E2F−2)(similar to TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F2(E2F−2)):NCBI番号20848841
(96)グアニンヌクレオチド結合蛋白質(guanine nucleotide−binding protein):NCBI番号13937391
【0021】
なお、実施例において採用した方法は、Aβ結合蛋白質を採取する目的において好適な方法であるが、目的に応じて適宜改変を行うことによりその他のAβ結合蛋白質を同定することもできる。例えば、架橋を行うためのクロス架橋試薬として以下の試薬を使用することができるが、クロス架橋試薬はそれらに限定されるものではない。
(1) disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS)
(2) 1,6−Bismaleimidohexane (BMH)
(3) 1−ethyl−3−(3−dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)
(4) N−[g−Maleimidobutyryloxy]succinimide ester (GMBS)
(5) Succinimidyl 4−[p−maleimidophenyl]butyrate (SMPB)
(6) beta−maleimidopropionic acid (BMPA)
(7) 1,5−difluoro−2,4−dinitrobenzene (DFDNB)
【0022】
本発明において、アフィニティークロス架橋は、Aβ40とAβ結合蛋白質の間に生じた立体構造を固定する目的で使用しているが、各々のクロス架橋試薬により、架橋ターゲットとなる官能基や結合する官能基間の距離(スペーサー)は異なっている。それを考えると、種々のクロス架橋試薬を変えることにより、その他のAβ結合蛋白質を同定することが可能である。
【0023】
また、実施例においてはAβ40と結合する蛋白質の同定を行ったが、その多くはAβ42とも結合すると考えられる。しかし、[0005]で述べたようにAβ40とAβ42にはいくらかの差異がある。よってAβ42を用いた場合には他のAβ結合蛋白質を得ることが可能であり、Aβ42結合蛋白質もまたアルツハイマー病の予防・治療に関する有益な知見を提供するものである。よってAβ42と結合する蛋白質も本発明の範囲内から除外されるものではない。
【0024】
本発明は、Aβ結合蛋白質を用いて、AβとAβ結合蛋白質との結合を阻害する医薬をスクリーニングする方法を提供するものである。上記で述べたように、アルツハイマー病では、Aβが脳の局所に蓄積する老人班が認められる。Aβの凝集が起こるにはコアとなる蛋白質が必要なので、得られた結合阻害剤が老人班形成阻害効果を発揮する可能性がある。このように、AβとAβ結合蛋白質との結合は強く病態と相関していることから、AβとAβ結合蛋白質の間の結合を通常の方法によりアッセイすることにより、老人班の形成を阻害する活性を有するアルツハイマー病の治療薬をスクリーニングすることができる。
【0025】
既に述べた様に、アルツハイマー病においては神経の脱落が起こり、これが痴呆症のもっとも大きな原因となる。Aβがどのようにして神経を変性させるのかについては未だ議論が続いているが、結合阻害剤を用いてAβとAβ結合蛋白質との間の結合を抑制してAβの沈着を防止することにより、神経毒性を抑制できる可能性もある。
【0026】
AβとAβ結合蛋白質との結合を阻害する物質のスクリーニングは、例えば、本技術分野で汎用されている結合アッセイの方法を用いて行うことができる。具体的には、Aβ結合蛋白質が膜蛋白質である場合には、その蛋白質をコードする遺伝子を細胞に導入してその細胞表面上に発現させて、Aβ結合蛋白質を発現している細胞とAβとを反応させることにより、両者の間の結合を測定することができる。なお、その際にスクリーニングする対象である化合物を反応系に添加し、Aβを放射活性などで標識しておけば、その化合物の結合阻害能を評価することができる。
【0027】
また、Aβ結合蛋白質が可溶性蛋白質である場合には、インビトロの無細胞系で例えばタグ(tag)を付けた状態で結合蛋白質を合成し、抗タグ抗体で結合蛋白質を精製することにより、タグが付加された結合蛋白質を得ることができる。その後、スクリーニングする対象である化合物と、精製された結合蛋白質とAβを反応させる。抗タグ抗体で免疫沈降を行うことにより、結合蛋白質と共沈したAβの量を、例えばウエスタンブロットにより測定することができる。
【0028】
また、金の薄膜上に固定したAβ結合蛋白質と他の分子との間の相互作用を、機械を用いて測定することもできる。具体的には、金の薄膜上にAβ結合蛋白質を固定し、次いでAβを添加して結合蛋白質と結合させ、スクリーニングする対象である化合物を添加する。この際のAβ結合蛋白質からの解離を測定することにより、その化合物の結合阻害能を評価することができる。なお、表面プラズモ共鳴を利用して、金の薄膜上に固定した分子と他の分子との相互作用を測定するための装置が市販されており、この目的のために使用することができる。このような機械を用いた方法は、多検体を容易に処理することができるという利点がある。
【0029】
また、水晶の振動によって分子同士の相互作用を測定する装置も市販されている。その装置を用いて、水晶振動子上にAβ結合蛋白質を固定することにより、上記と同様の手法を用いて、スクリーニング対象化合物の結合阻害能を評価することができる。
【0030】
更に、本発明のAβ結合蛋白質の発現を促進または抑制する化合物をスクリーニングすることもできる。ワクチン療法において、Aβに対する抗体が血中に存在すると脳内のAβレベルが低下するのは、血液脳関門を介してAβが排出されているからであると考えられている。この排出機構において、Aβ結合蛋白質とAβが結合してトランスサイトーシスによりAβが血液側に排出されることにより、Aβの排出が促進されている可能性がある。よって、Aβ結合蛋白質の発現を誘導することにより、又はAβ結合蛋白質の輸送機能を促進することにより、Aβの抗体を用いたAβワクチン療法と同等若しくはそれ以上のAβ排除能を付与することができる可能性がある。この方法は免疫反応を利用したものではないために、ワクチン療法とは異なり、炎症反応などの危険性が少ない。よって本発明のAβ結合蛋白質は、ワクチン療法に替わり得るアルツハイマー病の新たな治療法を提供する可能性がある。
【0031】
Aβ結合蛋白質の発現を変化させる化合物をスクリーニングするためには、ゲノムデータベースから結合蛋白質の遺伝子のゲノム配列を検索・同定し、転写開始部位周囲およそ5kbp程にルシフェラーゼやガラクトシダーゼ等のレポーター遺伝子をつなげ、培養細胞に導入する。転写開始部位周囲には転写制御部位が存在するために、細胞内のレポーター遺伝子の発現に対する化合物の影響を計測することにより、目的とする化合物のスクリーニングを効果的に行うことができる。
【0032】
また、本発明のAβ結合蛋白質を含むキットを作製することもまた可能である。当該キットは一つまたは複数のAβ結合蛋白質と、標識したAβを含むキットであり、好ましくは塩強度とpHが適切に調整された緩衝液もまた含む。本キットにおいて、結合蛋白質との結合を検出するためにAβは標識されている。標識の方法は特に限定されるものではないが、放射標識、蛍光標識、酵素標識、ビオチン標識、2、4−ジニトロフェノール標識など、本技術分野で知られている種々の技術が含まれる。そして、このキットを用いて通常の結合アッセイなどを行い、Aβと結合蛋白質との結合を阻害する物質のスクリーニング等に利用することができる。本キットにおいて、一つのみならず多数のAβ結合蛋白質を含むことは、本発明の好ましい態様であり、膜蛋白質と可溶性蛋白質など、性質が異なった複数の結合蛋白質を含むことは特に好ましい。
【0033】
【実施例】
下記の実施例において本発明を更に詳しく解説するが、如何なる意味においても本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。
【0034】
なお、本実施例において使用したアミロイドβとビオチニル化試薬は、下記のとおりである。
Aβ40:DAEFRHDSGY EVHHQKLVFF AEDVGSNKGA IIGLMVGGVV
MW=4312
ビオチニル化試薬:Sulfo−NHS−LC−ビオチニレーションキット(PIERCE社製)
【0035】
(Aβ40のビオチニル化)
Aβの水溶液とビオチニル化試薬の水溶液を調製し、過剰量のビオチニル化試薬をAβに添加した。その後氷浴上で2時間または室温で30分間放置してビオチニル化を行った。更にカラムにより未反応のビオチニル化試薬を除去し、HABAアッセイにより導入されたビオチン量を測定した。
【0036】
(マウス脳毛細血管豊富画分膜タンパクサンプルの調製)
マウスを頚椎脱臼により屠殺して脳を摘出し、大脳を単離した(1匹分=0.3g)。リン酸緩衝液を加えて氷上で10回ホモジナイズし、デキストラン溶液を加え、更にホモジナイズした。ホモジネートを4500xgで 16分間遠心し(4℃)、上層の脂肪層及び上清を除いた。ペレットに緩衝液を加えて懸濁し、ナイトロジェンキャビテーション法(800psi, 30分間, 4℃)により細胞を破砕した。懸濁液を10,000xgで16分間遠心し(4℃)、その上清を更に100,000xg (40,200rpm)で65分間遠心(4℃)した。ペレットに懸濁緩衝液を加えてピペッティングし、プロテアーゼ阻害剤を添加してサンプルを調製した。
【0037】
(マウス大脳膜タンパクサンプルの調製)
マウスを頚椎脱臼により屠殺して脳を摘出し、大脳を単離した(1匹分=0.3g)。デンシティーグラジエント緩衝液を加え、プロテアーゼ阻害剤の存在下、氷上で10回ホモジナイズした。ナイトロジェンキャビテーション法(800psi,30分間,4℃)により細胞を破砕し、懸濁液をチューブに入れ、10,000xgで16分間遠心(4℃)した。更に、上清を100,000xg(40,200rpm)で65分間遠心(4℃)した。ペレットに懸濁緩衝液600uLを加えてピペッティングし、プロテアーゼ阻害剤を添加してサンプルを調製した。
【0038】
(Aβ40との結合)
サンプルにビオチニル化したAβを添加し、Aβの最終濃度を約10uMとした。全量が1.2mLとなるように結合緩衝液を加えて攪拌と反転を行い、25℃で20から30分間放置した。
【0039】
(クロス架橋反応及びタンパクの可溶化)
DSSまたはBMHなどのクロス架橋試薬をジメチルスルフォキシドに溶解し、25℃で30分間放置してAβ40の架橋反応を行った。15,000rpmで5分間遠心し(4℃)、遠心ペレットに可溶化緩衝液とプロテアーゼ阻害剤を添加し、ピペッティングした後、400rpmで一晩震盪(4℃)することにより可溶化を行った。
【0040】
(Aβ−蛋白質複合体の精製)
クロス架橋を行ったサンプルに、ストレプトアビジンビーズの添加を行った。400rpmで1時間震盪(4℃)して、ビオチンとアビジンを結合させた。15,000rpmで3分間遠心(4℃)して上清を除く事により、生成した複合体を得た。遠心ペレットにSDS−PAGEサンプル緩衝液を加え、95℃で2min加熱することにより、電気泳動用のサンプルを調製した。
【0041】
(電気泳動)
泳動槽にアクリルアミドゲルをセットし、泳動槽に泳動バッファーを満たすことにより電気泳動(ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動:SDS−PAGE)の準備を行った。サンプルを必要に応じて変性させて(95℃,3分間)ゲルにアプライした。0.04Aの定電流の条件下(電圧は100Vから200V)でサンプルの泳動を行った。電気泳動後のゲルにつき、通常の方法で銀染色を行った。
【0042】
(質量分析)
上記の電気泳動によって得られたバンドを切り出し、各バンドについてLC−MS/MSで解析することにより、Aβと結合している分子を同定した。具体的なプロセスとしては、MS/MS測定により得られたデータを基にして、データベース検索を行うことによりAβ結合蛋白質を同定した。多くの場合には1つのMS/MSデータから複数の蛋白質名が得られるが、それら複数の蛋白質のうち、分子量の最も大きなものを一つ選択した。各バンドから検出されたペプチドフラグメントと、そのフラグメントの配列から同定された蛋白質を表1に示す。
【0043】
【表1】
【0044】
【表2】
【0045】
【表3】
【0046】
【表4】
【0047】
【表5】
【0048】
【表6】
【0049】
【表7】
【0050】
【表8】
【0051】
【表9】
【0052】
【表10】
【0053】
【表11】
【0054】
上記のAβ結合蛋白質の中で、Guanine nucleotide binding protein(G−protein)は受容体と共役して細胞内情報伝達に関与する因子である。G−proteinがそのような役割を担っていることを考えると、受容体に結合した物質の取り込み機構に重要な役割を果たしている。よってG−proteinは、Abの細胞内取り込みに関与している可能性が考えられる。
【0055】
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a (SV2a)は12回膜貫通のトランスポーター様構造をとっていることから、Abの輸送に関与している可能性が考えられる。また、SV2aのノックアウトマウスは生後すぐに重篤な痙攣を起こして死亡することから、中枢神経機能に重要な役割を果たしていると考えられる。
【0056】
Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (N−CAM180)については、アルツハイマー病などの痴呆疾患において、そのmRNAの発現量が低下することが報告され、アルツハイマー病との関連が示唆されている。また、N−CAM180はシナプス間結合に必要な因子であり、Abとの相互作用によってN−CAM180の機能が阻害される可能性が考えられる。
【0057】
N−ethylmaleimid sensitive fusion protein (NSF), N−ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein attachment protein alpha (SNAP, NAPA), およびsynaptophysin, syntaxinは、小胞膜輸送の制御に関する分子である。よって、Abの細胞内輸送に関与するか、もしくは、Abが結合することによって細胞内輸送が阻害される可能性が考えられる。
【0058】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、プロテオミクス技術を利用して、Aβと結合する蛋白質群が包括的に与えられた。これらの蛋白質群の知見は、その蛋白質群を標的とした治療薬を開発する可能性を開くものであると共に、アルツハイマー病の原因解明に大きく寄与するものであると考えられる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for comprehensively identifying a protein having a property of binding to amyloid β which is a cause of Alzheimer's disease (amyloid β binding protein) using proteomics technology. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for utilizing the protein identified by such a method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Alzheimer's disease is a disease that starts in the late 40s and 50s in the elderly and in the late 70s and in the elderly, memory disorders, motivation disorders, impaired judgment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, personality Symptoms such as disability, emotional disorders, mirror disorders, and Kluber-Buchy syndrome appear, and they show symptoms of severe dementia. As pathological changes in the brain, senile plaques, Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles, loss of nerve cells, and the like are observed, and as the symptoms progress, the lesions become more severe, causing remarkable brain atrophy.
[0003]
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease includes abnormal and early deposition of amyloid proteins such as amyloid β40 and amyloid β42, and accumulation of phosphorylated tau protein in nerve cells. In addition, it has been revealed that the background is an abnormal decrease in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine. Among the Alzheimer-type dementias, there is also familial Alzheimer's disease. Genetic abnormalities in the chromosomes Nos. 14, 19 and 21 have been reported as causes of the disease, and point mutations in the amino acid sequence of the amyloid β precursor protein have been reported. The existence of has been proven.
[0004]
As described above, in the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease, neurons in the cerebral neocortex and hippocampus are lost, and fibrous deposits such as senile plaques appear. A major component of senile plaque amyloid is the above-mentioned amyloid β protein (Aβ), and a part from the extracellular region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is a precursor, to the middle of the transmembrane region is cut out by a two-step protease action. Is secreted. In the early stage of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid protein accumulation is the earliest phenomenon that occurs earlier than phosphorylation of tau protein. Thus, it is thought that the amyloid protein plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease, and such an idea is called “amyloid hypothesis”. The latest knowledge on the Alzheimer's disease onset mechanism is described in detail in, for example, Iwatsubo et al.'S review (Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol. 20 no. 6 p626-629: Non-Patent Document 1).
[0005]
In the first step of amyloid protein production, β-cleavage by β-secretase occurs, resulting in the formation of the N-terminus of Aβ. The C-terminal fragment of APP generated by β-cleavage is subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase, and the cleavage site is diverse. The main molecular species is Aβ40 consisting of 40 amino acid residues, but it is said that about 10% of Aβ42 consisting of 42 amino acid residues is also present. There is some difference in the properties of Aβ40 and Aβ42, and Aβ42 starts to accumulate from the beginning in pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease, while Aβ40 accumulates later. Also, Aβ42 is said to exhibit higher aggregability than Aβ40.
[0006]
Thus, in recent years, the detailed condition of Alzheimer's disease has been clarified, but no absolute preventive method or therapeutic method has yet been found. At this stage, pharmacotherapy and rehabilitation mainly based on cerebral function improving drugs such as cerebral metabolic activators, cerebral circulation improving drugs, and neurotransmitter function regulators are being performed.
[0007]
Meanwhile, Aβ vaccine therapy targeting Aβ has attracted attention as a new treatment method for Alzheimer's disease. As an example, Schenk et al. Have reported that when an animal model of Alzheimer's disease such as a PDAPP mouse was immunized with Aβ, an antibody against Aβ was produced and amyloid deposition was suppressed (Nature (1999) vol. 400 p173-177). Such vaccine therapy is effective because the generated anti-Aβ antibody reacts with the senile plaques in the brain microglia through the blood-brain barrier, and the senile plaques of the microglia are phagocytosed and disappeared via the Fc receptor. It is estimated that Although this vaccine therapy reached the stage of clinical experiment, it has not been put to practical use yet because of the disadvantage that an inflammatory reaction is observed. Vaccine therapy is described in detail in, for example, Hariya et al.'S review (Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol. 20 no. 6 p706-707: Non-Patent Document 3).
[0008]
The blood-brain barrier also plays a role in regulating the equilibrium of Aβ concentration in the blood and in the brain. By administering an Aβ vaccine, an antibody against Aβ and Aβ bind in the blood, It is considered that the balance of excretion at the blood-brain barrier is greatly inclined to the blood side. It is thought that such a change in equilibrium promotes Aβ excretion from the brain, and decreases the amount of Aβ in the brain and increases the amount of Aβ in the blood. Thus, the sink hypothesis (DeMattos RB et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) vol. 98 no. 15 p8850-8855: non-sinking hypothesis that excretion via the blood-brain barrier is promoted in vaccine therapy. Patent Document 4) has also been proposed, and has a more powerful idea than the hypothesis of phagocytosis of microglia.
[0009]
[Non-patent document 1]
Tomoko Wakabayashi, Takeshi Iwatsubo, "How far has Alzheimer's disease been elucidated?", Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol. 20 no. 6 p626-629
[Non-patent document 2]
Schenk D. et al. , Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer disease like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature (1999) vol. 400 p173-177
[Non-Patent Document 3]
Yasuo Hariya, “Vaccine Therapy,” Clinical Neuroscience (2002) vol. 20 no. 6 p706-707
[Non-patent document 4]
DeMattos RB et al. , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2001) vol. 98 no. 15 p8850-8855
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a technique contributing to the purpose of developing a new method of treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease that is more effective and safer than vaccine therapy.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have focused on proteomics technology, which has made remarkable progress in recent years, and have comprehensively determined a group of proteins that bind to Aβ using the technology. Knowledge of these proteins will greatly contribute to elucidating the causes of Alzheimer's disease, and will also open up the possibility of developing therapeutics targeting those proteins.
[0012]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
In recent years, a mechanism has been proposed in which Aβ is excreted from the brain into circulating blood by transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Considering the amyloid hypothesis, it is considered important to prevent the deposition of Aβ in order to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease. Some proteins contribute to the mechanism of excreting Aβ out of the brain by binding to Aβ, and thus it is thought that Aβ-binding proteins are involved in controlling Aβ levels in the brain. Considering this, there is a possibility that Aβ deposition can be prevented by an approach of targeting a protein capable of binding to Aβ and inhibiting the interaction with an Aβ-Aβ binding protein.
[0013]
In Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration is observed, but the relationship between Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration has not yet been elucidated. Also. The mechanism by which Aβ deposition occurs is not yet clear. However, it is highly likely that Aβ and the binding protein play some role in these phenomena. From this viewpoint, it is considered that inhibition of the interaction between Aβ and Aβ binding protein is significant in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
[0014]
By the way, in recent years, a new technique of proteomics has been developed in which a large amount of protein is automatically measured by directly connecting a liquid chromatography (LC), a mass spectrometer (MS), and a data analysis system. The term “proteomics” means that the entire protein (proteome), which is the final product of genomic information, is analyzed on a large scale. In the conventional method, it is considered that it is indispensable to first isolate the target protein in order to identify the protein, and therefore, it was necessary to separate the protein by, for example, an electrophoresis method.
[0015]
Although such a technique is still an important technique for identifying a protein at present, a protein processing technology with a high processing capability based on LC-MS / MS, etc., based on the accumulation of genomic information and technological innovation of MS. Was created. When a device in which LC and MS are connected in series is LC-MS and a tandem mass spectrometer (MS / MS) is connected to LC, break analysis of the sample in MS (LC-MS / MS) Becomes possible.
[0016]
In the proteomics technique using LC-MS / MS, a component of a protein mixture or a complex composed of a plurality of proteins can be directly identified without being separated by digestion with a highly specific protease such as trypsin. . The basis for the identification is the precise mass value of the digested peptide fragment and its cleaved fragment, terminal amino acid information depending on the protease used, and PC and algorithm analysis for processing it at high speed. This identification method is called a sequence tag method, and it is possible to identify a specific protein on the basis of information on a peptide, and the existing base sequence information including fragmentary information such as EST (expression sequence tag) can be identified. Can all be used. In proteosome research, LC-MS / MS is widely used for protein identification by the sequence tag method. Such a proteomics technology has a feature that the throughput is higher than that of the conventional method. The technique of a large-scale protein analysis system by proteomics is described in, for example, a review by Taoka et al. (Experimental Medicine “Large-scale protein analysis system for analysis of intracellular functional complex,” Vol. ) Etc. can be referred to.
[0017]
Although such proteomics technology has many potentials, hitherto no comprehensive identification of Aβ binding proteins has been made using proteomics technology. In the present invention, a large number of Aβ binding proteins have been identified using such a new technique, but the findings of the present invention are useful for developing new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease and elucidating the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. I think that the. Therefore, in the present invention, the term “Aβ binding protein” comprehensively refers to a group of proteins capable of binding to Aβ. In the specification of the present application, "comprehensive identification" refers to the concept of identifying a complex composed of a large number of proteins without separating them using proteomics technology. Is intended to be distinguished from the conventional technique of performing
[0018]
In the following examples, Aβ binding proteins were identified in proteins derived from mouse brain capillary endothelial cells and cerebral membrane. A crude membrane protein was prepared from the above sample, and Aβ40 and an Aβ-binding protein in the crude membrane protein were bound using biotinylated Aβ40, and further subjected to affinity cross-linking. After solubilizing the cross-linked sample, streptavidin beads were added to form a complex of biotinylated Aβ40 and avidin. The proteins were separated by electrophoresis, and the proteins contained in each of the obtained bands were identified by LC-MS / MS. As a result, in the following Examples, a group of proteins that bind to Aβ40 was identified. These proteins interact with Aβ40 and are thought to be candidates for factors involved in Aβ transport at the blood-brain barrier.
[0019]
The proteins described in the following list are suitable as the Aβ binding proteins of the present invention. However, proteins that bind to Aβ may exist in addition to the proteins listed in this list, and the use of such other proteins is not excluded in the present invention. In the following list, the Aβ binding proteins identified in the examples are shown together with the registered NCBI numbers.
[0020]
(1) Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (plasma membrane Ca) 2+ -ATPase): NCBI number 6753140
(2) ATPase, Na + / K + Transporter alpha (ATPase, Na + / K + (transporting, alpha): NCBI No. 16307541, NCBI No. 1548862
(3) Neuronal cell adhesion molecule 1 (Neural cell adhesion molecule 1, 180 kDa isoform precursor (N-CAM 180)): NCBI number 400402
(4) Contactin-associated protein: NCBI No. 7949100, NCBI No. 203477955
(5) Contactin: NCBI number 6680954
(6) N-maleimide sensitive fusion protein: NCBI No. 20347659, NCBI No. 20913355
(7) Neurochondrin: NCBI number 168777778, NCBI number 451261
(8) Synapsin: NCBI No. 7305533, NCBI No. 18606446
(9) Heat shock 70 kD protein: NCBI No. 11612489, NCBI No. 20826946
(10) dermicidin: NCBI number 16759211
(11) Alpha-S1 casein precursor: NCBI number 115646
(12) RTN4: NCBI number 23379817, NCBI number 21898577
(13) Ankyrin-binding cell adhesion molecule neurofastin [Rattus norvegicus]: NCBI No. 1842429
(14) 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein: NCBI No. 12831229
(15) Ionotropic glutamate receptor (glutamate receptor, ionotropic): NCBI No. 8393313, NCBI No. 20872260
(16) actinin alpha: NCBI number 11230802, NCBI number 21307732
(17) ATPase, H + / K + Transporter Alpha ATPase, H + / K + transporting, alpha: NCBI number 9055170, NCBI number 20149728
(18) Dynamin: NCBI number 487855, NCBI number 2196254
(19) dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein: NCBI No. 4038348, NCBI No. 2265715
(20) Adapter-related protein complex: NCBI No. 20347571, NCBI No. 6671563
(21) alpha glucosidase 2, alpha neutral: NCBI number 6679891
(22) Pyruvate kinase: NCBI No. 20890302, NCBI No. 1674633
(23) Atlastin: NCBI number 20909780, NCBI number 19923445
(24) Calcium / calmodulin-dependent protein kinase: NCBI number 6671660, NCBI number 18158420
(25) Tubulin alpha: NCBI No. 20893179, NCBI No. 6755901
(26) Synaptotagmin: NCBI number 6678197
(27) Catalase: NCBI No. 20857278, NCBI No. 6753272
(28) Tweety (Drosophila) homolog 2: NCBI number 20847934
(29) Protein disulfide-isomerase: NCBI No. 20913929
(30) Aldolase: NCBI No. 7548322
(31) Guanine nucleotide binding protein: NCBI No. 6680035, NCBI No. 6754008
(32) actin: NCBI number 6752952, NCBI number 20910732, NCBI number 20818844
(33) cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: NCBI No. 200367, NCBI No. 7110693
(34) Tropomodulin: NCBI number 20890948, NCBI number 7710102
(35) Vacuolar ATP synthase: NCBI No. 12585525
(36) septin: NCBI number 6685763, NCBI number 6754816
(37) Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase: NCBI number 20896269, NCBI number 20342350
(38) Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase: NCBI number 20889846, NCBI number 90313
(39) Glutamine synthase: NCBI No. 483918, NCBI No. 20825772
(40) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NCBI number 20897061, NCBI number 20829889
(41) Ribosomal protein L6: NCBI number 14210106, NCBI number 6755354
(42) Synaptophysin: NCBI No. 20983010, NCBI No. 6678195
(43) Capping protein alpha: NCBI number 6671672, NCBI number 1842248
(44) Lactate dehydrogenase: NCBI number 6678674
(45) ATPase, H + Transporter (ATPase, H + (Transporting): NCBI No. 20886367, NCBI No. 15029719
(46) RIKEN cDNA 1010001N11; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 39KDA subunit precursor (RIKEN cDNA 1010001N11; NADH-UBIQUININE OXIDOREDUCTASE 39 KDA SUBUNIT PRECURSOR): NCBI No. 20832B47C
(47) Acidic ribosomal phosphorylated protein P0 (acid ribosomal phosphoprotein PO): NCBI No. 6671569, NCBI No. 13277927
(48) RIKEN cDNA 261020H15 (RIKEN cDNA 261020H15): NCBI number 2088370
(49) Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase: NCBI No. 20878745
(50) ATP synthase, H + Transporter mitochondrial F1 complex (ATP synthase, H + (transporting mitochondrial F1 complex): NCBI number 7949003, NCBI number 6680748
(51) Excitatory amino acid transporter: NCBI No. 20908777
(52) Tubulin, beta: NCBI No. 12936615, NCBI No. 13324679
(53) 3-Oxoacid CoA transferase: NCBI No. 18266680
(54) Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G: NCBI number 23274033, NCBI number 20885374
(55) creatine kinase: NCBI number 10946574
(56) Interleukin enhancer binding factor: NCBI No. 13385872
(57) N-myc downstream (N-myc downstream): NCBI number 7305305
(58) 2 ′, 3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (2 ′, 3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase): NCBI No. 309178
(59) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NCBI No. 20888929, NCBI No. 20828351
(60) maleate dehydrogenase: NCBI No. 6678916
(61) ATP synthase, H + Transporter (ATP synthase, H + (Transporting): NCBI number 6680748
(62) ATPase, H + Transporter (ATPase, H + (Transporting): NCBI number 19527064, NCBI number 1184661
(63) Dermcidin precursor
(64) Na, K-ATPase alpha-1 subunit (Na, K-ATPase alpha-1 subunit): NCBI No. 205632
(65) ATPase alpha 2, Na / K (ATPase alpha 2, Na / K): NCBI No. 358960
(66) (NM — 022030) Synaptic vehicle glycoprotein 2a: (NCBI number 358960)
(67) (XM — 125679) hexokinase 1 analog, isoform HKI-R; brain-type hexokinase ((XM — 125679) similar to hexakinase 1, isoform HKI-R; brain form hexakinase): NC702086
(68) Vascular adenosine triphosphatase subunit B: NCBI No. 1184661
(69) (NM_007505) ATP synthase, H + Transporter, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit isoform 1 ((NM_007505) ATP synthase, H + transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit, isoform 1): NCBI number 6680748
(70) Glutamate / aspartate transporter: NCBI number 913796
(71) 2 ′, 3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, gi | 27947 (2 ′, 3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, gi | 27947): NCBI No. 279947
(72) actin, gi | 20894101 (actin, gi | 20894101): NCBI number 2089410
(73) Similar to glutamine synthase (similar to GLUTAMINE SYNTHEETASE): NCBI No. 20825772
(74) cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: NCBI number 8568079, NCBI number 6755076
(75) Guanine nucleotide binding protein: NCBI No. 6754012
(76) contactin 1: NCBI number 6680954
(77) ATP synthase, H + Transporter mitochondrial F1 complex (ATP synthase, H + (transporting mitochondrial F1 complex): NCBI number 7949003
(78) Glucose phosphate isomerase 1 complex: NCBI No. 20825753
(79) protein kinase, cAMP-dependent type II beta (protein kinase, cAMP dependent regulatory, type II beta): NCBI No. 20847768
(80) Similar to Neurotrimine Precursor (GP65) (similar to NEROTRIMIN PRECURSOR (GP65)): NCBI No. 20884317
(81) Hypothetical protein XP_166357: NCBI No. 20556253
(82) actin: NCBI number 20894101
(83) 2 ', 3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (2', 3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase): NCBI number 279947
(84) Similar to glutamine synthase (similar to GLUTAMINE SYNTHEETASE): NCBI No. 20825772
(85) Na + / K + -Exchange ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) beta-2 chain (Na + / K + -Exchanging ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) beta-2 chain: NCBI number 91127
(86) SRC substrate cortactin-like protein (similar to SRC SUBSTRATE CORTACTIN): NCBI No. 20895255
(87) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like protein (GAPDH): similar to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): NCBI No. 20343993
(88) capping protein alpha 2: NCBI No. 1842248
(89) ATP synthase, H + Transporter mitochondrial complex (ATP synthase, H + (transporting mitochondrial complex): NCBI number 1162916
(90) Ribosomal protein L6: NCBI No. 1162916
(91) Riken cDNA 1010001N11 (RIKEN cDNA 1010001N11): NCBI No. 13384720
(92) N-ethylmaleimide fusion protein adhesion protein alpha: NCBI No. 13853852 (N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Fusion Protein Attachment Protein Alpha)
(93) Voltage-dependent anion channel 1: NCBI No. 6755963
(94) syntaxin: NCBI number 6981600
(95) Transcription factor E2F2-like protein (E2F-2) (similar to TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F2 (E2F-2)): NCBI No. 20848841
(96) Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein: NCBI No. 13937391
[0021]
Although the method adopted in the examples is a method suitable for collecting Aβ binding protein, other Aβ binding proteins can be identified by appropriately modifying according to the purpose. For example, the following reagents can be used as a cross-crosslinking reagent for performing cross-linking, but the cross-linking reagent is not limited thereto.
(1) disuccinimidyl subrate (DSS)
(2) 1,6-Bismaleimidohexane (BMH)
(3) 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)
(4) N- [g-Maleimidobutyryloxy] succinimide ester (GMBS)
(5) Succinimidyl 4- [p-maleimididophenyl] butyrate (SMPB)
(6) beta-maleimididopropionic acid (BMPA)
(7) 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DFDNB)
[0022]
In the present invention, the affinity cross-linking is used for fixing the three-dimensional structure generated between Aβ40 and the Aβ-binding protein. The distance (spacer) between them is different. Considering that, it is possible to identify other Aβ binding proteins by changing various cross-linking reagents.
[0023]
In the examples, proteins that bind to Aβ40 were identified, but most of them are considered to also bind to Aβ42. However, there are some differences between Aβ40 and Aβ42 as described in [0005]. Therefore, when Aβ42 is used, another Aβ-binding protein can be obtained, and the Aβ42-binding protein also provides useful knowledge on the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, proteins that bind to Aβ42 are not excluded from the scope of the present invention.
[0024]
The present invention provides a method for screening a drug that inhibits the binding between Aβ and Aβ binding protein using the Aβ binding protein. As described above, in Alzheimer's disease, senile plaques where Aβ accumulates locally in the brain are observed. Since aggregation of Aβ requires a core protein, the obtained binding inhibitor may exert an inhibitory effect on senile plaque formation. As described above, since the binding between Aβ and Aβ binding protein strongly correlates with the disease state, the activity between Aβ and Aβ binding protein is assayed by a conventional method to inhibit the formation of senile plaques. Can be screened for a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease having
[0025]
As already mentioned, neurological loss occurs in Alzheimer's disease, which is the leading cause of dementia. There is still debate about how Aβ degenerates the nerve, but by using a binding inhibitor to suppress the binding between Aβ and Aβ binding protein to prevent Aβ deposition, Neurotoxicity may be suppressed.
[0026]
Screening for a substance that inhibits the binding between Aβ and an Aβ binding protein can be performed, for example, using a binding assay method widely used in the art. Specifically, when the Aβ-binding protein is a membrane protein, a gene encoding the protein is introduced into a cell and expressed on the cell surface, and the cell expressing the Aβ-binding protein and Aβ The reaction between the two can be measured. In this case, if a compound to be screened is added to the reaction system and Aβ is labeled with radioactivity or the like, the ability of the compound to inhibit binding can be evaluated.
[0027]
When the Aβ binding protein is a soluble protein, the tag is synthesized by synthesizing the binding protein in an in vitro cell-free system, for example, with a tag, and purifying the binding protein with an anti-tag antibody. An added binding protein can be obtained. Thereafter, the compound to be screened is reacted with the purified binding protein and Aβ. By performing immunoprecipitation with an anti-tag antibody, the amount of Aβ co-precipitated with the binding protein can be measured, for example, by Western blot.
[0028]
Further, the interaction between the Aβ binding protein immobilized on the gold thin film and other molecules can be measured using a machine. Specifically, an Aβ binding protein is immobilized on a gold thin film, and then Aβ is added to bind to the binding protein, and a compound to be screened is added. By measuring the dissociation from the Aβ binding protein at this time, the ability of the compound to inhibit the binding can be evaluated. An apparatus for measuring the interaction between a molecule immobilized on a gold thin film and another molecule using surface plasmo resonance is commercially available, and can be used for this purpose. The method using such a machine has an advantage that multiple samples can be easily processed.
[0029]
Further, an apparatus for measuring the interaction between molecules by vibrating quartz crystal is also commercially available. By immobilizing the Aβ binding protein on a quartz oscillator using the device, the ability to inhibit the binding of the screening target compound can be evaluated using the same method as described above.
[0030]
Furthermore, compounds that promote or suppress the expression of the Aβ binding protein of the present invention can be screened. In vaccine therapy, it is thought that the level of Aβ in the brain decreases when antibodies against Aβ are present in the blood because Aβ is excreted via the blood-brain barrier. In this excretion mechanism, Aβ excretion may be promoted by binding of Aβ binding protein to Aβ and excreting Aβ to the blood side by transcytosis. Therefore, by inducing the expression of the Aβ binding protein or by promoting the transport function of the Aβ binding protein, Aβ elimination ability equivalent to or higher than that of Aβ vaccine therapy using an Aβ antibody can be imparted. there is a possibility. Since this method does not use an immune response, unlike a vaccine therapy, there is little risk of an inflammatory response or the like. Therefore, the Aβ binding protein of the present invention may provide a new treatment for Alzheimer's disease that can replace vaccine therapy.
[0031]
To screen for a compound that alters the expression of Aβ binding protein, search and identify the genomic sequence of the gene for the binding protein from a genomic database, and connect a reporter gene such as luciferase or galactosidase to about 5 kbp around the transcription start site, Introduce into cultured cells. Since a transcription control site is present around the transcription start site, screening of a target compound can be effectively performed by measuring the effect of the compound on the expression of a reporter gene in a cell.
[0032]
It is also possible to prepare a kit containing the Aβ binding protein of the present invention. The kit is a kit containing one or more Aβ binding proteins and labeled Aβ, and preferably also contains a buffer whose salt strength and pH are appropriately adjusted. In this kit, Aβ is labeled to detect binding to a binding protein. The labeling method is not particularly limited, and includes various techniques known in the art, such as radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling, enzyme labeling, biotin labeling, and 2,4-dinitrophenol labeling. Then, a normal binding assay or the like is performed using this kit, and the kit can be used for screening for a substance that inhibits the binding between Aβ and a binding protein. It is a preferred embodiment of the present invention that the present kit contains not only one but also a large number of Aβ binding proteins, and it is particularly preferable to include a plurality of binding proteins having different properties such as a membrane protein and a soluble protein.
[0033]
【Example】
The following examples illustrate the invention in more detail, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
[0034]
The amyloid β and the biotinylation reagent used in this example are as follows.
Aβ40: DAEFFRHDSGY EVHHQKLVFF AEDVGSNKGA IIGLMVGGVV
MW = 4312
Biotinylation reagent: Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotinylation kit (PIERCE)
[0035]
(Biotinylation of Aβ40)
An aqueous solution of Aβ and an aqueous solution of a biotinylated reagent were prepared, and an excess amount of the biotinylated reagent was added to Aβ. Then, it was left on an ice bath for 2 hours or at room temperature for 30 minutes to perform biotinylation. Further, the unreacted biotinylated reagent was removed by a column, and the amount of the introduced biotin was measured by the HABA assay.
[0036]
(Preparation of mouse brain capillary rich fraction membrane protein sample)
The mouse was sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the brain was excised, and the cerebrum was isolated (0.3 g per animal). A phosphate buffer was added and the mixture was homogenized on ice 10 times, and a dextran solution was added, followed by homogenization. The homogenate was centrifuged (4 ° C.) at 4500 × g for 16 minutes to remove the upper fat layer and supernatant. The pellet was suspended by adding a buffer, and the cells were disrupted by a nitrogen cavitation method (800 psi, 30 minutes, 4 ° C.). The suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 16 minutes (4 ° C.), and the supernatant was further centrifuged at 100,000 × g (40,200 rpm) for 65 minutes (4 ° C.). A suspension buffer was added to the pellet and pipetting was performed, and a protease inhibitor was added to prepare a sample.
[0037]
(Preparation of mouse cerebral membrane protein sample)
The mouse was sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the brain was excised, and the cerebrum was isolated (0.3 g per animal). Density gradient buffer was added and homogenized on ice 10 times in the presence of a protease inhibitor. The cells were disrupted by a nitrogen cavitation method (800 psi, 30 minutes, 4 ° C.), the suspension was placed in a tube, and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 16 minutes (4 ° C.). Further, the supernatant was centrifuged (4 ° C.) at 100,000 × g (40,200 rpm) for 65 minutes. The pellet was added with 600 uL of suspension buffer and pipetted, and a protease inhibitor was added to prepare a sample.
[0038]
(Binding to Aβ40)
Biotinylated Aβ was added to the sample to give a final Aβ concentration of about 10 uM. The binding buffer was added thereto so that the total volume was 1.2 mL, and the mixture was stirred and inverted, and left at 25 ° C. for 20 to 30 minutes.
[0039]
(Cross-crosslinking reaction and protein solubilization)
A cross-linking reagent such as DSS or BMH was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and left at 25 ° C. for 30 minutes to perform a cross-linking reaction of Aβ40. After centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 5 minutes (4 ° C.), a solubilization buffer and a protease inhibitor were added to the centrifuged pellet, and pipetting was performed. .
[0040]
(Purification of Aβ-protein complex)
Streptavidin beads were added to the cross-linked sample. After shaking (4 ° C.) at 400 rpm for 1 hour, biotin and avidin were bound. The resulting complex was obtained by removing the supernatant by centrifugation (4 ° C.) at 15,000 rpm for 3 minutes. An SDS-PAGE sample buffer was added to the centrifuged pellet, and the mixture was heated at 95 ° C. for 2 minutes to prepare a sample for electrophoresis.
[0041]
(Electrophoresis)
An acrylamide gel was set in the electrophoresis tank, and electrophoresis (sodium lauryl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: SDS-PAGE) was prepared by filling the electrophoresis tank with an electrophoresis buffer. The sample was denatured as needed (95 ° C., 3 minutes) and applied to the gel. The sample was electrophoresed under the condition of a constant current of 0.04 A (voltage was from 100 V to 200 V). The gel after the electrophoresis was subjected to silver staining by a usual method.
[0042]
(Mass spectrometry)
The band obtained by the above-mentioned electrophoresis was cut out, and each band was analyzed by LC-MS / MS to identify a molecule bound to Aβ. As a specific process, an Aβ binding protein was identified by performing a database search based on data obtained by MS / MS measurement. In many cases, a plurality of protein names can be obtained from one MS / MS data, and one of the plurality of proteins having the largest molecular weight was selected. Table 1 shows the peptide fragments detected from each band and the proteins identified from the sequences of the fragments.
[0043]
[Table 1]
[0044]
[Table 2]
[0045]
[Table 3]
[0046]
[Table 4]
[0047]
[Table 5]
[0048]
[Table 6]
[0049]
[Table 7]
[0050]
[Table 8]
[0051]
[Table 9]
[0052]
[Table 10]
[0053]
[Table 11]
[0054]
Among the above-mentioned Aβ-binding proteins, Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) is a factor involved in intracellular signal transduction in combination with a receptor. Considering that G-protein plays such a role, G-protein plays an important role in the uptake mechanism of a substance bound to a receptor. Therefore, G-protein may be involved in Ab uptake into cells.
[0055]
Synaptic vehicle glycoprotein 2a (SV2a) has a 12-transmembrane transporter-like structure, and may be involved in the transport of Ab. In addition, SV2a knockout mice die seriously shortly after birth, and are considered to play an important role in the central nervous system function.
[0056]
Regarding Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (N-CAM180), it has been reported that the expression level of its mRNA decreases in dementia diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. Further, N-CAM180 is a factor necessary for intersynaptic junction, and it is considered that the function of N-CAM180 may be inhibited by interaction with Ab.
[0057]
N-ethylmaleimide sensible fusion protein (NSF), N-ethylmaleimide sensible fusion protein attachment protein. Therefore, it is conceivable that it is involved in intracellular transport of Ab or that intracellular transport is inhibited by binding of Ab.
[0058]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention has comprehensively provided a group of proteins that bind to Aβ using proteomics technology. Knowledge of these proteins opens up the possibility of developing therapeutic agents targeting those proteins, and is thought to greatly contribute to elucidating the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
Claims (5)
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