[go: up one dir, main page]

JP2004177600A - Transfer belt - Google Patents

Transfer belt Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2004177600A
JP2004177600A JP2002342587A JP2002342587A JP2004177600A JP 2004177600 A JP2004177600 A JP 2004177600A JP 2002342587 A JP2002342587 A JP 2002342587A JP 2002342587 A JP2002342587 A JP 2002342587A JP 2004177600 A JP2004177600 A JP 2004177600A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
transfer belt
belt
reinforcing member
peripheral surface
main body
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP2002342587A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP4228667B2 (en
Inventor
Masahiko Adachi
雅彦 足立
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Minolta Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Minolta Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Minolta Co Ltd filed Critical Minolta Co Ltd
Priority to JP2002342587A priority Critical patent/JP4228667B2/en
Publication of JP2004177600A publication Critical patent/JP2004177600A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP4228667B2 publication Critical patent/JP4228667B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Landscapes

  • Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent the end of a transfer belt in a width direction from being damaged over a long term in the case of laying the transfer belt over a roller or the like and driving it, transferring a toner image formed on an image carrier to the transfer belt, and then transferring the toner image transferred in such a way to a recording medium from the transfer belt. <P>SOLUTION: In the transfer belt 10 provided with a reinforcing member 13 made of resin at least leading to the end face 11b from an outer peripheral surface 11a in its peripheral direction at the end of an endless belt body 11 made of resin in the width direction, the Young's modulus Ea of the belt body and the Young's modulus Eb of the reinforcing member satisfy condition Eb≥1.2×Ea, and also the elongation δa at the yielding point of the belt body and the elongation δb at the yielding point of the reinforcing member satisfy condition δb>δa. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、複写機やプリンター等の画像形成装置に使用される転写ベルトに係り、ローラ等に架け渡されて駆動される転写ベルトに像担時体に形成されたトナー像を転写させ、このように転写ベルトに転写されたトナー像を記録媒体に転写させる場合において、この転写ベルトの幅方向の端部が破損するのを防止するようにした点に特徴を有するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、複写機やプリンター等の画像形成装置においては、ローラ等に掛け渡されて駆動される転写ベルトに像担時体に形成されたトナー像を転写させ、このように転写ベルトに転写されたトナー像を記録媒体に転写させるようにしたものが存在している。
【0003】
特に、近年においては、フルカラーの画像形成を行う画像形成装置において、上記のような転写ベルトが広く利用されている。
【0004】
例えば、図1に示すようなフルカラーの画像形成装置においては、黄色,マゼンタ色,シアン色,黒色の異なった色彩のトナーを収容させた4つの現像装置A1〜A4を使用し、各現像装置A1〜A4における各トナー担持体1と対向するようにしてそれぞれ像担持体P1〜P4を設けると共に、上記の各現像装置A1〜A4と像担持体P1〜P4を介して反対側の位置に、複数のローラ2に架け渡されて駆動される転写ベルト10を設けている。
【0005】
ここで、この画像形成装置によってフルカラー画像を形成するにあたっては、第1の現像装置A1に対応して設けられた像担持体P1を回転させて、この像担持体P1の外周面を帯電装置3により一様に帯電させ、このように帯電された像担持体P1に対して露光装置Lにより画像信号に従った露光を行い、この像担持体P1の外周面に静電潜像を形成し、上記の現像装置A1におけるトナー担持体1から黄色のトナーを像担持体P1に形成された静電潜像部分に供給し、像担持体P1に静電潜像に対応した黄色のトナー像を形成する。
【0006】
そして、このように像担持体P1に形成された黄色のトナー像を、上記のようにローラ2に掛け渡されて駆動される転写ベルト10に転写させる一方、転写後における像担持体P1に残留している黄色のトナーをクリーニング装置4によって像担持体P1から除去させる。
【0007】
そして、上記の第1の現像装置A1の場合と同様にして、第2〜第4の現像装置A2〜A4における各トナー担持体1からそれぞれ対応する各像担持体P2〜P4に順々にマゼンタ色,シアン色,黒色のトナー像を形成し、このように各像担持体P2〜P4に形成されたマゼンタ色,シアン色,黒色のトナー像を、上記のように黄色のトナー像が転写された転写ベルト10に順々に転写させて、この転写ベルト10上にフルカラーのトナー像を形成する。
【0008】
その後は、この画像形成装置の下部に設けられた用紙カセット5から記録シートSを、送りローラ6によって上記の転写ベルト10と転写ローラ7とが対向する部分に導き、転写ベルト10に形成されたフルカラーのトナー像をこの記録シートSに転写させ、このように記録シートS上に転写されたフルカラーのトナー像を定着装置8により記録シートSに定着させて排紙させる一方、転写されずに転写ベルト10に残ったトナーをクリーニング装置9によって転写ベルト10から除去するようにしている。
【0009】
ここで、上記のように転写ベルト10を複数のローラ2に架け渡して駆動させるにあたり,ローラ2が傾いたりすると、転写ベルト10を駆動させている途中に転写ベルト10の位置がずれたりするという問題があった。
【0010】
このため、従来においては、例えば図2に示すように、ローラ2の幅方向の端部にフランジ2aを設け、このフランジ2aによって転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを防止するようにし、また図3に示すように、ローラ2の幅方向の端部に周方向に沿って凹溝2bを設けると共に、この凹溝2bに対応するように転写ベルト10のベルト本体11における幅方向の端部の内周面11cにおいて、その周方向に沿ってゴム等で構成されたガイド部材12を設け、このガイド部材12を上記の凹溝2b内に嵌め込んで、転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを防止するようにしていた。
【0011】
しかし、上記のようにローラ2の幅方向の端部にフランジ2aを設けて、転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを防止するようにした場合、転写ベルト10の端部がフランジ2aに当たって、この転写ベルト10の端部が破損するという問題があった。
【0012】
また、上記のように転写ベルト10に設けたガイド部材12をローラ2に設けた上記の凹溝2b内に嵌め込んで、転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを防止するようにした場合においても、転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを抑制するのに、ガイド部材12が取り付けられた転写ベルト10の幅方向端部に大きな負荷が加わり、転写ベルト10の端部が破損するという問題があった。
【0013】
また、従来においては、複写機やプリンター等の画像形成装置に使用される転写ベルト等において、その幅方向の端部の強度を高めるため、このベルトの幅方向両端部の外周面や内周面に補強部材を取り付けるようにしたもの(例えば、特許文献1及び特許文献2)や、ベルト基材の幅方向両端部における表裏の両面及び端面に、ディッピング加工により水−エマルジョン系の樹脂を用いた補強部材を設けたもの(例えば、特許文献3)が提案されている。
【0014】
しかし、上記のようにベルトの幅方向両端部の外周面や内周面に補強部材を取り付けただけのものにおいては、その端面の強度を高めることができず、この端面の部分からベルトに破損が生じるという問題があった。
【0015】
また、上記のようにディッピング加工により水−エマルジョン系の樹脂を用いた補強部材を設ける場合、一般に水−エマルジョン系の樹脂はベルト本体よりも強度が弱く、ベルトの端部が破損するのを長期にわたって防止することができず、さらにディッピング加工によると、一般にベルトの端部側の厚みが厚くなり、これによりベルトを駆動させた場合にベルトが蛇行しやすくなるという問題もあった。
【0016】
【特許文献1】
実開平2−95070号公報
【特許文献2】
特開平5−345369号公報
【特許文献3】
特開平8−85645号公報
【0017】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
この発明は、複写機やプリンター等の画像形成装置に使用される転写ベルトにおける上記のような問題を解決することを課題とするものである。
【0018】
すなわち、この発明においては、ローラ等に架け渡されて駆動される転写ベルトに像担時体に形成されたトナー像を転写させ、このように転写ベルトに転写されたトナー像を記録媒体に転写させる場合において、この転写ベルトの幅方向の端部が破損するのを長期に渡って防止できるようにすることを課題とするものである。
【0019】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この発明における転写ベルトにおいては、上記のような課題を解決するため、無端状になった樹脂製のベルト本体における幅方向の端部において、その周方向に沿って少なくとも外周面から端面に至る樹脂製の補強部材を設けるようにし、上記のベルト本体のヤング率Eaと補強部材のヤング率Ebとが、Eb≧1.2×Eaの条件を満たすと共に、ベルト本体の降伏点伸びδaと補強部材の降伏点伸びδbとが、δb>δaの条件を満たすようにしたのである。
【0020】
そして、この発明における転写ベルトのように、ベルト本体の幅方向における端部において、その周方向に沿って少なくとも外周面から端面に至る樹脂製の補強部材を設けると、ベルト本体の端面もこの補強部材によって保護されるようになり、ベルト本体の端面から転写ベルトが破損するのが抑制される。
【0021】
また、この発明における転写ベルトのように、ベルト本体の幅方向の端部に設ける補強部材として、そのヤング率Ebがベルト本体のヤング率Eaの1.2倍以上であって、その降伏点伸びδbがベルト本体の降伏点伸びδaよりも大きな材料で構成されたものを用いると、この補強部材によって転写ベルトの周方向の剛性が向上すると共に、この補強部材における弾性変形領域がベルト本体よりも大きく、この補強部材により転写ベルトが塑性変形して破損するのも抑制され、転写ベルトを長期に渡って安定して使用できるようになる。
【0022】
また、上記のように補強部材によって転写ベルトが破損するのをより一層抑制するためには、この補強部材がベルト本体の外周面から端面を経て内周面に至るように設けることが好ましい。
【0023】
また、上記のようにベルト本体の幅方向の端部において、その周方向に沿って少なくとも外周面から端面に至るように補強部材を設けるにあたっては、例えば、補強部材に用いる樹脂をロールコータ等を用いて塗付するようにしたり、接着剤を用いて補強部材を貼り付けるようにすることができる。
【0024】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、この発明の実施形態に係る転写ベルトを添付図面に基づいて具体的に説明する。
【0025】
この実施形態における転写ベルト10においては、図4に示すように、無端状になった樹脂製のベルト本体11における幅方向の両端部において、その周方向に沿って外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように樹脂製の補強部材13を設けている。
【0026】
ここで、この転写ベルト10においては、上記のベルト本体11のヤング率Eaと補強部材13のヤング率Ebとが、Eb≧1.2×Eaの条件を満たすと共に、ベルト本体11の降伏点伸びδaと補強部材13の降伏点伸びδbとが、δb>δaの条件を満たすようにしている。
【0027】
さらに、この実施形態の転写ベルト10においては、図5に示すように、上記のようにベルト本体11の内周面11cに至るように設けた補強部材13の下にゴム等で構成されたガイド部材12を設け、このガイド部材12をローラ2の幅方向の端部に周方向に沿って設けられた凹溝2b内に嵌め込み、この転写ベルト10を上記のローラ2によって駆動させた場合に、転写ベルト10の位置がずれるのを防止するようにしている。
【0028】
そして、この実施形態における転写ベルト10のように、ベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部に上記のような補強部材13を設けると、前記のようにこの補強部材13によって転写ベルト10の周方向の剛性が向上すると共に、この補強部材13における弾性変形領域がベルト本体11よりも大きく、この補強部材13により転写ベルト10が塑性変形して破損するのも抑制され、転写ベルト10を長期に渡って安定して使用できるようになる。
【0029】
ここで、この実施形態における転写ベルト10においては、上記のようにベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、補強部材13を外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように貼り付けるようにしている。なお、このように補強部材13を貼り付ける場合、ベルト本体11における外周と内周との周長差によって、ベルト本体11の内周面11cにおいて補強部材13が重なるのを抑制するため、この実施形態においては、図6に示すように、上記の補強部材13の幅方向の片側に幅方向に伸びた切込み13aを複数設け、このように切込み13aを設けた部分をベルト本体11の内周面11cに位置させるようにしている。
【0030】
また、この実施形態における転写ベルト10においては、上記のようにベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、補強部材13をその外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように設けたが、図7に示すように、補強部材13をベルト本体11の外周面11aから端面11bに至るように設け、ベルト本体11の内周面11cにガイド部材12を直接取り付けるようにすることも可能である。
【0031】
【実施例】
次に、上記の実施形態に示すように、ベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、補強部材13を外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように設け、この補強部材13の下にゴム等で構成されたガイド部材12を設けた転写ベルト10において、ベルト本体11と補強部材13とに使用する樹脂の種類を変更させて実験を行い、ベルト本体11のヤング率Eaと補強部材13のヤング率EbとがEb≧1.2×Eaの条件を満たすと共に、ベルト本体11の降伏点伸びδaと補強部材13の降伏点伸びδbとがδb>δaの条件を満たすようにした実施例の転写ベルトを用いた場合、転写ベルトが破損するのが抑制されることを、比較例を挙げて明らかにする。
【0032】
(実施例1,2及び比較例1)
実施例1,2及び比較例1においては、ベルト本体11の材料として、下記の表1に示すように、ヤング率Eaが1950N/mm、降伏点伸びδaが5%であるポリフェニレンサルファイド(PPS)に、導電材として中性カーボンブラックを添加させたものを用い、押出成形により、厚みが150μm、幅が256mm、周囲長が696mmになったベルト本体11を得た。
【0033】
また、このベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、その外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように補強部材13を設けるにあたり、補強部材13として、下記の表1に示すように、実施例1ではヤング率Ebが2340N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが10%のポリイミド(PI)で構成され、実施例2ではヤング率Ebが3110N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが6%のポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)で構成され、比較例1ではヤング率Ebが2340N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが2.5%のポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)で構成され、それぞれ厚みが25μmになったテープを用いた。
【0034】
そして、上記のベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、それぞれ外周面11aにおける幅が12mm、内周面11bにおける幅が8mmになるようにして、上記の各補強部材13を、ベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、その外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように貼着させた。
【0035】
その後、上記のようにベルト本体11の内周面11cに貼着された各補強部材13の下に、アスカーA硬度が70度のウレタン系ゴムで構成され、厚みが1mm、幅が4mmになったガイド部材12を接着させて、実施例1,2及び比較例1の各転写ベルトを得た。
【0036】
(実施例3,4及び比較例2)
実施例3,4及び比較例2においては、ベルト本体11の材料として、下記の表1に示すように、ヤング率Eaが1650N/mm、降伏点伸びδaが4%になったポリカーボネートとポリブチレンテレフタレートとの混合物に、導電材として中性カーボンブラックを添加させたものを用い、押出成形により、厚みが150μm、幅が256mm、周囲長が696mmに成形したものを用いた。
【0037】
また、このベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、その外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように補強部材13を設けるにあたり、補強部材13として、下記の表1に示すように、実施例3ではヤング率Ebが2340N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが10%のポリイミド(PI)で構成され、実施例4ではヤング率Ebが3110N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが6%のポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)で構成され、比較例2ではヤング率Ebが2340N/mm、降伏点伸びδbが2.5%のポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)で構成され、それぞれ厚みが25μmになったテープを用いた。
【0038】
そして、上記のベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、それぞれ外周面11aにおける幅が12mm、内周面11bにおける幅が8mmになるようにして、上記の各補強部材13を、ベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、その外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように貼着させた。
【0039】
その後、上記のようにベルト本体11の内周面11cに貼着された各補強部材13の下に、アスカーA硬度が70度のウレタン系ゴムで構成され、厚みが1mm、幅が4mmになったガイド部材12を接着させて、実施例3,4及び比較例2の各転写ベルトを得た。
【0040】
ここで、上記のベルト本体11及び補強部材13におけるヤング率Ea,Eb及び降伏点伸びδa,δbについては、JIS K7113に準拠し、1号形試験片を用い、材料強度試験機(インストロン社製:1175型)を使用して測定した。
【0041】
また、上記のガイド部材12におけるアスカーA硬度については、JIS K6253に準拠し、硬さ計アスカーA型(高分子計器社製)を用いて測定した。
【0042】
そして、外部耐久試験機を用い、上記のように作製した実施例1〜4及び比較例1.2の各転写ベルトの耐久試験を行った。
【0043】
ここで、この耐久試験においては、図5に示すように、上記のように各転写ベルトに設けたガイド部材12をローラ2の幅方向の端部に周方向に沿って設けられた凹溝2b内に嵌め込むようにして複数のローラ2に架け渡し、各転写ベルトにおける静止状態でのベルトの張力がそれぞれ30Nになるように張り、この状態で、走行速度130mm/secで走行させると共に、上記のローラ2を僅かに傾斜させて幅方向への移動速度が40μm/secになるように設定し、この条件で上記の各転写ベルトを連続して駆動させ、各転写ベルトの端部が破損するまでの時間を測定し、その結果を下記の表1に合わせて示した。
【0044】
【表1】

Figure 2004177600
【0045】
この結果から明らかなように、ベルト本体11の幅方向の両端部において、その外周面11aから端面11bを経て内周面11cに至るように補強部材13を設けるにあたり、ベルト本体11のヤング率Eaと補強部材13のヤング率EbとがEb≧1.2×Eaの条件を満たすと共に、ベルト本体11の降伏点伸びδaと補強部材13の降伏点伸びδbとがδb>δaの条件を満たすようにした実施例1〜4の各転写ベルトを用いた場合、転写ベルトが破損するまでの時間が上記の条件を満たしていない比較例1,2の各転写ベルトを用いた場合に比べて大幅に増加していた。
【0046】
【発明の効果】
以上詳述したように、この発明における転写ベルトにおいては、無端状になった樹脂製のベルト本体における幅方向の端部において、その周方向に沿って少なくとも外周面から端面に至る樹脂製の補強部材を設けるようにしたため、ベルト本体の端面もこの補強部材によって保護されるようになり、ベルト本体の端面から転写ベルトが破損するのが抑制されるようになった。
【0047】
また、この発明における転写ベルトにおいては、ベルト本体の幅方向の端部に設ける補強部材として、そのヤング率Ebがベルト本体のヤング率Eaの1.2倍以上であって、その降伏点伸びδbがベルト本体の降伏点伸びδaよりも大きな材料で構成されたものを用いるようにしたため、この補強部材によって転写ベルトの周方向の剛性が向上すると共に、この補強部材における弾性変形領域がベルト本体よりも大きく、この補強部材により転写ベルトが塑性変形して破損するのも抑制され、転写ベルトを長期に渡って安定して使用できるようになった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】フルカラーの画像形成装置において転写ベルトを使用する状態を示した概略説明図である。
【図2】従来の転写ベルトを、端部にフランジが設けられたローラに巻き掛けた状態を示した断面説明図である。
【図3】従来の転写ベルトの内周面に設けられたガイド部材をローラの外周面に設けられた凹溝内に嵌め込んで、転写ベルトをローラに巻き掛けた状態を示した断面説明図である。
【図4】この発明の一実施形態に係る転写ベルトの断面説明図である。
【図5】上記の実施形態の転写ベルトに設けたガイド部材をローラの外周面に設けられた凹溝内に嵌め込んで、転写ベルトをローラに巻き掛けた状態を示した断面説明図である。
【図6】上記の実施形態の転写ベルトにおいて、ベルト本体の外周面から端面を経て内周面に至るように貼り付けるのに用いた補強部材の部分説明図である。
【図7】上記の実施形態の転写ベルトにおいて、補強部材をベルト本体の外周面から端面に至るように設けた変更例の部分断面説明図である。
【符号の説明】
10 転写ベルト
11 ベルト本体
11a ベルト本体の外周面
11b ベルト本体の端面
11c ベルト本体の内周面
13 補強部材[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a transfer belt used in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer, and transfers a toner image formed on an image bearing member to a transfer belt that is driven over a roller or the like. When the toner image transferred to the transfer belt is transferred to a recording medium as described above, it is characterized in that the widthwise end of the transfer belt is prevented from being damaged.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer, a toner image formed on an image bearing member is transferred to a transfer belt that is driven by being wound around rollers or the like, and thus transferred to the transfer belt. There is an image transfer device that transfers a toner image to a recording medium.
[0003]
In particular, in recent years, the above-described transfer belt has been widely used in an image forming apparatus for forming a full-color image.
[0004]
For example, in a full-color image forming apparatus as shown in FIG. 1, four developing devices A1 to A4 containing toners of different colors of yellow, magenta, cyan and black are used. Image bearing members P1 to P4 are provided so as to be opposed to the respective toner carrying members 1 to A4, and a plurality of image bearing members are provided at positions opposite to each of the developing devices A1 to A4 and the image bearing members P1 to P4. And a transfer belt 10 that is driven over the rollers 2.
[0005]
Here, in forming a full-color image by the image forming apparatus, the image carrier P1 provided corresponding to the first developing device A1 is rotated, and the outer peripheral surface of the image carrier P1 is charged by the charging device 3. The image carrier P1 thus charged is exposed to light in accordance with an image signal by the exposure device L to form an electrostatic latent image on the outer peripheral surface of the image carrier P1. The yellow toner is supplied from the toner carrier 1 in the developing device A1 to an electrostatic latent image portion formed on the image carrier P1, and a yellow toner image corresponding to the electrostatic latent image is formed on the image carrier P1. I do.
[0006]
Then, the yellow toner image thus formed on the image carrier P1 is transferred to the transfer belt 10 that is driven over the roller 2 as described above, while remaining on the image carrier P1 after the transfer. The cleaning device 4 removes the yellow toner from the image carrier P1.
[0007]
Then, in the same manner as in the case of the above-described first developing device A1, magenta is sequentially transferred from each toner carrier 1 in the second to fourth developing devices A2 to A4 to the corresponding image carriers P2 to P4. Color, cyan, and black toner images are formed, and the magenta, cyan, and black toner images formed on the respective image carriers P2 to P4 are transferred with the yellow toner image as described above. The transfer belt 10 is sequentially transferred to the transfer belt 10 to form a full-color toner image on the transfer belt 10.
[0008]
Thereafter, the recording sheet S is guided from the paper cassette 5 provided at the lower portion of the image forming apparatus to a portion where the transfer belt 10 and the transfer roller 7 are opposed by the feed roller 6, and formed on the transfer belt 10. The full-color toner image is transferred onto the recording sheet S, and the full-color toner image transferred on the recording sheet S is fixed on the recording sheet S by the fixing device 8 and discharged, while being transferred without being transferred. The toner remaining on the belt 10 is removed from the transfer belt 10 by the cleaning device 9.
[0009]
Here, as described above, when the transfer belt 10 is wound around the plurality of rollers 2 and driven, if the roller 2 is inclined, the position of the transfer belt 10 may be shifted during driving of the transfer belt 10. There was a problem.
[0010]
For this reason, conventionally, as shown in FIG. 2, for example, a flange 2a is provided at an end in the width direction of the roller 2 to prevent the position of the transfer belt 10 from being shifted by the flange 2a. As shown in FIG. 2, a concave groove 2b is provided along the circumferential direction at an end of the roller 2 in the width direction, and the widthwise ends of the belt main body 11 of the transfer belt 10 correspond to the concave grooves 2b. A guide member 12 made of rubber or the like is provided along the circumferential direction on the peripheral surface 11c, and the guide member 12 is fitted into the concave groove 2b to prevent the transfer belt 10 from being displaced. Was like that.
[0011]
However, as described above, when the flange 2a is provided at the end in the width direction of the roller 2 to prevent the position of the transfer belt 10 from shifting, the end of the transfer belt 10 hits the flange 2a and this transfer is performed. There was a problem that the end of the belt 10 was damaged.
[0012]
Further, even when the guide member 12 provided on the transfer belt 10 is fitted into the concave groove 2b provided on the roller 2 as described above, the position of the transfer belt 10 is prevented from shifting. In order to prevent the transfer belt 10 from being displaced, a large load is applied to an end in the width direction of the transfer belt 10 to which the guide member 12 is attached, and the end of the transfer belt 10 is damaged.
[0013]
Conventionally, in a transfer belt or the like used in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer, in order to increase the strength of an end portion in the width direction, an outer circumferential surface or an inner circumferential surface of both ends in a width direction of the belt is used. (For example, Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2), and a water-emulsion resin is used by dipping on both front and back surfaces and end surfaces at both ends in the width direction of the belt base material. A device provided with a reinforcing member (for example, Patent Document 3) has been proposed.
[0014]
However, in the case where the reinforcing member is simply attached to the outer peripheral surface or the inner peripheral surface at both ends in the width direction of the belt as described above, the strength of the end surface cannot be increased, and the belt is damaged from the end surface portion. There was a problem that occurs.
[0015]
When a reinforcing member using a water-emulsion resin is provided by dipping as described above, the water-emulsion resin generally has a lower strength than the belt body, so that damage to the end portion of the belt is prolonged. In addition, when the belt is driven, the belt tends to meander when the belt is driven.
[0016]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-2-95070 [Patent Document 2]
JP-A-5-345369 [Patent Document 3]
JP-A-8-85645
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problems in a transfer belt used in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer.
[0018]
That is, in the present invention, the toner image formed on the image bearing member is transferred to a transfer belt that is driven over a roller or the like, and the toner image thus transferred to the transfer belt is transferred to a recording medium. In this case, it is an object of the present invention to prevent the end of the transfer belt in the width direction from being damaged for a long time.
[0019]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the transfer belt according to the present invention, in order to solve the above-described problems, at least the resin extending from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface along the circumferential direction at the widthwise end portion of the endless resin belt body. And the Young's modulus Ea of the belt body and the Young's modulus Eb of the reinforcing member satisfy the condition of Eb ≧ 1.2 × Ea, and the yield point elongation δa of the belt body and the reinforcing member Is satisfied so as to satisfy the condition of δb> δa.
[0020]
As in the transfer belt according to the present invention, at the end in the width direction of the belt body, a resin reinforcing member extending at least from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface is provided along the circumferential direction. The transfer belt is protected by the member, and the damage of the transfer belt from the end surface of the belt main body is suppressed.
[0021]
Further, as a reinforcing member provided at the end in the width direction of the belt main body as in the transfer belt of the present invention, its Young's modulus Eb is 1.2 times or more of the Young's modulus Ea of the belt main body, and its yield point elongation is When a material whose δb is larger than the yield point elongation δa of the belt body is used, the rigidity of the transfer belt in the circumferential direction is improved by the reinforcing member, and the elastic deformation area of the reinforcing member is larger than that of the belt body. Largely, the reinforcing member also suppresses the transfer belt from being plastically deformed and damaged, so that the transfer belt can be used stably for a long period of time.
[0022]
In order to further suppress the transfer belt from being damaged by the reinforcing member as described above, it is preferable that the reinforcing member be provided so as to extend from the outer peripheral surface of the belt main body to the inner peripheral surface through the end surface.
[0023]
Further, at the widthwise end of the belt body as described above, when providing the reinforcing member at least from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface along the circumferential direction, for example, a resin used for the reinforcing member may be a roll coater or the like. And a reinforcing member can be attached using an adhesive.
[0024]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a transfer belt according to an embodiment of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0025]
In the transfer belt 10 of this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, at both end portions in the width direction of the endless resin-made belt main body 11, the outer peripheral surface 11a passes through the end surface 11b along the circumferential direction. A resin reinforcing member 13 is provided to reach the inner peripheral surface 11c.
[0026]
Here, in the transfer belt 10, the Young's modulus Ea of the belt body 11 and the Young's modulus Eb of the reinforcing member 13 satisfy the condition of Eb ≧ 1.2 × Ea, and the yield point elongation of the belt body 11 is satisfied. δa and the yield point elongation δb of the reinforcing member 13 satisfy the condition of δb> δa.
[0027]
Further, in the transfer belt 10 of this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, a guide formed of rubber or the like under the reinforcing member 13 provided to reach the inner peripheral surface 11c of the belt main body 11 as described above. When the transfer member 10 is driven by the roller 2, the guide member 12 is fitted into a groove 2 b provided in the widthwise end of the roller 2 along the circumferential direction. The position of the transfer belt 10 is prevented from shifting.
[0028]
When the reinforcing members 13 as described above are provided at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11 like the transfer belt 10 in this embodiment, as described above, the reinforcing members 13 in the circumferential direction of the transfer belt 10 are used. The rigidity is improved, and the elastic deformation area of the reinforcing member 13 is larger than that of the belt main body 11. The reinforcing member 13 also suppresses the transfer belt 10 from being plastically deformed and damaged. It can be used stably.
[0029]
Here, in the transfer belt 10 in this embodiment, as described above, the reinforcing member 13 is attached to the inner peripheral surface 11c from the outer peripheral surface 11a via the end surface 11b at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11 as described above. Like that. In the case where the reinforcing member 13 is attached in this manner, the overlapping of the reinforcing member 13 on the inner peripheral surface 11c of the belt main body 11 due to the circumferential length difference between the outer circumference and the inner circumference of the belt main body 11 is performed. In the embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6, a plurality of cuts 13 a extending in the width direction are provided on one side in the width direction of the reinforcing member 13, and the portion provided with the cuts 13 a is formed on the inner peripheral surface of the belt body 11. 11c.
[0030]
Further, in the transfer belt 10 in this embodiment, as described above, the reinforcing member 13 is provided at both ends in the width direction of the belt body 11 so as to extend from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b. However, as shown in FIG. 7, the reinforcing member 13 may be provided from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the end surface 11b of the belt main body 11, and the guide member 12 may be directly attached to the inner peripheral surface 11c of the belt main body 11. It is.
[0031]
【Example】
Next, as shown in the above embodiment, reinforcing members 13 are provided at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11 so as to extend from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b. In a transfer belt 10 provided with a guide member 12 made of rubber or the like below, an experiment was conducted by changing the type of resin used for the belt body 11 and the reinforcing member 13 to determine the Young's modulus Ea of the belt body 11 and the reinforcement. The Young's modulus Eb of the member 13 satisfies the condition of Eb ≧ 1.2 × Ea, and the yield point elongation δa of the belt body 11 and the yield point elongation δb of the reinforcing member 13 satisfy the condition of δb> δa. It will be clarified by using a comparative example that the transfer belt of the example is prevented from being damaged when the transfer belt is used.
[0032]
(Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1)
In Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1, as a material of the belt body 11, as shown in Table 1 below, a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) having a Young's modulus Ea of 1950 N / mm 2 and a yield point elongation δa of 5% was used. ), A belt body 11 having a thickness of 150 μm, a width of 256 mm, and a perimeter of 696 mm was obtained by extrusion molding using a material to which neutral carbon black was added as a conductive material.
[0033]
In addition, when the reinforcing member 13 is provided at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11 from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b, as shown in Table 1 below, the reinforcing member 13 is used. In Example 1, the Young's modulus Eb is 2340 N / mm 2 , and the yield point elongation δb is made of polyimide (PI) having a 10% elongation. In Example 2, the Young's modulus Eb is 3110 N / mm 2 , and the yield point elongation δb is 6 % Of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and in Comparative Example 1, it is composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) having a Young's modulus Eb of 2340 N / mm 2 and a yield point elongation δb of 2.5%, each having a thickness of 25 μm. Tape was used.
[0034]
Then, at each end of the belt body 11 in the width direction, the width of the outer peripheral surface 11a is 12 mm, and the width of the inner peripheral surface 11b is 8 mm. At both ends in the width direction, they were adhered from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b.
[0035]
Thereafter, under each reinforcing member 13 adhered to the inner peripheral surface 11c of the belt main body 11 as described above, it is composed of urethane rubber having an Asker A hardness of 70 degrees, and has a thickness of 1 mm and a width of 4 mm. The transfer belts of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 were obtained by bonding the guide members 12 thus obtained.
[0036]
(Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Example 2)
In Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Example 2, as a material of the belt body 11, as shown in Table 1 below, a polycarbonate and a polycarbonate having a Young's modulus Ea of 1650 N / mm 2 and a yield point elongation δa of 4% were used. A mixture obtained by adding a neutral carbon black as a conductive material to a mixture with butylene terephthalate was used. The mixture was formed by extrusion to have a thickness of 150 μm, a width of 256 mm, and a peripheral length of 696 mm.
[0037]
In addition, when the reinforcing member 13 is provided at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11 from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b, as shown in Table 1 below, the reinforcing member 13 is used. In Example 3, the Young's modulus Eb is 2340 N / mm 2 , and the yield point elongation δb is made of polyimide (PI) having a 10% elongation. In Example 4, the Young's modulus Eb is 3110 N / mm 2 , and the yield point elongation δb is 6 % Of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and in Comparative Example 2, it is composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) having a Young's modulus Eb of 2340 N / mm 2 and a yield point elongation δb of 2.5%, each having a thickness of 25 μm. Tape was used.
[0038]
Then, at each end of the belt body 11 in the width direction, the width of the outer peripheral surface 11a is 12 mm, and the width of the inner peripheral surface 11b is 8 mm. At both ends in the width direction, they were adhered from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b.
[0039]
Thereafter, under each reinforcing member 13 adhered to the inner peripheral surface 11c of the belt main body 11 as described above, it is composed of urethane rubber having an Asker A hardness of 70 degrees, and has a thickness of 1 mm and a width of 4 mm. The transfer belts of Examples 3, 4 and Comparative Example 2 were obtained by bonding the guide members 12 thus obtained.
[0040]
Here, the Young's modulus Ea, Eb and yield point elongation δa, δb of the belt main body 11 and the reinforcing member 13 are based on JIS K7113, using a No. 1 type test piece, and using a material strength tester (Instron Co., Ltd.). (Model: 1175).
[0041]
The Asker A hardness of the guide member 12 was measured using a hardness tester Asker A type (manufactured by Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd.) in accordance with JIS K6253.
[0042]
Then, using an external durability tester, a durability test was performed on each of the transfer belts of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Example 1.2 produced as described above.
[0043]
Here, in the durability test, as shown in FIG. 5, the guide member 12 provided on each transfer belt as described above is provided at the end in the width direction of the roller 2 with the concave groove 2b provided along the circumferential direction. The transfer belt is stretched so that the tension of each of the transfer belts at rest is 30 N, and the belt is run at a running speed of 130 mm / sec. 2 is slightly tilted so that the moving speed in the width direction is 40 μm / sec. Under these conditions, each of the transfer belts is continuously driven until the end of each transfer belt is damaged. The time was measured, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
[0044]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004177600
[0045]
As is clear from this result, in providing the reinforcing member 13 from the outer peripheral surface 11a to the inner peripheral surface 11c via the end surface 11b at both ends in the width direction of the belt main body 11, the Young's modulus Ea And the Young's modulus Eb of the reinforcing member 13 satisfy the condition of Eb ≧ 1.2 × Ea, and the yield point elongation δa of the belt body 11 and the yield point elongation δb of the reinforcing member 13 satisfy the condition of δb> δa. When each of the transfer belts of Examples 1 to 4 was used, the time until the transfer belt was broken was significantly larger than that of each of the transfer belts of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 in which the above conditions were not satisfied. Was increasing.
[0046]
【The invention's effect】
As described in detail above, in the transfer belt according to the present invention, at the end in the width direction of the endless resin belt body, at least the resin reinforcement extending from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface along the circumferential direction. Since the member is provided, the end face of the belt main body is also protected by the reinforcing member, and the damage of the transfer belt from the end face of the belt main body is suppressed.
[0047]
Further, in the transfer belt according to the present invention, as a reinforcing member provided at an end portion in the width direction of the belt main body, its Young's modulus Eb is 1.2 times or more of the Young's modulus Ea of the belt main body, and its yield point elongation δb Is made of a material larger than the yield point elongation δa of the belt main body, so that the rigidity of the transfer belt in the circumferential direction is improved by the reinforcing member, and the elastic deformation area of the reinforcing member is larger than that of the belt main body. The reinforcement member also suppresses the transfer belt from being plastically deformed and damaged, so that the transfer belt can be used stably for a long period of time.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic explanatory view showing a state in which a transfer belt is used in a full-color image forming apparatus.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory cross-sectional view showing a state in which a conventional transfer belt is wound around a roller provided with a flange at an end.
FIG. 3 is a sectional explanatory view showing a state in which a guide member provided on an inner peripheral surface of a conventional transfer belt is fitted into a concave groove provided on an outer peripheral surface of a roller, and the transfer belt is wound around the roller. It is.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory sectional view of a transfer belt according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional explanatory view showing a state in which a guide member provided on the transfer belt of the embodiment is fitted into a concave groove provided on an outer peripheral surface of the roller, and the transfer belt is wound around the roller. .
FIG. 6 is a partial explanatory view of a reinforcing member used for attaching the transfer belt of the embodiment from the outer peripheral surface of the belt main body to the inner peripheral surface via the end surface.
FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional explanatory view of a modification in which a reinforcing member is provided from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface of the belt main body in the transfer belt of the embodiment.
[Explanation of symbols]
Reference Signs List 10 transfer belt 11 belt main body 11a outer peripheral surface 11b of belt main body end surface 11c of belt main body inner peripheral surface 13 of belt main body 13 reinforcing member

Claims (3)

無端状になった樹脂製のベルト本体における幅方向の端部において、その周方向に沿って少なくとも外周面から端面に至る樹脂製の補強部材が設けられ、上記のベルト本体のヤング率Eaと補強部材のヤング率Ebとが、Eb≧1.2×Eaの条件を満たすと共に、ベルト本体の降伏点伸びδaと補強部材の降伏点伸びδbとが、δb>δaの条件を満たすことを特徴とする転写ベルト。At the widthwise end of the endless resin belt body, a resin reinforcement member extending at least from the outer peripheral surface to the end surface is provided along the circumferential direction, and the Young's modulus Ea of the belt main body and the reinforcement are provided. The Young's modulus Eb of the member satisfies the condition of Eb ≧ 1.2 × Ea, and the yield point elongation δa of the belt body and the yield point elongation δb of the reinforcing member satisfy the condition of δb> δa. Transfer belt. 請求項1に記載した転写ベルトにおいて、上記の補強部材がベルト本体の外周面から端面を経て内周面に至っていることを特徴とする転写ベルト。2. The transfer belt according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing member extends from an outer peripheral surface of the belt main body to an inner peripheral surface through an end surface. 請求項1又は請求項2に記載した転写ベルトにおいて、上記の補強部材がベルト本体に貼着されていることを特徴とする転写ベルト。The transfer belt according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing member is attached to a belt main body.
JP2002342587A 2002-11-26 2002-11-26 Transfer belt Expired - Fee Related JP4228667B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002342587A JP4228667B2 (en) 2002-11-26 2002-11-26 Transfer belt

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002342587A JP4228667B2 (en) 2002-11-26 2002-11-26 Transfer belt

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2004177600A true JP2004177600A (en) 2004-06-24
JP4228667B2 JP4228667B2 (en) 2009-02-25

Family

ID=32704613

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2002342587A Expired - Fee Related JP4228667B2 (en) 2002-11-26 2002-11-26 Transfer belt

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JP4228667B2 (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007078756A (en) * 2005-09-12 2007-03-29 Ricoh Co Ltd Image forming apparatus
US7286779B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2007-10-23 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Apparatus for suppressing deformations in a belt of an image forming device
JP2007328198A (en) * 2006-06-08 2007-12-20 Ricoh Co Ltd Image forming apparatus
JP2008081319A (en) * 2006-08-30 2008-04-10 Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd Resin conveyor belt
US7565095B2 (en) 2005-06-30 2009-07-21 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Belt device and image forming apparatus
US20120294657A1 (en) * 2011-05-20 2012-11-22 Makoto Matsushita Belt-shaped member for image forming apparatus and image forming apparatus
KR101549259B1 (en) * 2009-03-31 2015-09-01 코오롱인더스트리 주식회사 Seamless belt and manufacturing method thereof

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7286779B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2007-10-23 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Apparatus for suppressing deformations in a belt of an image forming device
US7565095B2 (en) 2005-06-30 2009-07-21 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Belt device and image forming apparatus
JP2007078756A (en) * 2005-09-12 2007-03-29 Ricoh Co Ltd Image forming apparatus
JP2007328198A (en) * 2006-06-08 2007-12-20 Ricoh Co Ltd Image forming apparatus
JP2008081319A (en) * 2006-08-30 2008-04-10 Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd Resin conveyor belt
KR101549259B1 (en) * 2009-03-31 2015-09-01 코오롱인더스트리 주식회사 Seamless belt and manufacturing method thereof
US20120294657A1 (en) * 2011-05-20 2012-11-22 Makoto Matsushita Belt-shaped member for image forming apparatus and image forming apparatus
US8886096B2 (en) * 2011-05-20 2014-11-11 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Belt-shaped member for image forming apparatus and image forming apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP4228667B2 (en) 2009-02-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4545336B2 (en) Belt drive device and image forming apparatus having the same
US8095054B2 (en) Transfer device and image forming apparatus using the same
JP4266693B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
US8548365B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
JP3813378B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
US7684741B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
US9840387B2 (en) Belt conveyance apparatus and image forming apparatus
US8731449B2 (en) Image forming apparatus with urging member with projected portion to urge sheet against transfer belt
JP4228667B2 (en) Transfer belt
JP4343612B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
JP3837246B2 (en) Endless belt, belt driving device, and image forming apparatus
US10274873B2 (en) Belt unit
JP2003215943A (en) Belt transfer device and image forming apparatus
JP2002023509A (en) Intermediate transfer belt and image forming device
US7844205B2 (en) Image forming apparatus
JP4674837B2 (en) Developing device and image forming apparatus having the same
JP4478478B2 (en) Belt unit and image forming apparatus
JPH11327322A (en) Image forming device
JP2003107929A (en) Image forming device
US8559857B2 (en) Transfer device and image forming apparatus
CN212391710U (en) image forming apparatus
JPH05294494A (en) Belt system for image former
JP2009139583A (en) Endless belt with meandering preventing guide
JP2003066688A (en) Color image forming equipment
JP2003302843A (en) Color image forming apparatus

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A711 Notification of change in applicant

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A712

Effective date: 20040927

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20050317

RD02 Notification of acceptance of power of attorney

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7422

Effective date: 20060628

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20080303

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20080401

A521 Written amendment

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20080520

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20080819

A521 Written amendment

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20081017

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20081111

A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20081124

R150 Certificate of patent or registration of utility model

Ref document number: 4228667

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111212

Year of fee payment: 3

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20111212

Year of fee payment: 3

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20121212

Year of fee payment: 4

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20131212

Year of fee payment: 5

S111 Request for change of ownership or part of ownership

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313111

R350 Written notification of registration of transfer

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees