JP2004134222A - Light guide plate and lighting device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a light guide plate and a lighting device that can illuminate the illumination light uniformly and efficiently only on the area that requires illumination. <P>SOLUTION: The shape of the reflection area (reflecting face) 12c is formed in a shape, for example, a circular shape, that demarcates the bounds that requires illumination out of the illuminated object. The illumination light emitted from the emitting face 12b illuminates as an illumination area 21 only the same bounds as the shape of the reflection area 12c. By forming the reflection area 12c in a size smaller than that of the base face 12d, the illumination area 21 is limited compared with the case in which the reflecting face is formed on the whole face of the base face 12d, thereby, only the bounds which require illumination can be illuminated. Since the illumination light is not lighted on the surroundings of the bounds which require illumination, perceptivity of the illumination area 21 is increased. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a light guide plate that propagates light from an incident surface to an emission surface, and a lighting device including the light guide plate.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in a reflection type liquid crystal display device that performs display using ambient light as a light source, since the brightness depends on the amount of ambient light, in an environment where sufficient ambient light is not available, such as when used in a dark place, The visibility of the display is extremely reduced. Therefore, there has been proposed a liquid crystal display device in which a front light (surface emitting lighting device) is disposed on the front side of a reflective liquid crystal display unit (liquid crystal display element) and is used as an auxiliary light source. A liquid crystal display device equipped with this front light operates as a normal reflection type liquid crystal display device in an environment such as outdoors during the day when sufficient ambient light can be obtained, and turns on the front light as a light source as necessary. It is.
[0003]
The front light is provided with a light guide plate having a reflective surface formed of a large number of fine grooves on the surface in order to uniformly illuminate the surface of the liquid crystal display unit without unevenness. Due to the function of the reflecting surface, even when a point light source or a line light source is used as a light source, a wide surface can be illuminated with uniform brightness. (For example, refer to Patent Document 1).
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2000-180631 A
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The use of front lights for various applications is being studied as efficient lighting means with excellent lighting capabilities. Under such circumstances, there has been a demand for a front light having more appropriate lighting ability according to each application.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a light guide plate and a lighting device capable of efficiently and uniformly irradiating illumination light only to a region that needs to be illuminated.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, an incident surface for introducing light emitted from a light source, an exit surface for emitting the light, and a light introduced from the incident surface directed toward the exit surface A base surface on which a reflection surface having fine grooves for reflection is formed, and a light guide portion that propagates light between the incident surface and the emission surface, wherein the reflection surface is larger than an area of the base surface. A light guide plate having a small area and formed on a part of the base surface is provided.
[0008]
According to such a light guide plate, the illumination light emitted from the emission surface illuminates only the same range as the shape of the reflection surface as the illumination range. By forming the reflective surface smaller than the base surface and limiting the illumination range to the case where the reflective surface is formed on the entire base surface, it is possible to illuminate only the area that actually requires illumination Become. By not illuminating the area around the area where illumination is required, the difference in contrast between the peripheral area and the illumination area is increased, and the visibility of the illumination area is further enhanced. The reflection surface may be formed in a circular shape. Further, the incident surface may be formed at a central portion of the reflection surface.
[0009]
Further, an incident surface for introducing light emitted from the light source, an emission surface for emitting the light, a reflection surface having fine grooves for reflecting the light toward the emission surface, and a central portion of the reflection surface And a prism for refracting the light toward the reflection surface. According to such a light guide plate, the light incident from the incident surface is refracted by the prism and irradiates the entire reflecting surface without unevenness. Therefore, the illumination range can be brightly illuminated without unevenness, and the visibility of the illumination range can be further enhanced. It becomes possible to efficiently and clearly illuminate a circular object to be illuminated, for example, a meter or a clock face. When such a light guide plate and a light source are provided in a lighting device, it is possible to provide a lighting device capable of efficiently and clearly illuminating an object to be illuminated in an arbitrary shape.
[0010]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a front light (illumination device) which is an embodiment of the illumination device of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the front light shown in FIG. The front light (illumination device) 10 includes a flat light guide plate 12 made of a transparent resin material, and a bar guide in contact with an incident surface 12a of the light guide plate 12 (one end on the short side of the rectangular light guide plate 12). The light body 13, light emitting elements (light sources) 15, 15 provided at both ends in the length direction of the bar light guide 13, and the entrance surfaces of the bar light guide 13, the light emitting elements 15, 15 and the light guide plate 12. And a cover member 18 attached to cover the side end on the 12a side. The number of the light emitting elements 15 may be one or three or more.
[0011]
The light guide plate 12 includes a transparent flat light guide 11, an incident surface 12 a for introducing light into the light guide 11, a base surface (upper surface) 12 d connected to the incident surface 12 a at right angles, and A reflection area (reflection surface) 12c is formed on a part of the surface 12d and includes a number of fine grooves 14 having a wedge-shaped cross section. The reflection area (reflection surface) 12c propagates and reflects light propagating through the light guide 11. With such a configuration, the light guide plate 12 has a structure in which light introduced into the inside from the incident surface 12a is reflected by the reflection area 12c to change its propagation direction, and is emitted from the emission surface 12b on the opposite side of the reflection area 12c. Have been.
[0012]
As is clear from FIGS. 1 and 2, the reflection area 12c formed on the base surface 12d is formed in a smaller size than the base surface 12d. Such a reflection area 12c may be formed in the same shape as that of the object to be illuminated using the front light 10 and that divides only a necessary range of illumination. For example, if the range requiring illumination is circular, the reflection area 12c is formed in a circular shape. The light guide plate 12 is formed, for example, by injection molding a resin material such as a transparent acrylic resin into a flat plate, and then forming a reflection area 12c in a part of the basic surface 12d, which represents an area to be illuminated, of the illuminated object. do it. The light guide plate 12 may be made of a transparent resin material such as a polycarbonate resin or an epoxy resin, glass, or the like, in addition to an acrylic resin.
[0013]
If the shape of the reflection area 12c is formed in such a manner as to define only a necessary area of the object to be illuminated, for example, a circle, the illumination light emitted from the emission surface 12b is the same as the shape of the reflection area 12c. Only the range is illuminated as the illumination range 21. The reflection area 12c is formed to be smaller in size than the base surface 12d, and the illumination range 21 is more limited than when the reflection surface is formed on the entire base surface 12d, so that only the range where illumination is actually required is illuminated. It becomes possible. By not illuminating the area around the area where illumination is required, the visibility of the illumination area 21 is improved.
[0014]
As shown in FIG. 2, the bar light guide 13 is a substantially quadrangular prism-shaped transparent member made of, for example, an acrylic resin or a polycarbonate resin, and has one side surface 13a and the incident surface 12a of the light guide plate 12. It is arranged along the light guide plate 12 side end face so as to face each other. Further, one or a plurality of light emitting elements 15, 15 are disposed at both ends in the length direction of the bar light guide 13. As shown in FIG. 2, a side surface of the light guide 13 opposite to the light guide plate 12 is a reflection surface 13b having a plurality of wedge-shaped grooves 16 formed therein. Is parallel to the end face on which the light emitting element 15 is provided.
[0015]
The bar light guide 13 changes the propagation direction of the light toward the light guide plate 12 by reflecting the light emitted from the light emitting elements 15 and introduced into the inside of the bar light guide on the surface constituting the groove 16. The light guide plate 12 is configured to irradiate light to the incident surface 12a. The light introduced from the bar light guide 13 into the light guide plate 12 propagates inside the light guide portion 11 and is reflected by a surface constituting the prism groove 14 formed in the reflection area 12c, and the propagation direction is changed. In this case, the light is emitted from the emission surface 12b of the light guide plate 12.
[0016]
The light emitting element 15 is disposed with its light emitting surface facing the side end surface of the bar light guide 13. Here, the light emitting element 15 provided in the front light of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. The light-emitting element 15 shown in FIG. 3 includes a substrate 35, LEDs (light-emitting diodes) 15R, 15G, and 15B arranged in the center of the substrate 35, and a resin condensing lens formed to cover these LEDs. 37, and power supply terminals 36, 36 formed on the substrate 35 on both sides of the condenser lens 37, and emits light toward the front side in the figure (the side on which the LEDs are provided). It has become. Although not shown, a signal terminal for controlling the light emission intensity of each of the LEDs 15R, 15G, and 15B is also provided on the substrate 35. Alternatively, there is a type in which a yellow phosphor is applied to a light emitting portion of one blue LED to obtain white light.
[0017]
The LEDs 15R, 15G, and 15B are diodes having emission colors of red, green, and blue, respectively. By controlling the emission intensity ratio of these LEDs, additive color mixing is performed in the condenser lens 37, and the LEDs 37 are used. The condensed light can be applied to the end face of the bar light guide 13. With the light emitting element 15 having such a configuration, the front light of the present embodiment can control the illumination light with various colors.
[0018]
In the light emitting element 15 shown in FIG. 3, the luminous bodies of the red, green, and blue luminescent colors are arranged in a line in the vertical direction from the lower side in the figure. However, the arrangement direction and the arrangement order are not particularly limited. May be arranged on three sides. Further, in addition to the three-color LED, a white LED may be further provided to increase the luminance. Further, the condensing lens 37 is not limited to the shape shown in FIG. 3 but can be appropriately changed to a substantially hemispherical shape or the like.
[0019]
Further, in the present embodiment, the light emission intensity of the RGB LEDs 15R, 15G, and 15B can be freely changed. However, the light emission intensity does not necessarily have to be variable. It can also be. In a configuration in which the emission color is fixed or variable in a specific range, the emission color is generated by combining two LEDs, or the emission color is generated by combining one LED and the color of the condenser lens 37. A configuration or the like can be applied.
[0020]
In the front light 10 of the present embodiment having the above configuration, light incident on the light guide plate 12 from the light emitting element 15 via the bar light guide 13 is directed to the inner surface of the light guide plate 12 or the inner surface of the cover member 18. The gentle slope portion contributes to light propagation, and the steep slope portion propagates in the direction from the light guide 13 side to the light guide plate 12 while repeating the effect of falling on the lower surface. In addition, a reflective layer made of a metal thin film having excellent light reflectivity such as Al or Ag may be formed on the inner surface side of the cover member 18. By forming such a reflective layer, light incident on the cover member 18 from the inside of the light guide 13 or the light guide plate 12 is reflected with almost no attenuation and returned to the bar light guide 13 or the light guide plate 12 side. And the brightness of the front light 10 can be increased.
[0021]
The detailed configuration of the prism groove 14 formed in the reflection area 12c of the light guide plate 12 will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, the prism groove 14 is constituted by two slopes formed to be inclined with respect to the reference surface of the reflection area 12c, and the slope having a relatively gentle inclination angle is formed by a gentle slope. A portion 14a and a steep slope portion 14b formed with an inclination angle steeper than the gentle slope portion 14a. The gentle slopes 14a and the steep slopes 14b are formed alternately. The inclination angle θ1 of the gentle slope portion 14a shown in FIG. 4 is preferably, for example, 1 ° or more and 10 ° or less, and the inclination angle θ2 of the steep slope portion 14b is preferably, for example, 41 ° or more and 45 ° or less.
By forming the controlled prism grooves in these ranges, it is possible to provide a front light having a uniform emission light amount in the surface direction of the emission surface 12b.
[0022]
If the inclination angle θ1 of the gentle slope portion 14a is less than 1 °, sufficient luminance cannot be obtained as an illuminating device, and if it exceeds 10 °, the uniformity of the amount of light emitted from the light exit surface of the light guide plate is reduced. It is not preferable because it lowers. Further, when the inclination angle θ2 of the steep slope portion is less than 41 ° or more than 45 °, the luminance of the lighting device is undesirably reduced. Further, when a pattern having regularity is present on the illuminated object, the occurrence of interference fringes on the illuminated object can be suppressed by appropriately changing the pitch P of the prism grooves 14.
[0023]
Further, in the front light 10 of the present embodiment, by making the structure of the bar light guide 13 appropriate, the outgoing light amount is made uniform. The configuration of the bar light guide 13 will be described in detail below with reference to FIG. FIG. 5 is a partial plan view showing a part of the bar light guide 13 shown in FIG. 2 in an enlarged manner. A reflection film 19 is provided on the reflection surface 13b of the bar light guide. The reflection film 19 is a metal thin film made of Al, Ag, or the like, and prevents light propagating inside the bar light guide 13 from leaking from the reflection surface 13b to the outside, and increases the amount of light incident on the light guide plate 12. It is provided for the purpose.
[0024]
A plurality of wedge-shaped grooves 16 are formed on the reflection surface 13 b of the bar light guide 13 according to the present embodiment, and these grooves 16 are inclined with respect to the emission surface 13 a of the bar light guide 13. The angle α formed by the two inclined surfaces 16a and 16b is, for example, not less than 105 degrees and not more than 115 degrees. If the angle α is less than 105 degrees, emitted light in a desired direction cannot be obtained, and as a result, the brightness decreases. If the angle α exceeds 115 degrees, the uniformity of the emitted light amount distribution cannot be maintained. More preferably, the angle α is not less than 108 degrees and not more than 112 degrees. With such a range, the amount of light emitted toward the light guide plate 12 can be further increased, and the brightness of the front light 10 can be further increased.
[0025]
Next, an example in which the above-described front light 10 is used for speedometer illumination of a passenger car will be described with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. The front light 10 of the present embodiment is mounted in an instrument panel 41 mounted on a driver's seat of a passenger car. On the emission surface 12b side of the front light 10, for example, a speedometer 42 is attached. The upper surface on the reflection area (reflection surface) 12c side of the front light 10 is covered with a cover glass 43 of the instrument panel 41. The reflection surface 13b of the front light 10 is formed in a circular shape having the same size as the circular scale panel 42a constituting the speedometer 42.
[0026]
The reflection area 12c is composed of two slopes formed to be inclined with respect to the reference plane of the reflection area 12c. The slopes having a relatively gentle inclination angle are a gentle slope 14a and a gentle slope 14a. It is a steep slope portion 14b formed with a steeper inclination angle. In the reflection area 12c, gentle slopes 14a and steep slopes 14b are formed alternately. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, it is possible to provide a front light in which the amount of emitted light is uniform in the surface direction of the emission surface 12b.
[0027]
When the light-emitting element 15 of the front light 10 is turned on when the speedometer 42 is illuminated, such as during night driving, light emitted from the light-emitting element 15 is first introduced into the light guide 13 and reflected by the light guide 13. The light is reflected by the surface 13 b, its propagation direction is changed, and the light is introduced into the light guide plate 12 from the incident surface 12 a of the light guide plate 12 arranged opposite to the emission surface of the light guide plate 13. The light propagating inside the light guide plate 12 is reflected by the reflection area 12 c of the light guide plate 12 to change its propagation direction, and the light illuminating the speedometer 42 is emitted from the emission surface 12 b of the light guide plate 12. Is done.
[0028]
Since the light guide plate 12 is formed in a circle having the same size as the circular scale panel 42a constituting the speedometer 42, only the light corresponding to the range of the scale panel 42a among the light propagating inside the light guide plate 12 is used. Can change the propagation direction toward the emission surface 12b. As a result, illumination light that illuminates only a circular area having the same size as the scale panel 42a of the speedometer 42 is emitted from the emission surface 12b. The circular illumination light emitted from the emission surface 12b brightly illuminates only the area of the scale panel 42a of the speedometer 42. The driver monitors the speedometer 42 from the cover glass 43 via the transparent reflection surface 13b.
[0029]
The front light 10 brightly illuminates only the area of the scale panel 42a of the speedometer 42 and does not illuminate the periphery of the scale panel 42a, so that the speedometer 42 can be easily read with high contrast. Further, since the amount of light applied to the speedometer 42 can be increased by concentrating the illumination light only in the range of the scale panel 42a of the speedometer 42, a high-luminance display can be obtained. If the illumination light is displayed while being switched during operation, the decorativeness and the functionality can be enhanced.
[0030]
As shown in FIG. 7, a plurality of reflection areas (reflection surfaces) 42 may be formed on the base surface 41 of the front light 40. On the base surface 41 of the large light guide plate 43, three reflection areas (reflection surfaces) 42a, 42b and 42c are formed. The reflection area 42 is composed of two slopes, the slopes of which the slopes are relatively gentle are the gentle slopes 14a, and the steep slopes formed with the slopes steeper than the gentle slopes 14a. 14b. In the reflection area 42, gentle slopes 14a and steep slopes 14b are formed alternately. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, a front light having a uniform emission light amount can be obtained.
[0031]
The reflection areas (reflection surfaces) 42a, 42b, and 42c are circular in size corresponding to, for example, a speedometer, a rotation speed meter, and a fuel meter that constitute an instrument panel of a passenger car. Then, when light is incident from the two light sources 44, 44 toward the incident surfaces on both sides of the light guide plate 43, a circular shape corresponding to the size of the reflection areas 42a, 42b, 42c from the emission surface 45 of the light guide plate 43. Illumination light is emitted. Placing the front light 40 on the instrument panel of the passenger car brightly illuminates only the speedometer, speed meter, and fuel meter. Then, the surrounding area is not illuminated to lower the visibility. Even at night, each meter on the instrument panel can be read clearly.
[0032]
Further, the front light itself may function as a scale plate of the meter. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, a pointer 64 of a meter 63 is attached to a cover glass 62 that covers an emission surface 61 side of a front light 60. A scale 65 of a meter 63 is attached to an emission surface 61 of the front light 60. An entrance surface 67 is formed at the center of a reflection area (reflection surface) 66 of the front light 60, and a light emitting element 68 as a light source is formed facing the entrance surface 67. A prism 69 is formed at the center of the light exit surface 61. The reflection area (reflection surface) 66 is composed of two slopes, and the slope having a relatively gentle slope has a gentle slope 14a and a slope having a steeper slope than the gentle slope 14a. The steep slope portion 14b is formed. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, a front light having a uniform emission light amount can be obtained.
[0033]
According to the front light 60 having such a configuration, the light emitted from the light emitting element 68 can change its propagation direction toward the slope 66 a of the reflection area 66 by the action of the prism 69. The light reflected by the reflection area 66 illuminates the pointer 64 of the meter 63 and raises the scale 65 of the meter 63 attached to the emission surface 61. The observer can easily read the meter 63 from the scale 65 and the pointer 64 that are clearly displayed.
[0034]
The light source, for example, the light emitting element may be easily replaced. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, an entrance surface 73 is formed at the center of a reflection area (reflection surface) 72 of a front light 70 arranged above a meter 71. An element socket 75 is formed at the center of the cover glass 74 that covers the meter 71 and the front light 70. A light emitting element 76 is detachably attached to the element socket 75, and the light emitting element 76 faces the incident surface 73. The reflection area (reflection surface) 72 is composed of two slopes, and the slope having a relatively gentle inclination angle is formed to have a gentle slope 14a and an inclination that is steeper than the gentle slope 14a. The steep slope portion 14b is formed. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, a front light having a uniform emission light amount can be obtained. According to such a configuration, the light emitting element 76 can be easily attached and detached and replaced from the outside (viewing side) of the cover glass 74, which helps to improve maintainability.
[0035]
The light emitting element may be easily replaced using an optical fiber or a light guide pipe. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, an entrance surface 82 is formed at the center of a reflection area (reflection surface) 81 of a light 80, and a light guide pipe 83 extends from this entrance surface 82 toward a mounting panel 85 of a meter 84. . The end face of the light guide pipe 83 faces the light emitting element 87 detachably attached to the element socket 86. The reflection area (reflection surface) 81 is composed of two slopes, and the slope having a relatively gentle slope has a gentle slope 14a and a slope that is steeper than the gentle slope 14a. The steep slope portion 14b is formed. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, it is possible to form a kind of backlight having a uniform emission light amount. According to such a configuration, the light emitting element 87 can be easily replaced from the outside of the mounting panel 85, which helps to improve maintainability.
[0036]
The light source may be directly attached to and detached from the front light. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the front light 90 is formed with a light source insertion portion 92 through which a light pipe 91 containing a light emitting element can be inserted and removed. The reflection area (reflection surface) 93 is composed of two slopes, the slope of which the inclination is relatively gentle is formed with the gentle slope 14a and the inclination of which is steeper than the slope 14a. The steep slope portion 14b is formed. By forming the prism groove 14 including the gentle slope portion 14a and the steep slope portion 14b, a front light having a uniform emission light amount can be obtained. According to such a configuration, the light source can be easily replaced, which is useful for improving the maintainability, and by exchanging the light pipes 91 of various emission colors, the decoration and the functionality of the illuminated object can be improved. You can also.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the light guide plate and the illumination device of the present invention, the illumination light emitted from the emission surface illuminates only the same range as the shape of the reflection surface as the illumination range. By forming the reflective surface smaller than the base surface and limiting the illumination range to the case where the reflective surface is formed on the entire base surface, it is possible to illuminate only the area that actually requires illumination Become. By not illuminating the area around the area where illumination is required, the visibility of the illumination area can be increased. In addition, when the light of the light source is applied only to the illumination range, the illuminance of the illumination range is increased. It is possible to provide a light guide plate and a lighting device capable of efficiently and uniformly irradiating the illuminating light only to a region that needs to be illuminated.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a front light (illumination device) which is an embodiment of an illumination device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the front light shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view showing a light emitting element provided in a front light.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a prism groove formed in a reflection area (reflection surface) of the light guide plate.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial plan view showing a part of a bar light guide.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment in which the front light of the present invention is used for illuminating a meter.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the front light of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing another embodiment of the front light of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the front light of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a sectional view showing another embodiment of the front light of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the front light of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
10. Front light (lighting device)
11 Light Guide 12 Light Guide 12a Incident Surface 12b Outgoing Surface 12c Reflection Area (Reflection Surface)
12d basic surface 14 prism groove (groove)
15 Light-emitting element (light source)

Claims (8)

A base on which an entrance surface for introducing light emitted from a light source, an exit surface for emitting the light, and a reflection surface having a fine groove for reflecting light introduced from the entrance surface toward the exit surface are formed. Surface, and a light guide that propagates light between the entrance surface and the exit surface, wherein the reflection surface is formed on a part of the base surface with an area smaller than the area of the base surface. Characteristic light guide plate. The light guide plate according to claim 1, wherein the reflection surface is formed in a circular shape. The light guide plate according to claim 1, wherein the incident surface is formed at a central portion of the reflection surface. An entrance surface for introducing light emitted from a light source, an exit surface for emitting the light, a reflective surface having a fine groove for reflecting the light toward the exit surface, and a central portion of the reflective surface. And a prism for refracting the light toward the reflection surface. The light guide plate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reflection surface has a light transmissivity for transmitting light incident at a predetermined angle. An illumination device comprising: the light guide plate according to any one of claims 1 to 5; and a light source that emits light toward an incident surface of the light guide plate. The lighting device according to claim 6, wherein the light source is detachably attached to the light guide plate. The lighting device according to claim 7, wherein the light source is detachable from a viewing side.

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