JP2004102305A - Liquid crystal devices and electronic equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a liquid crystal device capable of improving brightness when observed from a direction substantially normal to a panel which is deviated from a surface reflection direction of a liquid crystal panel and capable of displaying a clear image.
SOLUTION: A liquid crystal panel 10 comprising a pair of substrates 17, 28, a liquid crystal layer 15, a reflective layer 31, and a directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is provided. Is the incident angle of the incident light L1 incident on the film 18 with respect to the normal H of the film 18, and the diffraction angle of the diffracted light L6 diffracted when the incident light L1 is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 with respect to the normal H of the film 18. Is defined as α, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is configured so that the incident light L1 and the diffracted light L6 satisfy a relationship of | α | <| θ |.
[Selection] Figure 2

Description

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can be applied to a reflective or transflective liquid crystal display device to eliminate blur (blurring) of display, obtain a clear display, and provide a liquid crystal device capable of such a clear display. The present invention relates to a technology capable of providing an electronic device including

(2) A liquid crystal display device with low power consumption is frequently used as a display unit in various electronic devices such as a notebook personal computer, a portable game machine, and an electronic organizer. In particular, in recent years, demand for a liquid crystal display device capable of performing color display has been increasing with the frequent use of display contents. In addition, in response to a demand for extending the battery driving time of the electronic device, a reflective color liquid crystal display device that does not require a backlight device has been developed.

An outline of a configuration example of a conventional reflection type color liquid crystal display device will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are enlarged schematic cross-sectional views showing the main parts of a conventional reflective color liquid crystal display device. Among them, FIG. 22A shows a forward scattering plate type reflection type liquid crystal display device, and FIG. 22B shows an inner surface scattering reflection type liquid crystal display device.

The liquid crystal display device of the forward scattering plate type shown in FIG. 22A includes a liquid crystal panel 100a in which a liquid crystal layer 102 is sandwiched between a pair of glass substrates 100 and 101, and one (upper in the drawing) glass A color filter 104 is provided on the surface of the substrate 101 on the liquid crystal layer 102 side. Further, on the upper surface side of the glass substrate 101, a forward scattering film 105 in which metal oxide particles are dispersed as a filler in a base material made of, for example, triallyl cyanate having a thickness of 50 to 200 μm is provided with a transparent adhesive material or adhesive sheet ( (Not shown), and a polarizing plate 106 is provided thereon.

In such a forward scattering type reflective liquid crystal device, the incident light L1 passes through the polarizing plate 106, the forward scattering film 105, the glass substrate 101, the color filter 104, and the liquid crystal layer 102, and then passes through the light reflecting layer 103 serving as a drive electrode. The light reflected by the surface is emitted from the liquid crystal device via the liquid crystal layer 102, the color filter 104, the glass substrate 101, the forward scattering film 105, and the polarizing plate 106, and is visually recognized by the observer E as the reflected light L2. . Here, the light emitted from the liquid crystal device is controlled by the state of the liquid crystal layer 102, that is, the polarization state of the reflected light is controlled by the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 102, and the polarization state of the reflected light is When they coincide with the polarization axis, the light passes through the polarizing plate 106 to display a desired color.

The liquid crystal device of the internal scattering reflector type shown in FIG. 22B includes a liquid crystal panel 100a in which a liquid crystal layer 102 is sandwiched between a pair of glass substrates 100 and 101. A light reflection layer 107 made of an Al thin film or the like also serving as a pixel electrode is formed on the surface of the surface of the surface of the light reflection layer 107 with irregularities for irregularly reflecting light.

Here, a color filter 104 is formed on the surface of the glass substrate 101 on the light incident side on the liquid crystal layer 102 side, and a polarizing plate 106 is provided on the upper surface side of the glass substrate 101. In such a reflection type liquid crystal display device of the inner surface scattering plate type, the incident light L1 passes through the polarizing plate 106, the glass substrate 101, the color filter 104, and the liquid crystal layer 102, and then has the uneven light reflection layer 107 also serving as a pixel electrode. After the light is irregularly reflected on the surface of the liquid crystal layer 102 and the polarization is changed according to the state of the liquid crystal layer 102, the reflected light passes through the color filter 104, the glass substrate 101, and the polarizing plate 106, and is transmitted through the polarizing plate 106 due to the polarization state of the reflected light. It is opaque, and when transmitted, it enters the observer E as the scattered light L4 and is visually recognized as a color display.

By the way, in the conventional structure shown in FIG. 22A, when the light reflection layer 103 is a mirror reflection layer, the forward scattering film 105 weakens strong mirror reflection (specular reflection) in a specific direction unique to the mirror surface, It is used for the purpose of enabling a bright display in the widest possible range.

This type of forward scattering film 105 is generally an acrylic resin layer having a thickness of about 25 to 30 μm (25 to 30 × 10 ⁻⁶ m) (for example, a refractive index n = 1.48 to about 1.49). Has a structure in which a large number of beads (for example, a refractive index n = 1.4) having a particle size of about 4 μm (4 × 10 ⁻⁶ m) are dispersed therein, and is a reflection type liquid crystal display device for a mobile phone. It is widely used in reflection type liquid crystal display devices such as type information devices.

As a liquid crystal display device of a portable device, a transflective liquid crystal display device having a backlight in addition to a reflective liquid crystal display device is also known. In this type of conventional transflective liquid crystal display device, the reflective layer is configured as a transflective layer, and in the case of transmissive display, light from the backlight is transmitted to the observer through the transflective layer to transmit light. When a display is performed and the backlight is not used, the reflection type liquid crystal display device is configured so that reflected light can be effectively used.

However, the above-mentioned forward scattering film 105 has a problem that different information in different pixels tends to be mixed until the user recognizes the information, so that blurring (blurring) of display is likely to occur. Had a point. This is because, in the reflection type liquid crystal display device, as shown in FIG. 22A, the incident light passes through the forward scattering film 105 twice before being reflected by the reflection layer 103 and reaching the user's eyes. Assuming that white display and black display are performed by adjacent pixels due to the scattering of light, the boundary between the white display and the black display tends to be difficult to understand due to the isotropic scattering action of the forward scattering film 105. This is because the display is blurred (blurred), that is, when the forward scattering film 105 having isotropic scattering characteristics is provided, the incident light L1 is omnidirectional both at the time of incidence and at the time of emission. The present inventor believes that the light is diffused into the light, and that the diffusion at the time of emission causes blurring (blur) of the display.

The observation point at which the brightest reflective display is obtained in the liquid crystal display device using the above-described forward scattering film 105 is specular reflection at an incident angle θ of incident light (the normal direction H of the liquid crystal panel 100a is 0 degree). However, since this direction is the direction of surface reflection, the observer E observes the display while avoiding the direction of surface reflection. In this case, the brightness is low and the reflected display is not clearly seen. was there. That is, the liquid crystal display device using the above-mentioned forward scattering film 105 has a peak of the transmitted light at an angle β equal to the absolute value of the incident angle θ of the incident light L1, and therefore, the reflected light L2 has the absolute value of the incident angle θ. There is a peak at an equal angle β, and the reflected light L2 is reduced at a position deviating from the emission angle β. However, when the observer E observes the display, the reflected light L2 is usually 20 degrees with respect to the normal H of the liquid crystal panel 10a. In order to observe the reflected light L2 of the incident light L1 such as the illumination light incident on the panel 10a at an angle in the range of degrees to 35 degrees from -30 degrees to 0 degrees except the regular reflection direction, the reflected light L2 The brightness when viewed away from the emission angle β is low, and the display is not clearly seen.

In addition, when considering the blurring (blurring) of the display of the liquid crystal device provided with the color filter 104, the boundary of the color display tends to be difficult to discriminate, and there is a possibility that color mixing may occur, and good color developability cannot be obtained. There is a risk.

In addition, such a display may be blurred, or the brightness when viewed from the normal direction of the liquid crystal panel, which is deviated from the surface reflection direction, may be low, and the reflection display may not be clearly seen, or may have a sufficient coloring property. The fact that it cannot be obtained also applies to the case where reflective display is performed in a transflective liquid crystal display device.

Next, in the configuration (internal scattering structure) having the uneven light reflective function 107 serving also as a pixel electrode as shown in FIG. 22B, there is a possibility that the above-described display bleeding in the forward scattering film may occur. Although it is small, a special processing step and man-hours are required to manufacture the uneven light reflection layer 107 which also serves as the pixel electrode, so that there is a problem that the manufacturing cost is increased. In addition, in the liquid crystal display device having the inner surface scattering structure, although the luminance when observed from a direction shifted from the surface reflection direction can be improved by giving anisotropy to the unevenness formed on the light reflection layer 107, Adding anisotropy to 107 requires a special manufacturing process similarly to the above, and has the problem of increasing manufacturing costs.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and it is possible to improve display quality by reducing display bleeding, to enable clear display, and to provide a liquid crystal device having an internal scattering plate. Another object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal device whose configuration can be simplified, a clear display can be provided, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal device capable of improving brightness when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is displaced from a surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel, and enabling clear display. .

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic device having improved display quality by including such a liquid crystal device.

As described above, according to the liquid crystal device of the present invention, in a reflective or semi-transmissive reflective liquid crystal display device provided with a directional forward scattering diffraction film, the polar angle direction showing the minimum transmittance is set to the lighting side. By arranging a directional forward scattering diffraction film on the liquid crystal panel so that the polar angle direction showing the maximum transmittance is on the viewing direction side, the azimuth angle φ2 when the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is shown Is the incident angle direction, and the azimuth φ1 when the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is shown is the observer direction. Light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film is largely scattered and diffracted (strongly scattered and diffracted) at the time of incidence, but is reflected by the reflection layer or the semi-transmissive reflection layer inside the liquid crystal panel to be directional forward. Since the amount of light that passes through the scattering diffraction film again is scattered or diffracted less (lessly scattered or diffracted), as a result, a clear display form with less blur (blurring) of the display can be obtained.

Further, according to the liquid crystal device of the present invention, by providing the above-described directional forward scattering diffraction film on the liquid crystal panel, the influence on the display blur (blur) is small, and the display is clear with little blur (blur). Since a display mode can be obtained, the reflective layer does not need to be formed into a concave-convex shape unlike the conventional internal scattering type, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Further, in the present invention, when the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is Tmax (φ1, θ1) and the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is Tmin (φ2, θ2), the relationship of φ1 = φ2 ± 180 ° is satisfied. By doing so, it is possible to obtain a clear display mode with less blur (blur) of the display.

In the above-mentioned reflective or transflective liquid crystal device, the incident angle of incident light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film from the lighting side with respect to the normal line of the film is θ, and the incident light is the directional forward scattering diffraction film. When the diffraction angle of the diffracted light diffracted when transmitted through the diffractive film with respect to the normal line of the film is defined as α, the directivity is such that the incident light and the diffracted light satisfy the relationship of | α | <| θ | In the device provided with the forward scattering diffraction film, the brightness when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is shifted from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel, can be improved, and a clear display mode can be obtained.

Further, provided is an electronic device having the liquid crystal device having the above-described various structures, an electronic device capable of improving sharpness (blur) of display and performing sharp high-quality image display having bright and clear display is provided. can do.

In order to solve the above-described problems, a liquid crystal device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between these substrates, a reflective layer provided on the liquid crystal layer side of one substrate, and a Comprising a liquid crystal panel having a directional forward scattering diffraction film provided on the side opposite to the liquid crystal layer side, wherein light is incident from a light source disposed on one surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, In the light-receiving portion disposed on the other surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, when observing parallel-line transmitted light, excluding diffuse transmitted light, of all transmitted light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film,
The incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal line of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as a polar angle θn, the incident light angle in the in-plane direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as an azimuth angle φm, and the parallel line transmission is defined. When the maximum transmittance of the light is defined as Tmax (φ1, θ1) and the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is defined as Tmin (φ2, θ2), the incidence at the polar angle and the azimuth indicating the minimum transmittance. The directional forward scattering diffraction film so that the light side is on the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel, and the incident light side in the case of polar angle and azimuth indicating the maximum transmittance is on the viewing direction side of the liquid crystal panel. Are arranged on the liquid crystal panel.

In a liquid crystal device equipped with a directional forward scattering diffraction film (reflection type liquid crystal device), the maximum transmission is performed so that the incident light side when the polar angle and the azimuth angle exhibiting the minimum transmittance is the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel. The polarizer and the azimuth angle, the incident light side is the viewing direction side of the liquid crystal panel, and the directional forward scattering diffraction film is arranged on the liquid crystal panel, so that the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light Is the incident angle direction, and the azimuth angle φ1 when the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is the observer direction. If the liquid crystal panel has a directional forward scattering diffraction film arranged in this way, the light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film is strongly scattered and diffracted at the time of incidence, but due to the reflection layer inside the liquid crystal panel. Since the amount of light scattered and diffracted when passing through the directional forward scattering diffraction film after being reflected is reduced, there is little effect on display blur (blur) and clear display with less display blur (blur). Morphology is obtained.

Further, according to the liquid crystal device having such a configuration, the influence on the display blur (blurring) is small by merely providing the above-described directional forward scattering diffraction film on the liquid crystal panel, and the display blur (blurring) is reduced. Since a small and clear display form can be obtained, the reflective layer does not need to be formed into a concave-convex shape unlike a conventional inner surface scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the liquid crystal device of the present invention also has a transflective liquid crystal device having a transflective layer instead of the reflective layer of the liquid crystal device having the above structure. Can be applied.

The present invention is effective when performing reflective display even in a liquid crystal device having a semi-transmissive reflective layer, and similarly to the case of the above structure, the azimuth φ2 when the minimum transmittance of parallel-line transmitted light is obtained is The azimuth angle φ1 in the incident angle direction side and showing the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is on the observer direction side. If the directional forward scattering diffraction film is arranged as described above, light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film is strongly (many) scattered or diffracted at the time of incidence. The light reflected by the directional forward scattering diffraction film is scattered or diffracted less (lessly scattered or diffracted), so that a clear display form with less display blur (blurring) can be obtained.

Further, according to the liquid crystal device having such a configuration, the influence on the display blur (blurring) is small by merely providing the above-described directional forward scattering diffraction film on the liquid crystal panel, and the display blur (blurring) is reduced. Since a small and clear display form can be obtained, it is not necessary to form the semi-transmissive reflection layer in a concavo-convex shape unlike a conventional inner surface scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

The “lighting side” means the direction of 12:00 when observing the liquid crystal device. For example, in the case of a rectangular liquid crystal panel, the upper side of the liquid crystal panel in a state where the display can be correctly observed and recognized in the vertical direction. (Direction through the upper side). The “observer side” means the direction of 6 o'clock. For example, in the case of a rectangular liquid crystal panel, the lower side of the liquid crystal panel (the direction penetrating the lower side) in a state where the display can be correctly observed and recognized in the vertical direction. Is meant.

Next, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention relates to a liquid crystal device having the above-mentioned reflective layer or semi-transmissive reflective layer, wherein the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is Tmax (φ1, θ1), When the minimum transmittance of transmitted light is Tmin (φ2, θ2), a relationship of φ1 = φ2 ± 180 ° is satisfied.

In a reflective or semi-transmissive reflective liquid crystal device provided with a directional forward scattering diffraction film, the azimuth φ2 when the minimum transmittance of parallel-line transmitted light is obtained by setting φ1 = φ2 ± 180 °. The azimuth angle φ1 in the direction of the front incidence angle of the liquid crystal panel and showing the maximum transmittance of the parallel-line transmitted light is in the direction of the observer. When this relationship is 180 °, the most ideal arrangement relationship is obtained. Light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film is strongly scattered or diffracted at the time of incidence, and is reflected by the reflection layer or semi-transmissive reflection layer inside the liquid crystal panel and passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film for the second time. Since the amount of scattered and diffracted light is small, a clear display form with little blur (blurring) of the display can be reliably obtained.

Next, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention relates to a reflective or transflective liquid crystal device provided with a directional forward scattering diffraction film. The incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal of the film is θ, and the incident angle of the diffracted light diffracted when the incident light is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as α, the diffraction angle with respect to the normal of the film. The directional forward scattering diffraction film is characterized in that the incident light and the diffracted light satisfy a relationship of | α | <| θ |.

In the reflective or transflective liquid crystal device, the directional forward scattering diffraction film is provided such that the incident light and the diffracted light satisfy the relationship of | α | <| θ |. Brightness can be improved when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the panel, and a clear display mode can be obtained. If the diffraction angle | α | of the diffracted light diffracted when the incident light passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film is smaller than the incident angle | θ | The reflected light reflected by the semi-transmissive reflective layer passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film, and the emitted light emitted outside can be strongly emitted in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the incident light. The reflected light of the diffracted light can be strongly (more) emitted in a direction close to the normal line of the directional forward scattering diffraction film (in other words, the range in which the reflected light of the diffracted light is emitted is shifted toward the normal direction). The brightness in an angle range smaller than the specular reflection direction of the incident light becomes higher, and when the user (observer) observes from the panel normal direction which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel. And a bright and clear display can be obtained. Here, a small angle means that the absolute value of the angle from the normal direction is small.

Next, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention relates to a reflective or transflective liquid crystal device provided with a directional forward scattering diffraction film. The incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal of the film is θ, and the incident angle of the diffracted light diffracted when the incident light is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as α, the diffraction angle with respect to the normal of the film. It is preferable to satisfy the relationship of 5 degrees ≦ | θ | − | α | ≦ 20 degrees.

The reflective or transflective liquid crystal device includes the directional forward scattering diffraction film that satisfies the relationship of 5 ° ≦ | θ | − | α | ≦ 20 ° between the incident light and the diffracted light. As a result, it is possible to reliably improve the brightness when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel, and a clear display mode is obtained.

When the observation angle γ (the angle from the normal of the liquid crystal panel) at which the user (observer) observes the display of the liquid crystal device, the absolute value of the observation angle γ usually enters the liquid crystal panel. Smaller than the absolute value of the incident angle θ (the angle from the normal line of the liquid crystal panel) of the incident light, and the absolute value | γ | of the observation angle is 5 to 20 degrees smaller than the absolute value | θ | of the incident angle. When the difference between | θ | and | α | is in the range of 5 degrees to 20 degrees, the reflected light of the diffracted light is normal to 5 degrees to 20 degrees from the regular reflection direction of the incident light. It is possible to emit light strongly toward the direction, and a bright and clear display is obtained when the display is observed at an observation angle | γ | that is 5 to 20 degrees smaller than | θ |.

The directional forward scattering diffraction film may be formed of a hologram.

In addition, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above structures, an electrode for driving liquid crystal may be provided on the liquid crystal layer of the one substrate and the liquid crystal layer of the other substrate.

According to the liquid crystal device having such a configuration, the orientation of the liquid crystal can be controlled by the electrodes sandwiching the liquid crystal layer, and switching between display, non-display, and halftone display can be performed.

In addition, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above structures, a color filter may be provided on one of the pair of substrates on one of the liquid crystal layers.

According to the liquid crystal device having such a configuration, color display can be performed by providing a color filter, and by adopting any of the above structures, a device having a clear color display with less display bleeding can be obtained.

In addition, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above-described configurations, irregularities may be formed on the surface of the reflective layer or the transflective layer.

Usually, even if the surface of the reflective layer has an uneven shape, the regular reflection direction becomes the brightest as in the conventional forward scattering type. Therefore, the observer observes the liquid crystal panel at an angle shifted from this direction.

When a reflection layer or a semi-transmissive reflection layer having such irregularities formed on the surface is provided in a liquid crystal panel, the diffracted light generated when the incident light passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film can be used as a liquid crystal panel. Bright color display with less blurring can be obtained without concern for specular reflection light on the panel surface.

Further, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above structures, a planar luminous body that emits illumination light to the liquid crystal panel side is provided on a side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film opposite to the other substrate side. It may be.

In the liquid crystal device having such a configuration, the luminance in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the incident light, which is obtained by causing the illumination light emitted from the planar light emitter to enter the liquid crystal panel through the directional forward scattering diffraction film, is high. That is, when a user (observer) observes from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is displaced from a surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel, a bright and clear display is obtained.

Further, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above structures, the input device formed having at least one substrate and detecting the position coordinates by an input by pressing the substrate surface includes the liquid crystal device. It may be provided on the opposite side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film of the device from the other substrate side or on the opposite side of the planar light emitter from the directional forward scattering diffraction film side.

Further, in the liquid crystal device of the present invention having any one of the above structures, the opposite side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film from the other substrate side, or the opposite side of the planar luminous body from the directional forward scattering diffraction film side. A light-transmitting protective plate may be provided on the side, on the side of the input device opposite to the directional forward scattering diffraction film side, or on the side of the input device opposite to the planar illuminant.

If the directional forward scattering diffraction film is a film in which a high-refractive index layer and a low-refractive index layer are alternately stacked obliquely with respect to the normal direction of the film surface, it may cause directional scattered diffraction or diffraction. it can.

ヘ イ The directional forward scattering diffraction film desirably has a haze in the normal direction of the film surface of 5% or more and 40% or less. In this way, since the light reflected in the normal direction of the liquid crystal device by the reflective layer or the semi-transmissive reflective layer does not cause strong scattering, a bright and clear reflective display without blurring or blurring of the display can be obtained.

Furthermore, the liquid crystal device of the present invention includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between these substrates, a reflective layer provided on one substrate on the liquid crystal layer side, and a liquid crystal layer on the other substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer side. A liquid crystal panel having a directional forward scattering diffraction film provided on the side, wherein the directional forward scattering diffraction film has a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer oblique to a film surface normal direction. In which the reflective layer has fine irregularities.

When a reflective layer or a semi-transmissive reflective layer having such irregularities formed on the surface is provided in a liquid crystal panel, the mirror effect of the reflective layer or the semi-transmissive reflective layer is uneven, and the directional forward scattering diffraction film is provided. Thus, the incident light can be diffracted and scattered, so that a bright color display with less blurring can be obtained without concern for the specular reflection light on the liquid crystal panel surface.

In order to achieve the above object, an electronic apparatus according to the present invention includes the liquid crystal device according to any one of the above-described configurations as a display unit.

Such an electronic device can improve display quality by reducing display bleeding, can provide clear display, and can simplify the configuration of a liquid crystal device including an internal scattering plate. A liquid crystal device having an advantage of being able to reduce the manufacturing cost while providing a clear display, or improving the brightness when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel, which is deviated from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel in addition to the above advantages. In addition, by providing a liquid crystal device capable of clear display, it is possible to obtain a liquid crystal device having display means that has bright and clear display and has improved display quality.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

(First Embodiment of Liquid Crystal Device)
A liquid crystal device according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a first embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a simple matrix type reflection type liquid crystal device. FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a color filter portion built in the liquid crystal display device. A liquid crystal display device (liquid crystal device) as a final product is configured by attaching ancillary elements such as a liquid crystal driving IC and a support to the liquid crystal device of this embodiment.

The liquid crystal device according to this embodiment includes a pair of substrate units 13 and 14 each having a substantially rectangular shape in a plan view and having a rectangular shape in a plan view and attached to each other with a cell gap therebetween via an annular sealing member 12. , A liquid crystal layer 15 sandwiched between and sandwiched by the sealing material 12, a directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 provided on the upper surface side of one of the substrate units 13 (upper side in FIG. 2), and a retardation plate The liquid crystal panel 11 mainly includes a liquid crystal panel 19 and a polarizing plate 16. Among the substrate units 13 and 14, the substrate unit 13 is a front (upper) substrate unit provided facing the observer, and the substrate unit 14 is provided on the opposite side, in other words, a substrate unit provided on the back side (lower side). It is.

The upper substrate unit 13 includes a translucent substrate 17 made of, for example, a transparent material such as glass, and directional forward scattering sequentially provided on the front side (the upper surface side, the observer side in FIG. 2) of the translucent substrate 17. The diffraction film 18, the retardation plate 19 and the polarizing plate 16, the color filter layer 20, the overcoat layer 21, and the overcoat layer 21 which are sequentially formed on the back side of the translucent substrate 17 (in other words, on the liquid crystal layer 15 side) The liquid crystal display includes a plurality of stripe-shaped electrode layers 23 for driving liquid crystal formed on the surface on the liquid crystal layer 15 side. In an actual liquid crystal device, alignment films are respectively formed on the liquid crystal layer 15 side of the electrode layer 23 and the liquid crystal layer 15 side of the striped electrode layer 35 on the lower substrate side, which will be described later. In these drawings, these alignment films are omitted and the description is omitted, and illustration and description of the alignment films are also omitted in other embodiments which will be sequentially described below. The cross-sectional structure of the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. 2 and each of the following drawings is shown by adjusting the thickness of each layer to a thickness different from that of the actual liquid crystal device so that each layer can be easily seen in the drawing.

In the present embodiment, each of the drive electrode layers 23 on the upper substrate side is formed of a transparent conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide: indium tin oxide) in a stripe shape in plan view. The required number is formed according to the area and the number of pixels.

In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3 in an enlarged manner, the color filter layer 20 is provided on the lower surface of the upper substrate 17 (in other words, on the liquid crystal layer 15 side) with a black mask 26 for blocking light and a color display. Are formed by forming the respective RGB patterns 27. Further, the overcoat layer 21 is coated as a transparent protective flattening film for protecting the RGB pattern 27.

The black mask 26 is formed by patterning a metal thin film of chromium or the like having a thickness of about 100 to 200 nm by, for example, a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. Each of the RGB patterns 27 has a red pattern (R), a green pattern (G), and a blue pattern (B) arranged in a desired pattern shape. For example, a pigment using a photosensitive resin containing a predetermined coloring material is used. It is formed by various methods such as a dispersion method, various printing methods, an electrodeposition method, a transfer method, and a dyeing method.

On the other hand, the lower substrate unit 14 is sequentially formed on a substrate 28 made of a transparent material such as glass or other opaque material, and on the surface side of the substrate 28 (the upper surface side in FIG. 2, in other words, the liquid crystal layer 15 side). It comprises a reflective layer 31, an overcoat layer 33, and a plurality of stripe-shaped driving electrode layers 35 formed on the surface of the overcoat layer 33 on the liquid crystal layer 15 side. Like the electrode layer 23, the required number of these electrode layers 35 are formed in accordance with the display area of the liquid crystal panel 10 and the number of pixels.

Next, the reflective layer 31 of the present embodiment is made of a metal material having excellent light reflectivity and conductivity, such as Ag or Al, and is formed on the substrate 28 by an evaporation method, a sputtering method, or the like. However, it is not essential that the reflective layer 31 is made of a conductive material, and a structure in which a drive electrode layer made of a conductive material is provided separately from the reflective layer 31 and the reflective layer 31 and the drive electrode are separately provided may be employed. Absent.

Next, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 attached to the upper substrate unit 13 will be described in detail below.

The directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 used in the present embodiment has the directivity disclosed in JP-A-2000-035356, JP-A-2000-0666026, JP-A-2000-180607, and the like, from the viewpoint of the basic structure. Can be used as appropriate. For example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-035356, a resin sheet which is a mixture of two or more types of photopolymerizable monomers or oligomers having different refractive indices is irradiated with an ultraviolet ray in a diagonal direction to obtain a specific resin sheet. A hologram photosensitive material having a function of efficiently scattering only a wide direction and a function of efficiently diffracting only a specific direction, or an online holographic diffusion sheet disclosed in JP-A-2000-0666026. Irradiated with a laser to produce a region having a partially different refractive index so as to have a layer structure, or the like can be used as appropriate.

Further, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 used in the present embodiment is disclosed in JP-A-1-077001, JP-A-1-147405, JP-A-1-147406, JP-A-2-54201, The light control plate proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 3-107901, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 3-107902, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 3-156402, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 3-220205, or the like can also be used. Specifically, Lumisty (trade name) manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. may be mentioned. In particular, Lumisty LCY1060 having a small haze in the normal direction of the film is preferable.

Here, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 used in the present embodiment, various parameters such as the parallel line transmittance described below have a specific positional relationship suitable for the liquid crystal display device.

First, as shown in FIG. 4, it is assumed that the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 having a rectangular shape in a plan view is installed horizontally. Although the horizontal installation state is easy to explain in FIG. 4, the horizontal installation state will be described. However, the direction in which the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is installed is not limited to the horizontal direction, and may be in any direction. It suffices if the positional relationship (polar angle θn, azimuth angle φm described later) among the light source K, the light receiving unit J, and the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 can be clearly determined. In the present embodiment, the horizontal direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 will be described as an example in which the direction is easy to understand in the description.

In FIG. 4, it is assumed that incident light L1 from the light source K is incident from the obliquely upper right side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 toward the origin O at the center of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18. Then, a measurement system is assumed in which the light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 through the origin O of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 and traveling straight ahead is received by a light receiving unit J such as an optical sensor.

Here, in order to specify the direction of the incident light L1 on the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is coordinated with 0 °, 90 °, 180 °, and 270 ° as shown in FIG. Assuming coordinates that divide into four equal parts in a rectangular shape and pass through the center O, (in other words, divide into four equal parts so that one end of the coordinate axis passes through the center of each side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18). ), The horizontal rotation angle of the incident light L1 vertically projected on the surface of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 (the clockwise angle from the 0 ° coordinate axis is +, and the clockwise angle from the 0 ° coordinate axis is −) Is defined as the azimuth angle φm. Next, the normal H of the directional forward scattering diffraction film to the direction of the incident light L1 horizontally projected on a vertical plane (the plane indicated by the symbol M1 in FIG. 4) including the coordinate axes of 0 ° and 180 °. Is defined as the polar angle θn of the incident light L1. In other words, the polar angle θn indicates the incident angle of the incident light L1 in the vertical plane with respect to the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 installed horizontally, and the azimuth φ corresponds to the rotation angle of the incident light L1 in the horizontal plane.

In this state, for example, when the polar angle of the incident light L1 is 0 ° and the azimuth is 0 °, the incident light L1 is incident on the directional front film 18 at a right angle as shown in FIG. 5), the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is in the state indicated by reference numeral 18 in FIG. 5, and when the polar angle θn is + 60 °, the light source K, the light receiving unit J, and the directional front film 18 5A, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is arranged as indicated by reference numeral 18A in FIG. 5. When the polar angle θn is -60 °, the light source K, the light receiving unit J and the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 are arranged. The positional relationship with the film 18 means that the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is arranged as shown by reference numeral 18B.

Next, as shown in FIG. 6A, the incident light L1 emitted from the light source provided on one surface side (the left side in FIG. 6A) of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, as shown in FIG. When passing through the other side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 (the right side in FIG. 6A) through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the light scattered on one side (the left side) of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is backscattered. The light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is referred to as LR, and the light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is diffracted when transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 in the present invention. Diffraction light transmitted to the other surface side (right side) of the film 18 is also included.) The forward scattered light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 (the forward scattered light includes diffracted light) is directed in the same direction with an angle error within ± 2 ° with respect to the traveling direction of the incident light L1. Regarding the light intensity of the forward scattered light L3 traveling straight, the ratio of the light intensity of the incident light L1 to the light intensity is defined as a parallel line transmittance, and furthermore, forward scattered light obliquely diffused to the surrounding side beyond ± 2 ° (this forward scattered light). With respect to the light intensity of the LT (light also includes diffracted light), the ratio of the incident light L1 to the light intensity is defined as the diffuse transmittance, and the ratio of the entire transmitted light to the incident light is defined as the total light transmittance. From the above definition, it can be defined that the value obtained by subtracting the diffuse transmittance from the total light transmittance is the parallel line transmittance. FIG. 1 also shows the relationship between the incident light L1, the azimuth angle φm, and the parallel-line transmitted light L3 to make the above description easier to understand.

In the field of optics, a transmittance scale called haze is also generally known. Haze is a value obtained by dividing a diffuse transmittance by a total light transmittance and expressing%. This is a definition of a concept completely different from the parallel line transmittance used in the present embodiment.

Next, when the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmittance is described using the polar angle θn and the azimuth angle φm, it is defined as Tmax (φ1, θ1), and the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmittance is defined. Is defined as Tmin (φ2, θ2). In other words, from the property of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, the scattering (including diffraction) is the weakest under the condition showing the maximum transmittance, and the scattering (the diffraction is the least) under the condition showing the minimum transmittance. Included) is a strong condition.

For example, if the maximum transmittance is shown when the polar angle θn = 0 ° and the azimuth angle φm = 0 °, it is denoted as Tmax (0,0). (This means that the parallel line transmittance along the normal direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is the maximum. In other words, the scattering and diffraction along the normal direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film are the weakest. When the polar angle θn = 10 ° and the azimuth angle φm = 45 °, the minimum transmittance is indicated as Tmin (10,45). In this case, scattering and diffraction in this direction are performed. Means the strongest.

各 Based on the above definition, each characteristic of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 which is preferably applied to the liquid crystal device will be described below.

As described above, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the angle at which the parallel line transmittance shows the maximum transmittance is the angle at which the scattering and diffraction are weakest, and the angle at which the parallel transmittance shows the minimum is the most scattering and diffraction. Angle.

In other words, in other words, as shown in FIG. 2, in the reflective liquid crystal device, ambient light with respect to the liquid crystal panel 10 is used as incident light L1, and this incident light L1 enters the liquid crystal panel 10 and is reflected by the reflective layer 31. Assuming that the observer recognizes the reflected light as reflected light, incident light enters the liquid crystal panel 10 from the direction in which scattering and diffraction are strong (in other words, the direction in which the parallel line transmittance is low) when the light is incident on the coordinate axes in FIG. When the observer observes the reflected light from a direction in which scattering and diffraction are weak (in other words, a direction in which the parallel line transmittance is high), it is considered that a state in which display blur (blur) is small can be obtained. This is because, although the first scattering which the present inventors have found on the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 at the time of incidence does not easily affect blurring (blur) of the display, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 as reflected light. On the basis of the finding that scattering when passing through the second time greatly affects blurring (blur) of display.

That is, in the present embodiment, when the incident light L1 passes through the directional forward scattering film 18 for the first time, it is better to scatter or diffract the light to prevent the specular reflection (mirror reflection) of the reflection layer 31 and obtain a wide field of view. This is preferable for the purpose of obtaining a bright display at corners. Further, when the light reflected by the reflective layer 31 inside the liquid crystal device passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 for the second time, scattering or diffraction occurs. This is because it is considered that it is preferable to reduce the number of lines in order to reduce blurring (blur) of display. Therefore, in the characteristics of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the polar angle and the azimuthal angle indicating the minimum transmittance, in other words, the polar angle and the azimuthal direction of the incident light having the strongest scattering and diffraction are directed to the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel 10. In other words, it is preferable that the polarizer is directed to the opposite side to the observer side. The polar angle and azimuth at which the parallel line transmittance shows the maximum transmittance, in other words, the incident light angle and the incident direction at which scattering and diffraction are weakest are determined by the liquid crystal panel 10. It is necessary to turn to the observer side of.

FIG. 6B shows a cross-sectional structure of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 used in the present embodiment, and the polar and azimuthal states described above will be described.

As shown in FIG. 6B, the cross-sectional structure model of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 used in the present embodiment is such that the portion where the refractive index is n1 and the portion where the refractive index is n2 are the cross section of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18. This is a structure in which the layers are arranged alternately in a layer at a predetermined angle in an oblique direction. Assuming that the incident light L1 is incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 having this structure at an appropriate polar angle from an oblique direction, the light is scattered and diffracted at the boundary between the layers having different refractive indexes, and the scattered light is also emitted. When a part of the diffracted light passes through the liquid crystal layer 15 and is reflected by the reflection layer 31, the reflected light R1 passes through the liquid crystal layer 15 again and passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 to the incident light L1. Although the reflected light R1 attempts to pass at different polar angles, the reflected light R1 can pass through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 with little scattering or diffraction.

In order to satisfy such a relationship, it is most preferable that the relationship between the azimuth angles φ1 and φ2 is φ1 = φ2 ± 180 °. This means that φ2 is the incident angle direction and φ1 is the observation direction, and these angles differ by 180 ° when applied to an actual liquid crystal device. In this case, the light incident on the liquid crystal device is strongly scattered or diffracted at the time of incidence, and the light reflected on the reflection layer 31 is hardly scattered or diffracted. Therefore, a sharp display form without blur (blurring) of the display is obtained. Can be However, considering that the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 in which layers having different refractive indexes are alternately arranged in layers in a diagonal direction with a predetermined angle as described above is not systematically completely uniform, The ideal relationship between the azimuth angles φ1 and φ2 is φ1 = φ2 ± 180 °, which is ideal. However, based on the relationship φ1 = φ2 ± 180 °, the invention deviates from that angle by ± 10 °. Shall be included. If the angle deviates by more than ± 10 °, it becomes difficult to obtain a sharp display form without blur (blurring) of the display.

Next, it is preferable that the value of (Tmax / Tmin) satisfies the relationship of (Tmax / Tmin) ≧ 2. With this relationship, sufficient scattering and diffraction can be obtained at the time of incidence, and a bright and sharp reflective display can be obtained. By satisfying this relationship, a brighter reflective display can be realized than in the case where a conventionally known isotropic scattering film is used.

Next, looking at the polar angles θ1 and θ2 individually, in order to obtain a display brighter than the isotropic scattering film, the range of −40 ° ≦ θ1 <0 ° and 0 ° <θ2 ≦ + 40 ° is more preferable. Preferably, it is in the range of −30 ° ≦ θ1 ≦ −10 ° and 10 ° ≦ θ2 ≦ 30 °.

Next, if the parallel line transmittance in the normal direction (directly in front) of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is defined as T (0,0), the display is brighter than a conventionally known isotropic scattering film. In order to obtain, when θ1 = −20 ° and θ2 = 20 °, T (0,0) is preferably 3% or more and 50% or less, and T (0,0) is 5% or more. , 40% or less. If T (0,0) is less than 3%, scattering and diffraction are too strong, and the display is blurred. If T (0,0) exceeds 40%, scattering and diffraction on the front are too weak to cause mirror reflection. Get closer.

Next, when the azimuthal angle φm of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is defined to be in the range of φ1 ± 60 ° (φ2 ± 60 °), the maximum parallel ray transmittance is always taken at θ1 and the parallel ray transmittance is taken at θ2. It is preferable that the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is 1.5 or more. With such a feature, not only one direction of φ2 but also an azimuth angle of ± 60 ° can be scattered and diffracted, so that it is easy to cope with individual environments. And a bright reflective display can be realized.

Next, when the polar angle θn in a direction orthogonal to the azimuth angle φ1 indicating the maximum transmittance and the azimuth angle φ2 indicating the minimum transmittance is changed from −40 ° to + 40 °, the parallel line transmittance is directed in this range. When the transmittance is equal to or higher than the transmittance in the normal direction of the forward scattering film, a sharp display without blur (blurring) of the display can be obtained even when the liquid crystal device is observed from the lateral direction. That is, it is preferable that the relationship T (0,0) ≦ T (φ1 ± 90, θ) be satisfied, and the relationship T (0,0) ≦ T (φ2 ± 90, θ) be satisfied.

Next, when the polar angle θn is in the range of −60 ° ≦ θ ≦ + 60 °, the parallel line transmittance T (φ, θ) is 2% or more, and preferably 50% or less. That is, it is preferable to satisfy the relationship of 2% ≦ T (φ, θ) ≦ 50%, provided that −60 ° ≦ θ ≦ + 60 °. (4) By adopting such a relationship, it is possible to obtain a sharp reflective display which is bright and has no blur (blurring) of the display.

In the liquid crystal device of the present embodiment, only the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 as described above is provided on the liquid crystal panel 10, and there is little influence on display bleeding (blur) and clear display with little display bleeding (blur). Since the form can be obtained, it is not necessary to form the reflection layer in a concavo-convex shape unlike the conventional internal scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Next, as described above, the polar angle and the azimuth direction in which the parallel line transmittance shows the minimum transmittance are directed to the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel 10, and the parallel angle and the azimuth direction in which the parallel line transmittance shows the maximum transmittance. As shown in FIG. 2, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 arranged so as to face the observer side of the liquid crystal panel 10, the light passes through the polarizing plate 16 and the phase difference plate 19 of the liquid crystal panel 10 from the daylighting side. The incident angle of the incident light L1 incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 with respect to the normal H of the film 18 is θ, and the diffracted light L6 diffracted when the incident light L1 is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 When the diffraction angle with respect to the normal H of the film 18 is defined as α, the absolute value of the diffraction angle α of the diffracted light L6 is smaller than the absolute value of the incident angle θ of the incident light L1, that is, | α | <| θ | Satisfies the relationship There it is preferable.

When the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is provided in the liquid crystal device such that the incident light L1 and the diffracted light L6 satisfy the relationship of | α | <| θ |, the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10 ( The angle of the diffracted light L6 from the normal H of the reflected light R1 reflected by the reflective layer 31 is deviated from the direction of the same magnitude as the absolute value of the incident angle θ of the incident light L1). This is because luminance at the time of observation can be improved and a clear display mode can be obtained.

That is, when the diffraction angle | α | of the diffracted light L6 diffracted when the incident light L1 incident from the daylighting side is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is smaller than the incident angle | θ | of the incident light L1. The reflected light R1 reflected by the reflection layer 31 of the diffracted light L6 is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 to make the outgoing light R1 emitted outside the liquid crystal panel 10 stronger in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the incident light L1. That is, the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 can be strongly emitted in a direction close to the normal H of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 (in other words, the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 is emitted). Can be shifted closer to the normal direction H), so that the brightness in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the incident light L1 becomes higher, and the user (observer) E can observe the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10. When viewed from the direction of the normal H of the panel, which is deviated from the direction, a bright and clear display is obtained.

In the liquid crystal device of the present embodiment, the incident light L1 entering the liquid crystal panel 10 is diffracted when passing through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, and the diffracted light L6 is further diffracted by the light transmitting substrate 17, After passing through the color filter layer 20, the overcoat layer 21, the electrode layer 23, the liquid crystal layer 15, the electrode layer 35 (the diffracted light L6 may not pass through the electrode layer 35) and the overcoat layer 33, the reflection layer 31 is formed. Of the diffracted light L6 before being reflected by the reflection layer 31 is reflected by at least the light transmitted through the translucent substrate 17 in addition to the diffraction generated by the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18. This is the angle that includes the resulting refraction.

More specifically, when a user (observer) E observes the display of the liquid crystal device, the liquid crystal is tilted within a range of 20 to 35 degrees with respect to a normal H of the liquid crystal panel 10. The reflected light R1 of the incident light L1 such as the illumination light incident on the panel 10 is shifted from -30 degrees to the normal H excluding the regular reflection direction (range of -20 degrees to -35 degrees with respect to the normal H). Observation is performed from the direction of 0 degrees (the observation angle γ of the observer E is in the range of −30 degrees to 0 degrees with respect to the normal H). Therefore, when the incident light L1 incident from the daylighting side passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the diffraction angle α of the diffracted light L6 diffracted from the normal H is smaller than −35 degrees to −20 degrees ( Is smaller than 35 degrees to 20 degrees with respect to the normal, the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 (the emitted light R1 that is emitted from the liquid crystal panel 10) Within the range of an angle smaller than -35 degrees to -20 degrees with respect to the line H (the range where the absolute value of the angle α2 with respect to the normal H of the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 is smaller than 35 degrees to less than 20 degrees) The reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 can be strongly (more) emitted in an angle range smaller than the specular reflection direction of the incident light L1 (in other words, the range in which the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 is emitted). Shifting toward normal direction H Can be). As a result, the brightness in an angle range smaller than the specular reflection direction of the incident light L1 (a range in which the absolute value of the angle with respect to the normal H is smaller than 35 degrees to 20 degrees) is increased, and the user (observer) E becomes a liquid crystal panel. A bright and clear display is obtained when viewed from the direction H of the panel, which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of No. 10.

Here, the direction of the incident light L1 entering from the left with respect to the normal H in FIG. 2 is defined as +, and the direction of the incident light L1 entering from the right with respect to the normal H is defined as −. The direction of the outgoing light (reflected light) R1 emitted to the left with respect to the normal H in FIG. 2 is defined as +, and the direction of the emitted light (reflected light) R1 emitted to the right with respect to the normal H is defined as −. And Further, the observation direction (observation angle) viewed from the left with respect to the normal H in FIG. 2 is represented by +, and the observation direction (observation angle) viewed from the right with respect to the normal H is represented by-.

Further, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 satisfies the relationship of 5 degrees ≦ | θ | − | α | ≦ 20 degrees. This is preferable in that the brightness when observed from the normal direction H can be reliably improved, and a clear display mode can be obtained.

When the user (observer) E sets the observation angle γ (the angle from the normal H of the liquid crystal panel 10) at which the display of the liquid crystal device is observed, usually, the absolute value of the observation angle γ is larger than the liquid crystal. The absolute value of the incident angle θ (the angle from the normal H of the liquid crystal panel 10) of the incident light L1 incident on the panel 10 is smaller than the absolute value of the observation angle γ, which is 5 times smaller than the absolute value of the incident angle | θ |. When the difference between | θ | and | α | is in the range of 5 to 20 degrees, the reflected light R1 of the diffracted light L6 is reflected in the regular reflection direction of the incident light L1. 5 to 20 degrees more strongly (more) toward the normal direction, and when the display is observed at an observation angle | γ | that is 5 to 20 degrees smaller than the absolute value | θ | of the incident angle, it becomes brighter. A clear display can be obtained.

(Second embodiment of liquid crystal device)
FIG. 7 is a partial sectional view showing a liquid crystal panel 40 provided in a liquid crystal device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

The liquid crystal panel 40 of this embodiment has a simple matrix structure of a reflection type provided with the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, similarly to the liquid crystal device of the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. Since the basic structure is the same as that of the first embodiment, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description of those components will be omitted. The following mainly describes different components.

The liquid crystal panel 40 provided in the liquid crystal device of the present embodiment is configured such that the liquid crystal layer 15 is sandwiched between the opposed substrate units 41 and 42 by the sealing material 12. The upper substrate unit 41 is the same as the substrate unit 13 of the first embodiment except that the color filter layer 20 is omitted, and the color filter layer 20 is formed on the reflection layer 31 of the lower substrate unit 42 on the opposite side. The configuration of this portion is different from the structure of the first embodiment. That is, in the liquid crystal panel 40 shown in FIG. 7, the color filter layer 20 provided on the upper side (observer side) of the substrate unit 13 in the first embodiment is replaced with the lower side of the liquid crystal layer 15 (observer side). This is a structure provided on the substrate unit 42 side (opposite side). The structure of the color filter layer 20 is the same as that of the first embodiment, but since the color filter layer 20 is formed on the upper surface side of the substrate 28, the laminated structure of the color filter layer 20 shown in FIG. Is upside down with respect to the state.

Also in the structure of the second embodiment, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is provided in the same manner as the structure of the first embodiment. An effect equivalent to that of the structure can be obtained.

Further, only by providing the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 on the liquid crystal panel 40 as described above, the influence on the display blur (blur) is small, and a clear display form with less display blur (blur) can be obtained. The reflective layer does not need to be made uneven as in a conventional inner surface scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

Further, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, similarly to the structure of the first embodiment, the incident light L1 incident on the film 18 from the daylighting side and the diffracted light L6 of the incident light L1 are | α described above. | <| Θ | can be satisfied, so that it is possible to improve the luminance when observed from the normal direction H of the panel 10 which is deviated from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10, and a clear display mode is achieved. can get.

Further, in the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. 7, since the color filter layer 20 is formed immediately above the reflective layer 31, light incident on the liquid crystal panel 40 reaches the reflective layer 31 via the liquid crystal layer 15 and is reflected. Since it passes through the color filter 32 immediately afterwards, it has a feature that the problem of color misregistration hardly occurs.

(Third Embodiment of Liquid Crystal Device)
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a liquid crystal panel 50 provided in a liquid crystal device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

The liquid crystal panel 50 provided in the liquid crystal device of this embodiment is different from the reflection layer 31 provided in the liquid crystal panel 10 of the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. A transflective simple matrix structure including a substrate unit 55 provided with the same 52 is provided. In the other basic structures, the same parts as those of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, Is omitted, and different components will be mainly described below.

The structure of the liquid crystal panel 50 is different from that of the first embodiment in that a transflective layer 52 is provided. Further, a light source (such as a backlight) is provided behind the liquid crystal panel 50 (the lower side in FIG. 8). (Illumination device) 60 and a point where the retardation plate 56 and the polarizing plate 57 are disposed.

When a liquid crystal display device is used as the transmission type, the lower substrate 28 'needs to be formed of a light-transmitting substrate such as glass.

The transflective layer 52 is a transflective layer (for example, a film having a thickness of several hundred angstroms) having a thickness sufficient to transmit transmitted light emitted from a light source 60 such as a backlight on the rear side (the lower side in FIG. 8). Widely used in transflective liquid crystal display devices, such as a thick thin film Al or a thin film Ag, or a structure in which a large number of fine holes are formed in a part of a reflective film to enhance light transmittance. Can be appropriately adopted.

In the liquid crystal device according to the third embodiment, a transmissive liquid crystal display mode is used when light transmitted from a light source 60 such as a backlight is used, and reflection using ambient light is used when light from the light source is not used. The display can be used as a reflective liquid crystal display device.

When the display mode as the reflection type liquid crystal display device is adopted, similar to the case of the first embodiment, the presence of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 makes the display sharp (blurring) resolved. A reflective display mode can be obtained. Further, in the liquid crystal device according to the present embodiment, only the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 as described above is provided on the liquid crystal panel 50, and there is little influence on display bleeding (blur) and clear display with little display bleeding (blur). Since a simple display mode can be obtained, the reflective layer does not need to be formed in a concavo-convex shape unlike a conventional inner surface scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced. Further, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, similarly to the structure of the first embodiment, the incident light L1 incident on the film 18 from the daylighting side and the diffracted light L6 of the incident light L1 are | α described above. | <| Θ | can be satisfied, so that it is possible to improve the luminance when observed from the normal direction H of the panel 10 which is deviated from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10, and a clear display mode is achieved. can get.

(Fourth Embodiment of Liquid Crystal Device)
FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a liquid crystal panel 10a provided in a liquid crystal device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

The liquid crystal panel 10a provided in the liquid crystal device of this embodiment is different from the reflection layer 31 provided in the liquid crystal panel 10 of the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. Is a reflection-type simple matrix structure including a substrate unit 14a provided with a reflection layer 31a formed on the surface. In the other basic structures, the same reference numerals are used for parts similar to those in the first embodiment. The description of these components will be omitted, and different components will be mainly described below.

The structure of the liquid crystal panel 10a differs from that of the first embodiment in that a reflective layer 31a having fine irregularities 31b formed on the surface is provided, and the surface of a substrate 28a underlying the reflective layer 31a is also provided. This is a point where fine irregularities 28b are formed.
Therefore, in this embodiment, the overcoat layer 33 provided in the first embodiment is not interposed between the substrate 28a and the reflection layer 31a.

In the liquid crystal device of the present embodiment, as an example of a means for forming the fine unevenness 31b on the reflective layer 31a, for example, by forming the fine unevenness 28b on the surface of the substrate 28a and forming a metal thin film thereon, A method of forming an uneven surface by reflecting the fine unevenness 28b on the metal thin film on the surface of the substrate 28a can be used. Specifically, a so-called frost method in which the surface of a glass substrate for the substrate 28a is etched using hydrofluoric acid, and a sand blast method in which irregularities are formed by hitting fine particles on the glass substrate are known. The frost method attaches a deposit of a specific element to the surface of a glass substrate for the substrate 28a with a saturated solution containing an excess of glass composition elements, and selectively etches the glass surface based on the etchability of the deposit and the supersaturated solution. This is a method for forming fine irregularities. If at least a metal thin film is formed on the uneven surface of the glass surface thus formed, a reflective layer 31a having fine unevenness 31b on the surface can be obtained. The unevenness may be formed using a photopolymer.

In the liquid crystal device according to the fourth embodiment, as in the case of the first embodiment, the presence of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 provides a sharp reflective display mode in which display blur (blurring) is eliminated. Obtainable.

Further, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, similarly to the structure of the first embodiment, the incident light L1 incident on the film 18 from the daylighting side and the diffracted light L6 of the incident light L1 are | α described above. | <| Θ | can be satisfied, so that the luminance when observed from the direction of normal H of the panel 10 which is shifted from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10a can be improved, and a clear display mode can be achieved. can get.

Further, in the liquid crystal device of the present embodiment, since the fine irregularities 31b are formed on the surface of the reflective layer 31a provided in the liquid crystal panel 10a, the incident light L1 incident on the liquid crystal panel 10a is directional forward scattering. The use of the diffracted light L6 generated when passing through the diffraction film 18 makes it possible to obtain a bright, clear and clear color display without concern for specular reflection on the liquid crystal panel surface.

(Fifth Embodiment of Liquid Crystal Device)
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view illustrating a liquid crystal device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a case where reflective display is performed without using a front light. FIG. 10B is a diagram showing a case where a reflective display is performed using a front light.

The liquid crystal device of this embodiment is different from the first substrate 17 side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 of the liquid crystal panel 10 of the first embodiment described with reference to FIGS. A front light (plane light emitter) 40 for emitting illumination light to the liquid crystal panel 10 is provided on the liquid crystal panel 10 side (on the side opposite to the phase difference plate 19 side). The same parts as those in the embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description of those components will be omitted. The following mainly describes different components.

The front light 140 includes a light source 141 such as a cold-cathode tube, a fluorescent tube, or a plurality of white LEDs, and a light guide plate 142 formed in a plate shape so as to introduce light from the light source 141 from an end face 142d and guide the light to the right side in the drawing. And a reflector 143 disposed so as to surround the light source 141. As a material forming the light guide plate 142, a transparent material such as a transparent acrylic resin, polystyrene, or transparent polycarbonate may be used.

On the surface (plate surface) of the light guide plate 142, a convex portion 142g formed by a steep slope portion 142a as an action surface portion, a gentle slope portion 142b as a transmission surface portion adjacent to a protruding end of the steep slope portion 142a, and a convex portion An uneven portion 142i is formed in which a flat portion (transmission surface portion) 142h adjacent to 142g is periodically formed toward the right side in the drawing. The steep slope portion 142a and the gentle slope portion 142b are configured to extend in a stripe shape in the length direction of the light guide plate 142 (from the near side to the far side of the paper surface of FIG. 10). The steep slope portion 142 a as an operating surface portion formed on the light guide plate 142 is provided on the side facing the light source 141 (to face the light source 141).

On the other hand, the back surface (one plate surface) 142c of the light guide plate 142 is formed flat.

Here, the light source 141 is not always turned on, but is turned on in response to an instruction from the user E or a sensor only in a dark state where there is almost no ambient light (external light). Therefore, when the light source 141 is on, the illumination light L1 from the front light 140 propagates through the light guide plate 42 and then enters the liquid crystal panel 10 as illumination light (incident light) as shown in FIG. By being emitted as L1 and reflected on the surface of the reflective layer 31, it functions as a reflective type and performs reflective display.

On the other hand, when the light source 141 is off, as shown in FIG. 10A, the incident light L1 that has entered the liquid crystal panel 10 from the upper surface side of the liquid crystal device 10 (the surface side of the light guide plate 142) is reflected by the reflective layer. By reflecting on the 31 surface, it functions as a reflective type and performs reflective display.

In the liquid crystal device according to the fifth embodiment, a transmissive liquid crystal display is used when light transmitted from a light source 60 such as a backlight is used, and reflection using ambient light is used when light from the light source is not used. The display can be used as a reflective liquid crystal display device.

In the liquid crystal device according to the fifth embodiment, the presence of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 is not limited to either the case where the reflective display mode in which the light source 141 is turned off or the case where the reflective display mode in which the light source 141 is turned on is employed. Thereby, it is possible to obtain a sharp reflective display mode in which display blur (blurring) is eliminated. Further, in the liquid crystal device according to the present embodiment, only by providing the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 on the liquid crystal panel 10 as described above, there is little influence on display bleeding (blur) and clear display with little display bleeding (blur). Since a simple display mode can be obtained, the reflective layer does not need to have a concave-convex shape as in a conventional internal scattering type liquid crystal device, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.

When the reflective display mode in which the light source 141 is turned off is adopted, the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 includes the incident light L1 incident on the film 18 from the daylighting side similarly to the structure of the first embodiment. Since the diffracted light L6 of the incident light L1 satisfies the relationship of | α | <| θ |, it is observed from the normal direction H of the panel 10 which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10. Brightness when the display is performed, and a clear display mode can be obtained.

Also, in the case of adopting the reflective display mode in which the light source 141 is turned on, the illumination light L1 emitted from the light source 141 passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 and enters the liquid crystal panel 10 so that the incident light L1 is Brightness in an angle range smaller than the specular reflection direction increases, and when the user (observer) E observes from the normal direction H of the panel 10 which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10, a bright and clear display is obtained. can get.

(Sixth Embodiment of Liquid Crystal Device)
FIG. 11 is a schematic sectional view showing a liquid crystal device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 12 is a sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a touch panel (input device) provided in the liquid crystal device of FIG. It is.

As shown in FIG. 11, the display device of the present embodiment is opposite to the other substrate 17 side (the position of the polarizing plate 16) of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 of the liquid crystal panel 10 of the liquid crystal device of the first embodiment. The touch panel 510 is provided on the side opposite to the phase difference plate 19). In other basic structures, the same parts as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the description of those components is omitted. However, different components will be mainly described below.

The liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a display unit for displaying information input by the touch panel 510. On the opposite side of the polarizing plate 16 of the liquid crystal panel 10 from the retardation plate 19, a frame 524 made of metal or the like is provided.

The touch panel 510 is fixed above the liquid crystal panel 10 by being adhered to the frame 524 with a double-sided adhesive tape 525.

As shown in FIG. 12, the touch panel 510 has a lower substrate 511 and an upper substrate 512 opposed to each other with a predetermined space therebetween, and is adhered by a seal 517 obtained by cutting a double-sided tape. The lower substrate 511 has translucency, and a corner 511c formed by the outer surface 511a and the end surface 511b is chamfered. The upper substrate 512 has translucency and flexibility. On the inner surfaces of the lower substrate 511 and the upper substrate 512, a lower transparent electrode made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like is provided on almost the entire surface at least corresponding to a range in which an input is made with a finger or a pen. 515 and an upper transparent electrode 516 are formed.

Further, a lower wiring connection portion (not shown) for connecting the lower transparent electrode 515 to a wiring is provided along both sides (two opposing sides) (not shown) of the lower transparent electrode 515. An upper wiring connection portion (not shown) for connecting the upper transparent electrode 516 to a wiring is provided along both sides (two opposing sides) (not shown) of the upper transparent electrode 516. . The lower wiring connection portion and the upper wiring connection portion are made of a low-resistance material such as silver, and are arranged to cross each other. The lower wiring connection is connected to the wiring, and the upper wiring connection is connected to the wiring.

In addition, air flows between the lower substrate 511 on which the lower transparent electrode 515 is formed and the upper substrate 512 on which the upper transparent electrode 516 is formed (between the lower transparent electrode 515 and the upper transparent electrode 516). Layer 513 is sandwiched. In addition, a spacer 514 is provided between the lower transparent electrode 515 and the upper transparent electrode 516 so that the lower transparent electrode 515 and the upper transparent electrode 516 do not come into contact with each other without input with a finger or a pen. Are located.

In the present embodiment, the upper substrate 512 side of the touch panel 510 is the user side, and the lower substrate 511 side is the liquid crystal panel 10 provided with the touch panel 510.

In the liquid crystal device provided with the touch panel 510 using the above-described resistance contact method on the liquid crystal panel 10, the flexible upper substrate 512 is pressed by pressing with a finger or a pen from the input side. The position can be detected by deforming the portion and bringing the lower transparent electrode 515 into contact with the upper transparent electrode 516.

In the liquid crystal device of the sixth embodiment, as in the case of the first embodiment, the presence of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18 provides a sharp reflective display mode in which display blur (blurring) is eliminated. In addition, the brightness can be improved when observed from a direction substantially normal to the panel 10 which is displaced from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel 10, and a clear display mode can be obtained.

In the liquid crystal device according to the sixth embodiment, the case where the touch panel 510 is provided on the same liquid crystal device as in the first embodiment has been described. However, the liquid crystal panel of the liquid crystal device according to the second to fifth embodiments has been described. It may be provided above.

The | α | of the diffracted light L6 in the first to sixth embodiments is an angle including refraction caused by passing through the light-transmitting substrate 17 and the like in addition to diffraction caused by the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18. is there.

Further, in the liquid crystal device according to the first to sixth embodiments, the side opposite to the other substrate side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film 18, the side opposite to the directional forward scattering diffraction film side of the front light 140, or the touch panel A light-transmitting protective plate made of acrylic or the like may be provided on the side opposite to the directional forward scattering diffraction film side of 510 or on the side opposite to the planar light-emitting body of the touch panel (input device).

Further, in the first to sixth embodiments, the example in which the present invention is applied to a simple matrix type reflective liquid crystal display device or a transflective liquid crystal display device has been described. Of course, the present invention may be applied to an active matrix type reflective liquid crystal display device or a transflective liquid crystal display device having a three-terminal switching element.

When applied to these active matrix type liquid crystal display devices, a common electrode is provided on one substrate side instead of the striped electrodes shown in FIGS. 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. A TFT (thin film transistor) driving type structure in which a large number of pixel electrodes are provided for each pixel on the other substrate side, and each pixel electrode is individually driven by a thin film transistor which is a three-terminal switching element; A two-terminal type linear element driving type liquid crystal display in which a stripe-shaped electrode is provided, a pixel electrode is provided for each pixel on the other substrate side, and these pixel electrodes are individually driven by a thin film diode which is a two-terminal type linear element. The present invention, of course, can be applied to a device or the like, and for any of these types of liquid crystal display devices, the present invention arranges a directional forward scattering diffraction film on a liquid crystal panel in the specific direction described above. Since it is applicable in themselves, it has a feature that can be very easily applied to a liquid crystal display device of various forms.

(Embodiment of electronic device)
Next, a specific example of an electronic apparatus including any of the liquid crystal devices according to the first to sixth embodiments will be described.

FIG. 13A is a perspective view showing an example of a mobile phone.

In FIG. 13A, reference numeral 200 denotes a mobile phone main body, and reference numeral 201 denotes a liquid crystal display unit using any of the liquid crystal devices according to the first to sixth embodiments.

FIG. 13B is a perspective view showing an example of a portable information processing device such as a word processor or a personal computer.

In FIG. 13B, reference numeral 300 denotes an information processing device, reference numeral 301 denotes an input unit such as a keyboard, reference numeral 303 denotes an information processing device main body, and reference numeral 302 denotes one of the liquid crystal devices according to the first to sixth embodiments. The liquid crystal display unit used is shown.

FIG. 13C is a perspective view illustrating an example of a wristwatch-type electronic device.

In FIG. 13C, reference numeral 400 denotes a watch main body, and reference numeral 401 denotes a liquid crystal display unit using any of the liquid crystal devices according to the first to sixth embodiments.

Each of the electronic devices shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C includes a liquid crystal display unit (display means) using any one of the liquid crystal devices according to the first to sixth embodiments. As a result, there is no display blur (blur), the display is bright and clear, and the display quality is excellent.

"Test Example 1"
A transmittance measurement test was performed using a directional forward scattering diffraction film produced by a transmission hologram technique.

Light from a light source of a halogen lamp (installed at a position 300 mm away from the directional forward scattering diffraction film) is incident on the center of the surface of a 50 × 40 mm rectangular directional forward scattering diffraction film that is horizontally set and viewed in a plan view. Light-receiving sections (located at a distance of 300 mm from the directional forward-scattering diffraction film) on the back side of the directional forward-scattering diffraction film are installed in the direction facing the incident light from the light source. Then, the polar angle and the azimuth angle of the light source were defined as shown in FIG. 4, and the parallel line transmittance was measured in the light receiving section in a 2-degree field of view.

The polar angle θn (the incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal of the directional forward scattering diffraction film) of the light source was adjusted within a range of ± 60 °, and the parallel line transmittance (%) at each polar angle was measured. As shown in FIG. As for the azimuth angles, 0 °, + 30 °, + 60 °, + 90 °, and + 180 ° (all in the clockwise direction shown in FIG. 4), −30 °, −60 °, and −90 ° (in FIG. (Counterclockwise direction shown in Fig. 14) was measured and collectively described in Fig. 14.

From the results shown in FIG. 14, the measurement results at 0 ° and 180 ° are exactly the same curve, and the relationship between the maximum transmittance Tmax and the minimum transmittance Tmin of the parallel line transmitted light is (Tmax / Tmin) ≒ 50. : 6 ≒ 8.33, a value exceeding 2 desired in the present invention.
Here, when indicating the maximum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light, the amount of scattering and diffraction is small (scattered light and diffracted light is weak), and when indicating the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light, scattering and diffraction are performed. It can be seen that the amount is large (scattered light and diffracted light are strong).

Next, the result of a similar transmittance measurement test performed using another directional forward scattering diffraction film in which the scattering and diffraction intensity was increased in all directions is shown in FIG. FIG. 16 shows the results of a similar transmittance measurement test performed by using.

Looking at the characteristics shown in FIG. 15, the relationship between the maximum transmittance Tmax and the minimum transmittance Tmin of the parallel line transmitted light is (Tmax / Tmin) ≒ 12: 3 ≒ 4, which exceeds 2 desired in the present invention. The value was shown.

Referring to the characteristics shown in FIG. 16, the relationship between the maximum transmittance Tmax and the minimum transmittance Tmin of the parallel line transmitted light is (Tmax / Tmin) ≒ 52: 26 ≒ 2, which is the desired value of 2 in the present invention. showed that.

In each of the directional forward scattering diffraction films shown in FIG. 14, FIG. 15 and FIG. 16, it is apparent that the maximum value and the minimum value generally exist at almost the same angle in the range of ± 60 °. became. For example, from the results shown in FIG. 14, the maximum value is a polar angle of −30 °, the minimum value is a polar angle of + 23 °, and from the results shown in FIG. 15, the local maximum value is a polar angle of −20 °. From the results shown in FIG. 16, when the polar angle was + 18 °, the maximum value was a case where the polar angle was −30 °, and the minimum value was a case where the polar angle was + 25 °.

Next, in the directional forward scattering diffraction films of the examples shown in FIGS. 14, 15 and 16, when φm is ± 90 °, the transmittance is lowest when the polar angle θn is 0 in any of the examples. It turned out that. It is also clear that in the directional forward scattering diffraction films of the examples shown in FIGS. 14, 15, and 16, the transmittances in all the conditions are in the range of 2 to 50%.

Next, when the azimuth angle φm is changed while fixing the polar angle θn, in other words, when only the directional forward scattering diffraction film is rotated in a horizontal plane, the transmittance of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is changed. FIG. 17 shows the measurement results.

According to the results shown in FIG. 17, under the condition of θn = 0 °, the light is incident in the normal direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, but the transmittance is almost constant, and θn = −20 °, In the case of −40 ° and −60 °, the azimuth shows a curve in which the transmittance has an upward convex maximum in the range of 0 ± 90 °, and in the case of θn = + 20 °, + 40 ° and + 60 °, the azimuth is 0 °. In the range of ± 90 °, the transmittance showed a tendency to show a curve in which the transmittance takes a minimum convex downward (concave upward). This clearly shows that the directional forward scattering diffraction film used in this example exhibits a maximum and a minimum transmittance in accordance with the polar angle and the azimuthal angle. That is, the directional forward scattering diffraction film used in the present example has a small amount of scattered and diffracted light (weak scattered light and diffracted light) when the transmittance shows a maximum, and shows a minimum transmittance when the transmittance shows a maximum. It can be seen that the amount of scattered and diffracted light is large (scattered light and diffracted light are strong).

When analyzing the relationship between the transmittances shown in FIG. 17, the azimuth angle φm is within ± 30 ° at a negative polar angle θn (−20 °, −40 °, −60 °), that is, φ = −30 ° or more. In the range of + 30 °, the maximum value of the transmittance is suppressed to within 5%, and the azimuth angle φ is within ± 30 ° at positive polar angles θn (+ 20 °, + 40 °, + 60 °), that is, φ = In the range of -30 ° to + 30 °, the minimum value of the transmittance is suppressed to within 5%.

FIG. 18 shows the relationship between polar angle and transmittance for each azimuth angle in a sample of a liquid crystal device configured using a conventional isotropic forward scattering film (trade name: IDS-16K, manufactured by Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.). 1 shows the measurement results. In the test, the results were obtained by using the same liquid crystal device as in the first test example and changing the forward scattering diffraction film to an isotropic scattering film.

From the results shown in FIG. 18, the transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light shows almost no change at any azimuth angle, almost overlaps with one curve, and the polar angle is maximized when the polar angle is 0 °. It is clear that even if it is changed to the minus region, it changes only about a few percent. From this result, it is clear that the effect of the present invention cannot be obtained even when a conventional isotropic forward scattering film is used for a liquid crystal device.

"Test Example 2"
Next, the brightness of the reflective type color liquid crystal display device when the polar angle θ1 and the polar angle θ2 in the previous test were variously changed was compared in an office under a fluorescent lamp lighting. As for the brightness, a reflection type color liquid crystal display device using a conventional isotropic forward scattering film (a reflection type color liquid crystal display device using an isotropic scattering film used in the measurement shown in FIG. 18 described above) and In comparison, the following Table 1 shows that those which could be recognized brighter than the conventional reflection type color liquid crystal display device were rated as Δ, equivalents were Δ, and those which were dark were ×.

"Table 1"
θ1 (°) -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
θ2 (°) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Evaluation result × × × × × △ △ △ ×
θ1 (°) -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
θ2 (°) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Evaluation result × × × × △ 〇 〇 〇 ×
θ1 (°) -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
θ2 (°) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Evaluation result × × × × △ 〇 〇 〇 ×
θ1 (°) -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
θ2 (°) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Evaluation result × × × × △ 〇 〇 〇 ×
θ1 (°) -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
θ2 (°) 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20
Evaluation result × × × × × △ △ △ ×
As is clear from the measurement results shown in Table 1, when the polar angle θ1 when the parallel ray transmitted light is the maximum is in the range of −40 ° ≦ θ1 ≦ 0 ° and in the range of 0 ° ≦ θ2 ≦ 40 °. The same level of brightness as the conventional product can be secured, and if the range of -30 ° ≦ θ1 ≦ −10 ° and the range of 10 ° ≦ θ2 ≦ 30 °, the incident light is scattered and diffracted when passing through this film. It can be seen that the liquid crystal display device with higher brightness than the conventional product can be obtained.

"Test Example 3"
A directional forward scattering diffraction film is prepared in which the parallel line transmittance T (0,0) in the normal direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is changed to various values, and a liquid crystal display provided with the directional forward scattering diffraction film The brightness of the device was compared in an office under fluorescent lighting. The compared conventional product is the same as that used in the previous test example. Table 2 below shows a case in which the image was recognized brighter than the conventional reflective color liquid crystal display device, a case in which the image was equivalent, and a case in which the image was dark.

"Table 2"
T (0,0) 3% 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Evaluation result △ 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 △ ×
As is clear from the results shown in Table 2, in the range of 3% ≦ T (0,0) ≦ 60%, more preferably 5% ≦ T (0,0) ≦ 40%, under the actual use environment. It is clear that a reflective color liquid crystal display device that is brighter than in the prior art can be provided.

Next, from the results shown in FIGS. 14, 15 and 16, when the azimuth angle φ of the directional forward scattering film is defined in the range of φ1 ± 60 ° and φ2 ± 60 °, the parallel line transmittance always becomes θ1. It is also evident that the peak shows a maximum and the parallel line transmittance shows a minimum at θ2.

"Test Example 4"
Next, a number of directional forward scattering diffraction films prepared by the transmission type hologram technology were prepared, and the brightness of the reflection type color display device when the value of (Tmax / Tmin) was adjusted to various values was adjusted. The results of comparison with the conventional liquid crystal display device are shown in Table 3 below. In the case where the recognition was more than twice as bright as the conventional liquid crystal display device, it was evaluated as 、, in the case where it was recognized as being brighter than the conventional product, in 〇, in the case of equivalent, in △, and in the case of dark, ×.

"Table 3"
Tmax / Tmin 10.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.0
Evaluation result ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ △ △ △
From the results shown in Table 3, it is clear that the recognition was particularly bright when the ratio between the minimum value and the maximum value of the parallel line transmittance described above was 2 or more.

"Test Example 5"
Assuming that the azimuth when the parallel line transmittance takes the minimum value or the maximum value is φ2 or φ1, the maximum value of the transmitted light characteristic measured by changing the polar angle θ in the range of φ2 ± 60 ° and φ1 ± 60 ° And the minimum value were measured. By changing this ratio, the brightness of the reflective type color liquid crystal display device was compared in an office under fluorescent lamp lighting. The compared conventional product is the same as that used in the previous test example. Table 4 below shows a case in which the image was recognized brighter than the conventional reflective color liquid crystal display device, a case in which the image was equivalent, and a case in which the image was dark.

"Table 4"
Maximum value / Minimum value 5.0 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.0
Evaluation result 〇 〇 〇 〇 △ △
From the results shown in Table 4, it was clarified that the value of the maximum value / the minimum value is preferably 1.5 or more. That is, when the azimuthal angle φ of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined in the range of φ1 ± 60 ° and φ2 ± 60 °, the ratio between the minimum value and the maximum value of the parallel line transmittance is 1.5 or more. it is obvious.

"Test Example 6"
When the polar angle θ is −60 ° ≦ θ ≦ + 60 °, the maximum value and the minimum value of the parallel line transmittance T are changed, and the brightness of the reflective color liquid crystal display device is compared in an office under fluorescent lamp lighting. did. The compared conventional product is the same as that used in the previous test example. In Table 5, the following items were indicated as Δ, those which were recognized brighter than the conventional reflection type color liquid crystal display device, Δ as those equivalent, and × as dark.

"Table 5"
Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Evaluation result × × △ △ △ ×
Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Evaluation result × 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Evaluation result △ 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Evaluation result △ 〇 〇 〇 〇 △
Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Evaluation result × 〇 〇 △ △ ×
Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Evaluation result × △ △ × × ×
Maximum transmittance Tmax 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
Minimum transmittance Tmin 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% Evaluation result × × × × × ×
From the results shown in Table 5, it can be seen that the maximum value / minimum value ≧ 2 is required and that the transmittance is 2% or more and 50% or less.

"Test Example 7"
Directional forward scattering diffraction film exhibiting characteristics as shown in FIG. 14 (the relationship between the maximum transmittance Tmax and the minimum transmittance Tmin of the parallel line transmitted light satisfies (Tmax / Tmin) ≒ 50: 6 ≒ 8.33). The intensity of transmitted light (scattered light and diffracted light) transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film was examined using (a directional forward scattering diffraction film produced by a transmission hologram technique).

The intensity of the transmitted light was measured using the measurement system shown in FIG. 19, using a directional forward scattering diffraction film (directional forward scattering diffraction film of Example) showing the above-mentioned rectangular (50 × 40) mm characteristic in plan view. ) 408 is set horizontally, and a directional forward scattering diffraction film 408 is installed from a light source K (installed at a position 300 mm away from the directional forward scattering diffraction film) of a (halogen) lamp disposed on the surface side of the directional forward scattering film 408. Light L is incident on the center of the surface at a polar angle (incident angle) θ = 25 degrees and an azimuth angle = 90 degrees, and the transmitted light transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film 408 is converted into a directional forward scattering diffraction film. A light receiving portion J having a light receiving element composed of a CCD arranged on the back side of the 408 (installed at a position 300 mm away from the directional forward scattering film) has a light receiving angle of 0 to 60 degrees (from the normal direction). The relationship between the angle of the light receiving portion J and the intensity of the transmitted light when light was received in the range of angles (polar angle) = 0 degrees to −60 degrees and azimuth angle = −90 degrees was examined. FIG. 20 shows the result.

For comparison, a conventional isotropic forward scattering film exhibiting characteristics as shown in FIG. 18 is arranged in place of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, and light L is incident from the light source K in the same manner as in the above method. The relationship between the light receiving angle when the transmitted light was received by the light receiving portion and the intensity of the transmitted light was examined. The results are shown in FIG. In FIG. 20, 1) shows the characteristics of the directional forward scattering diffraction film of the example. 2) is a characteristic of the isotropic forward scattering film of the comparative example.

From FIG. 20, the isotropic forward scattering film of the comparative example shows that the peak of the intensity of the transmitted light of the light L incident at an incident angle of 25 degrees is −25 degrees, and as the angle becomes smaller than −25 degrees (normal line). The intensity of the transmitted light decreases (as the angle approaches the direction H). From this, in the isotropic forward scattering film of the comparative example, the scattered light having the same size as the incident angle | θ | of the light L is strong (many), but the angle smaller than the incident angle | θ | The amount of scattered light in the range of an angle close to the normal direction H) is small. Therefore, when a reflective layer (specularly reflecting) is provided below the film (on the side where the light receiving portion is provided), the scattered light is The reflected light reflected by the layer passes through the isotropic forward scattering film and is emitted above the film (on the side opposite to the side on which the light receiving portion is provided). The emission angle of the emitted light is the angle from the normal direction of the scattered light. Therefore, the reflected light emitted in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the light L is weakened (reduced), and the user (observer) reflects the light L in the surface reflection direction (−25 degrees). When viewed from the direction of the normal H of the film, it is apparent that it is dark You.

On the other hand, in the directional forward scattering diffraction film of the example, the peak of the intensity of the transmitted light of the light L made incident at an incident angle of 25 degrees is −25 degrees, but the angle is smaller than −25 degrees (normal direction). At an angle close to H), and at a smaller angle than -12 degrees to around -13 degrees (angle from -12 degrees to around -13 degrees to the normal direction H) as compared with the comparative example. It can be seen that the intensity of the transmitted light is higher than that of the comparative example, especially around -6 degrees to -7 degrees.

From this, the directional forward scattering diffraction film of the example has a large amount of diffracted light and scattered light in the range of an angle smaller than the incident angle | θ | of the light L (an angle close to the normal direction H). When a reflective layer (specular reflection) is provided on the side where the light receiving section is provided), the above-mentioned diffracted light and scattered light are reflected by this reflective layer, and the reflected light passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film. The outgoing light emitted above the film (on the side opposite to the side on which the light receiving portion is provided) is strongly (more) emitted in an angle range smaller than the regular reflection direction of the light L, and the user (observer) receives the light L It can be seen that the film is brighter than that of the comparative example when observed from the direction H normal to the film, which is displaced from the surface reflection direction (−25 degrees).

"Test Example 8"
A user (observer) examined a state in which the liquid crystal device was used.

Here, when the 124 users (observers) use the reflective liquid crystal device of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the distribution of the incident angle θ of light such as illumination light incident on the liquid crystal panel was examined. . The results are shown in Table 6 below and FIG.
"Table 6"
Incident angle | θ | (degree) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Number of people 0 0 25 34 44 20 16 21 1 From the results shown in Table 6 and FIG. When observing the display of, the light such as the illumination light incident on the liquid crystal panel 10 at an angle of 20 to 35 degrees with respect to the normal line of the liquid crystal panel is often used as the incident light. I understand. Note that, when a similar test was performed using a conventional reflective liquid crystal device using the isotropic scattering film shown in FIG. 22A, substantially the same results as in Table 6 were obtained.

Next, the reflected light of the incident light incident on the liquid crystal panel at an angle of 20 to 35 degrees with respect to the normal line of the liquid crystal device of the embodiment shown in FIGS. The distribution of the observation angle (the angle to the normal of the liquid crystal panel, the observation direction) γ when observing was examined. The results are shown in Table 7 below and FIG.
"Table 7"
Observation angle γ (degrees) +5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Number of people 1 8 21 23 25 21 15 7 2 1
Based on the results shown in Table 7 and FIG. 21, the positive direction of the incident light incident on the liquid crystal panel at an angle of 20 to 35 degrees with respect to the normal of the liquid crystal device of the embodiment shown in FIGS. Many users observe from a direction of -30 degrees to 0 degrees (observation angle γ is in a range of -30 degrees to 0 degrees) excluding the reflection direction (range of -20 degrees to -35 degrees with respect to the normal). You can see that. Note that, when a similar test was performed using a conventional reflective liquid crystal device using the isotropic scattering film shown in FIG. 22A, substantially the same results as in Table 7 were obtained.

Next, from Tables 6 and 7, the relationship between the incident angle θ and the observation angle γ was examined. Table 8 shows the results.

"Table 8"
| Θ | − | γ | (degrees) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Number of people 1 16 28 41 30 7 1 0 0
From the results in Table 8, it can be seen that when the user observes the display of the liquid crystal device, the absolute value of the observation angle γ is often 5 to 20 degrees smaller than the absolute value of the incident angle θ. Note that, when a similar test was performed using a conventional reflective liquid crystal device using the isotropic scattering film shown in FIG. 22A, substantially the same results as in Table 8 were obtained.

From the above, a liquid crystal panel is provided with a directional forward scattering diffraction film in which the difference between the absolute value of the incident angle θ of the incident light and the absolute value of the diffraction angle α of the incident light is in the range of 5 to 20 degrees. In this case, the reflected light of the diffracted light can be emitted more strongly (more) from the normal reflection direction of the incident light by 5 to 20 degrees toward the normal direction, and the absolute value of the incident angle | θ | It is considered that when the display is observed at an observation angle | γ | that is smaller by 20 degrees, the display can be viewed brightly and clearly. Therefore, the characteristics shown in FIG. 14 (the relationship between the maximum transmittance Tmax and the minimum transmittance Tmin of the parallel-line transmitted light satisfies (Tmax / Tmin) ≒ 50: 6 ≒ 8.33) and FIG. In the reflection type liquid crystal display device of the embodiment in which the directional forward scattering diffraction film having the characteristic shown in 1) is provided in the liquid crystal panel, the observation was made almost from the normal direction of the panel shifted from the surface reflection direction of the liquid crystal panel. Brightness can be improved, a clear display mode can be obtained, and a bright and clear display can be obtained especially when the display is observed at an observation angle | γ | that is 5 to 20 degrees smaller than | θ |. I understand.

FIG. 1 is a plan view of the liquid crystal device according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. 1 taken along line AA. FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view showing a color filter portion of the liquid crystal device shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a positional relationship among a directional forward scattering diffraction film, a light source, a light receiving unit, a polar angle, an azimuth angle, and a parallel line transmitted light. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a positional relationship among a directional forward scattering diffraction film, a light source, and a light receiving unit. FIG. 6A is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between incident light and parallel-line transmitted light, diffuse transmitted light, and backscattered light and forward scattered light with respect to the directional forward scattering diffraction film, and FIG. 6B is directional forward scattering. It is explanatory drawing which shows an example of the cross-section of a diffraction film, and the relationship of incident light and reflected light. FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal panel provided in a liquid crystal device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal panel provided in a liquid crystal device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal panel provided in a liquid crystal device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view illustrating a liquid crystal device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating a case where reflective display is performed without using a front light, and FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a case where reflection display is performed using a front light. FIG. 11 is a schematic sectional view showing a liquid crystal device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a touch panel provided in the liquid crystal device of FIG. FIG. 13A is a perspective view showing a mobile phone, FIG. 13B is a perspective view showing an example of a portable information processing apparatus, and FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of a wristwatch-type electronic device. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a result of measuring the first example of the relationship between the polar angle and the transmittance measured in the example for each azimuth. FIG. 15 shows the result of measuring the second example of the relationship between the polar angle and the transmittance measured in the example for each azimuth angle, and the measurement result when the ratio between the minimum value and the maximum value of the parallel line transmittance is 4 FIG. FIG. 16 shows the result of measuring the third example of the relationship between the polar angle and the transmittance measured in the embodiment for each azimuth angle, and the measurement result when the ratio between the minimum value and the maximum value of the parallel line transmittance is 2 FIG. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the result of measuring the relationship between the azimuth angle and the transmittance measured in the example for each polar angle. FIG. 18 is a view showing the result of measuring the relationship between the polar angle and the transmittance measured for each azimuth angle in the comparative example. It is explanatory drawing of the measuring method of the intensity | strength of transmitted light in a test example. It is a figure which shows the transmitted light intensity at the time of making an incident angle | corner incident light 25 degrees in an Example and a comparative example. It is a figure which shows the distribution of an incident angle and an observation angle at the time of using a liquid crystal display device. FIG. 22 shows a conventional reflection type liquid crystal device. FIG. 22 (a) is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a reflection type liquid crystal device provided with a scattering film, and FIG. 22 (b) is a reflection type liquid crystal provided with an internal diffusion plate. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a liquid crystal device.

Explanation of reference numerals

θn: polar angle φm: azimuth angle K: light source J: light receiving unit L1: incident light L6: diffracted light R1: reflected light α: diffraction angle α2・ Emission angle γ ・ ・ ・ Observation angle LT ・ ・ ・ Diffuse transmitted light (forward scattered light, diffracted light)
L3: Parallel line transmitted light (forward scattered light)
Tmax (φ1, θ1): maximum transmittance Tmin (φ2, θ2): minimum transmittance 10, 40, 50, 10a: liquid crystal panel 15: liquid crystal layer 17, 28, 28 ', 28a ... Substrate 18 ... Directional forward scattering diffraction film 20 ... Color filter layer 23,35 ... Electrode layer 31 ... Reflective layer 52 ... Semi-transmissive reflective layer 60 ... Light source (illumination) apparatus)
200: mobile phone body 201, 302, 401: liquid crystal display unit 300: information processing device 400: watch body 408: directional forward scattering diffraction film 510: touch panel (input device)
511: Lower substrate 512: Upper substrate

Claims (16)

A pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between these substrates, a reflective layer provided on one substrate on the liquid crystal layer side, and a directional forward scattering provided on the other substrate on the side opposite to the liquid crystal layer side. A liquid crystal panel having a diffraction film,
Light is incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film from a light source disposed on one surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, and passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film at a light receiving unit disposed on the other surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film. When observing parallel line transmitted light excluding diffuse transmitted light,
The incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal line of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as a polar angle θn, the incident light angle in the in-plane direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as an azimuth angle φm, and the parallel line transmission is defined. When the maximum transmittance of the light is defined as Tmax (φ1, θ1) and the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is defined as Tmin (φ2, θ2), the incidence at the polar angle and the azimuth indicating the minimum transmittance. The directional forward scattering diffraction film so that the incident light side in the case of the polar angle and the azimuth angle indicating the maximum transmittance is on the viewing direction side of the liquid crystal panel so that the light side is on the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel. A liquid crystal device characterized by being arranged on a liquid crystal panel. A pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between these substrates, a semi-transmissive reflective layer provided on the liquid crystal layer side of one substrate, and a directivity provided on the opposite side of the liquid crystal layer side of the other substrate. A liquid crystal panel having a forward scattering diffraction film,
Light is incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film from a light source disposed on one surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, and passes through the directional forward scattering diffraction film at a light receiving unit disposed on the other surface side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film. When observing parallel line transmitted light excluding diffuse transmitted light,
The incident angle of the incident light with respect to the normal line of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as a polar angle θn, the incident light angle in the in-plane direction of the directional forward scattering diffraction film is defined as an azimuth angle φm, and the parallel line transmission is defined. When the maximum transmittance of the light is defined as Tmax (φ1, θ1) and the minimum transmittance of the parallel line transmitted light is defined as Tmin (φ2, θ2), the incidence at the polar angle and the azimuth indicating the minimum transmittance. The directional forward scattering diffraction film so that the light side is the daylighting side of the liquid crystal panel, and the incident light side in the case of a polar angle and an azimuth indicating the maximum transmittance is the observation direction side of the liquid crystal panel. Is disposed on the liquid crystal panel. When the maximum transmittance of the parallel light is Tmax (φ1, θ1) and the minimum transmittance of the parallel light is Tmin (φ2, θ2), the relationship of φ1 = φ2 ± 180 ° is satisfied. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein: The incident angle of the incident light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film from the daylighting side with respect to the normal line of the film is θ, and the film of the diffracted light diffracted when the incident light is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film. When the diffraction angle with respect to the normal line is defined as α, the directional forward scattering diffraction film is configured such that the incident light and the diffracted light satisfy a relationship of | α | <| θ |. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein: The incident angle of the incident light incident on the directional forward scattering diffraction film from the daylighting side with respect to the normal line of the film is θ, and the film of the diffracted light diffracted when the incident light is transmitted through the directional forward scattering diffraction film. Is defined as α, the directional forward scattering diffraction film is such that the incident light and the diffracted light satisfy the relationship of 5 degrees ≦ | θ | − | α | ≦ 20 degrees. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal device has a configuration. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the directional forward scattering diffraction film is a hologram. 7. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein a liquid crystal driving electrode is provided on the liquid crystal layer of the one substrate and the liquid crystal layer of the other substrate. 8. 8. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein a color filter is provided on one of the pair of substrates on one liquid crystal layer side. 9. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein fine irregularities are formed on a surface of the reflection layer or the transflective layer. 9. A planar light-emitting body which emits illumination light to the liquid crystal panel is provided on a side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film opposite to the other substrate side. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1. An input device formed having at least one substrate and detecting a position coordinate by an input by pressing the substrate surface, a side opposite to the other substrate side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film of the liquid crystal device or The liquid crystal device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the liquid crystal device is provided on a side of the planar light emitter opposite to a directional forward scattering diffraction film side. The side opposite to the other substrate side of the directional forward scattering diffraction film, or the side opposite to the directional forward scattering diffraction film side of the planar light emitter, or the side opposite to the directional forward scattering diffraction film side of the input device. The liquid crystal device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein a light-transmitting protective plate is provided on a side of the input device, or on a side of the input device opposite to the surface light-emitting body. 13. The film according to claim 1, wherein the directional forward scattering diffraction film is a film in which a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer are alternately laminated obliquely to a normal direction of a film surface. The liquid crystal device according to the item. 14. The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the directional forward scattering diffraction film has a haze in a normal direction of the film surface of 5% or more and 40% or less. A pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between these substrates, a reflective layer provided on one substrate on the liquid crystal layer side, and a directional forward scattering provided on the other substrate on the side opposite to the liquid crystal layer side. Diffraction film, comprising a liquid crystal panel, the directional forward scattering diffraction film is a film in which a high-refractive-index layer and a low-refractive-index layer are alternately laminated obliquely to the film surface normal direction, A liquid crystal device, wherein the reflective layer has fine irregularities. An electronic apparatus comprising the liquid crystal device according to any one of claims 1 to 15 as a display unit.

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