JP2004011147A

JP2004011147A - Building method of decorative form and general form

Info

Publication number: JP2004011147A
Application number: JP2002162404A
Authority: JP
Inventors: Akira Kato; 加藤　明
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2002-06-04
Filing date: 2002-06-04
Publication date: 2004-01-15
Anticipated expiration: 2022-06-04
Also published as: JP3629014B2

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a building method of decorative form capable of vertically constructing a concrete structure with high precision by surely retaining the vertical by a form without welding a separator to a brace, providing a concrete structure sufficiently expressing an intended beautiful apperance without causing a flaw such as shrinkage or damage in a decorative plate, and easily performing the construction at a low cost without requiring much man-hour or time. <P>SOLUTION: This building method of decorative form comprises the followings. Two forms are raised substantially in parallel to each other, and the space between the two forms is determined by a width determining device at the top parts of the two forms. Simultaneously with it, the two forms are fastened, in a section crossing the internal space of the two forms, by a pair of connecting members for diagonally connecting the upper part and bottom parts of the two forms located on the upper side of the top end surface of a structure to be molded and the width determining device, and firmly assembled and fixed while retaining the vertical of the two forms so as to sufficiently resist the pressure of concrete placing or the like or cause no disorder. Thereafter, a decorative plate is rapidly mounted on one side or both side of the opposed surfaces of the forms. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、少なくても表面の一部に意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を構築するにあたり好適に用いられる化粧型枠の建込み方法、及び通常型枠の建込み方法に関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】従来、建物や建物基礎等のコンクリート構造物を構築する際に一般に使用されているコンパネを用いた型枠工法は、木材の軽量性、加工性の良さ、等から構造物の形状に容易に追従可能であり、合理性に富んだ工法である。最近では、建物や建物基礎のみならず、擁壁や海岸又は港の防波突堤、防波堤、等をコンクリート構造物として構築することが増えてきている。旧来の大きな自然石や割石、あるいは耐食処理された木材を用いる工法は、より自然破壊につながる上に、構造上の非堅牢性、工期の遅延、高コストになる所以である。
【０００３】コンクリート構造物は、通常、特別な表面形状をなさない所謂コンクリート打ち放しも素朴で好ましく感じられ得る。しかしながら、防波突堤や防波堤等の、自然の中に構築されるコンクリート構造物においては、例えば石積みや石面や木柵等を擬装することが好ましく感じられるのも事実である。
【０００４】以上の事情から、少なくても表面の一部に意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を構築するにあたり化粧型枠の需要が生じ、研究され、実際に多く使用されるようになってきており、近年、表面をカラー仕上げにすることも行われつつあり、今後、益々増加の一途を辿るものと予測される。
【０００５】ところが、現在行われている工法では、その化粧型枠の建込み段階を主因として、問題が存在する。以下に、先ず、コンクリート構造物として通常の防波突堤を構築する場合を例に、従来の木製型枠の建込み方法について、図面を参照して説明する。
【０００６】図２は、防波突堤を構築するに用いられる従来の型枠の建込み方法（第１の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。又、図９は、仮立てした型枠の上部振れ止め及び転倒防止対策に用いるタル木の使用状態並びに型枠を垂直にするために用いるパイプサポート（ＰＳとも記す）の使用方法を説明する図である。以下に、図２及び図９を参酌して、従来の第１の建込み方法について説明する。
【０００７】（１）先ず、法線側の基礎コンクリート２４の側面に残留しているプラスチックコーン（Ｐコンとも記す）の軸足に合わせて型枠２１ａの下部を穿孔し、得られた孔をＰコンの軸足に嵌め込み、その軸足の先端螺子部に型枠２１ａ背面側よりホームタイを螺合し、基礎コンクリート２４の側面と型枠２１ａとを隙間なく密着させることにより、型枠２１ａを仮に立てる。
【０００８】（２）次いで、図９に示されるように、上記型枠上部振れ止め、転倒防止対策としてタル木８１を差し筋２５ｂと型枠２１ａ頂部に渡して、タル木８１と差し筋２５ｂとは点Ｔにおいて番線で緊縛し、タル木８１と型枠２１ａ頂部とは点Ｓにおいて大きめの釘を打ち込み仮固定する。
【０００９】（３）対向する側においても、上記（１）、（２）の作業を繰り返し、型枠２１ｂを仮立てし振れ止め、転倒防止対策を施す。この時点で２面の型枠２１ａ，２１ｂは概ね垂直に保持される。
【００１０】（４）型枠２１ａ，２１ｂにセパレータ２３を取り付ける位置を決定し、その位置にセパレータ２３を挿入する孔を穿孔し、得られた孔にセパレータ２３の先端部を型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの内面側より挿入しながら、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの背面側よりホームタイ５をセパレータ２３の先端部Ｐコン螺子に螺合する。
【００１１】（５）タテバタ９を型枠２１ａ背面に沿わせて立て、ヨコバタ７を添えて、締付座金３により、セパレータ２３、型枠２１ａ、タテバタ９、ヨコバタ７の四者を固定する。
【００１２】（６）型枠２１ｂ側においても上記（５）の作業を同様に施す。尚、図２は、一の垂直断面上にセパレータ２３を４段設けた例である。
【００１３】（７）次いで、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの最上部付近において幅決材２２を用いることにより、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂ間の幅を決定する。そして、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの内面をＰＳ８２で押し（突き）、タル木８１を取り除く。この時点で、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂは精密ではないが大略垂直である。尚、ＰＳ８２を型枠の背面側から押したりチェーン等で引き寄せることは、構築する構造物が防波突堤、防波堤の場合は施工現場が海であることから不可能である。
【００１４】（８）最後に、２本の筋交い２６を、最上段のセパレータ２３の点Ｑ，Ｒにおいて溶接等で固着する。点Ｑ，Ｒは、それぞれ近傍の型枠２１ａ，２１ｂとの距離が概ね等しくなるように位置決めされている。更に、４本の筋交い２７は、差し筋２５ｃと、上から２〜４段目のセパレータ２３とを溶接等により頑丈に固着し、ＰＳを取り除けば、粗方、建込み完了である。
【００１５】尚、差し筋２５ａ，２５ｂは、差し筋２５ａと型枠２１ａとの距離、及び、差し筋２５ｂと型枠２１ｂとの距離が概ね等しくなるように位置決めされている。セパレータ２３は、コンクリート打設による両面型枠の膨らみを防ぎ、且つ、間隔を正確に保つために用いられ、一般に直径が数〜十数ｍｍの丸鋼棒であり、先端部が螺子切りしてある。
【００１６】次に、図３は、他の従来の型枠建込み方法（第２の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。従来の第２の建込み方法は、上記した従来の第１の建込み方法のうち、筋交い２７（４本）を省いたものである。
【００１７】更に、図４は、構造物の幅が比較的広く高さが低い場合に多用される従来の型枠の建込み方法（第３の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。従来の第３の建込み方法は、上記した従来の第１及び第２の建込み方法と概ね同じであるが、使用するセパレータが異なり、図示されるように、片螺子セパレータ４８と差し筋４５ａ〜４５ｄは筋交い４７とで固着（溶接）し型枠の垂直を確保する。片螺子セパレータ４８は、径が概ね１２〜１５ｍｍ、長さが１００ｍｍ程度の片螺子の短物であり、筋交い４７は、第１及び第２の建込み方法で用いるものより太めの丸棒鋼を使用する。
【００１８】防波突堤等を構築する場合、例えば法線方向に６００ｍｍピッチでセパレータをセットし、幅決具は概ね１２００〜１５００ｍｍ間隔に設けて、上記第１〜第３の何れか適合した建込み方法を選び施工する。
【００１９】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、上記した防波突堤等にかかる従来の建込み方法では、型枠の対向する内面への化粧板の取り付けは、セパレータや筋交いを取り付けた後に化粧板の取り付けを行うことがセパレータや筋交いが障害となり不可能に近いことから、型枠を立てる時とほぼ同じ時、即ち、セパレータや筋交いを取り付ける前に行う必要が生じる。セパレータや筋交いを取り付けた後に、無理に化粧板の取り付けを行おうとすれば、化粧板を切断し小片にせざるを得ず、作業性が著しく悪く莫大な時間と労力を要しコスト高となる上に、瑕疵なく取り付けることが極困難であり、コンクリート構造物が意図する美観を表し得なくなるおそれがある。
【００２０】ところが、セパレータや筋交いを取り付ける前に型枠の対向する内面へ化粧板を取り付けた場合には、その後に、上記したように、型枠を確実に鉛直に立てるために、型枠内面からＰＳで押す（突く）、セパレータと筋交いを溶接する。このようなＰＳで押す（突く）、及び溶接作業を行うことから、化粧板がＰＳの受板により損傷したり、溶接熱による収縮、等の瑕疵が生じ、コンクリート構造物が意図する本来の美観は大いに損なわれる。このような事情から、従来、型枠を確実に鉛直に立て、意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を精度よく鉛直に構築することは困難であった。
【００２１】本発明は上記した従来の問題に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的とするところは、セパレータと筋交いを溶接することなく、型枠が確実に鉛直を保持し、コンクリート構造物を高い精度で鉛直に構築することが出来、且つ、化粧板に収縮、損傷等の瑕疵が生じることなく、意図する美観を充分に表したコンクリート構造物を得ることが可能であって、多くの工数（時間）をかけずに容易に、より低コストで行うことが出来る化粧型枠の建込み方法を提供することにある。
【００２２】今日に至るまで、化粧板を用いたコンクリート構造物、例えば防波突堤、防波堤、等の型枠工法は確立されておらず、苦慮に苦慮を重ねて、難題に取り組んできたが、型枠の鉛直確保、溶接熱による化粧板の収縮対策、化粧板を切断することなく瑕疵を生じない化粧板の取り付け方法等について多岐にわたり研究が重ねられた結果、以下に示す手段により、上記目的が達成されることが見出された。
【００２３】
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明によれば、次に示す化粧型枠の建込み方法が提供される。
【００２４】即ち、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法は、構造物の成形に用いられ、型枠と化粧板とを有する化粧型枠の建込み方法であって、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、２面の型枠の頂部において、幅決具により２面の型枠の間隔を決定するとともに、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される構造物の天端面より上側に位置する２面の型枠の上部と底面部とを対角線状に結ぶ一対の接続部材、及び、幅決具、により２面の型枠を緊張して、２面の型枠の鉛直を保持したまま、時化時の高波、突風、コンクリート打設等の圧力に充分に耐え、狂いを生じないように、強固に、組み固めることが可能な建込み過程を有し、その建込み過程の直後、速やかに、化粧板が、型枠の対向する面の両側又は片側に取り付けられることを特徴とする化粧型枠の建込み方法である。
【００２５】型枠とはコンクリート通常型枠を指し、本明細書において単に型枠というときには所定の形状を有する１枚単位の型枠を指す。又、化粧板として例えば発泡ポリスチレン製のものを用いることが出来る。
【００２６】本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、上記化粧板の取り付けを終えた後に、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される構造物の天端面より下側も鉛直を保持したまま、２面の型枠どうしを概ね水平に結ぶ縦列上下に一本乃至複数本のセパレータにより、２面の型枠どうしをコンクリート幅厚み方向に強固に接合し組み固められる。
【００２７】上記建込み過程は、２面の型枠内面を横断する断面を基準面として概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍ間隔毎に、法線に対し概ね９０°で横断する他の断面においても、繰り返し行うことによって、全ての化粧型枠を立設することが可能である。（尚、法線が曲線になる場合には、上記建込み過程は、その断面を基準面として概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍ間隔毎に、法線と背面ラインとを結ぶ最短距離の断面において、繰り返し行う。）予め決められた基準線を法線といい、この線上に測点を設置し、概ね直角方向に断面図を作成し施工にあたる（図７参照）。
【００２８】本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、幅決具が、コンクリート投入打設用足場受けを兼ねることが出来る。又、底面部として、基礎コンクリート又はケーソン等の上部に差し込まれた差し筋又はアンカー筋を用いることが好ましく、接続部材としてターンバックル付フック及び継足材を用いる。その継足材としてはチェーン又は丸棒鋼を用いることが出来る。尚、差し筋の基礎コンクリート等への差込量は、例えば差し筋全長の半分程度とすればよい。
【００２９】本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法は、構造物として防波突堤又は防波堤を構築する場合に、好適に用いられる。
【００３０】ところで、上記した化粧型枠の建込み方法を構成する建込み過程で、化粧板を必要としない（意匠を施さない）通常のコンクリート構造物を構築する場合においても、従来の工法に比較して、工数（時間）が大幅に減縮され、より低コストであり、しかも高精度である。従って、本発明により、次の通常型枠の建込み方法が提供される。
【００３１】即ち、本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は、構造物の成形に用いられる型枠の建込み方法であって、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、その２面の型枠の頂部において、幅決具により２面の型枠の間隔を決定するとともに、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される構造物の天端面より上側の２面の型枠の上部と、底面部と、を対角線状に結ぶ一対のターンバックル付フック及び継足材、並びに、幅決具、により２面の型枠を緊張して、２面の型枠の鉛直を保持したまま組み固める建込み過程を有することを特徴とする。化粧板にかかる工程のみを除けば、上記化粧型枠の建込み方法にかかる建込み過程と同様の建込み過程を有する通常型枠の建込み方法である。
【００３２】
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。先ず、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法について説明する。この建込み方法は、型枠と化粧板とを有する化粧型枠の建込み方法である。即ち、本発明にいう化粧型枠とは、コンクリート構造物に意匠を施すための型である化粧板と、打設するコンクリートの打設圧及び重量を支えるための型枠に分離され得る型枠である。尚、意匠とは、表面が平滑でなく一見してコンクリートに見え難い工夫程度を意味する。
【００３３】型枠は、通常、合板、縦桟木、及び横桟木からなり、木材で形成されることが多いが、本発明においては、木製型枠に限定されるものではない。鋼製型枠であっても、本発明は適用可能である。又、型枠の補強材として、強度を向上させるために必要に応じた数のタテバタ、ヨコバタが、縦方向と横方向に格子状に取り付けられるが、この補強材としても、充分な強度が保たれれば、木製でも鋼製であってもよい。通常、木製の型枠と鋼製の補強材が多用されることから、本明細書において、木製型枠と、鋼製の補強材を用いた場合を例示して説明する。
【００３４】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、２面の型枠内面を横断する断面において、幅決具により２面の型枠頂部をそれぞれ嵌合係止して、２面の型枠の間隔を固定するとともに、一の型枠側の底面部と他の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、及び、他の型枠側の底面部と一の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、を例えばターンバックル付フック及び継足材からなる接続部材を用いて緊張し、２面の型枠を鉛直に立てる建込み過程を含み、その後に、化粧板を２面の型枠の対向する面板に取り付けられることに特徴がある。尚、本明細書において、平行に立つ型枠の対向する面の側を型枠の内面側とよび、その裏側を背面側とよぶ。
【００３５】本発明にかかる建込み過程によれば、従来の建込み方法のようにセパレータ（型枠の膨らみを防ぎコンクリート厚み幅の間隔を正確に保つ支物を指す、通し用丸セパレータが多く用いられる、本明細書においては通し用丸セパレータを単にセパレータと記す）や筋交いを、型枠の面板（型枠の対向する内面にあたる）上であって成形される構造物に相当する高さ内に取り付けることなく、２面の型枠を鉛直に立てることが出来る。勿論、パイプサポートやタル木は不要である。従って容易に化粧板を取り付けられ、尚且つ、化粧板に瑕疵を生じることがない。
【００３６】上記接続部材は、概ね対角線を形成する筋交いである。一の型枠側の底面部と他の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、及び、他の型枠側の底面部と一の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、を結ぶものであるので、従来方法の筋交いのように型枠に化粧板を取り付ける際の障害にはならず、型枠を鉛直に立てた後に、型枠の面板に化粧板を容易に取り付けることが出来る。
【００３７】型枠の鉛直を保持したまま化粧板を型枠の面板に取り付けた後に、セパレータをセットし、型枠背面を組固める。セパレータの設置数は、構造物の高さ（型枠の高さはコンクリート構造物の高さに概ね１００〜１５０ｍｍ加えた高さ）により決定すればよいが、コンクリート打設圧に対する安全性、出来栄え、等を考慮し、間隔を決定する。例えば２面の型枠内面を横断するセパレータは縦方向、横方向ともに６００ｍｍピッチで配列する。本発明においては、化粧板を設置した後に、鉛直確保のための内部空間に全く筋交いを用いないため溶接は不要になる。従って、当然溶接に伴う瑕疵は生じない。
【００３８】最初に２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てする方法は、後に幅決具により２面の型枠の頂部を嵌合係止する等の作業が行えればよく、限定されるものではない。例えば、基礎コンクリートを打設し、脱型した後に型枠を立設する場合には、基礎コンクリートの側面に残留しているＰコンをそのまま取り付けておき、そのＰコン軸足に合致する孔を穿孔した型枠を、Ｐコン軸足に嵌め込み、基礎コンクリートの側面に沿わせて立たせ、Ｐコン軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ（型枠締め付け具兼バタ締め付け具）を螺合して、型枠を基礎コンクリートの側面に隙間なく密着させる手段を、それぞれの型枠毎に用いる。
【００３９】又、コンクリート構造物が防波堤等の場合に基礎として用いられ得るケーソン（水中基礎工事用潜函）上に型枠を立設する場合には、図４の如くケーソン両側に足場を設け、型枠をケーソンの側面に沿わせて足場より稍上から立たせ、上記基礎コンクリートがある場合とおおよそ同様の手段を用いて、２面の型枠を組固める。尚、セルラーブロック、直立消波ブロック、鋼管杭等の上部に、防波突堤、防波堤を構築する場合であっても、ケーソン上に型枠を立設する方法と概ね同一手順とすればよい。
【００４０】幅決具とは、２面の型枠の間隔、即ち、型枠の法線が直線状の場合に法線（前面）と背面ラインとを概ね９０°で横断する２面の型枠の面間の幅を決定する道具である。法線が曲線状の場合には法線と背面ラインとを最短距離で横断する２面の型枠の面間幅を決定する道具となる。幅決具は、その下面にＬ型鋼（等辺山型鋼）で嵌合部を形成し、その嵌合部に型枠の頂部（通常、構造物の天端より１００〜１５０ｍｍ上側）を嵌め込むことにより、２面の型枠の間隔を固定する。
【００４１】緊張される接続部材（筋交い）の上端は、後に成形される構造物の天端面より上側にあり、化粧板を取り付ける作業の障害にならない位置にある。接続部材の下端は底面部に固着されるが、その底面部として差し筋等を採用することが出来る。即ち、基礎コンクリートの型枠近傍に差し筋等を設けておき、通常、その差し筋等と化粧板取り付け前に溶接し固着する。尚、ケーソン上に構築する場合には、ケーソン天端部に差し筋又はアンカー筋を設ける。その差し筋又はアンカー筋に接続部材の下端を溶接する。
【００４２】通常の場合、対向する２面の型枠がそれぞれ連なって形成され、本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法にかかる建込み過程は、その対向する面の長手方向に対して概ね直角に横断する断面において行われる。最初に本発明にかかる建込み過程を施した断面を基準面として、所定の間隔毎に型枠の長手方向に対して概ね９０°で横断する他の断面において繰り返し行うことによって、型枠全体のうち長手方向の型枠を鉛直に施工することが可能である。間隔は概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍとすることが好ましい。
【００４３】本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法により型枠全体を立設し、コンクリートを投入打設し、養生期間を経過した後の脱型時に、化粧板をはぎ取り、化粧板用セパレータジョイント、Ｐコン、等を完全に抜取した後、化粧板用セパレータジョイント、Ｐコン等で成形されていた凹部へ、モルタルを充填する。
【００４４】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法により得られるコンクリート構造物、例えば防波突堤、防波堤、等は、表面に意匠が施され環境に融合し得て、且つ、法線が乱れることなく（法線が直線であれば一直線になり、法線が曲線であれば滑らかな曲線になる）、鉛直に立設され、安定感を与え得る。
【００４５】以下、図面に基づき、本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法について、更に詳しく説明する。説明にかかわりコンクリート構造物の一例として、表面に石積みを擬装した意匠が施されてなり、高さ２．５ｍ、幅３ｍ、１スパンの長さ１０ｍの防波突堤を挙げる。
【００４６】図７は、これを構築するのに用いる化粧型枠（化粧板取付直前）全体の一実施形態を示す上部平面図である。その型枠は、長手方向に、片側あたり、横９００ｍｍ×縦２６５０ｍｍの型枠１１を１１枚（合計２２枚）と、それに加えて調整用補助型枠７２を１枚（合計２枚）立て、短手方向に、補助型枠１枚を含んだ４枚（合計８枚）の端部型枠７１を立てて形成され、型枠全体は概ね長手方向１０．１２ｍ、短手方向３．１２ｍになる（３ｍ＋（化粧板６０ｍｍ×２）＝３．１２ｍ）。そして、対向して平行に立つ型枠１１を概ね１．８ｍ間隔で横断する６つの断面において、本発明にかかる建込み過程が行われ、幅決具１２により幅（平行に立つ型枠１１の間隔）が固定されるとともに精度よく鉛直に立つ防波突堤用の化粧型枠（化粧板取付直前）が立設される。
【００４７】複数の幅決具１２はコンクリート投入打設用の足場受材になり、コンクリートを投入打設する際には、丈夫な足場板が幅決具１２の上面に置かれ、幅決具１２と足場板とが番線等で緊縛される。
【００４８】図６に、幅決具１２の一例を斜視図として示す。例えば、断面が角状で６０ｍｍ×６０ｍｍ、長さが４ｍの角鋼管６１の両端近傍において、それぞれ２ケのＬ型鋼６２を溶接にて固着され、２つの嵌合部６４を形成してなる幅決具１２を用いることが出来る（図６では角鋼管６１の一端近傍を示している）。この２つの嵌合部６４に対向する２面の型枠の頂部を嵌め込み係止することにより、２面の型枠の間隔を固定することが出来る。幅決具１２の２つの嵌合部６４を形成する計４個のＬ型鋼６２のうち、内側のＬ型鋼６２には、掛止部６３が形成される。掛止部６３は、補強材としての鋼板に掛止用の孔を設けたリブをＬ型鋼６２に溶接したものである。又、Ｌ型鋼６２のうち、外側のＬ型鋼６２には、孔のない通常のリブが溶接されている。
【００４９】最初に、図７に示すＣＣ断面（化粧板取り付け直前）において、２面の型枠（型枠１１に含まれる型枠１１ａと調整用補助型枠７２及び型枠１１ｂと調整用補助型枠７２）を鉛直に立てる。図１は、鉛直を確保し、型枠１１ａ及び型枠１１ｂの内面側（面板）に化粧板１０を取り付けた断面図である（セパレータはセットされる直前である）。又、図５は、図１において幅決具１２が型枠１１ａを嵌合係止する部分と成形される構造物の僅か上部を組固めた部分を拡大するとともに、化粧板１０を取り付けた後にセパレータ１３をセットし型枠１１ａ背面の上段を組固めた状態を示す図である。更に、図８は、型枠１１ａの下部を拡大した断面図であり、型枠１１ａを基礎コンクリート１４の側面に合わせて仮立てし、下部のみを組固めた状態を表す。以下、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法について、その一例を説明する。
【００５０】（Ａ）先ず、図８に示す如く、一の型枠１１ａの下部を法線側の基礎コンクリート１４の側面に残留しているＰコン４の軸足に合わせて穿孔し、その孔をＰコン４の軸足に嵌め込み、型枠１１ａ背面よりＰコン４の軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ５を螺合し、基礎コンクリート１４の側面と型枠１１ａとを隙間なく密着させることにより、型枠１１ａを仮に立てる。
【００５１】対向する他の型枠１１ｂも同様にして仮立てする。これを交互に繰り返し、全ての型枠１１と調整用補助型枠７２を仮立てする。タテバタ９（縦方向補強鋼管）を型枠１１の背面に添え立てるとともに、ヨコバタ７（横方向補強鋼管）を添える（格子状に取り付けられるタテバタ９とヨコバタ７の最下段に相当する）。そして、締付座金３により型枠１１と調整用補助型枠７２の下部のみを組固める。図１０は、タテバタ９がセットされた型枠１１を背面側からみた図である。図示されるように、タテバタ９は縦桟木９１と縦桟木９１との中間に立てることが好ましい。
【００５２】（Ｂ）次に、図５に示す（法線側のみ）如く、幅決具１２の嵌合部６４に、型枠１１ａ，１１ｂの頂部を嵌め込み係止し、対向する型枠１１ａと型枠１１ｂの間隔を固定する。（調整用補助型枠７２も含まれているが、以下省略する。）
【００５３】（Ｃ）続いて、型枠１１ａの頂部を係止した側の幅決具１２の掛止部６３と、対向する型枠１１ｂ側の基礎コンクリート１４の差し筋１５ｂとを、ターンバックル１６とチェーン１７とからなる接続部材１８によって接続する。掛止部６３にはターンバックル１６のフックを掛け、差し筋１５ｂとチェーン１７の端部を溶接する（図１のＢ点）。
【００５４】同様に、型枠１１ｂの頂部を係止した側の幅決具１２の掛止部６３と、型枠１１ａ側の基礎コンクリート１４の差し筋１５ａとを、ターンバックル１６とチェーン１７とからなる接続部材１８によって、接続する。掛止部６３にはターンバックル１６のフックを掛け、差し筋１５ａとチェーン１７の端部を溶接する（図１のＡ点）。そして、ターンバックル１６を締め付けて、対向する型枠１１ａ，１１ｂが正確に鉛直に立つように交差した２つの接続部材１８を緊張する。尚、差し筋１５ａ，１５ｂは曲げている。理由は、作業者の安全を図るためであるが、強いて曲げる必要はない。そして、型枠１１ａのコンクリート天端面１９より僅か上側にＰコン４をセットするために穿孔し、得られた孔にＰコン４の軸足を型枠１１ａ内面より挿入し、型枠１１ａの背面側よりＰコン４の軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ５を螺合し、Ｐコン４と型枠１１ａを確実に締め付け、その後に、ヨコバタ７を添えて組固める。（格子状に取り付けられるタテバタ９とヨコバタ７の最上段に相当する）対向する型枠１０ｂも同作業を繰り返す。（図５）
【００５５】上記した建込み過程を、図７に示すＣＣ断面以外の幅決具１２が示される残りの５つの断面においても、繰り返し行うことにより、法線側及び対向する背面側の両型枠１１全体を鉛直確保する。
【００５６】（Ｄ）次に、端部型枠（止め、妻型枠ともよぶ）７１を従来の方法（第３の建込み方法に準じる）に従い、組固める。尚、端部型枠７１の背面側よりＰＳ等で押せる場合には、コンクリート打設圧に充分耐え得るように、頑丈に押すことが好ましい。端部型枠７１のセパレータの溶接を省けるメリットがある。
【００５７】（Ｅ）その後、型枠１１の対向する内面、即ち面板８に、化粧板１０を小釘にて丁寧に打ち込み取り付ける。
【００５８】（Ｆ）そして、図５に示すように（図は型枠１１ａ側のみ示す）、コンクリート構造物の天端面より下部の化粧板１０及び型枠１１ａ，１１ｂにセパレータ１３を通す孔を穿孔し、対向する型枠１１ａと型枠１１ｂに掛け渡すセパレータ１３を、型枠１１ａ，１１ｂの内面側から挿入すると同時に型枠１１ａ，１１ｂ背面側からホームタイ５をセパレータ１３先端の化粧板用セパレータジョイント６に螺合する。そして、各段全ての螺合が完了した後に、ヨコバタ７を添えて締付座金３により締め付け、型枠１１全体を組固める。最後に、型枠１１全体の鉛直微調整を行って組固め、化粧型枠全体の建込みが完了する。
【００５９】続いて、本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法について説明する。この建込み方法は、上記した化粧板を有する化粧型枠の建込み方法に示される建込み過程を有する方法である。即ち、本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法から、化粧板にかかる工程のみを除いたものである。再述は避けるが、上記（Ａ）〜（Ｃ）の建込み過程を行った後に、上記（Ｄ）の通り端部型枠を組固め、上記（Ｆ）の通り（化粧板は除く）セパレータ（先端部にＰコン）を取り付けて型枠全体を組固め、最後に全体の微調整を行って型枠全体の建込みを完了、即、コンクリート投入打設が出来る態勢となる。
【００６０】本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は、従来の方法（例えば上記（１）〜（８））に比較して、工数が大幅に減縮され低コストで施工出来尚且つより容易に鉛直を確保した型枠を立設出来ることから、化粧板を用いない通常のコンクリート打ち放し構造物にも好適に用いられる。
【００６１】
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、本発明の化粧型枠及び通常型枠の建込み方法によれば、多くの工数（時間）をかけずに、低コストでしかも容易に、確実に鉛直に立設された型枠を建込むことが出来る。本発明にかかる化粧型枠並びに通常型枠の建込み方法で建て込まれた２タイプの構造物は、設計値と殆ど誤差を生じず、幅、高さともに精度よく、又、鉛直に構築される。特に化粧型枠で建て込まれた構造物の仕上がり表面は化粧板に収縮や損傷等の瑕疵が生じることなく、意図する美観を充分に表し安定感溢れる防波突堤、防波堤、等のコンクリート構造物を構築することが可能である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す断面図である。
【図２】従来の型枠の建込み方法の一例を示す断面図である。
【図３】従来の型枠の建込み方法の他例を示す断面図である。
【図４】従来の型枠の建込み方法の更に他例を示す断面図である。
【図５】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す図であり、型枠上部を拡大した断面図である。
【図６】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法に用いる幅決具の斜視図である。
【図７】化粧板を取り付ける直前の一実施形態を示す型枠上部平面図である。
【図８】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す図であり、型枠下部を拡大した断面図である。
【図９】従来の型枠の建込み方法の一例を示す図であり、型枠上部振れ止め及び転倒防止対策としてのタル木の使用方法並びに型枠を垂直にするためのパイプサポートの使用方法を説明する図である。
【図１０】１枚の型枠にタテバタが施された様子を示し、型枠を背面側からみた図である。
【符号の説明】
１ａ，１ｂ…化粧型枠、３…締付座金、４…プラスチックコーン（Ｐコン）、５…ホームタイ、６…化粧板用セパレータジョイント、７…ヨコバタ（横方向補強鋼管）、８…面板、９…タテバタ（縦方向補強鋼管）、１０…化粧板、１１，１１ａ，１１ｂ，２１ａ，２１ｂ，３１ａ，３１ｂ，４１ａ，４１ｂ…型枠、１２…幅決具、１３，２３，３３…セパレータ、１４，２４，３４，４４…基礎コンクリート、１５ａ〜１５ｃ，２５ａ〜２５ｃ，３５ａ〜３５ｃ，４５ａ〜４５ｄ…差し筋（又はアンカー筋）、１６…ターンバックル、１７…チェーン、１８…接続部材、２２，３２，４２…幅決材、２６，２７，３６，４７…筋交い、１９，２９，３９，４９…コンクリート天端面、４８…片螺子セパレータ、５０…基礎コンクリート内に残留するセパレータ、６１…角鋼管、６２…Ｌ型鋼（等辺山形鋼）、６３…掛止部、６４…嵌合部、７１…端部型枠、７２…調整用補助型枠、８１…タル木、８２…パイプサポート（ＰＳ）、８４…ケーソン、８５…足場、８９…ケーソン天端面、９１…縦桟木、９２…横桟木。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of installing a decorative form, which is preferably used for constructing a concrete structure having a design on at least a part of its surface, and a method of setting a normal form. About the method.
[0002]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a formwork method using a control panel, which is generally used when constructing a concrete structure such as a building or a building foundation, is based on the lightness of wood, good workability, and the like. It is a construction method that can easily follow the shape and is rational. Recently, the construction of not only buildings and building foundations, but also retaining walls, seawalls or harbor breakwaters, breakwaters, and the like as concrete structures has been increasing. Conventional methods using large natural stones, split stones, or wood that has been subjected to corrosion-resistant treatment lead to more spontaneous destruction, as well as structural non-rigidity, delayed construction periods, and higher costs.
[0003] In concrete structures, so-called bare concrete, which does not usually have a special surface shape, can be simply and preferably felt. However, it is a fact that it is preferable to imitate a masonry, a stone surface, a wooden fence, or the like in a concrete structure constructed in nature such as a breakwater or a breakwater.
[0004] In view of the above circumstances, a demand has arisen for a decorative formwork for constructing a concrete structure having a design on at least a part of its surface, which has been studied and used in practice. In recent years, the surface has been color-finished, and it is expected that the surface will continue to increase in the future.
[0005] However, there are problems in the currently used construction method mainly due to the step of installing the decorative formwork. Hereinafter, first, a conventional method of building a wooden formwork will be described with reference to the drawings, taking as an example a case where a normal breakwater jetty is constructed as a concrete structure.
FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a conventional method of constructing a formwork used to construct a breakwater (referred to as a first method of construction). 2 shows a cross section. FIG. 9 is a view for explaining a use state of a tall tree used for measures for preventing a temporary form from swaying over and preventing the form from tipping over, and a method of using a pipe support (also referred to as PS) for vertically setting the form. It is. Hereinafter, the first conventional mounting method will be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 9.
(1) First, the lower part of the formwork 21a is pierced in accordance with the axle feet of the plastic cone (also referred to as P-con) remaining on the side surface of the foundation concrete 24 on the normal side, and the obtained hole is pierced. By fitting a home tie from the back side of the formwork 21a into the tip screw part of the shaft foot of the P-con, and making the side face of the foundation concrete 24 and the formwork 21a tightly contact with each other, the formwork 21a Temporarily.
(2) Next, as shown in FIG. 9, as a measure to prevent the upper part of the form from swaying and to prevent the form from falling, a tall tree 81 is passed over the reinforcing bar 25b and the top of the form 21a, and the tall tree 81 and the reinforcing bar 25b are moved. At the point T, the timber 81 and the top of the mold 21a are temporarily fixed by driving a large nail at the point S.
(3) On the opposing side, the above operations (1) and (2) are repeated, and the mold 21b is provisionally erected to prevent vibration and take measures to prevent falling. At this time, the two forms 21a and 21b are held substantially vertically.
(4) The position where the separator 23 is to be attached to the molds 21a and 21b is determined, holes for inserting the separator 23 are drilled at the positions, and the tips of the separators 23 are inserted into the obtained holes. The home tie 5 is screwed into the front end P-conn screw of the separator 23 from the back side of the mold frames 21a and 21b while being inserted from the inner side.
(5) The vertical flap 9 is erected along the back of the mold frame 21a, and the separator 23, the mold frame 21a, the vertical flap 9 and the horizontal flap 7 are fixed by the fastening washer 3 with the horizontal flap 7 attached.
(6) The above-mentioned operation (5) is similarly performed on the mold frame 21b side. FIG. 2 shows an example in which four separators 23 are provided on one vertical section.
(7) Next, the width between the molds 21a and 21b is determined by using the width determining material 22 near the top of the molds 21a and 21b. Then, the inner surfaces of the molds 21a and 21b are pushed (pushed) by the PS 82 to remove the tall tree 81. At this point, the molds 21a, 21b are not precise but are generally vertical. It is impossible to push the PS 82 from the back side of the formwork or draw it with a chain or the like when the structure to be constructed is a breakwater or a breakwater because the construction site is the sea.
(8) Finally, the two braces 26 are fixed at the points Q and R of the uppermost separator 23 by welding or the like. The points Q and R are positioned so that the distances from the neighboring molds 21a and 21b are substantially equal. Furthermore, the four braces 27 are firmly fixed by welding or the like to the streak 25c and the second to fourth separators 23 from the top, and the PS is removed.
The streaks 25a and 25b are positioned so that the distance between the streaks 25a and the formwork 21a and the distance between the streaks 25b and the formwork 21b are substantially equal. The separator 23 is used to prevent the swelling of the double-sided formwork due to concrete casting, and is used to accurately maintain the interval. The separator 23 is generally a round steel rod having a diameter of several to several tens of mm. is there.
Next, FIG. 3 is a view for explaining another conventional method of building a formwork (referred to as a second building method), and shows a cross-section of a compacted formwork after completion of building. The second conventional mounting method is the same as the first conventional mounting method described above except that the brace 27 (four) is omitted.
FIG. 4 is a view for explaining a conventional method of building a formwork which is frequently used when the width of the structure is relatively large and the height is low (referred to as a third building method). 3 shows a cross section of the compacted formwork after completion of the installation. The third conventional mounting method is substantially the same as the first and second conventional mounting methods described above, but uses a different separator. As shown, the single screw separator 48 and the stud 45a are used. 45d is fixed (welded) with the brace 47 to secure the verticality of the formwork. The single screw separator 48 is a short screw having a diameter of approximately 12 to 15 mm and a length of about 100 mm, and the brace 47 uses a round bar bar that is thicker than those used in the first and second mounting methods. I do.
In the case of constructing a breakwater or the like, for example, separators are set at a pitch of 600 mm in the normal direction, width tools are provided at intervals of approximately 1200 to 1500 mm, and a building adapted to any of the above first to third is set. Select the installation method.
[0019]
However, according to the above-described conventional method of building on a breakwater or the like, the decorative panel is attached to the opposing inner surfaces of the formwork after attaching the separator or the brace. Since the mounting is almost impossible because the separator and the brace are obstructed, it is necessary to perform the mounting almost at the same time as the erecting of the formwork, that is, before the mounting of the separator and the brace. If you try to forcibly attach the decorative board after attaching the separator or brace, you have to cut the decorative board and make it into small pieces, workability is remarkably bad, it takes enormous time and labor and it increases cost. In addition, it is extremely difficult to install the concrete structure without defects, and the concrete structure may not be able to exhibit the intended aesthetic appearance.
However, when the decorative panel is attached to the opposing inner surface of the form before attaching the separator or the brace, as described above, the inner surface of the form Press (push) with PS to weld the separator and brace. Pressing (punching) with such a PS and performing welding work causes the decorative plate to be damaged by the receiving plate of the PS, shrinkage due to welding heat, and other defects, resulting in the original aesthetic appearance of the concrete structure. Is greatly impaired. Under such circumstances, it has conventionally been difficult to reliably erect the formwork vertically and to construct the designed concrete structure vertically with high accuracy.
The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is to form a concrete structure by securely holding a vertical shape without welding a brace with a separator. It can be constructed vertically with high precision, and it is possible to obtain a concrete structure that fully expresses the intended aesthetic appearance without causing defects such as shrinkage, damage, etc. on the decorative board, and many man-hours An object of the present invention is to provide a method of installing a decorative formwork that can be easily performed at a lower cost without spending (time).
To date, concrete construction methods using decorative boards, for example, breakwater breakwaters, breakwaters, etc., have not been established, and they have been struggling with difficulty. As a result of extensive research on securing the formwork vertically, countermeasures against shrinkage of the decorative panel due to welding heat, and mounting of decorative panels without cutting the decorative panel without cutting, etc., Has been found to be achieved.
[0023]
According to the present invention, there is provided the following method of setting a decorative formwork.
That is, the method for setting up a decorative formwork according to the present invention is a method for setting up a decorative formwork having a formwork and a decorative plate, which is used for molding a structure, and comprises a two-sided formwork. Is tentatively set to be substantially parallel, and at the top of the two-sided formwork, the width of the two-sided formwork is determined by a width-fixing tool, and is formed in a cross section that crosses the internal space of the two-sided formwork. A pair of connecting members for diagonally connecting an upper portion and a bottom portion of the two-sided formwork located above the top end surface of the structure, and a two-sided formwork is tensioned by a width-fixing tool, thereby forming two surfaces. There is a built-in process that can withstand the waves of aging, gusts, concrete casting, etc. sufficiently while maintaining the vertical shape of the formwork, and firmly assemble so that it does not get out of order. Immediately after the installation process, the veneer is immediately attached to both sides or one side of the opposite side of the formwork. Is denominated inclusive method of the decorative mold, characterized in that it is.
The formwork refers to an ordinary concrete formwork, and in the present specification, when simply referred to as a formwork, it refers to a formwork of a unit having a predetermined shape. Further, a decorative plate made of expanded polystyrene, for example, can be used.
In the method for installing a decorative formwork according to the present invention, after the installation of the decorative board is finished, the cross section passing through the internal space of the two forms is formed from the top end face of the structure to be formed. While maintaining the vertical side, the two forms are joined together horizontally by one or more separators vertically and vertically connecting the two forms with each other in the thickness direction of the concrete. Can be
The above-mentioned building process is repeated at intervals of approximately 900 to 1800 mm with respect to a cross section that crosses the inner surfaces of the two molds at intervals of approximately 900 to 1800 mm, and also with respect to another cross section that crosses the normal line at approximately 90 °. Thus, all the decorative forms can be erected. (If the normal is a curved line, the above-described building process is repeated at intervals of about 900 to 1800 mm on the cross section of the shortest distance connecting the normal and the back line, with the cross section as a reference plane. ) A predetermined reference line is called a normal line. A measuring point is set on this line, and a cross-sectional view is created in a direction substantially perpendicular to the construction (see FIG. 7).
In the method of installing a decorative formwork according to the present invention, the width-fixing tool can also serve as a scaffolding support for placing concrete. Further, it is preferable to use a reinforcing bar or an anchor bar inserted into an upper portion of a foundation concrete or a caisson as a bottom portion, and use a hook with a turnbuckle and a foot material as a connecting member. A chain or round bar steel can be used as the extension material. The amount of insertion of the rebar into the foundation concrete or the like may be, for example, about half of the entire length of the rebar.
The method for installing a decorative formwork according to the present invention is suitably used when a breakwater jetty or a breakwater is constructed as a structure.
By the way, in the process of constructing the above-described method of installing the decorative formwork, even in the case of constructing a normal concrete structure which does not require a decorative plate (no design is applied), the conventional construction method can be used. In comparison, the man-hour (time) is greatly reduced, the cost is lower, and the precision is higher. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided the following method of installing a normal formwork.
That is, the method of installing a normal formwork according to the present invention is a method of setting up a formwork used for molding a structure. At the top of the two-sided formwork, the width of the two-sided formwork is used to determine the distance between the two-sided formwork. A two-sided formwork is tensioned by a pair of turnbuckle-equipped hooks and connecting materials for connecting the upper part of the surface formwork and the bottom surface part diagonally, and a width-fixing tool. Characterized by having a building process of assembling while maintaining the vertical. Except for the step of applying the decorative board only, this is a method of setting up a normal form having a setting process similar to the setting process of the method of setting up the decorative form.
[0032]
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail. First, a method for installing a decorative form according to the present invention will be described. This mounting method is a method for mounting a decorative formwork having a formwork and a decorative board. That is, the decorative formwork referred to in the present invention is a formwork that can be separated into a decorative plate that is a mold for applying design to a concrete structure, and a formwork that supports the casting pressure and weight of the concrete to be cast. It is. In addition, a design means the degree of contrivance that the surface is not smooth and hardly looks concrete at first glance.
The formwork is usually composed of plywood, a vertical crosspiece, and a horizontal crosspiece, and is often made of wood. However, the present invention is not limited to a wooden formwork. The present invention is applicable to a steel formwork. In addition, as necessary, a number of vertical and horizontal flaps are attached in a grid pattern in the vertical and horizontal directions as reinforcements for the formwork to improve the strength. If so, it may be wooden or steel. Usually, a wooden form and a steel reinforcing material are frequently used, and therefore, in this specification, a case where a wooden form and a steel reinforcing material are used will be described as an example.
In the method for installing a decorative form according to the present invention, the two forms are provisionally set substantially in parallel, and the two forms are cross-sectioned along the inner surface of the two forms by a width-fixing tool. The tops are fitted and locked, respectively, to fix the space between the two formwork, and the bottom of one formwork and the upper part of the other formwork (above the top end face of the structure to be molded). The inner surface and the bottom surface of the other mold and the inner surface of the upper part of the one mold (upper than the top end surface of the structure to be molded) are formed of, for example, a hook with a turnbuckle and a foot material. The method is characterized in that the method includes a mounting process in which the two forms are erected by using a connecting member to be erected, and thereafter, the decorative board is attached to the facing face plates of the two forms. In the present specification, the side of the opposing surface of the mold that stands in parallel is called the inner surface of the mold, and the back side is called the back side.
According to the installation process according to the present invention, as in the conventional installation method, a separator (refers to a support that prevents swelling of the formwork and accurately maintains the interval of the concrete thickness width. In the present specification, a round separator for through use is simply referred to as a separator) or a brace is formed on a face plate of a formwork (corresponding to an opposed inner surface of the formwork) within a height corresponding to a structure to be formed. The two-sided formwork can be set up vertically without being attached to the frame. Of course, pipe supports and tall trees are not required. Therefore, the decorative board can be easily attached, and the decorative board does not have any defect.
The connection member is a brace that forms a generally diagonal line. The bottom of one mold, the inner surface of the top of the other mold (above the top end of the structure to be molded), and the bottom of the other mold and the top of one mold ( Because it connects the inner surface of the structure to be molded (above the top end surface), it does not become an obstacle when attaching the decorative board to the formwork as in the case of the conventional brace. After standing, the decorative plate can be easily attached to the face plate of the formwork.
After attaching the decorative board to the face plate of the mold while maintaining the verticality of the mold, the separator is set and the back of the mold is compacted. The number of separators to be installed may be determined by the height of the structure (the height of the formwork is approximately 100 to 150 mm higher than the height of the concrete structure). , Etc. are taken into consideration to determine the interval. For example, separators crossing the inner surfaces of two molds are arranged at a pitch of 600 mm in both the vertical and horizontal directions. In the present invention, no brace is used in the internal space for securing the vertical after the decorative board is installed, so that welding becomes unnecessary. Therefore, naturally, there is no defect caused by welding.
First, the method of temporarily setting the two faces of the formwork in a substantially parallel manner is limited as long as work such as fitting and locking the tops of the two forms of the formwork can be performed later using a width-fixing tool. Not something. For example, when laying the foundation concrete and laying the formwork after demolding, the P-container remaining on the side of the foundation concrete is attached as it is, and a hole matching the P-con axle foot is formed. The perforated formwork is fitted to the P-con shaft foot, and is set up along the side of the foundation concrete, and a home tie (form-tightening tool and flap tightening tool) is screwed into the tip screw part of the P-con shaft foot, A means for making the formwork adhere to the side surface of the foundation concrete without any gap is used for each formwork.
When a formwork is erected on a caisson (submersible for underwater foundation work) that can be used as a foundation when the concrete structure is a breakwater or the like, scaffolds are provided on both sides of the caisson as shown in FIG. The formwork is made to stand from slightly above the scaffolding along the side of the caisson, and the two-sided formwork is compacted using the same means as in the case where the foundation concrete is present. In addition, even when constructing a breakwater jetty or a breakwater on the upper part of a cellular block, an upright breakwater block, a steel pipe pile, etc., the procedure may be substantially the same as the method of erecting a formwork on a caisson.
The width-determining tool is an interval between two formwork, that is, a two-sided mold that crosses the normal line (front surface) and the back line at approximately 90 ° when the normal line of the formwork is straight. It is a tool that determines the width between the faces of the frame. When the normal is curved, it is a tool for determining the width between two molds that cross the normal and the back line at the shortest distance. The width-fixing tool is to form a fitting part with an L-shaped steel (equal mountain steel) on the lower surface, and fit the top part of the formwork (usually 100 to 150 mm above the top of the structure) into the fitting part. Thereby, the space between the two forms is fixed.
The upper end of the connection member (brace) to be tensioned is located above the top end surface of the structure to be formed later, and is at a position where it does not hinder the work of attaching the decorative board. Although the lower end of the connection member is fixed to the bottom surface, a straight line or the like can be employed as the bottom surface. That is, a reinforcing bar or the like is provided in the vicinity of the base concrete formwork, and is usually welded and fixed to the reinforcing bar or the like before attaching the decorative board. In addition, when constructing on a caisson, a reinforcing bar or an anchor bar is provided at the top end of the caisson. The lower end of the connection member is welded to the stud or anchor streak.
In a normal case, two facing molds are formed so as to be continuous with each other, and the embedding process according to the method of embedding the decorative mold of the present invention is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the opposing faces. In a cross section that crosses First, the cross-section subjected to the installation process according to the present invention is used as a reference plane, and is repeated at other cross-sections at approximately 90 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the form at predetermined intervals to thereby obtain the entire form. Among them, it is possible to vertically construct the longitudinal formwork. Preferably, the interval is approximately 900 to 1800 mm.
According to the method for setting up a decorative form according to the present invention, the entire form is erected, concrete is poured and cast, and after the curing period has elapsed, the decorative plate is peeled off and the decorative plate separator is removed. After completely removing the joint, the P-con, etc., the mortar is filled into the recess formed by the decorative plate separator joint, the P-con, etc.
A concrete structure, such as a breakwater jetty or a breakwater, obtained by the method for constructing a decorative formwork of the present invention may have a design applied to its surface and may fuse with the environment, and the normal line may be disturbed. (If the normal is a straight line, it becomes a straight line, and if the normal is a curve, it becomes a smooth curve), and it stands vertically and gives a sense of stability.
Hereinafter, the method for installing the decorative formwork of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In connection with the description, an example of a concrete structure is a breakwater with a design imitating a masonry on the surface, a height of 2.5 m, a width of 3 m, and a span of 10 m.
FIG. 7 is a top plan view showing an embodiment of the entire decorative formwork (just before the decorative plate is attached) used for constructing the same. In the longitudinal direction, 11 molds 11 each having a width of 900 mm and a length of 2650 mm (total of 22) per one side in the longitudinal direction, and one adjustment auxiliary mold 72 (total of 2) in addition to the above, Four (including a total of eight) end molds 71 including one auxiliary mold are formed upright in the transverse direction, and the entire form is generally 10.12 m in the longitudinal direction and 3.12 m in the transverse direction. (3 m + (decorative board 60 mm × 2) = 3.12 m). Then, in the six cross sections which cross the formwork 11 standing opposite and parallel at approximately 1.8 m intervals, the erection process according to the present invention is performed, and the width of the formwork 11 The gap) is fixed, and a decorative formwork for the breakwater that stands vertically (just before mounting the decorative board) is erected accurately.
The plurality of width determining tools 12 serve as a scaffold receiving material for concrete casting and casting. When concrete is poured and cast, a strong scaffold plate is placed on the upper surface of the width determining tool 12 and the width determining tool 12 is placed. 12 and the scaffold are tied up with a track or the like.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing an example of the width determining tool 12. As shown in FIG. For example, in the vicinity of both ends of a square steel pipe 61 having a square cross section of 60 mm × 60 mm and a length of 4 m, two L-shaped steels 62 are fixed by welding to form two fitting portions 64. The fixture 12 can be used (FIG. 6 shows the vicinity of one end of the square steel pipe 61). By fitting and locking the tops of the two-sided formwork facing the two fitting portions 64, the distance between the two-sided formwork can be fixed. Of the total of four L-shaped steel members 62 forming the two fitting portions 64 of the width determining tool 12, a hook portion 63 is formed on the inner L-shaped steel member 62. The hook 63 is formed by welding a rib having a hole for hooking a steel plate as a reinforcing material to the L-shaped steel 62. In addition, a normal rib having no hole is welded to the outer L-shaped steel 62 among the L-shaped steels 62.
First, in the CC section shown in FIG. 7 (immediately before attaching the decorative panel), the two-sided formwork (the formwork 11a and the adjustment formwork 72 included in the formwork 11 and the formwork 11b and the adjustment form The mold 72) is set up vertically. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in which the decorative board 10 is attached to the inner surface side (face plate) of the mold 11a and the mold 11b while the vertical is secured (just before the separator is set). FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion where the width determining tool 12 is fitted and locked with the formwork 11a and a portion where the upper portion of the structure to be formed is compacted in FIG. It is a figure showing the state where separator 13 was set and the upper stage of the back of form 11a was compacted. Further, FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of a lower portion of the form 11a, and shows a state in which the form 11a is temporarily erected according to the side surface of the foundation concrete 14, and only the lower portion is compacted. Hereinafter, an example of a method for installing a decorative form according to the present invention will be described.
(A) First, as shown in FIG. 8, the lower part of one formwork 11a is pierced in accordance with the axle of the P-con 4 remaining on the side surface of the foundation concrete 14 on the normal side. Is fitted to the shaft foot of the P-con 4 and the home tie 5 is screwed from the back of the formwork 11a to the threaded end of the shaft foot of the P-con 4 so that the side surface of the foundation concrete 14 and the formwork 11a are tightly contacted. As a result, the mold 11a is temporarily erected.
The other facing mold 11b is provisionally set in the same manner. This is repeated alternately, and all the molds 11 and the adjustment auxiliary mold 72 are provisionally set. A vertical flap 9 (longitudinal reinforcing steel pipe) is laid on the back of the formwork 11 and a horizontal flap 7 (horizontal reinforcing steel pipe) is attached (corresponding to the bottom row of the vertical flap 9 and the horizontal flap 7 attached in a grid). Then, only the lower part of the mold 11 and the adjustment auxiliary mold 72 are assembled by the fastening washer 3. FIG. 10 is a view of the mold 11 on which the vertical flutter 9 is set as viewed from the rear side. As shown in the figure, the vertical flap 9 is preferably set up between the vertical crosspiece 91 and the vertical crosspiece 91.
(B) Next, as shown in FIG. 5 (only on the normal line side), the tops of the molds 11a and 11b are fitted and locked in the fitting portions 64 of the width determining tool 12, and the opposed molds 11a are formed. And the space between the molds 11b are fixed. (Although the auxiliary mold 72 for adjustment is also included, it is omitted below.)
(C) Subsequently, the hook 63 of the width determining tool 12 on the side where the top of the formwork 11a is locked and the reinforcing bar 15b of the foundation concrete 14 on the side of the formwork 11b are turnbuckled. The connection is made by a connecting member 18 comprising a chain 16 and a chain 17. The hook of the turnbuckle 16 is hooked on the hook 63, and the streak 15b and the end of the chain 17 are welded (point B in FIG. 1).
Similarly, the hook 63 of the width fixing tool 12 on the side where the top of the form 11b is locked, and the reinforcing bar 15a of the foundation concrete 14 on the form 11a are connected to the turnbuckle 16 and the chain 17. Are connected by a connecting member 18 composed of The hook of the turnbuckle 16 is hooked on the hook 63, and the streak 15a and the end of the chain 17 are welded (point A in FIG. 1). Then, the turnbuckle 16 is tightened, and the two connecting members 18 that intersect each other so that the opposing molds 11a and 11b stand exactly vertically are tensioned. Note that the streaks 15a and 15b are bent. The reason is to ensure the safety of the worker, but it is not necessary to bend hard. Then, a hole is drilled to set the P-con 4 slightly above the concrete top end face 19 of the form 11a, and the shaft foot of the P-con 4 is inserted into the obtained hole from the inner surface of the form 11a, and the back of the form 11a is formed. The home tie 5 is screwed into the tip screw portion of the shaft foot of the P-con 4 from the side, and the P-con 4 and the mold 11a are securely tightened. The same operation is repeated for the opposing formwork 10b (corresponding to the uppermost stage of the vertical and horizontal flaps 9 and 7). (FIG. 5)
The above-described building process is repeated in the remaining five cross sections other than the CC cross section shown in FIG. 7 where the width determining tool 12 is shown, so that both the normal side and the opposite rear side formwork are formed. 11 is secured vertically.
(D) Next, the end formwork (also referred to as a stop or a wife formwork) 71 is compacted according to a conventional method (according to the third installation method). In addition, when it can be pressed with PS or the like from the back side of the end form 71, it is preferable to press firmly so as to sufficiently withstand the concrete placing pressure. There is an advantage that welding of the separator of the end form 71 can be omitted.
(E) Thereafter, the decorative plate 10 is carefully driven into the opposing inner surface of the mold 11, that is, the face plate 8, with small nails.
(F) Then, as shown in FIG. 5 (the figure shows only the mold 11a side), a hole for passing the separator 13 through the decorative plate 10 and the molds 11a and 11b below the top end face of the concrete structure. The separator 13 that is pierced and bridged between the facing molds 11a and 11b is inserted from the inner side of the molds 11a and 11b, and at the same time, the home tie 5 is inserted from the back side of the molds 11a and 11b for the decorative plate at the tip of the separator 13. Screw it to the separator joint 6. Then, after all the steps have been screwed together, the entire formwork 11 is compacted by fastening it with the fastening washer 3 together with the horizontal flap 7. Lastly, vertical fine adjustment of the entire formwork 11 is performed to consolidate, and the installation of the entire decorative formwork is completed.
Next, a method of installing a normal formwork according to the present invention will be described. This mounting method is a method having a mounting process shown in the method for mounting a decorative form having a decorative plate described above. That is, the method for setting up the normal formwork according to the present invention is the same as the method for setting up the decorative formwork according to the present invention, except that only the step related to the decorative board is removed. Although the restatement is avoided, after performing the above-described building steps (A) to (C), the end formwork is compacted as in (D), and the separator is removed as in (F) (excluding the decorative board). (P-container at the tip) is attached to solidify the entire formwork, and finally, fine adjustment of the entire form is completed to complete the installation of the entire formwork.
The method for setting up a normal formwork according to the present invention has a significantly reduced man-hour, can be constructed at low cost, and is easier and easier than conventional methods (for example, the above (1) to (8)). Since it is possible to erected a vertical formwork, it can also be suitably used in ordinary concrete exposed structures that do not use decorative panels.
[0061]
As described above, according to the method of installing a decorative formwork and a normal formwork of the present invention, the vertical form can be easily and securely made at low cost without much man-hour (time). Can be erected in the formwork. The two types of structures erected by the method of embedding the decorative formwork and the normal formwork according to the present invention have almost no error from the design values, are accurate in both width and height, and are constructed vertically. You. In particular, the finished surface of a structure built with a decorative formwork is a concrete structure such as a breakwater, breakwater, etc. that fully expresses the intended aesthetic appearance without causing any defects such as shrinkage or damage to the decorative board and is full of stability It is possible to construct
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of a method for installing a decorative mold frame according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a conventional method of building a formwork.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of a conventional method of installing a formwork.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of a conventional method of installing a formwork.
FIG. 5 is a view showing one embodiment of a method for installing a decorative mold according to the present invention, and is an enlarged sectional view of an upper part of the mold;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a width determining tool used in the method for installing a decorative mold frame according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the upper part of a mold showing an embodiment just before attaching a decorative board.
FIG. 8 is a view showing one embodiment of a method for installing a decorative mold according to the present invention, and is an enlarged sectional view of a lower part of the mold.
FIG. 9 is a view showing an example of a conventional method of installing a formwork, and shows a method of using a tall tree as a measure for preventing the formwork from swaying and preventing falling, and a method of using a pipe support for vertically setting the formwork. FIG.
FIG. 10 is a view showing a state in which one mold has been subjected to vertical flapping, and is a view of the mold as viewed from the rear side.
[Explanation of symbols]
1a, 1b: decorative mold, 3: fastening washer, 4: plastic cone (P-con), 5: home tie, 6: separator joint for decorative board, 7: horizontal (reinforced steel pipe in horizontal direction), 8: face plate, 9 ... vertical flap (longitudinal reinforcing steel pipe), 10 ... decorative plate, 11, 11a, 11b, 21a, 21b, 31a, 31b, 41a, 41b ... formwork, 12 ... width fixing tool, 13, 23, 33 ... separator, 14, 24, 34, 44: foundation concrete, 15a to 15c, 25a to 25c, 35a to 35c, 45a to 45d: streak (or anchor), 16: turnbuckle, 17: chain, 18: connecting member, 22 , 32, 42 ... width determining material, 26, 27, 36, 47 ... bracing, 19, 29, 39, 49 ... concrete top end face, 48 ... single screw separator, 50 ... base concrete Separator, 61 ... square steel pipe, 62 ... L-shaped steel (equilateral angle steel), 63 ... hooking part, 64 ... fitting part, 71 ... end formwork, 72 ... auxiliary formwork for adjustment, 81 ... tall wood , 82: pipe support (PS), 84: caisson, 85: scaffold, 89: caisson top end face, 91: vertical pier, 92: horizontal pier.

Claims

A method of building a decorative formwork having a formwork and a decorative board, which is used for molding a structure,
The two forms of the formwork are provisionally set substantially in parallel, and at the top of the two forms of the formwork, the width between the two forms of the formwork is determined by a width determining tool.
A pair of connections diagonally connecting an upper portion of the two-sided formwork located above a top end surface of the structure to be formed and a bottom portion in a cross section that crosses the internal space of the two-sided formwork. By tensioning the two-sided formwork by the member and the width determining tool,
Having a building process of holding and assembling the vertical of the two forms,
The method for setting up a decorative formwork, wherein the decorative board is attached to both sides or one side of an opposite surface of the formwork after the setting process.

After the installation of the decorative panel, both sides below the top end surface of the structure to be molded in a cross section that crosses the internal space of the two-sided formwork while maintaining the verticality of the two-sided formwork. The method according to claim 1, wherein one or a plurality of separators that connect the surfaces substantially horizontally are set, and a reinforcing material is attached to a back surface of each of the molds to assemble them.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the setting process is repeatedly performed on another section which crosses the section at approximately 900 to 1800 mm intervals with the section as a reference plane. 3.

The method for setting up a decorative formwork according to claim 1, wherein the width determining tool also serves as a scaffolding support for placing concrete.

The method according to claim 1, wherein the connection member is a hook with a turnbuckle and a foot material.

The method for installing a decorative formwork according to claim 5, wherein the extension material is a chain or a round bar.

The method according to claim 1, wherein the structure is a breakwater jetty or a breakwater.

A method of mounting a normal formwork used for molding a structure,
The two-sided formwork is provisionally set substantially in parallel, and at the top of the two-sided formwork, the distance between the two-sided formwork is determined by a width-fixing tool,
A pair of turns diagonally connecting an upper portion of the two-sided mold located above a top end surface of the structure to be molded and a bottom portion in a cross section that crosses the internal space of the two-sided mold. The two-sided formwork is tensed by the buckle-attached hook and the extension material, and the width-fixing tool,
A method of installing a normal formwork, comprising a step of assembling the two forms while maintaining the verticality of the formwork.