JP2001192681A - Composition - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent crystallization of a fatty acid from a composition and / or
Or control, thereby overcoming various problems such as handling resulting from fatty acid precipitation and sedimentation during cold operation, accurate material handling, pump baking due to filter blockage, etc. SOLUTION: The use of a flow improver according to the present invention or a composition containing a fatty acid and a flow improver solves the above problem.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

[0001] The present invention relates to an improvement in the low-temperature operability of fatty acids in a composition.

[0002]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In many industrial applications, the compositions of interest contain additives. These additives are generally included to provide a functional effect to the composition. For example, certain additives may improve the physical properties of the composition, for example, the additives may improve the viscosity or melting point / boiling point of the composition.

[0003] Additives for fuel compositions are GB21218.
07. These additives include an amine compound, a repeating unit (A) derived from an alkyl ester of an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid and / or a vinyl ester of a saturated monocarboxylic acid, a repeating unit (B) derived from diisobutylene, and an unsaturated compound. It is obtained by reacting with a copolymer containing a repeating unit (C) derived from an α, β-dicarboxylic acid compound. These additives are from 1,000 to
Used to lower the cloud point of middle distillates having a molecular weight of 50,000. GB221087 teaches that these additives can suppress paraffin crystal formation in these middle distillates. It is disclosed that these paraffin crystals are formed at lower temperatures without this additive.

At present, it has been recognized that fatty acids themselves, when incorporated into compositions, make operation difficult. For example, in some situations, fatty acids can cause operability problems at low temperatures. At temperatures up to 10 ° C., the components of the fatty acid can precipitate out of the fuel composition and settle at the bottom of the container containing the composition. The non-uniformities resulting from such precipitation and sedimentation cause handling and accurate material handling problems. Furthermore, if the fatty acid composition needs to be moved from one location to another, it can cause problems because the filter can be blocked. This blockage can eventually result in catastrophic pump seizure. These disadvantages are particularly encountered when storing fatty acids in large tanks that can be exposed to low temperatures and are difficult to solve. In this particularly problematic environment, solvent dilution or tank heating to overcome this problem can be very costly and can be ineffective or impractical.

[0005] Fatty acids are used in fuels as non-metallic phosphorus-free additives that allow refiners to maintain or improve lubrication quality. However, the problem of fatty acid precipitation and sedimentation is not limited to the field of fuels;
For example, used in adhesives, alkyd resins, detergents, detergents, inks, paints, lubricants, metalworking fluids, mining, oilfield exploration, paper manufacturing, polyamide resins, road construction, rubber processing, corrosion inhibitors and surfactants Have been.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention addresses the problems of the prior art.

[0007]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The use of the flow improvers according to the invention is for preventing and / or suppressing the crystallization of fatty acids from compositions containing fatty acids. This solves the above problem.

[0008] The composition according to the invention contains a fatty acid and a flow improver. This solves the above problem.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the flow improver is present in the composition in an amount of less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. , 0.01 to 5.00% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 3.00% by weight, preferably 0.10% by weight.
It is present in an amount of ２．０2.00% by weight.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the flow improver comprises a wax modifier, a low temperature flow improver, a pour point depressant, a wax appearance temperature depressant, a low temperature filter blocking point. (CFPP) depressants, selected from low temperature flow test (LTFT) temperature depressants.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the flow improver is selected from wax modifiers, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) depressants and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the wax modifier is selected from cloud point depressants, wax anti-settling additives and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the glidant is a diesel fuel cloud point depressant.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the flow improver comprises an ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer, a comb polymer, a polar nitrogen compound,
It is selected from hydrocarbon polymers and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the hydrocarbon polymer is dissolved or dispersed in an aromatic solvent.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and an ethylenically unsaturated ester, derivatives and mixtures thereof. Or contain them.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the comb polymer comprises (i) maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or a mixture thereof and (ii) another ethylenic acid. It is or contains a copolymer with an unsaturated monomer.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, said polar nitrogen compound is an oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound having one or more, preferably two or more substituents. Or contains it.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the polar nitrogen compound can act as a wax crystal growth inhibitor in the fuel.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, said hydrocarbon polymer is obtained from a monovalent ethylenically unsaturated monomer or can be obtained directly, or It can be obtained indirectly by hydrogenating polymerized polyunsaturated monomers, including isoprene and butadiene.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the hydrocarbon polymer comprises (i) a linear C16 or C18 alkene, (ii) C18 methacrylate or acrylate, and (iii) C1
It is or contains a succinimide terpolymer having 8 carbon chains.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, said components (i), (ii) and (iii) are present in a ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acid is rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, almond oil, It can be obtained or obtained from palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard oil, beef oil, tallow oil, fish oil, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or the composition according to the invention, said fatty acids are selected from saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acid is lauric acid, rosin acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, It is selected from ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadolinic acid, docosanoic acid, erucic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acid is selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of 12 to 22 carbon atoms.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acids are selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of 16 to 18 carbon atoms.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acid is 10-80% of oleic monounsaturated fatty acid, 10-80% of linoleic acid diunsaturated fatty acid, ~ 80% saturated fatty acids and 0 ~
It is selected from a mixture of fatty acids consisting of 80% rosin acid.

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition of the present invention, the fatty acid comprises approximately 65% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acid, approximately 30% oleic monounsaturated fatty acid, approximately 2% Saturated fatty acids and 2%
Selected from a mixture of fatty acids consisting of less than rosin acids.

According to one embodiment, in the use or the composition according to the invention, the saturated fatty acids are selected from stearic acid (C16) and palmitic acid (C18).

According to one embodiment, in the use or composition according to the invention, the fatty acid is a tall oil fatty acid.

According to one embodiment, in the composition according to the invention, the composition comprises a detergent, one or more cold flow improvers, an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, a defogging agent, a demulsifier. , Defoamer, cetane improver, conductivity improver, metal deactivator, dye, chemical marker, co-solvent, package compatibilizer, carrier oil, biocide, surfactant, buffer, polycarboxylic It contains one or more additional components selected from lubricating additives, including acids, and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, in the composition of the present invention, the composition comprises an adhesive, an alkyd resin, a detergent, a soap, a cleaner, a fuel additive, an ink, a coating agent, a lubricant, a metalworking fluid. Used in mining fluids, oil field exploration, paper processing, polyamide resins, road construction, rubber processing, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants or fuels or is an intermediate in their manufacture.

The method according to the present invention is a method for preventing and / or inhibiting the crystallization of fatty acids from a composition containing the above-mentioned fatty acids, comprising the step of contacting the composition with a flow improver. This solves the above problem.

According to one embodiment, the method according to the invention is characterized by the use or composition according to the invention.

According to one embodiment, the fuel according to the invention comprises the composition according to the invention.

According to one embodiment, the fuel is gasoline, including motor fuel, aviation fuel, tractor fuel and marine fuel; middle distillate fuel including diesel fuel, marine fuel and heating oil; and rapeseed methyl Biofuels, including esters and vegetable oils; and mixtures thereof.

According to one embodiment, the fuel additive of the present invention comprises the above composition.

According to one embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present invention comprises the above composition.

[0040] According to one embodiment, the lubricity improver of the present invention comprises the above composition.

In one aspect, the present invention provides the use of a flow improver to prevent and / or suppress fatty acid crystallization.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising a fatty acid or an ester, an amine salt or an amide derivative thereof and a flow improver.

[0043]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The term "flow enhancer" refers to lowering the operating temperature of a composition containing a fatty acid and a flow enhancer when compared to a composition without the flow enhancer, For example, fuel pour point, cloud point, wax appearance temperature, low temperature filter blocking point (hereinafter, CFPP), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or low temperature flow test (LTFT)
Means substances that are proven by lowering the temperature) or that reduce the settling range of the wax in the fuel (especially middle distillate fuels).

The term "lower operating temperature" means lowering the temperature at which fatty acids precipitate from a given composition, or reducing the amount of fatty acids that precipitate from a given composition at a given temperature.

The term "preventing and / or inhibiting the crystallization of fatty acids" means that the flow improver (especially the cloud point depressant) reduces the temperature at which the fatty acids begin to crystallize, or Mean that the amount of the fatty acid to be crystallized is reduced. These additives continue to work as the temperature of the material circulates with changes in room temperature.

(Fluidizers) Suitable flow improvers for use in the present invention include WO-A-94 / 17159, WO-A-
A-95 / 03377, WO-A-93 / 14178,
WO-A-94 / 10267, WO-A-99 / 284
16, WO-A-95 / 33805, WO-A-96 /
18708, WO-A-96 / 18706, WO-A-
96/18708, EP-A-0356256, EP-
A-0673990, EP-A-0261957, US
-A-3048479, GB-A-12263152, G
BA-1112808 and GB-A-212180
8 are described.

Preferably, the flow improver is present in the composition in an amount of less than 10% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 5.00% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 5.00% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. 0.05 to 3.00% by weight, preferably 0.10
It is present in an amount of ２．０2.00% by weight.

In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the flow improver comprises a wax modifier (including a cloud point depressant and a wax anti-settling additive), a cold flow improver (distilled fuel cold flow improver, pour point (Including, but not limited to, depressants, wax appearance temperature depressants, low temperature filter blocking point (CFPP) depressants, low temperature flow test (LTFT) temperature depressants and mixtures thereof). In a further preferred aspect, the flow improver is a diesel fuel cloud point depressant.

Numerous types of glidants, especially middle distillate glidants, are suitable for use in the present invention.

Preferably, the flow improver of the present invention comprises:
It is selected from (A) ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer, (B) comb polymer, (C) polar nitrogen compound, (D) hydrocarbon polymer and mixtures thereof.

Preferred flow improvers are WO 95/338.
05, but will now be described in further detail.

(A) Ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is preferably a compound represented by the formula -CR ₁ in addition to units derived from ethylene.
An ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer having a unit of R ₂ —CHR ₃ —, wherein R ₁ represents hydrogen or methyl, and R ₂ is COOR ₄ (where R ₄ is 1 ~
Represents an alkyl group having 9 carbon atoms, which is
Straight-chain, or branched if it contains 3 or more carbon atoms) or R
₂ represents OOCR _5, wherein R ₅ represents R ₄ or hydrogen, and R ₃ represents H or COOR ₄ .

These may include copolymers of ethylene with ethylenically unsaturated esters or derivatives thereof. One example is a copolymer of ethylene with an ester of a saturated alcohol and an unsaturated carboxylic acid, but preferably the ester is an ester of one of the unsaturated alcohols with a saturated carboxylic acid. Preferred are ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers; preferred are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl propionate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl hexanoate copolymers, or ethylene-vinyl octanoate copolymers. Preferably, the copolymer is
It contains 5 to 40% by weight of this vinyl ester, more preferably 10 to 35% by weight of this vinyl ester. Mixtures of the two copolymers can be used. The number average molecular weight of the copolymer is from 1,000 to 10,000, preferably from 1,0 to 10,000, as measured by a vapor phase infiltration method.
00 to 5,000. If desired, the copolymer may contain units derived from additional comonomers,
For example, a terpolymer, quaternary copolymer or higher copolymer (eg, where the additional comonomer is
Isobutylene or disobutylene (isobutylene)
ene)).

These copolymers can be obtained by direct polymerization of comonomers or by transesterification or hydrolysis and reesterification of ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymers to obtain different ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymers. By the
Can be manufactured. For example, ethylene-vinyl hexanoate copolymer and ethylene-vinyl octoate copolymer are:
For example, it can be produced in this way from an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.

(B) Comb Polymer The term "comb polymer" refers to a polymer in which the branches containing hydrocarbyl groups hang from the polymer backbone;
This is described in “Comb-Like Polymers.S
structures and Properties ”,
N. A. Plate and VP Shibae
v, J. et al. Poly. Sci. Macromolecul
ar Revs. , 8, p 117-253 (1974).
Are discussed.

In general, comb polymers have one or more long-chain hydrocarbyl branches (eg, oxyhydrocarbyl branches), which usually have from 10 to 30 carbon atoms and Hanging from the united skeleton, the branch
It is directly or indirectly linked to this backbone. Examples of indirect bonds include bonds through intervening atoms or groups, which may include covalent and / or ionic bonds (eg, those present in salts).

Preferably, the comb polymer comprises at least 25 mol%, preferably at least 40 mol%, more preferably at least 25 mol% of units having side chains containing at least 6, preferably at least 10 carbon atoms. Preferably,
Homopolymer or copolymer having at least 50 mol%.

The comb polymer may contain units derived from other monomers, if desired or necessary.

Preferably, the comb polymer comprises (i) maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or a mixture thereof and (ii) another ethylenically unsaturated monomer (eg,
Α-olefins, including styrene, or copolymers with or containing unsaturated esters (eg, vinyl acetate) or homopolymers of fumaric or itaconic acid. It is preferred, but not essential, that equimolar amounts of these comonomers be used, with molar ratios in the range of 2: 1 to 1: 2 being suitable. For example, examples of olefins that can be copolymerized with maleic anhydride include 1-decene, 1-decene,
Dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene and 1-octadecene.

The acid or anhydride groups of the comb polymer may be esterified in any suitable manner, and the maleic anhydride or fumaric acid is preferably at least 50% esterified, although this is essential. is not. Examples of alcohols that can be used include n-decane-1-ol, n-dodecane-1-ol, n-tetradecane-1-ol,
n-hexadecane-1-ol and n-octadecane-1-ol. These alcohols may also contain up to one methyl branch per chain, for example 1-methylpentadecane-1-ol or 2-
It can be methyltridecane-1-ol. The alcohol can be a mixture of a linear alcohol and a single methyl branched alcohol. Preference is given to using pure alcohols, rather than commercial alcohol mixtures.

These comb-like polymers include fumarate or itaconate polymers and copolymers (for example, EP-
A-0153176, EP-A-0153177 and EP-A-0225688 and WO-A-91 / 16
407).

Further fumarate comb polymers include copolymers of alkyl fumarate and vinyl acetate, wherein the alkyl group has 12 to 20 carbon atoms.
These include polymers whose alkyl group has 14 carbon atoms or whose alkyl group is C ₁₄ / C
Includes polymers that are mixtures of ₁₆ alkyl groups, for example,
It is prepared by solution copolymerizing an equimolar mixture of fumaric acid and vinyl acetate and reacting the resulting copolymer with an alcohol or alcohol mixture, which is preferably a straight-chain alcohol. . When using this mixture, it is first linear C ₁₄ and C ₁₆ alcohols: may be a mixture of 1 (weight ratio). Further, a mixture of mixed with C ₁₄ esters C ₁₄ / C ₁₆ ester may be used. In such a mixture, C ₁₄ and C ₁₄ /
The ratio of the C ₁₆ (weight ratio), 1: 1 to 4: 1, preferably, 2: 1 to 7: 2 by weight, and most preferably, from about 3: 1. Particularly preferred comb polymers are 1,000 to 100,0 as measured by vapor phase infiltration.
00, and more particularly, those having a number average molecular weight of 1,000 to 30,000.

Other suitable comb polymers include polymers and copolymers of α-olefins, esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride, and esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid. There is coalescence; mixtures of two or more comb polymers can be used in accordance with the present invention, as indicated above. Another example of a comb polymer is a hydrocarbon polymer (eg, a copolymer of ethylene and at least one α-olefin), which preferably comprises at most 20 α-olefins. And for example, n-decene-1 and n-dodecene-1. Preferably,
The number average molecular weight of such a copolymer is at least 3
000 (this was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC)). The hydrocarbon copolymer can be prepared, for example, using a Ziegler-type catalyst by methods known in the art.

(C) Polar Nitrogen Compound Preferably, the polar nitrogen compound is or contains an oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound having one or more, preferably two or more substituents.

Preferably, these substituents have the formula> N
R ₁₃ , wherein R ₁₃ represents a hydrocarbyl group containing from 8 to 40 carbon atoms, wherein the substituent, or one or more substituents, may be in the form of a cation derived therefrom . R ₁₃ preferably represents an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group containing 12 to 24 carbon atoms. This oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound can generally act as a wax crystal growth inhibitor in fuel.

Preferably, the hydrocarbyl group is straight-chain or slightly straight-chain, ie it may have one short-chain (1 to 4 carbon atoms) hydrocarbyl branch. When the substituent is amino, it can comprise more than one of the hydrocarbyl groups, which can be the same or different.

The term "hydrocarbyl" refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule, the group having hydrocarbon or predominantly hydrocarbon properties. Examples include hydrocarbon groups, including aliphatic (eg, alkyl or alkenyl) groups, cycloaliphatic (eg, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl) groups, aromatic groups, and cycloaliphatic substituted aromatics. Group and aromatic substituted aliphatic and cycloaliphatic groups. Aliphatic groups can be saturated. These groups may contain non-hydrocarbon substituents, with the proviso that their presence does not alter the primary hydrocarbon nature of the group. Examples include keto, halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, alkoxy and acyl. If the hydrocarbyl group is substituted, a single (mono) substituent is preferred.

Examples of substituted hydrocarbyl groups include 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2-ketopropyl, ethoxyethyl and propoxypropyl. These groups may additionally or alternatively contain atoms other than carbon which are present in the chain or ring, but which are otherwise made up of carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include, for example,
Nitrogen, sulfur, and preferably oxygen.

Each amino or imino substituent can be attached to a moiety through an intermediate linking group (eg, —CO—, —CO ₂ —, —SO ₃ — or hydrocarbylene).
When the linking group is anionic, the substituent is part of a cationic group, similar to the amine salt group.

When the polar nitrogen compound has more than one amino or imino substituent, the linking groups for each substituent can be the same or different.

Suitable amino substituents include long chain C ₁₂ -C ₄₀
(Preferably, C ₁₂ -C ₂₄₎ alkyl primary, secondary,
There are tertiary or quaternary amino substituents.

Preferably, the amino substituent is a dialkylamino substituent, which, as indicated above,
Tertiary and quaternary amines can form only amine salts. The alkyl group is
It can be the same or different.

Examples of amino substituents include dodecylamino,
Tetradecylamino, cocoamino and hydrogenated tallowamino acid. Examples of secondary amino substituents include dioctadecylamino and methylbehenylamino. Mixtures of amino substituents, such as those derived from naturally occurring amines, may be present. Preferred amino substituents include secondary hydrogenated tallow amino substituents,
The alkyl groups are derived from hydrogenated tallow, typically, C ₁₄ of approximately 4 wt%, 31 wt% of C ₁₆ and 5
Consists of 9% by weight _C18 n-alkyl groups.

[0074] Suitable imino substituents, the long chain C ₁₂ ~
C _40, preferably, is C ₁₂ -C ₂₄ alkyl substituents.

The moiety may be a monomeric (cyclic or acyclic)
Or it may be in the form of a polymer. When acyclic, it is a cyclic precursor (eg, anhydride or spirobislactone)
May be obtained from

This cyclic ring system is a homocyclic (homoc)
cyclic), heterocyclic or fused polycyclic assemblies, or systems in which two or more such cyclic assemblies are linked to each other, wherein these cyclic assemblies are
(Which may be the same or different). If more than one such cyclic assembly is present, the substituents may be on the same or different assemblies, preferably on the same assembly. Preferably, each cyclic assembly is aromatic (more preferably, a benzene ring).
Most preferably, the cyclic ring system is a single benzene ring, with the substituents preferably being in their ortho or meta positions, and the benzene ring optionally being Can be further substituted.

The ring atoms in the cyclic assembly (s) are preferably carbon atoms, for example,
It may contain one or more ring N, S or O atoms, in which case the compound is a heterocyclic compound.

(D) Hydrocarbon Polymers The hydrocarbon polymers can be prepared directly from monoethylenically unsaturated monomers or can be derived from polyunsaturated monomers such as isoprene and butadiene. It can be produced indirectly by hydrogenating the polymer.

Examples of hydrocarbon polymers are described in WO 91/114.
88.

Preferred copolymers include at least 30,
There is an ethylene α-olefin copolymer having a number average molecular weight of 000. Preferably, the α-olefin has at most 28 carbon atoms. Examples of such olefins include propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, n-octene-1, isooctene-1, n-decene-1, and n-dodecene-1. The copolymer may also contain small amounts (eg, up to 10% by weight) of other copolymerizable monomers (eg, olefins other than α-olefins, and non-conjugated dienes). A preferred copolymer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer.

The number average molecular weight of the ethylene α-olefin copolymer, as indicated above, is preferably at least 3 as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) against polystyrene standards.
0,000, preferably at least 60,000, and preferably at least 80,000. Functionally, there is no upper limit, but for molecular weights above about 150,000, increasing viscosity makes mixing difficult, so the preferred molecular weight ranges are 60,000 and 80,000.
0 to 120,000.

The copolymer may have a molar ethylene content between 50% and 85%, or the ethylene content may be
It can be in the range of 57-80%, preferably it is
In the range of 58% to 73%, more preferably 6%
It is 2 to 71%, most preferably 65 to 70%.

Preferred ethylene-α-olefin copolymers have a molar ethylene content of 62-71% and a 60,0
Ethylene-propylene copolymers having a number average molecular weight in the range of 00 to 120,000; particularly preferred copolymers are ethylene contents of 62 to 71% and 80,00
Ethylene having a molecular weight in the range from 0 to 100,000
It is a propylene copolymer.

These copolymers can be prepared by any of the methods known in the art, for example, using a Ziegler-type catalyst. These polymers should be substantially amorphous.

[0085] Other suitable hydrocarbon polymers include low molecular weight ethylene-α-olefin copolymers, which are probably at most 7,500, preferably at least 7,500 as measured by vapor phase infiltration. , 1,000-6,000,
Preferably, it has a number average molecular weight of 2,000 to 5,000. Suitable α-olefins are those indicated above, or styrene, but again, propylene is preferred.
This ethylene content can be 60-77 mol%,
86 mol% for the ethylene-propylene copolymer
Up to (by weight) ethylene may be used.

In a further preferred aspect, the hydrocarbon polymer comprises (i) a linear C16 or C18 alkene,
It is or contains a terpolymer of (ii) C18 methacrylate or acrylate and (iii) a succinimide having a C18 carbon chain. In a further preferred aspect, these components (i), (ii) and (iii) are present in a ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1.

The above performance has been demonstrated in middle distillate fuel applications (GB2121807).

The hydrocarbon polymer was prepared by mixing vinyl acetate and a mixed alcohol carboxylate 1 ester (10
A dialkyldicarboxylic acid-vinyl acetate copolymer derived from polymerization with n-alkyl groups having an average number of carbon atoms in the range of from 30 to 30 and preferably C4 to C8 dicarboxylic acids. . These copolymers include vinyl acetate and mixed alcohol fumarate (which is
Dialkyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymers having an average number of carbon atoms in the range of 10 to 30 having an n-alkyl group).

The hydrocarbon polymer can be an alkylphenol resin or a phenol-aldehyde resin or a phenol-formaldehyde resin, preferably an oxyalkylated amine, which has an average number of carbon atoms ranging from 1 to 30. having an n-alkyl group). For phenol-formaldehyde resins, preferably, these phenols are methylene linked. These n-alkyl groups have an average number of carbon atoms in the range of 20 to 36, and more specifically, in the range of 24 to 28.

Preferably, the hydrocarbon polymer is dissolved or dispersed in an aromatic solvent.

The aromatic solvent in which the hydrocarbon polymer can be dissolved or dispersed is Aromatic 150 (which is
(E.g., available from Esso), Surasol or xylene.

It is within the scope of the present invention to use a combination of two or more glidants selected from one or more different types outlined above.

(Fatty acid) The fatty acid can be obtained from any appropriate raw material. For example, the fatty acids are obtained or can be obtained from animal or plant sources. In a preferred aspect, the fatty acid is rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, almond oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard oil, beef oil, tallow oil. , Fish oils, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the fatty acid is a saturated fatty acid,
It is selected from unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the fatty acid is lauric acid,
Rosin acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselic acid, ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid (elaeostearic acid)
ric acid), linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadolinic acid, docosanoic acid, erucic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the fatty acids are from 12 to 22
Selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of one carbon atom. More preferably, the fatty acids are from 16 to 18
Selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of one carbon atom.

In a preferred aspect, the fatty acid
It is selected from a fatty acid mixture consisting of 80% oleic monounsaturated fatty acids, 10-80% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acids, 0-80% saturated fatty acids and 0-80% rosin acid.

In a more preferred aspect, the fatty acid is
Tall oil fatty acids. Tall oil fatty acids typically comprise about 65% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acids, about 30% oleic monounsaturated fatty acids, about 2% saturated fatty acids and less than 2% rosin acids. Contains a mixture. Therefore, in a very favorable situation,
The fatty acid is selected from a fatty acid mixture consisting of about 65% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acid, about 30% oleic monounsaturated fatty acid, about 2% saturated fatty acid and less than 2% rosin acid.

Preferably, the saturated fatty acids are selected from stearic acid (C16) and palmitic acid (C18).

Fatty acids are described, for example, in Unichema, H
Widely available from enkel, Croda and Oleofina. Tall oil fatty acids are typically Ari
zonea Chemical, Georgia Pac
ific, Herculesand Westvaco
Available from

As the fatty acid solution cools, the flow improvers of the present invention (eg, cloud point additives) interact to change the crystallization onset temperature of the precipitated material. This change slows the formation and growth of crystals and keeps the fatty acids in solution, thereby maintaining the operability of the solution. These fatty acids remain in solution and are available for pumping, infusion or addition.

(Composition) In one aspect of the present invention, the composition is substantially free of bio-fuel. In this aspect, the composition may be substantially free of oil (triglyceride) -containing fatty acids or fatty acid esters that can act as a fuel.

The compositions of the present invention may contain one or more additional components applicable to the use of the composition.
These additional components can be those known to those skilled in the art.
One or more of these additional ingredients may include a detergent,
One or more additional cold flow improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, dehazers, demulsifiers, defoamers, cetane improvers, conductivity improvers, metal deactivators, Dyes, chemical markers, cosolvents, package compatibilizers
(Bilisers), carrier oils, biocides, surfactants, buffers, lubricating additives, including polycarboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

The composition may contain one or more solvents, including organic solvents.

As mentioned above, the fatty acids can be used in many areas of application. The composition of the present invention includes adhesives, alkyd resins, detergents, cleaners, fuel additives, inks, coating agents, lubricants, metalworking fluids, mining fluids, oil field exploration, paper treatment, polyamide resins, road construction, rubber It can be or be utilized in processing, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants or fuels.

(Fuel) In a very preferred aspect, the present invention provides a fuel containing the composition of the present invention. Preferably, the fuel is selected from gasoline, including automotive, aviation, tractor and marine fuels; and middle distillate fuels, including diesel, marine and heating oils. The fuel can be a biofuel, for example, a vegetable-based fuel oil including rapeseed methyl ester and vegetable oil; and mixtures thereof.

As described in WO 95/33805, “middle distillate” can be obtained as a fraction from a light kerosene or jet fuel fraction to a heavy fuel oil fraction when refining crude oil. Means fuel oil. These fuel oils may also contain atmospheric or vacuum distillates, cracked gas oils or blends of straight run and pyrolysis and / or catalytic cracking distillates in any proportion. . Examples include kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, visbroken gas oil, light cycle oil (light cycle oil).
il), vacuum gas oil (vacuum gas oi)
l), light fuel oils and fuel oils. Such middle distillate fuel oils are typically found over a temperature range, as measured according to ASTM D86, in the range of 100C to 500C, and more specifically, in the range between 150C and 400C. Boil.

In a very highly preferred aspect, the present invention provides a fuel additive comprising the composition of the present invention.

In a further very preferred aspect, the present invention provides a lubricity improver comprising the composition of the present invention. At the recommended processing speed, this lubricant enhancer is
dyne and Bosch Pump Rig L
ubiquity test and High Frequency
ncy Reciprocating Rig test, B
all on Cylinder Lubricity
Evaluator testing and scuffing
Load Ball on Cylinder Lubr
In the icity Evaluator bench test,
Can prove performance. These products include engine lubricants,
Does not interact with fuel or other fuel additives and is compatible with its engine and fuel system components.

In a further very preferred aspect, the present invention provides a lubricating composition comprising the composition of the present invention.

In a broader aspect of the present invention, the fatty acids of the present invention may be partially or completely replaced by esters, amine salts or amide derivatives of the fatty acids.

The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings: FIG. 1 is a graph; FIG. 2 is a graph; FIG. 3 is a graph; FIG. 4 is a graph; FIG. 5 is a graph;

[0113]

EXAMPLES In the following examples, the following fatty acid compositions (FA
C) was used.

[0114]

[Table 1] Example 1 Tests to demonstrate low temperature operability require that these fatty acids remain bright and transparent after storage at 23 ° F (-5 ° C) for 3 days.

Table 1 compares the performance of different FAC samples in this test.

Table 2 compares the physical properties of these three samples. Sample A: FAC1 Sample B: FAC1 + solvent Sample C: FAC1 + solvent + wax improver (flow enhancer) Scoring criteria: 1 = bright or transparent 2 = cloudy or less than 10% precipitate 3 = 10-20% precipitate 4 = 20-50% precipitate 5 = 50-95% precipitate 6 = solids

[0117]

[Table 2]

[0118]

[Table 3] Example 2 Samples A, B and C were stored overnight at different temperatures to determine roughly how many times a solid precipitated out of the solution. These observations are reported in Table 3.

[0119]

[Table 4] Examples 3-5 Samples were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) according to the present invention. The DSC operation was performed in a standard DSC crucible using TA Instruments
2010. These samples were studied at a heating and cooling rate of 1 ° C./min. These samples also have -7
Investigated isothermally at ° C.

(Example 3-Effect of flow improver on different FACs) (Example 3.1)

[0121]

[Table 5] AZ253 is available from Elf and GB-A-2121.
808 is a cloud point depressant.

It can be seen that this flow improver prevented the crystallization of each of the fatty acids tested at low temperatures.

Example 3.2 Samples A, B and C were prepared using a number of different fatty acids. The composition of these samples was as follows: Sample A 100% fatty acid Sample B 75% fatty acid + 25% added solvent Sample C 75% fatty acid + 20% solvent + 5% wax modifier (cold flow improver) Sample Prepared and placed in a controlled temperature bath. The temperature is reduced daily until it reaches 0 ° C., where 2
For 5 days, then lowered to -5 ° C where
It was constant throughout the remaining test days. Samples were inspected daily and scored. Rating: 1 = transparent and bright 5 = 25-49% crystals 2 = cloudy 6 = 50-74% crystals 3 = less than 10% crystals 7 = 75-100% crystals 4 = 10-24% crystals 8 = Solid matter

[0124]

[Table 6] Essential points of fatty acids 1 = Sylfat 1F obtained from Arizona Oulu (Finland) 2 = Arizona Panama City (Flo
Rida) obtained from Sylfat FA2 3 = Arizona Panama City (Flo
Rida) obtained from Sylfat FA24 = Rosir Services Ltd. (Ea
glescriffeStockton-on-Tee
Sylfat 1F 5 obtained from s) = Arizona Panama City (Flo
Rida) Tall oil mixture from FA-7002 6 = Sylfat 27 from Arizona Oulu (Finland) 7 = Sylfat 2LT from Arizona Oulu (Finland) These data indicate that the system of the present invention is a It has been proved that crystallization of the product can be suppressed. further,
This data demonstrates that the improvement obtained by dilution with commonly used solvents is not as effective as that obtained by the present invention.

Example 4 Effect of Amount of Flow Improver Example 4.1

[0126]

[Table 7] It can be seen that the flow improver prevented the crystallization of the fatty acid compared to the baseline without the flow improver.

[0127]

[Table 8] ΔT represents the difference between the crystallization temperature of the composition and the crystallization temperature of a given fatty acid without the flow improver.

The results of the DSC are shown in FIG.

It can be seen that the flow improver prevented the crystallization of the fatty acid when compared to the baseline without the flow improver. At a flow improver concentration of 0.1%,
Improvements were noted. This improvement increased as the concentration of the flow improver increased.

Example 4.2 Samples AE were prepared using a number of flow improvers. The composition of these samples is
It was as follows: A 85% fatty acid; 14.9% solvent; 0.1% glidant B 85% fatty acid; 14.5% solvent; 0.5% glidant C 85% fatty acid; 14% Solvent; 1% glidant D 85% fatty acid; 13% solvent; 2% glidant E 85% fatty acid; 10% solvent; 5% glidant Samples were prepared and placed in a controlled temperature bath. The temperature is reduced daily until -5 ° C is reached, where
It was constant throughout the remaining test days. Samples were observed daily and scored. Rating: 1 = transparent and bright 5 = 25-49% crystals 2 = cloudy 6 = 50-74% crystals 3 = less than 10% crystals 7 = 75-100% crystals 4 = 10-24% crystals 8 = Solid matter

[0131]

[Table 9] Key points of flow improver 1. Commercial cloud point depressants Terpolymers of ethylene, methacrylate and succinimide 2. Commercially available wax anti-precipitation additives Methylene linked alkyl phenols and low molecular weight polymethacrylates 3. Pour point depressant comb polymer polymethacrylate Commercial cold flow improvers ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer These data demonstrate that a number of different flow improvers at different concentrations can inhibit crystallization of the fatty acid product. In addition, this data demonstrates that the improvement obtained by dilution with commonly used solvents is not as effective as that obtained by the present invention.

(Example 5-Effects of various flow improvers) (Example 5.1)

[0133]

[Table 10] CPD-5 is a cloud point depressant available from Starreon (US). PF511 is Paramin
s (US) cloud point depressant. RL8
30 is a cloud point depressant available from Elf (France). V311 (Dodiflow V31)
1) is Clariant (Switzerland)
Is a cloud point depressant available from CP8327,
Cloud point depressant available from Elf (France). The result of DSC of FAC1 is shown in FIG. FAC
The DSC results of CP8327 with V311 and V311 are shown in FIG.

It can be seen that each of the flow improvers tested prevented the crystallization of both of these fatty acids at low temperatures.

(Example 5.2)

[0136]

[Table 11] CFPP is Dodiflow 4300, a low temperature filter plugging point additive (CFPP) available from Clariant (Switzerland).

ES3217 is manufactured by BASF (German).
A wax anti-settling additive available from y).

[0138] OFI 7250 is based on The Associate.
A low temperature filter plugging point additive available from at Octel (UK).

The DSC results for OFI7250 are shown in FIG. FIG. 4 shows the result of DSC of ES3217.

It can be seen that each of the flow improvers tested prevented the crystallization of both of these fatty acids at low temperatures.

Example 5.3 Samples A and B were prepared using a number of flow improvers. The composition of these samples was as follows: A 85% fatty acid; 14.9% solvent; 0.1% glidant B 85% fatty acid; 14.5% solvent; 0.5% glidant Samples were prepared and placed in a controlled temperature bath. The temperature is reduced daily until -5 ° C is reached, where
It was constant throughout the remaining test days. Samples were observed daily and scored. Rating: 1 = transparent and bright 5 = 25-49% crystals 2 = cloudy 6 = 50-74% crystals 3 = less than 10% crystals 7 = 75-100% crystals 4 = 10-24% crystals 8 = Solid matter

[0142]

[Table 12] Key points of flow improver 1. Commercial cloud point depressants Terpolymers of ethylene, methacrylate and succinimide 2. Commercially available wax anti-precipitation additives Methylene linked alkyl phenols and low molecular weight polymethacrylates 3. Pour point depressant comb polymer polymethacrylate 4. Commercially available low temperature flow improver ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 5. Commercially available pour point depressant comb polymer polymethacrylate 6. Commercially available low temperature flow improver ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 7. Commercial cloud point depressants Terpolymers of ethylene, methacrylate and succinimide 8. Commercially available low-temperature flow improver alkylphenol copolymer 9. Commercially available low temperature flow improver ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 10. Commercially available low temperature flow improver Terpolymer of ethylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate Wax dispersant A Comb polymer 12. Wax dispersant B alkylphenol resin 13. Oxaalkylation with wax dispersant C alkylphenol resin (o
xalkylated) amines 14. 14. Commercial cloud point additive fumarate vinyl acetate Commercial Cloud Point Additives Alkyl Phenol Resins These data demonstrate that a number of different flow enhancers with different chemistries can suppress crystallization of fatty acid products. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that the improvements obtained by dilution with commonly used solvents are not as effective as those obtained by the present invention.

All publications mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and alterations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the chemical or related arts are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. .

According to the present invention, there is provided a composition containing a fatty acid and a flow improver.

[0145]

The use of the flow improver of the present invention or the composition of the present invention containing a fatty acid and the above flow improver can prevent and / or suppress the crystallization of the fatty acid from the composition. This makes it possible to overcome various problems such as handling resulting from fatty acid precipitation and sedimentation during low temperature operation, accurate material handling, pump baking due to filter blockage, and the like.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of DSC of FAC.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of DSC of FAC1.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing DSC results for CP8327 and V311 with FAC3.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the result of DSC of ES3217.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of DSC of AZ253.

Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification symbol FI Theme coat II (reference) C09D 11/00 C09D 11/00 201/00 201/00 C09J 201/00 C09J 201/00 C09K 3/00 C09K 3/00 PC10L 1/16 C10L 1/16 1/22 1/22 B C10M 129/50 C10M 129/50 143/00 143/00 145/08 145/08 145/10 145/10 145/14 145/14 145 / 16 145/16 145/18 145/18 149/04 149/04 C11D 3/20 C11D 3/20 3/37 3/37 // C10N 30:02 C10N 30:02 40:20 40:20 Z (71) Applicant 500542848 Global House, Bailey Lane, Manchester M90 4AA, United King dom (71) Applicant 500541852 Octel Staleon, LLC Octel Starrell LLC United States Delaware 19702, eVr. rk, Delaware 19702, United States of America (72) Inventor Martin John Trainer Chester, United Kingdom Chester, Plus Newton, Kenal Close 23 (72) Inventor Catherine Craig Culpa United States of America Delaware 19707, Hockesin, Brackenville Invention 1854 (1854) David Daniels United States of America Colorado 80126, Highlands Ranch, Swansboro Court 4574

Claims (34)

[Claims] 1. Use of a flow improver for preventing and / or inhibiting the crystallization of fatty acids from a composition containing the fatty acids. 2. A composition comprising a fatty acid and a flow improver. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the flow improver is contained in the composition.
Less than 10% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 5.00% by weight, preferably 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
05-3.00% by weight, preferably 0.10-2.0%
3. Use or composition according to claim 1 or 2 which is present in an amount of 0% by weight. 4. The flow improver comprises a wax modifier, a low temperature flow improver, a pour point depressant, a wax appearance temperature depressant, a low temperature filter block point (CFPP) depressant, a low temperature flow test (LTFT) temperature drop. 4. Use or composition according to claim 1, 2 or 3 selected from agents. 5. The use or composition according to claim 4, wherein the flow improver is selected from a wax modifier, a low temperature filter blocking point (CFPP) depressant and mixtures thereof. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wax modifier is a cloud point depressant,
The use or composition according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the use or composition is selected from wax anti-settling additives and mixtures thereof. 7. The use or composition of claim 4, 5 or 6, wherein the glidant is a diesel fuel cloud point depressant. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the flow improver is selected from an ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer, a comb polymer, a polar nitrogen compound, a hydrocarbon polymer and a mixture thereof. Use or composition according to claim 1. 9. The use or composition according to claim 8, wherein the hydrocarbon polymer is dissolved or dispersed in an aromatic solvent. 10. The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the copolymer is ethylene-ethylenically unsaturated ester copolymers, derivatives and mixtures thereof, or contains them. Use or composition. 11. The comb polymer is (i) a copolymer of maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or a mixture thereof and (ii) another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, or Use or composition according to claim 8, 9 or 10 containing it. 12. The polar nitrogen compound is or contains an oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound having one or more, preferably two or more substituents. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims. 13. The use or composition of claim 12, wherein said polar nitrogen compound is capable of acting as a wax crystal growth inhibitor in a fuel. 14. The hydrocarbon polymer is obtained from a monovalent ethylenically unsaturated monomer or can be obtained directly, or a polymerized polyunsaturated monomer comprising isoprene and butadiene. 14. Use or composition according to any of claims 8 to 13, which can be obtained indirectly by hydrogenating the body. 15. The hydrocarbon polymer is or is a terpolymer of (i) a linear C16 or C18 alkene, (ii) a C18 methacrylate or acrylate, and (iii) a succinimide having a C18 carbon chain. 14. Use or composition according to any one of claims 8 to 13 containing. 16. The components (i), (ii) and (i)
16. Use or composition according to claim 15, wherein ii) is present in a ratio of approximately 1: 1: 1. 17. The fatty acid may be rapeseed oil, coriander oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, almond oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, mustard oil, beef oil, tallow 17. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims, obtained or obtainable from oils, fish oils, and mixtures thereof. 18. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid is selected from saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mixtures thereof. 19. The method according to claim 19, wherein the fatty acid is lauric acid, rosin acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid,
Selected from stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, ricinoleic acid, elaeostearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosanoic acid, gadolinic acid, docosanoic acid, erucic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and mixtures thereof , Any one of claims 1 to 18
Use or composition according to paragraph. 20. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid is selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of 12 to 22 carbon atoms. 21. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid is selected from a mixture of fatty acids having a chain length of 16 to 18 carbon atoms. 22. The fatty acid of claim 10, wherein the fatty acid is 10-80% oleic monounsaturated fatty acid, 10-80% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acid, 0-80% saturated fatty acid and
% Of a mixture of fatty acids consisting of rosin acid,
Use or composition according to any of the preceding claims. 23. The method of claim 23, wherein said fatty acid comprises about 65% linoleic diunsaturated fatty acid, about 30% oleic monounsaturated fatty acid, about 2% saturated fatty acid and less than 2% rosin acid. 23. Use or composition according to any of the preceding claims, selected from a mixture. 24. The method according to claim 14, wherein the saturated fatty acid is stearic acid (C
16) and palmitic acid (C18);
Use or composition according to claim 22 or 23. 25. Use or composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty acid is a tall oil fatty acid. 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a detergent, one or more cold flow improvers, an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, a haze remover, a demulsifier, a defoamer, a cetane improver, Enhancers, metal deactivators, dyes, chemical markers, cosolvents, package compatibilizers, carrier oils,
4. A composition comprising one or more additional ingredients selected from biocides, surfactants, buffers, lubricating additives, including polycarboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.
26. The composition according to any one of 25. 27. The composition according to claim 26, wherein the composition comprises an adhesive, an alkyd resin, a detergent, a soap, a cleaner, a fuel additive, an ink,
Used in coatings, lubricants, metalworking fluids, mining fluids, oilfield exploration, paper processing, polyamide resins, road construction, rubber processing, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants or fuels or intermediates in their manufacture The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein 28. A method of preventing and / or inhibiting the crystallization of fatty acids from a composition containing the fatty acid, comprising contacting the composition with a flow improver. 29. The method according to claim 28, characterized by any one of claims 3 to 27. 30. A fuel comprising the composition according to any one of claims 2 to 27. 31. The fuel, wherein the fuel comprises gasoline, including motor fuel, aviation fuel, tractor fuel and marine fuel;
31. The fuel of claim 30, wherein the fuel is selected from diesel fuels, middle distillate fuels including marine fuels and heating oils; and biofuels including rapeseed methyl ester and vegetable oils; and mixtures thereof. 32. A fuel additive comprising the composition according to any one of claims 2 to 27. A lubricating composition comprising the composition according to any one of claims 2 to 27. 34. A lubricating improver comprising the composition according to any one of claims 2 to 27.