ITRM20100614A1 - PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS OF ACID 18 GLYCYRRHETIC BETA AND / OR OF ITS DERIVATIVES FOR INTRARTICULAR INFILTRATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY ARTROPATHIES - Google Patents
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS OF ACID 18 GLYCYRRHETIC BETA AND / OR OF ITS DERIVATIVES FOR INTRARTICULAR INFILTRATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY ARTROPATHIES Download PDFInfo
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Description
Descrizione dell'invenzione industriale dal titolo: "PREPARAZIONI FARMACEUTICHE DELL'ACIDO 18 BETA GLICIRRETICO E/0 DI SUOI DERIVATI PER INFILTRAZIONI INTRARTICOLARI PER IL TRATTAMENTO DELLE ARTROPATIE INFIAMMATORIE" Description of the industrial invention entitled: "PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS OF 18 BETA GLYCYRETIC ACID AND / OR ITS DERIVATIVES FOR INTRARTICULAR INFILTRATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES"
Descrizione Description
Argomento ed obiettivi dell'invenzione Subject matter and objectives of the invention
La presente invenzione si riferisce all'uso dell'acido 18 beta glicirretico e dell'acido glicirrizico e/o suoi sali e/o esteri per la preparazione di un composto, in forma iniettabile per infiltrazioni intrarticolari, da utilizzare nel trattamento delle artropatie infiammatorie. The present invention relates to the use of 18 beta glycyrrhetic acid and glycyrrhizic acid and / or its salts and / or esters for the preparation of a compound, in injectable form for intra-articular infiltrations, to be used in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies.
L'invenzione si riferisce anche all'uso di preparati in forma iniettabile per infiltrazioni intrarticolari comprendenti l'acido 18 beta glicirretico e/o l'acido glicirrizico in associazione con il un copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO e con l'acido ialuronico, separatamente e/o insieme The invention also refers to the use of preparations in injectable form for intra-articular infiltrations comprising 18 beta glycyrrhetic acid and / or glycyrrhizic acid in association with a PEO / PPO / PEO copolymer and hyaluronic acid, separately and / or together
Stato dell'arte nel settore delle artropatie infiammatorie . State of the art in the field of inflammatory arthropathies.
Sotto il termine generico di artropatie infiammatorie vengono raggruppate una serie di patologie sistemiche, caratterizzate da un stesso meccanismo di azione, in grado di colpire ed attaccare diverse articolazioni dando origine a diverse patologie tra cui, ma non solo: il reumatismo articolare acuto, l'artrite reumatoide, artrite cronica giovanile, la spondilite anchilosante e l'artrite psoriasica, artrite septica e malattie legate alla degenerazione del tessuto connettivo come il lupus eritematoso. Under the generic term of inflammatory arthropathies a series of systemic pathologies are grouped, characterized by the same mechanism of action, capable of hitting and attacking different joints giving rise to different pathologies including, but not limited to: acute joint rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, septic arthritis and diseases related to connective tissue degeneration such as lupus erythematosus.
Le artropatie infiammatorie sono caratterizzate da un processo infiammatorio, spesso a carico del liquido sinoviale con conseguente dolore al movimento delle articolazioni; a volte manifestano un carattere erosivo, che può portare alla distruzione dei capi ossei articolari e del tessuto connettivo interposto, con conseguente limitazione grave, o annullamento completo e permanente, dei movimenti dell'articolazione, condizione che porta il paziente a grave disabilità. Inflammatory arthropathies are characterized by an inflammatory process, often affecting the synovial fluid with consequent pain in the movement of the joints; at times they manifest an erosive character, which can lead to the destruction of the articular bone heads and the interposed connective tissue, with consequent severe limitation, or complete and permanent cancellation, of the movements of the joint, a condition that leads the patient to severe disability.
Le artropatie infiammatorie, sono patologie croniche, ed essendo talvolta a carattere degenerativo, invalidanti. Per la loro diffusione molto ampia, e riportate in continua crescita nella società occidentale, rappresentano di fatto una voce in aumento della spesa sociale. Inflammatory arthropathies are chronic pathologies, and being sometimes of a degenerative nature, disabling. Due to their very wide diffusion, and reported in continuous growth in Western society, they represent in fact an increasing item of social spending.
L'infiammazione è un meccanismo di difesa non specifico innato messo in atto da un organismo, che costituisce una risposta protettiva, seguente all'azione dannosa di agenti fisici, chimici e biologici, il cui obiettivo finale è l'eliminazione della causa iniziale di danno cellulare o tissutale. L'infiammazione serve, dunque, a distruggere, diluire e confinare l'agente lesivo, ma, allo stesso tempo, mette in moto una serie di meccanismi che favoriscono la riparazione o la sostituzione del tessuto danneggiato. Dal punto di vista cellulare la risposta si attua mediante una sequenza dinamica di fenomeni cui prendono parte molte molecole e mediatori chimici. Inflammation is an innate non-specific defense mechanism put in place by an organism, which constitutes a protective response, following the harmful action of physical, chemical and biological agents, whose final goal is the elimination of the initial cause of damage cellular or tissue. Inflammation therefore serves to destroy, dilute and confine the damaging agent, but, at the same time, it sets in motion a series of mechanisms that favor the repair or replacement of damaged tissue. From the cellular point of view, the response takes place through a dynamic sequence of phenomena in which many molecules and chemical mediators take part.
In questi anni sono stati condotti diversi studi per investigare e meglio comprendere il processo infiammatorio, dallo sviluppo al suo progredire . In recent years, several studies have been conducted to investigate and better understand the inflammatory process, from development to its progress.
Il ruolo di HMGB1 The role of HMGB1
Tra questi, negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad un notevole aumento di interesse per la proteina HMGB1. Le ragioni di ciò sono essenzialmente da ricondursi alle numerosissime evidenze, sia sperimentali che cliniche, del coinvolgimento di tale proteina nella regolazione della risposta immune e nella patogenesi di numerosi disturbi infiammatori e degenerativi. Al momento è largamente accettato che HMGB1, normalmente presente nel nucleo cellulare di tutte le cellule, una volta rilasciata all'esterno in modo passivo da cellule necrotiche o attivo da cellule immuni attivate, si leghi a specifici recettori di membrana quali RAGE, TLR2, -4 e -9 su numerosi tipi cellulari ed inneschi vari tipi di attivazione cellulare che, nel complesso, promuovono la risposta infiammatoria. E' infatti largamente dimostrato il coinvolgimento di HMGB1 nella risposta flogistica che segue a sepsi, endotossiemia, malattie infiammatorie gastrointestinali e polmonari, pancreatite, nonché a infarto miocardico o cerebrale. In particolare, numerose evidenze sperimentali dimostrano che HMGB1 gioca un ruolo chiave anche nella patogenesi della artropatie infiammatorie. Among these, in recent years there has been a notable increase in interest in the HMGB1 protein. The reasons for this are essentially due to the very numerous evidence, both experimental and clinical, of the involvement of this protein in the regulation of the immune response and in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and degenerative disorders. It is currently widely accepted that HMGB1, normally present in the cell nucleus of all cells, once released to the outside passively by necrotic cells or active by activated immune cells, binds to specific membrane receptors such as RAGE, TLR2, - 4 and -9 on numerous cell types and triggers various types of cell activation which, overall, promote the inflammatory response. In fact, the involvement of HMGB1 in the inflammatory response following sepsis, endotoxemia, gastrointestinal and pulmonary inflammatory diseases, pancreatitis, as well as myocardial or cerebral infarction is widely demonstrated. In particular, numerous experimental evidences show that HMGB1 also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthropathies.
E' stato infatti dimostrato che alti livelli di HMGB1 si ritrovano nel siero e nel liquido sinoviale di pazienti affetti da artrite reumatoide e osteoartrite. La proteina si ritrova inoltre molto aumentata a livello dell'endotelio e dei macrofagi che infiltrano il tessuto sinoviale infiammato. Modelli di artrite sperimentale nell'animale, quali per esempio l'artrite indotta da collagene, confermano questi dati e dimostrano inoltre che HMGB1 è molto espressa e rilasciata dalle cellule infiammatorie che infiltrano il tessuto proliferat ivo che invade la cartilagine e l'osso (panno sinoviale). Ulteriori ricerche indicano che HMGB1 promuove il differenziamento degli osteoclasti li attiva rilasciare citochine infiammatorie. La rilevanza del ruolo patogenetico di HMGB1 nelle artropatie infiammatorie viene ulteriormente sottolineata dalla capacità della proteina di indurre artrite e sinovite nel topo quando iniettata direttamente nell'articolazione del ginocchio. In fact, it has been shown that high levels of HMGB1 are found in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The protein is also found greatly increased in the endothelium and macrophages that infiltrate the inflamed synovial tissue. Models of experimental arthritis in animals, such as collagen-induced arthritis, confirm these data and also demonstrate that HMGB1 is highly expressed and released by inflammatory cells that infiltrate the proliferative tissue invading cartilage and bone (tissue synovial). Further research indicates that HMGB1 promotes osteoclast differentiation by triggering them to release inflammatory cytokines. The relevance of the pathogenetic role of HMGB1 in inflammatory arthropathies is further emphasized by the protein's ability to induce arthritis and synovitis in mice when injected directly into the knee joint.
Evidenze indirette del coinvolgimento di HMGB1 nella patogenesi delle artropatie infiammatorie derivano dai numerosi studi che dimostrano gli effetti terapeutici di bloccanti del segnale autocrino e paracrino mediato da HMGB1. In particolare, è stato dimostrato che anticorpi specifici contro HMGB1 sono capaci di ridurre la gravità dell'artrite da collagene nei roditori. Tali eventi si correlano ad una ridotta infiltrazione infiammatoria della sinovia, ridotto riassorbimento cartilagineo ed osseo, nonché ad una diminuita sintesi di mediatori dell'infiammazione nei tessuti reattivi articolari. La gravità dell'artropatia nello stesso modello di artrite viene ridotta anche da frammenti della proteina HMGB1 (il cosiddetto BoxA, capace di legare i recettori per HMGB1 senza attivarli, e prevenendo quindi il loro legame con HMGB1 stessa). Ulteriori composti capaci di legare HMGB1 che hanno mostrato effetti terapeutici in modelli di artrite sono la trombomodulina, 1'oxiplatino, i recettori per HMGB1 di tipo RAGE nella forma solubile, e la grelina. In tutti i casi, purtroppo, si tratta di composti privi di un reale utilizzo terapeutico. Se infatti alcuni sono dei bloccanti HMGB1 di natura proteica, che presentano quindi svantaggi sia nella preparazione di opportune formulazioni farmaceutiche che negli aspetti farmacocinetici relativi alla biodisponibilità e all'emivita, altri, come il chemioterapico l'oxiplatino o l'anticoagulante trombomodulina, sono evidentemente farmaci con pericolosi effetti collaterali. Su queste basi è possibile quindi affermare che, stante una considerevole mole di evidenze precliniche e cliniche indicanti un ruolo di primo piano della citochina HMGB1 nella patogenesi delle artropatie infiammatorie, nella letteratura scientifica mancano ancora evidenze concrete e convincenti che l'inibizione di questa citochina sia una strategia terapeutica realmente percorribile. Indirect evidence of HMGB1 involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthropathies derives from numerous studies demonstrating the therapeutic effects of HMGB1-mediated autocrine and paracrine signal blockers. In particular, it has been shown that specific antibodies against HMGB1 are capable of reducing the severity of collagen arthritis in rodents. These events are related to a reduced inflammatory infiltration of the synovium, reduced cartilage and bone resorption, as well as a decreased synthesis of inflammatory mediators in reactive joint tissues. The severity of arthropathy in the same model of arthritis is also reduced by fragments of the HMGB1 protein (the so-called BoxA, capable of binding the receptors for HMGB1 without activating them, and thus preventing their binding with HMGB1 itself). Further compounds capable of binding HMGB1 that have shown therapeutic effects in arthritis models are thrombomodulin, oxiplatin, RAGE-type HMGB1 receptors in the soluble form, and ghrelin. In all cases, unfortunately, these are compounds with no real therapeutic use. In fact, if some are HMGB1 blockers of a protein nature, which therefore have disadvantages both in the preparation of appropriate pharmaceutical formulations and in the pharmacokinetic aspects relating to bioavailability and half-life, others, such as the chemotherapeutic agent, oxiplatin or the anticoagulant thrombomodulin, are evidently drugs with dangerous side effects. On these bases it is therefore possible to state that, given a considerable amount of preclinical and clinical evidence indicating a leading role of the cytokine HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthropathies, in the scientific literature there is still no concrete and convincing evidence that the inhibition of this cytokine is a truly viable therapeutic strategy.
La proteina HMGB1 è un'allarmina, cioè una proteina endogena che svolge un ruolo specifico come attivatore immunitario quando, in seguito a trauma diretto o infezione, si versa nello spazio intercellulare e nei fluidi corporei. The HMGB1 protein is an alarmin, i.e. an endogenous protein that plays a specific role as an immune activator when, following direct trauma or infection, it spills into the intercellular space and body fluids.
Studi recenti hanno dimostrato che l'HMGBl viene velocemente rilasciata nello spazio extracellulare da cellule che vanno incontro a morte necrotica. l'HMGBl liberata va a legarsi a dei recettori presenti sulla membrana piasmatica di varie cellule e questo legame provoca la liberazione di citochine pro-infiammatorie dalle cellule macrofagiche. Recent studies have shown that HMGB1 is rapidly released into the extracellular space by cells that undergo necrotic death. the released HMGBl binds to receptors present on the piasmatic membrane of various cells and this bond causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophage cells.
Attuali terapie e loro limiti. Current therapies and their limitations.
Sebbene la gestione terapeutica delle artropatie infiammatorie sia enormemente migliorata negli ultimi 25 anni offrendo ai pazienti un soddisfacente controllo dei sintomi e la possibilità di conservare i normali ritmi della routine quotidiana, i protocolli terapeutici risultano ancora estremamente complessi, dal momento che non esiste una cura definitiva. Obiettivo dei trattamenti è quello di ridurre i sintomi del paziente e migliorare la disabilità attraverso una terapia medica appropriata e iniziata il più rapidamente possibile, prima che le articolazioni interessate dall'infiammazione vengano danneggiate in modo permanente. Non esiste un singolo farmaco efficace per tutti i pazienti e spesso molti di essi devono ricorrere a diverse modifiche terapeutiche nel corso della loro malattia, così i pazienti affetti devono assumere polifarmacoterapie, basate sulla combinazione di immunosoppressori, corticosteroidi e antinfiammatori non steroidei (FANS), con un'elevata incidenza di effetti collaterali. Although the therapeutic management of inflammatory arthropathies has improved enormously over the past 25 years by offering patients satisfactory symptom control and the ability to maintain the normal rhythms of daily routine, therapeutic protocols are still extremely complex, since there is no definitive cure. . The aim of the treatments is to reduce the patient's symptoms and improve disability through appropriate medical therapy initiated as quickly as possible, before the joints affected by the inflammation are permanently damaged. There is no single drug that is effective for all patients and often many of them have to resort to several therapeutic modifications during their disease, so affected patients must take polypharmacy, based on the combination of immunosuppressants, corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). with a high incidence of side effects.
Per ridurre rapidamente l'infiammazione articolare e l'intensità dei sintomi, inizialmente la terapia si avvale dei farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei (cosiddetti FANS), come ibuprofene, naprossene diclofenac ketoprofene e i più recenti C0X2-inibitori. To rapidly reduce joint inflammation and the intensity of symptoms, initially the therapy uses non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (so-called NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen diclofenac ketoprofen and the more recent C0X2-inhibitors.
Per la loro potente azione antiinfiammatoria, al paziente possono essere somministrati per bocca o per via intrarticolare farmaci cortisonici (corticosteroidi) noti anche come farmaci antinfiammatori steroidei, come il prednisone. Due to their powerful anti-inflammatory action, the patient can be administered by mouth or intra-articularly corticosteroid drugs (corticosteroids) also known as steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisone.
Negli ultimi anni il trattamento delle artropatie infiammatorie si avvale anche dell'uso di farmaci, noti come modificatori della risposta biologica o "agenti biologici", che agiscono specificatamente su alcune molecole prodotte da cellule del sistema immunitario e che determinano l'infiammazione e il danno articolare e degli organi eventualmente coinvolti. In recent years, the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies also makes use of drugs, known as biological response modifiers or "biological agents", which act specifically on some molecules produced by cells of the immune system and which cause inflammation and damage joint and any organs involved.
Al fine di ottenere la massima e più rapida efficacia antinfiammatoria locale, evitando gli inconvenienti dei farmaci di varia natura somministrati per via sistemica, al paziente viene eseguita un'infiltrazione intrarticolare con potenti agenti antiinfiammatori, spesso steroidi, ed eventualmente anestetici locali. In order to obtain the maximum and fastest local anti-inflammatory efficacy, avoiding the drawbacks of various types of drugs administered systemically, the patient is performed an intra-articular infiltration with powerful anti-inflammatory agents, often steroids, and possibly local anesthetics.
La terapia infiltrativa articolare e periarticolare ha acquistato sempre più, negli ultimi anni, importanza nel trattamento di malattie osteo-muscolari. In recent years, joint and periarticular infiltrative therapy has acquired more and more importance in the treatment of osteo-muscular diseases.
Notevole è il numero di pazienti che si avvalgono di questa metodica e vari sono anche i farmaci utilizzati, con indicazioni e aspettative differenti. Il trattamento infiltrativo locale è indicato sia nei processi infiammatori acuti (con dolore e limitazione funzionale) sia in patologie degenerative cronicizzate delle articolazioni (con l'utilizzo di farmaci condroprotettori). Le più frequenti patologie d'utilizzo delle infiltrazioni intraarticolari sono: artrosi, artriti non infettive, tendiniti, peritendiniti e tenosinoviti, borsiti, fasciti, fibrositi-fibromialgie, sindromi radicolari. Inizialmente solo i cortisonici furono utilizzati nelle infiltrazioni articolari, ma, allo stato attuale, anche altri farmaci vengono impiegati specialmente per determinate patologie o nei pazienti in cui l'uso dei cortisonici è controindicato. Tra i farmaci utilizzati per infiltrazione vanno indicati cortisonici, acido ialuronico, farmaci omeopatici ed altri mediatori della risposta immune o molecole coinvolte nell'inibizione dei processi infiammatori. The number of patients who use this method is considerable and the drugs used are also various, with different indications and expectations. Local infiltrative treatment is indicated both in acute inflammatory processes (with pain and functional limitation) and in chronic degenerative diseases of the joints (with the use of chondroprotective drugs). The most frequent pathologies of use of intraarticular infiltrations are: arthrosis, non-infectious arthritis, tendinitis, peritendinitis and tenosynovitis, bursitis, fasciitis, fibrositis-fibromyalgia, root syndromes. Initially only cortisone were used in joint infiltration, but, at present, other drugs are also used especially for certain pathologies or in patients in whom the use of cortisone is contraindicated. Among the drugs used for infiltration, cortisone drugs, hyaluronic acid, homeopathic drugs and other mediators of the immune response or molecules involved in the inhibition of inflammatory processes should be indicated.
Con la maggior comprensione del processo infiammatorio e delle molecole ad esso connesso si sono aperte nuove strade per la produzione di farmaci ad hoc, con target mirati, al fine di evitare il più possibile il manifestarsi di effetti collaterali, spesso dovuti a terapie troppo aggressive in particolare se i soggetti coinvolti sono giovani adulti o bambini. With the greater understanding of the inflammatory process and the molecules connected to it, new paths have opened up for the production of ad hoc drugs, with targeted targets, in order to avoid as much as possible the occurrence of side effects, often due to overly aggressive therapies in particularly if the subjects involved are young adults or children.
Per il suo ruolo e coinvolgimento nella traduzione del segnale, il bersaglio delle nuove terapie hanno per oggetto la proteina HMGB1. In dettaglio, esistono varie strategie, tra cui la possibilità di bloccare il segnale pro-infiammatorio della proteina HMGB1, o attraverso un blocco del suo rilascio o attraverso un blocco recettoriale, ma entrambi i processi potrebbero comportare o effetti collaterali notevoli (nel primo caso) o difficoltà di selettività recettoriale (nel secondo caso). Due to its role and involvement in signal translation, the target of new therapies is the HMGB1 protein. In detail, there are various strategies, including the possibility of blocking the pro-inflammatory signal of the HMGB1 protein, either through a block of its release or through a receptor block, but both processes could involve significant side effects (in the first case) or difficulty of receptor selectivity (in the second case).
Pertanto, nonostante l'ampia disponibilità odierna di farmaci c'è ancora il reale bisogno di nuove preparazioni farmaceutiche che siano attive quali antiinfiammatori in quanto in grado di bloccare agenti molecolari coinvolti nel processo infiammatorio per la specifica applicazione mediante infiltrazione intrarticolare e, al contempo, prive di effetti collaterali. Therefore, despite the wide availability of drugs today, there is still a real need for new pharmaceutical preparations that are active as anti-inflammatories as they are able to block molecular agents involved in the inflammatory process for the specific application through intra-articular infiltration and, at the same time, free from side effects.
Scopo dell'invenzione Purpose of the invention
Il problema tecnico alla base della presente invenzione è quello di mettere a disposizione una nuova preparazione farmaceutica per infiltrazioni intrarticolari facile da produrre, efficace e che possa superare gli inconvenienti di quelli attualmente disponibili nell'arte nota, in termini di efficacia e di riduzione di effetti collaterali. The technical problem underlying the present invention is that of providing a new pharmaceutical preparation for intra-articular infiltrations which is easy to produce, effective and which can overcome the drawbacks of those currently available in the prior art, in terms of efficacy and reduction of effects. collateral.
Il richiedente ha così condotto studi approfonditi volti a cercare di bloccare l'HMGBl una volta rilasciata dai tessuti in maniera da prevenirne il legame con i recettori. Tra le varie sostanze prese in esame, l'acido glicirrizico o glicirrizina ha dimostrato avere proprietà leganti l'HMGBl e quindi la capacità di bloccare i segnali proinfiammatori della proteina. The applicant thus conducted in-depth studies aimed at trying to block HMGB1 once released from the tissues in order to prevent its binding with the receptors. Among the various substances examined, glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizin has been shown to have HMGB1 binding properties and therefore the ability to block the proinflammatory signals of the protein.
Alla luce di quanto fin qui esposto l'acido glicirrizico assume pertanto un notevole potenziale terapeutico poiché è in grado di interrompere il processo infiammatorio attraverso un meccanismo di sequestro dell'agente propagatore e non attraverso un processo farmacologico, immunologico o metabolico. In the light of the above, glycyrrhizic acid therefore assumes a considerable therapeutic potential since it is able to interrupt the inflammatory process through a sequestration mechanism of the propagating agent and not through a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic process.
La glicirrizzina è un alcaloide glucosidico presente in grandi quantità nelle radici di Glicyrrhiza glabra, la pianta da cui viene classicamente estratta la liquirizia. Glycyrrhizin is a glucosidic alkaloid present in large quantities in the roots of Glicyrrhiza glabra, the plant from which licorice is classically extracted.
La radice di liquirizia è nota nell'uso da oltre 4000 anni sia come addolcente in alimenti e bevande e sia come aromatizzante in caramelle, gomme da masticare e sigarette; è stata talora anche utilizzata per mascherare il cattivo sapore di preparati medicinali. Gli estratti di liquirizia sono stati inoltre utilizzati per il trattamento della dispepsia e delle ulcere dispeptiche. Un utilizzo molto diffuso e comune della liquirizia è quello che sfrutta le proprietà antinfiammatorie della radice della pianta. Licorice root has been known to be used for over 4000 years both as a sweetener in foods and drinks and as a flavoring in candies, chewing gum and cigarettes; it has also been sometimes used to mask the bad taste of medicinal preparations. Licorice extracts have also been used for the treatment of dyspepsia and dyspeptic ulcers. A very widespread and common use of licorice is that which exploits the anti-inflammatory properties of the root of the plant.
L'acido glicirrizico (triterpene glucosidico) e il suo aglicone, l'acido 18 beta glicirretico sono i più importanti componenti dell'estratto di liquirizia. Entrambi presentano un'ampia gamma di proprietà, tra le più note sicuramente quella anti-infiammatoria, anti-ulcera, anti-allergica, anti-ossidante, anti-virale ecc. Tutte queste attività sono ampiamente e ben documentate in letteratura. Glycyrrhizic acid (glucosidic triterpene) and its aglycone, 18 beta glycyrrhetic acid are the most important components of licorice extract. Both have a wide range of properties, among the best known certainly the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, etc. All these activities are extensively and well documented in the literature.
L'acido glicirrizico si presenta sottoforma di due steroisomeri: beta ed alfa glicirrizico. l'alfa è più solubile in acqua e tende a formare dei gel, mentre il beta è di sapore dolce e presenta uno spettro più ampio per quanto riguarda le sue attività fisiologiche. Anche i diversi derivati della forma steroisomerica beta, quali esteri, amidi, sali, ecc., presentano una maggiore attività antinfiammatoria rispetto alle corrispondenti forme alfa. Glycyrrhizic acid comes in the form of two steroisomers: beta and alpha glycyrrhizic. alpha is more soluble in water and tends to form gels, while beta is sweet in taste and has a broader spectrum as regards its physiological activities. The various derivatives of the beta steroisomeric form, such as esters, starches, salts, etc., also have a greater anti-inflammatory activity than the corresponding alpha forms.
L'analogia della struttura della molecola di acido glicirrizico con quella del cortisone, entrambi le molecole sono piatte e simili nelle posizioni 3 ed 11, ha costituito inizialmente la base per spiegare l'attività antinfiammatoria dell' acido glicirrizico; in realtà, studi successivi hanno dimostrato che i meccanismi di azione con cui agiscono le due molecole sono diversi. The analogy of the structure of the glycyrrhizic acid molecule with that of cortisone, both molecules are flat and similar in positions 3 and 11, initially formed the basis for explaining the anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid; in fact, subsequent studies have shown that the mechanisms of action by which the two molecules act are different.
La glicirrizzina è composta da una struttura triterpenica rappresentata dall'acido glicirretico e una parte glucidica costituita da due residui di acido glucuronico. L'utilizzo della glicirrizzina in ambito farmaceutico è quanto mai diffuso, essendo largamente impiegata come edulcorante in numerose formulazioni farmaceutiche. Il largo utilizzo della glicirrizzina è in accordo con il fatto che la molecola sia praticamente priva di effetti collaterali nell'uomo se somministrata endovena a dosi di 240 mg (circa un quarto di grammo) tre volte alla settimana per 4 settimane. Inoltre la farmacocinetica sia della glicirrizzina che del suo prodotto di degradazione, l'acido glicirretico, è ben conosciuta nell'uomo. Glycyrrhizin is composed of a triterpene structure represented by glycyrrhetic acid and a carbohydrate part consisting of two glucuronic acid residues. The use of glycyrrhizin in the pharmaceutical field is very widespread, being widely used as a sweetener in numerous pharmaceutical formulations. The wide use of glycyrrhizin is in agreement with the fact that the molecule is practically free of side effects in humans if administered intravenously at doses of 240 mg (about a quarter of a gram) three times a week for 4 weeks. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of both glycyrrhizin and its degradation product, glycyrrhetic acid, are well known in humans.
Eleganti studi di farmacologia sperimentale e di cinetica molecolare hanno dimostrato che la glicirrizzina è capace di legare HMGB1 legandosi alla regione idrofobica del Box A e del Box B e di inattivarne le proprietà proinfiammatorie. In particolare è la struttura triterpenica dell'acido glicirrizzico che, grazie alla sua struttura lipofila, stabilisce interazioni deboli con i residui che delimitano le tasche idrofobiche del Box A e B, mentre il gruppo carbossilico stabilisce legami idrogeno con gruppi argininici e lisinici presenti all'interno della tasca di legame. Al contrario, i gruppi glucidici di acido glucuronico non intervengono nel legame tra glicirrizzina e HMGB1. Il legame tra HMGB1 e l'acido glicirretico della glicirrizzina si ripercuote a livello funzionale inibendo le proprietà chemiotattiche e mitogeniche della citochina. E' importante sottolineare che la capacità della glicirrizzina di inattivare HMGB1 è in linea con gli effetti terapeutici del composto in un modello di epatite virale nel roditore in cui HMGB1 concorre alla patogenesi dell'infiammazione e delle necrosi epatica. Ulteriori evidenze sperimentali dimostrano che la glicirrizzina è capace di inibire altre funzioni di HMGB1 quali la regolazione della proliferazione virale nelle cellule dendritiche, la regressione tumorale mediata dal recettore TLR2, e il danno epatico da ischemia e riperfusione. Il fatto che in Giappone la glicirrizzina sia tradizionalmente impiegata per il trattamento dell'epatite virale B e C con dimostrazioni di efficacia terapeutica rafforza il razionale terapeutico dell'utilizzo della glicirrizzina e dell'acido glicirretico come bloccanti di HMGB1 nell'uomo. Sulla base di quanto sopra esposto, il Richiedente ha indagato sull'uso dell'acido glicirretico nel trattamento delle artropatie infiammatorie. Elegant experimental pharmacology and molecular kinetic studies have shown that glycyrrhizin is capable of binding HMGB1 by binding to the hydrophobic region of Box A and Box B and inactivating their proinflammatory properties. In particular, it is the triterpene structure of glycyrrhic acid which, thanks to its lipophilic structure, establishes weak interactions with the residues that delimit the hydrophobic pockets of Box A and B, while the carboxylic group establishes hydrogen bonds with arginine and lysine groups present in the inside of the tie pocket. On the contrary, the glucidic groups of glucuronic acid do not intervene in the link between glycyrrhizin and HMGB1. The link between HMGB1 and the glycyrrhetic acid of glycyrrhizin affects functionally by inhibiting the chemotactic and mitogenic properties of the cytokine. It is important to underline that the ability of glycyrrhizin to inactivate HMGB1 is in line with the therapeutic effects of the compound in a model of viral hepatitis in rodents in which HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatic inflammation and necrosis. Further experimental evidence shows that glycyrrhizin is capable of inhibiting other functions of HMGB1 such as the regulation of viral proliferation in dendritic cells, tumor regression mediated by the TLR2 receptor, and liver damage from ischemia and reperfusion. The fact that in Japan glycyrrhizin is traditionally used for the treatment of viral hepatitis B and C with demonstrations of therapeutic efficacy strengthens the therapeutic rationale for the use of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid as blockers of HMGB1 in humans. On the basis of the above, the Applicant investigated the use of glycyrrhetic acid in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies.
Sorprendentemente gli studi effettuati hanno evidenziato che, anche a livello articolare, l'acido glicirretico è effettivamente in grado di bloccare il legame tra HMGB1 e anticorpi policlonali che riconoscono la proteina. Tali dati sperimentali hanno dimostrato quindi, per la prima volta, che funzionalmente è l'acido glicirretico, piuttosto che la glicirrizzina, a bloccare HMGB1. Ulteriori ricerche eseguite dal Richiedente indicano, ancora una volta in modo del tutto originale, che l'acido glicirretico è in grado di ridurre l'attivazione infiammatoria di macrofagi esposti a HMGB1 purificata. In particolare si è riscontrato che a livello articolare l'utilizzo parenterale di acido glicirretico permette di sequestrare HMGB1 liberata nei fluidi sinoviali, inibendo quindi le sue funzioni pro-infiammatorie, mitogeniche e chemiotattiche. Sulla base del potenziale patogenetico di HMGB1 nella patologia articolare infiammatoria e degenerativa, l'acido glicirretico può rappresentare un'innovativa strategia farmacologica con significativo potenziale terapeutico. A questo riguardo vale ricordare che, a differenza delle varie strategie finora proposte e/o utilizzate per bloccare gli effetti deleteri di HMGB1 nelle artropatie infiammatorie, l'uso dell'acido glicirretico nella patologia osteoarticolare infiammatoria appare favorito da una potenziale buona tollerabilità suggerita dall'assenza di gravi effetti collaterali finora riscontrati nell'uomo. Surprisingly, the studies carried out have shown that, even at the joint level, glycyrrhetic acid is actually able to block the link between HMGB1 and polyclonal antibodies that recognize the protein. These experimental data therefore demonstrated, for the first time, that functionally it is glycyrrhetic acid, rather than glycyrrhizin, that blocks HMGB1. Further researches carried out by the Applicant indicate, once again in a completely original way, that glycyrrhetic acid is able to reduce the inflammatory activation of macrophages exposed to purified HMGB1. In particular, it has been found that at the joint level the parenteral use of glycyrrhetic acid allows to sequester HMGB1 released in the synovial fluids, thus inhibiting its pro-inflammatory, mitogenic and chemotactic functions. Based on the pathogenetic potential of HMGB1 in inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, glycyrrhetic acid may represent an innovative pharmacological strategy with significant therapeutic potential. In this regard, it is worth remembering that, unlike the various strategies proposed so far and / or used to block the deleterious effects of HMGB1 in inflammatory arthropathies, the use of glycyrrhetic acid in inflammatory osteoarticular pathology appears favored by a potential good tolerability suggested by the absence of serious side effects so far found in humans.
Costituisce pertanto un primo oggetto della presente invenzione l'uso dell'acido glicirrizico, o del prodotto della sua idrolisi, cioè l'acido glicirretico, nel trattamento delle artropatie infiammatorie mediante infiltrazioni a livello articolare. Therefore, a first object of the present invention is the use of glycyrrhizic acid, or of the product of its hydrolysis, ie glycyrrhetic acid, in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies by means of infiltrations at the joint level.
Costituisce un ulteriore oggetto della presente invenzione l'associazione in una composizione farmaceutica per infiltrazione intrarticolare, di acido glicirrizico o del prodotto della sua idrolisi, cioè di acido 18 betaglicirretico con l'acido ialuronico e il copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO. A further object of the present invention is the association in a pharmaceutical composition by intra-articular infiltration of glycyrrhizic acid or of the product of its hydrolysis, ie of beta-glycyrrhetic acid 18 with hyaluronic acid and the PEO / PPO / PEO copolymer.
Costituisce un ulteriore oggetto della presente invenzione particolarmente preferito, l'associazione in una composizione farmaceutica per infiltrazione intrart icolare di acido 18 beta-glicirret ico con acido Jaluronico ed il copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO. A further particularly preferred object of the present invention is the association in a pharmaceutical composition by intrarticular infiltration of beta-glycyrrhethic acid 18 with hyaluronic acid and the PEO / PPO / PEO copolymer.
In dettaglio, l'acido ialuronico è un glicosaminoglicano dalla catena polisaccaridica non ramificata prodotta dall'aggregazione di migliaia di unità disaccaridiche formate a loro volta da residui di acido glucuronico e N-acet ilglucosamina, e rappresenta uno dei componenti fondamentali del tessuto connettivo dei mammiferi. Esiste un'ampia letteratura in merito all'utilizzo dell' acido ialuronico per infiltrazione intrarticolare, questo viene impiegato in tal senso da tempo e sul mercato esistono diversi prodotti. Nella matrice amorfa del tessuto connettivo l'acido ialuronico si occupa di mantenerne il grado di idratazione, turgidità, plasticità e viscosità, poiché si dispone nello spazio in una conformazione aggregata incamerando così un notevole numero di molecole d'acqua. È anche in grado di agire come sostanza cementante e come molecola anti-urto nonché come efficiente lubrificante (es. nel liquido sinoviale) prevenendo il danneggiamento delle cellule del tessuto da stress fisici. In detail, hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan with an unbranched polysaccharide chain produced by the aggregation of thousands of disaccharide units formed in turn by residues of glucuronic acid and N-acet ilglucosamine, and represents one of the fundamental components of the connective tissue of mammals. . There is a large literature on the use of hyaluronic acid for intra-articular infiltration, this has been used in this sense for some time and there are several products on the market. In the amorphous matrix of the connective tissue, hyaluronic acid is responsible for maintaining the degree of hydration, turgidity, plasticity and viscosity, since it is arranged in the space in an aggregate conformation, thus taking in a considerable number of water molecules. It is also able to act as a cementing substance and as an anti-shock molecule as well as an efficient lubricant (eg in the synovial fluid) preventing damage to the tissue cells from physical stress.
Durante la manifestazione osteoartrosica, il liquido e la membrana sinoviale subiscono un'alterazione delle proprie caratteristiche: si riduce la concentrazione e la qualità dell'acido ialuronico nel liquido sinoviale e la membrana sinoviale diventa più permeabile favorendo il passaggio di sostanze proinfiammatorie. During osteoarthritis, the fluid and the synovial membrane undergo an alteration of their characteristics: the concentration and quality of hyaluronic acid in the synovial fluid is reduced and the synovial membrane becomes more permeable, favoring the passage of proinflammatory substances.
Le infiltrazioni di acido ialuronico hanno lo scopo di ottenere un ripristino delle condizioni normali dell'articolazione, favorendo così la riduzione del dolore e il recupero della funzionalità articolare. The hyaluronic acid infiltrations aim to restore the normal conditions of the joint, thus favoring the reduction of pain and the recovery of joint function.
Il polimero termosensibile brevettato bis- Methoxy Peg-13 Peg-438/PPG- 110SMDI copolymer costituisce un copolimero composto da blocchi idrofobici di ossido di polipropilene e blocchi idrofilici di ossido di polietilene (PEO/PPO/PEO). Il copolimero risultante, diluito in acqua a temperatura ambiente produce una soluzione liquida, limpida poco viscosa e facilmente filtrabile, ma è in grado di cambiare reversibilmente il proprio stato fisico in seguito ad un cambiamento di temperatura, in particolare quando viene portata alla temperatura corporea, la sostanza aumenta la propria viscosità e passa allo stato di gel. Per le sue proprietà il copolimero, prodotto in fase liquida, permette di includere un principio attivo in una matrice gelatinosa alla temperatura corporea dalla quale può essere rilasciata in maniera controllata inoltre agisce come agente di controllo della viscosità. The patented thermosensitive polymer bis- Methoxy Peg-13 Peg-438 / PPG- 110SMDI copolymer is a copolymer composed of hydrophobic blocks of polypropylene oxide and hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene oxide (PEO / PPO / PEO). The resulting copolymer, diluted in water at room temperature, produces a liquid, clear, slightly viscous and easily filterable solution, but is capable of reversibly changing its physical state following a change in temperature, in particular when it is brought to body temperature. the substance increases its viscosity and passes to the gel state. Due to its properties, the copolymer, produced in the liquid phase, allows to include an active ingredient in a gelatinous matrix at body temperature from which it can be released in a controlled manner and also acts as a viscosity control agent.
Nel caso specifico, l'aggiunta del polimero, dona alla composizione la capacità di una maggiore adesione alla superficie articolare, non alterando il grado di viscosità e di idratazione, e di poter rilasciare gradualmente e per un tempo prolungato il principio attivo. In the specific case, the addition of the polymer gives the composition the ability to have greater adhesion to the joint surface, without altering the degree of viscosity and hydration, and to be able to gradually release the active ingredient for a prolonged time.
Una preferita forma realizzativa della presente invenzione prevede pertanto l'utilizzo dell'acido 18 beta glicirretico, sfruttando quindi la sua proprietà antiinfiammatoria, in associazione con il copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO e con l'acido ialuronico, separatamente e/o insieme, per la preparazione di un composto farmaceutico in forma iniettabile per infiltrazioni intrarticolari, da utilizzare nel trattamento delle artropatie infiammatorie. A preferred embodiment of the present invention therefore provides for the use of beta glycyrrhetic acid 18, thus exploiting its anti-inflammatory property, in association with the PEO / PPO / PEO copolymer and with hyaluronic acid, separately and / or together, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical compound in injectable form for intra-articular infiltrations, to be used in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies.
Le preparazioni farmaceutiche della presente invenzione sono state preparate in siringhe sterili preriempite da 0.5 a 5 mi pronte all'uso, sotto forma di: The pharmaceutical preparations of the present invention have been prepared in sterile pre-filled syringes of 0.5 to 5 ml ready to use, in the form of:
• soluzioni • solutions
• gel • gel
Dette preparazioni farmaceutiche, oltre ai componenti fondamentali, possono contenere anche altri ingredienti convenzionale, quali, conservanti, stabilizzatori, agenti surfactanti, soluzione tampone, sali, regolatori di pressione osmotica, emulsionanti, additivi farmaceuticamente accettati, adiuvanti, coloranti. Said pharmaceutical preparations, in addition to the basic components, may also contain other conventional ingredients, such as preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, buffer solutions, salts, osmotic pressure regulators, emulsifiers, pharmaceutically accepted additives, adjuvants, dyes.
La quantità di ingredienti attivi della composizione farmaceutica secondo la presente invenzione potrebbe variare pur rimanendo entro un ampio intervallo di valori che dipende da alcuni fattori noti, come ad esempio lo stadio e la gravità dell'infiammazione, il peso corporeo del paziente, tipo di dosaggio, posologia e protocollo terapeutico, schema temporale della somministrazione. Tuttavia, tutti questi parametri saranno determinati in maniera ottimale caso per caso dalla persona esperta del settore . The amount of active ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention could vary while remaining within a wide range of values which depends on some known factors, such as for example the stage and severity of inflammation, the patient's body weight, type of dosage. , posology and therapeutic protocol, time schedule of administration. However, all these parameters will be optimally determined on a case-by-case basis by the person skilled in the art.
Riportiamo qui di seguito alcuni esempi formulativi non limitativi della preparazione farmaceutica secondo la presente invenzione (per 100 g): Here are some non-limiting formative examples of the pharmaceutical preparation according to the present invention (per 100 g):
1. acido 18 beta glicirretico e/o acido glicirrizzico Sali e/o esteri = 0.2 - 10 g,acqua depurata qb a 100 g; 1. 18 beta glycyrrhetic acid and / or glycyrrhetic acid Salts and / or esters = 0.2 - 10 g, purified water qs 100 g;
2. acido 18 beta glicirretico e/o acido glicirrizzico Sali e/o esteri = 0.2 - 10 g, acido ialuronico= 0.05 - 1 g, acqua depurata qb a 100 g; 2. 18 beta glycyrrhetic acid and / or glycyrrhetic acid Salts and / or esters = 0.2 - 10 g, hyaluronic acid = 0.05 - 1 g, purified water qs 100 g;
3. acido 18 beta glicerretico e/o acido glicirrizzico Sali e/o esteri =0.2 - 10 g, copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO = 0.1-7 g, acqua depurata qb a 100 g; 3. 18 beta glycerretic acid and / or glycyrrhetic acid Salts and / or esters = 0.2 - 10 g, PEO / PPO / PEO copolymer = 0.1-7 g, purified water qs 100 g;
4. acido 18 B glicerretico e/o glicirrizzico Sali e/o esteri = 0.2 - 10 g, copolimero PEO/PPO/PEO = 0.1 - 7 g, acido ialuronico= 0.05 - 1 g, acqua depurata qb a 100. 4. 18 B glycerretic and / or glycyrrhetic acid Salts and / or esters = 0.2 - 10 g, copolymer PEO / PPO / PEO = 0.1 - 7 g, hyaluronic acid = 0.05 - 1 g, purified water qs 100.
I dosaggi della composizione farmaceutica della presente invenzione possono essere preparati secondo tecniche che sono ben note al tecnico chimico farmaceutico e a persone esperte del settore, e comprendono processi di miscelazione, granulazione, compressione, dissoluzione, e simili. Dosages of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared according to techniques which are well known to the pharmaceutical chemist and to persons skilled in the art, and include processes of mixing, granulation, compression, dissolution, and the like.
Esempio 1 Example 1
I seguenti esempi illustrano l'invenzione descritta senza peraltro limitarla in alcun modo. The following examples illustrate the described invention without however limiting it in any way.
Claims (10)
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Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB843136A (en) * | 1957-10-31 | 1960-08-04 | Biorex Laboratories Ltd | Improvements in and relating to pharmaceutical compositions |
WO2003000191A2 (en) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-03 | Depuy | Composition comprising glycosaminogycans and hyaluronidase inhibitors for the treatment of arthritic joints |
WO2005027882A1 (en) * | 2003-09-22 | 2005-03-31 | Bionetworks Gmbh | Prevention and treatment of inflammation-induced and/or immune-mediated bone loss |
JP2006298791A (en) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-11-02 | Kotobuki Seiyaku Kk | Medicine for oral administration, health food or nutrient chemical composition containing glycosaminoglycan or its salt |
EP1862161A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-05 | Labotaroire Genevrier | Injectable pharmaceutical, cosmetic compositions and/or medical devices on the basis of hyaluronic-acid |
US7456275B2 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2008-11-25 | Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisya | Hyaluronic acid modification product |
US20100080768A1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-01 | Mcgraw Thomas L | Compositions and Methods for the Treatment of Inflammatory Dermatosis and Other Pathological Conditions of the Skin |
-
2010
- 2010-11-24 IT IT000614A patent/ITRM20100614A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB843136A (en) * | 1957-10-31 | 1960-08-04 | Biorex Laboratories Ltd | Improvements in and relating to pharmaceutical compositions |
WO2003000191A2 (en) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-03 | Depuy | Composition comprising glycosaminogycans and hyaluronidase inhibitors for the treatment of arthritic joints |
US7456275B2 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2008-11-25 | Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisya | Hyaluronic acid modification product |
WO2005027882A1 (en) * | 2003-09-22 | 2005-03-31 | Bionetworks Gmbh | Prevention and treatment of inflammation-induced and/or immune-mediated bone loss |
JP2006298791A (en) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-11-02 | Kotobuki Seiyaku Kk | Medicine for oral administration, health food or nutrient chemical composition containing glycosaminoglycan or its salt |
EP1862161A1 (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2007-12-05 | Labotaroire Genevrier | Injectable pharmaceutical, cosmetic compositions and/or medical devices on the basis of hyaluronic-acid |
US20100080768A1 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-01 | Mcgraw Thomas L | Compositions and Methods for the Treatment of Inflammatory Dermatosis and Other Pathological Conditions of the Skin |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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DATABASE WPI Week 200701, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2007-003713, XP002644748 * |
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