IE83364B1 - Anti-lymphotoxin antibody, its production and use - Google Patents

Description

ANTILYMPHO'I‘OXIN ANTIBODY, ITS PRODUCTION ANO USE This application relates to antibodies to lymphotoxin and derivatives thereof.

No. 1321/85, It is divided out of Patent Application herein referred to as the patent specification.

Lymphotoxin was first identified as a biological factor with anticellular activity on neoplastic cell lines. An activity identified as lymphotoxin and obtained from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is associated with a spectrum of cytotoxic activities ranging from cytostasis of certain tumor cell lines to marked cytolysis of other transformed cells. However, lymphotoxin activity is characterized by little or no anticellular activity on primary cell cultures and normal cell lines tested. This putative discriminating anticellular property of lymphotoxin led to ig_vivo studies which suggest that lymphotoxin may have a potent antitumor activity.

Lymphotoxin is the term applied to what has been described as a family of molecules. Lymphotoxin molecules have been identified as glycoproteins divided into five molecular weight classes, each of which in turn is heterogenous with respect to The human alpha (MN 70-90,000) and beta (MW 25-50,000) classes appear to predominate in most lymphocyte supernatants. The alpha MW classes can be separated by charge into at least seven subclasses, while the beta subclass has been separated into two distinct subclasses (G. Granger gt 31. in Mozes gt 31,, Ed., 1981, Cellular Responses to Molecular Modulators pp 287-310). Also identified have been complex (MN $200,000) and gamma (MW 10—20,000) lymphotoxin forms. charge.

Characterization of Lymphokines pp 279-283). Gamma class activity It should be understood that lymphokine terminology is not uniform. At present, the names given to cell culture products are largely a function of the cells which are believed to elaborate the product and the performance of the products in biological assays.

However, these products remain poorly characterized in large measure because many studies have been conducted with partially pure preparations and because the assays used to characterize the products are not molecule-specific and in any case are subject to considerable variation. The true identity of the various cytotoxic factors will remain unknown in the absence of standard terminology based on clearly assayable distinguishing characteristics such as amino acid sequences or immune epitopes. As examples of other names given to cytotoxic cell culture products are tumor necrosis factor, NK cell cytotoxic factor, hemorrhagic necrosis factor and macrophage cytotoxin or cytotoxic factor. activity. Further, the literature reports generally are unclear as to the molecular identity of the substance responsible for lymphotoxin activity that was used as the immunogen. What is needed for diagnosis and immunoaffinity purification procedures is a monospecific antibody directed against a clearly and unambiguously identified lymphotoxin molecule. fit is an objective of this invention to provide such an antibody.

The parent specification l3ZU85 discloses the production by recombinant DNA technology of a particular lymphotoxin and variants and homologs thereof. Fig. 1 of the present application (corresponding to Fig. 2a of the parent) shows the complete amino acid sequence for pre- lymphotoxin, its coding DNA plus 5' and 3' flanking untranslated regions.

Such lymphotoxin can be purified from culture supernatants or lysates by immunoaffinity adsorption using insolubilized lymphotoxin—neutralizing antibody. This antibody, which is most efficiently produced in monoclonal cell culture, is raised in mice by immunization with alum- adsorbed lymphotoxin. Thus, the present invention provides inter alia antibody suitable for that purpose.

Detailed description mutants are useful as immunogens for raising anti—lymphotoxin in animals, e.g. for the preparation of fimnunoassay reagents, while non-cytotoxic competitive mutants find utility as labelled reagents in competitive-type immunoassays for biologically active lymphotoxin.

Lymphotoxin specific activity is defined herein in terms of target cell lysis. rather than cytostasis. One unit of lymphotoxin is defined as the amount required for 50 percent lysis of target cells plated in each well as is further described in Example 1 of E? 164965. However, other methods for determining cytotoxic activity are acceptable.

Substantial structural homology greater than means that percent, and usually greater than 70 percent of the amino acid residues in the polypeptide are the same or conservative substitutions for the corresponding residue(s) in the sequence of Fig. 1.

Not all of the sequence of a lymphotoxin polypeptide need be homologous with the Fig. 1 sequence. Only a portion thereof need be homologous with any portion of the Fig. 1 sequence so long as the candidate exhibits the required biological activity.

Generally, homology should be demonstrable for regions of about from to 100 amino acid residues, recognizing that occasional gaps may need to be introduced in order to maximize the homology.

Less homology is required for polypeptides to fall within the definition if the region of homology with the Fig. 1 sequence is not in one of the lymphotoxin key regions, j;g;_regions that are important for cytotoxic activity. The key regions of the Fig. 1 sequence are believed to be about residues 162-171, 52-83 and 127-148.

Structurally similar refers to dominant characteristics of the amino acid side chains such as basic, neutral or acid, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, or the presence or absence of steric bulk. Substitution of one structurally similar amino acid for another generally is known in the art as a conservative substitution.

A significant factor in establishing the identity of a polypeptide as lymphotoxin is the ability of antisera which are capable of substantially neutralizing the cytolytic activity of substantially homogeneous, lymphoblastoid (or natural) lymphotoxin to also substantially neutralize the cytolytic activity of the polypeptide in question. However it will be recognized that immunological identity and cytotoxic identity are not necessarily coextensive. A neutralizing antibody for the lymphotoxin of Fig. 1 may not bind a candidate protein because the neutralizing antibody happens to be directed to a site on lymphotoxin that merely neighbors a region that is critical to lymphotoxin cytotoxic activity, but which acts as a neutralizing antibody by steric hinderance of the lymphotoxin active site. A candidate protein mutated in this innocuous region might no longer bind the neutralizing antibody. but it would nonetheless be lymphotoxin in terms of substantial homology and biological activity.

Lymphotoxin obtained by culture of lymphoblastoid cell lines has been determined to have the following characteristics: A molecular weight of 20,000 or 25,000, depending upon the degree of glycosylation and N—terminal heterogeneity; glycosylation at Asn+62 (Fig. 1 ); a tendency to aggregate, particularly to organize into multimers; an isoelectric point of about 5.8; pH lability (a loss of >50 percent of cytolytic activity when stored for 24 hours in ammonium bicarbonate buffer at 10 ug/ml concentration with pH levels less than about 5 or greater than about 10); and substantial losses in activity upon incubation in aqueous solution for 5 min. at 80'C.

Two lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin molecular weight species have been identified. The 25,000 da species of lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin has an amino-terminal leucine residue. Polypeptides having the primary amino acid sequence of the 25,000 da species are called leucyl The 20,000 da species of lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin is characterized by an amino-terminal histidine and amino-terminal lymphotoxin. corresponding sequences are termed histidyl amino-terminal lymphotoxin. It is important to observe that these characteristics describe the native or wild type human lymphotoxin obtained from lymphoblastoid cell cultures. while lymphotoxin as defined herein includes native, glycosylated lymphotoxin, other related cytotoxic polypeptides many fall within the scope of the definition. For example, the glycosylation ordinarily associated with an animal lymphotoxin may be modified upon expression in a heterologous recombinant eukaryotic host cell, thereby bringing the modified lymphotoxin outside of the molecular weights or isoelectric point established for human lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin. Lymphotoxin which is entirely unglycosylated is produced in recombinant bacterial culture with its molecular weight, isoelectric point and other characteristics correspondingly modified. In addition, post-translational processing of pre lymphotoxin from a first animal species in a cell line derived from another animal species may result in a different amino-terminal residue than is ordinarily the case for the first animal species. Similarly, the mutagenesis procedures provided herein, for example, will enable one to vary the amino acid sequence and N-terminus of lymphotoxin, thereby modifying the pH stability, isoelectric point and the like.

The translated amino acid sequence for human lymphotoxin is described in Fig. 1 . Note that this sequence includes a 34 residue presequence which is believed to be removed during normal processing of the translated transcript in human cells (herein, together with its mutants, 'pre lymphotoxin"). resulting in the-leucyl amino terminal species. The histidyl amino—terminal species is homologous to the leucyl amino-terminal species except that the first 23 amino All three species, i.e.*pre lymphotoxin, leucyl amino-terminal lymphotoxin and acids of the leucyl amino—terminal species are absent. histidyl amino-terminal lymphotoxin, as well as their methionyl, modified methionyl, mutant and unglycosylated forms, are included within the scope of lymphotoxin. The unglycosylated leucyl and histidyl amino-terminal species will have lower molecular weights than described above for the homologous species from lymphoblastoid cells.

Pre lymphotoxin is a species of lymphotoxin included within the foregoing definition. It is characterized by the presence of a signal (or leader) polypeptide at the amino terminus of the . molecule. Generally, the native signal polypeptide of lymphotoxin is proteolytically cleaved from lymphotoxin as part of the secretory process in which the protein is secreted from the cell. The signal peptide may be microbial or mammalian (including the native, 34 residue presequence), but it preferably is a signal which is homologous to the host cell. Some signal-lymphotoxin fusions are not recognized or "processed" by the host cell into N—terminal met—free lymphotoxin. Such fusions containing microbial signals have utility for example as lymphotoxin immunogens.

Note that the language "capable" of cytotoxic activity means that lymphotoxin includes polypeptides which can be converted, as by enzymatic hydrolysis, from an inactive state analogous to a zymogen to a polypeptide fragment which exhibits the desired biological activity. The language "capable" of in_vitrg or ig_vivg cytotoxic activity is intended to embrace noncytotoxic polypeptides which can be converted, as by enzymatic hydrolysis, from an inactive state analogous to a zymogen to a polypeptide fragment which exhibits the definitional biological activity. Typically, inactive precursors will be fusion proteins in which lymphotoxin is linked by a peptide bond at its carboxyl terminus to another protein or polypeptide. The sequence at this peptide bond or nearby is selected, so as to be susceptible to proteolytic hydrolysis to release lymphotoxin, either jn_vi!g or, as part of a manufacturing protocol, jg_vitrg. Typical linking sequences are lys-lys or arg-lys. The nonlymphotoxin component to such a prolymphotoxin is preferably a homologous protein so as to minimize the immunogenicity of the fusion. The homologous protein should be innocuous and not bind to cell surfaces. The lymphotoxin that is so generated then will exhibit the definitionally-required cytotoxic activity. ’ while lymphotoxin ordinarily means human lymphotoxin, lymphotoxin from sources such as murine, porcine, equine or bovine is included within the definition of lymphotoxin so long as it otherwise meets the standards described above for homologous regions and biological activity. For example, bovine and murine lymphotoxins have been found to be highly (about 80 percent) homologous with human lymphotoxin. Lymphotoxin is not species specific, e.g., human lymphotoxin is active on mouse tumors and neoplastic cell lines. Therefore, lymphotoxin from one species can be used in therapy of another.

Lymphotoxin also includes multimeric forms. Lymphotoxin spontaneously aggregates into multimers, usually dimers or higher multimers. Multimers are cytotoxic and accordingly are suitable for use in in vivo therapy. Lymphotoxin is expressed in recombinant hosts as a monomer. However, lymphotoxin thereafter tends to spontaneously form multimers. Homogeneous multimers or a mixture of different multimers are therapeutically useful.

Variant lymphotoxins include predetermined or targeted, i.e. site specific, mutations of the Fig. 1 molecule or its fragments. Variant lymphotoxins are defined as polypeptides otherwise meeting the defined characteristics of lymphotoxin but which are characterized by an amino acid sequence that differs from that of Fig. 1 , whether by omission, substitution or insertion of residues. The nonhuman lymphotoxins described herein, and alleles of human lymphotoxin, are to be considered variant lymphotoxins, as are site~directed mutants having no natural counterpart. The objective of mutagenesis is to construct DNA that encodes lymphotoxin as defined above but exhibits characteristics that modify the biological activity of natural lymphotoxin or facilitate the manufacture of lymphotoxin. For example, the lysine +89 codon is mutated in order to express a histidine residue in place of the lysine residue. The histidine +89 is no longer hydrolyzed by trypsin (which generally cleaves proteins at an arg—X or lys—X bond).‘ Protease resistance is expected to confer greater biological _ half life on the mutant than is the case for lymphotoxin having the sequence of Fig. 1 (or a fragment thereof). Other lymphotoxin lysine or arginine residues may be mutated to histidine, for example lysine *28, lysine +19 or arginine +15.

As discussed above, certain regions of the lymphotoxin molecule exhibit substantial homology with a similarly-active protein designated tumor necrosis factor. Amino acid residues in and immediately flanking these substantially homologous regions are preferred for mutagenesis directed to identifying lymphotoxin mutants that exhibit variant biological or cytotoxic activity. Such mutants are made by methods known E3: E3 and then screened for the desired biological activity, e.g. increased cytotoxicity towards the particular neoplasm being treated or, in the case of lymphotoxin species intended for immunization of animals, the ability to elicit a more potent immune response. Examples of such lymphotoxin variants are as follows: Ala*168 is mutated to a branched chain amino acid (val, ile, or leu); a hydrophobic amino acid (e.g., phe, val, ile or leu) is inserted between thr+163 and val+164; tyrosine substituted for thr+163; lysine substituted for ser+82; isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine or histidine substituted for ser+42; glutamine, tryptophan, serine or histidine substituted for lys+84; ser+82 deleted; a hydrophobic di-or tripeptide fused to leu*171; aspartic acid or lysine substituted for thr+163; ala-lys inserted between glu+127 and pro+128; lysine or glycine substituted for ser+70; tyrosine substituted for thr+69; arginine or histidine substituted for lys+28; arginine or lysine substituted for his+32; proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine or glutamic acid substituted for asp+36; tyrosine, methionine or glutamic acid substituted for ser+38; threonine, tyrosine, histidine, or lysine substituted for ser+61; aspartic acid, serine or tyrosine substituted for gly*124; arginine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan or proline substituted for his+135; aspartic acid substituted for thr+142; and lysine or threonine substituted for gln+146.

A particularly desirable group of mutants are those in which the methionine residues at human lymphotoxin residues +20, +120 and *133 are deleted or, preferably, substituted for by the corresponding residues found in the lymphotoxins of other species such as are described elsewhere herein. For example met+20, +120 and +133 are substituted by threonine, serine and valine, F€SP9CtlV€l¥- These are the corresponding residues in bovine lymphotoxin. The substitution is effected in the manner described in Example 9 of EP 164965A except that met’l33 is mutated to val by a further step of mutagenesis using M13 Mp8 phage in accord with methods known per se. This mutant animal species—hybrid lymphotoxin DNA is used in place of the leucyl amino—terminal DNA of Example 7 of the parent specification and expressed as a fusion. Following known procedures, cyanogen bromide is used -11.. to cleave the STII signal from the hybrid lymphotoxin and the mature leucyl amino—terminal lymphotoxin variant recovered.

Other useful variant lymphotoxins are those in which residues from tumor necrosis factor are substituted for corresponding lymphotoxin residues to produce hybrid tumor necrosis factor-lymphotoxin variants. A representative example is the substitution of the first 8, 9 or_10 residues of mature tumor necrosis factor (e.g., val-arg-ser—ser-ser-arg—thr-pro—ser-asp—) for the first 27 residues of leucyl amino-terminal lymphotoxin. This variant is more likely to be N—terminal demethionylated upon direct expression in E, coll. cytotoxic activity. However, the reasons for lack of activity are _ 12 _ not known and could have been any of those set forth in Example 1 Of the parent 1321/85.

Not all mutations in the DNA which encodes the lymphotoxin will be expressed in the ultimated product of recombinant cell culture. For example, a major class of DNA substitution mutations are those DNAS in which a different secretory leader has been substituted for the Fig. 1 secretory leader, either by deletions within the 34 residue leader or by substitutions, which exchange of most or all of the native leader for a leader more likely to be recognized by the intended host. For example, in constructing a procaryotic expression vector the Fig. 1 secretory leader is deleted in favor of the bacterial alkaline phosphatase or heat stable enterotoxin II leaders, and for yeast the Fig. 1 leader is substituted in favor of the yeast invertase, alpha factor or acid phosphatase leaders. This is not to imply, however, that the human secretory leader is not recognized by hosts other than human cell lines. when the secretory leader is "recognized" by the host, the fusion protein consisting of lymphotoxin and the leader ordinarily is cleaved at the leader-lymphotoxin peptide bond in the same event that leads to secretion of the lymphotoxin. Thus, even though a mutant DNA is used to transform the host the resulting product lymphotoxin may be either a fused or native lymphotoxin, depending upon the efficacy of the host cell in processing the fusion.

Another major class of DNA mutants that are not expressed as lymphotoxin variants are nucleotide substitutions made to enhance expression, primarily by avoiding stem-loop structures in the transcribed mRNA (see copending U.S.S.N. 303,687, EP 75444) or to provide codons that are more readily transcribed by The mutant nucleic acid is made by known methods 23: se (A Hui gt_al,, 1984, "The EMBO Journal" 3(3): 623-629; J. Adelman—— ._13_ A method is provided herein for obtaining lymphotoxin- neutralizing antibody. Neutralizing antibody is defined as antibody that is capable of immunologically binding lymphotoxin as defined herein in such a way as to substantially reduce its activity in cytostatic or cytolytic lymphotoxin activity assays such as the murine L929 assay described below. The fact that the antibody is capable of neutralizing lymphotoxin activity does not mean that the antibody must bind directly to the lymphotoxin active or receptor binding site. The antibody may still substantially neutralize lymphotoxin activity if it sterically binds to a region which adjacent to the critical site, i.e., adjacent in the sense of conformationally adjacent and not necessarily adjacent from the point of view of amino acid sequence.

In attempting to prepare a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against lymphotoxin, it proved difficult to immunize mice in a fashion such that lymphotoxin neutralizing antibody is generated or raised in the animals. Neither immunization with lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin nor glutaraldehyde cross-linked lymphotoxin resulted in any detectable neutralizing antibody in the serum of immunized mice, even though the mice did raise non-neutralizing anti-lymphotoxin antibody detectable by enzyme immunoassay. However, immunization with a lymphotoxin—alum (aluminum hydroxide or alumina, Al203.3H20) adsorption complex will raise neutralizing antibody even in animals which had failed to generate the activity prior to immunization with the alum complex. Preparation of alum and its use in the production of antiserum are disclosed in C.

Williams, gt al.,eds., 1967, Methods in Immunology and Imunochemistry I, pp 197-229. _ ._ Fusions of spleen cells from animals producing neutralizing antibody with murine myeloma cells are made. On the average, about to 100 clones will have to be screened to identify one which synthesizes neutralizing antibody. The process for screening the clones for the desired activity is routine and well within the skill of the ordinary artisan, and can be reproduced with minimal experimental effort.

The serum, plasma or IgG fractions from the immunized animal, as well as immunoglobulins secreted by hybridomas generated from the spleen or lymph cell of immunized animals, are all satisfactory for use herein. In a preferred embodiment the neutralizing antibody is obtained essentially free of other anti-lymphotoxin antibody in hybridoma culture.

The neutralizing antibody is immobilized by adsorption to surfaces, e.g., thermoplastics such as polystyrene, or covalently bound to matrices such as cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose. It then is used in immunoassays or in immunoaffinity purification.

Since the antibody is a neutralizing antibody it is most likely only to adsorb or detect biologically active lymphotoxin or fragments thereof. The antibody is particularly useful in immunoradiometric ("sandwich") immunoassays in concert with a non—neutralizing anti-lymphotoxin monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antiserum which contains non—neutralizing anti-lymphotoxin. The immunoassay is conducted using either the neutralizing or non—neutralizing antibody as the labelled component, which labelling is effective with a detectable substance such as a fluorescent, chemiluminescent or radioisotopic label in accord with methods known in the art. For competitive-type lymphotoxin immunoassays, lymphotoxin is labelled in the same fashion. Chloramine-T radioiodination is suitable for both lymphotoxin and lymphotoxin antibody tracer preparation, or the method described in J. Klostergaard gt_a1,, "Mol. Immun." 18: 455 (1980) is used. ‘- _15_ EXAMPLE 1 Method for Making Monoclonal Murine Antibody Capable of Neutralizing Lymphotoxin Purified lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin obtained in Example 1 of the parent specification-132185. was dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (P85). 200 ug of lymphotoxin/ml were contained in the dialysate. Glutaraldehyde was added to the dialysate to a concentration of 70mM glutaraldehyde, the mixture incubated for 2 hours at room temperature, more glutaraldehyde added to bring its total added concentration up to 140 mM, incubation continued for another 6 hours and the mixture then dialyzed against PBS. 50 pg of the glutaraldehyde cross-linked lymphotoxin (hereafter, "polylymphotoxin") and 0.5 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant was injected subcutaneously into mice (strain BALB/c). After one week, the mouse was booster immunized with 50 ug of polylymphotoxin and 0.5 ml of Freund's incomplete adjuvant, half intramuscularly and half into the peritoneal cavity. Serum was harvested after 7 days and assayed for anti—lymphotoxin activity by an ELISA assay.

The ELISA assay was conducted as follows: A buffered solution of purified lymphotoxin was placed in microtiter wells and. permitted to coat the wells with about 100 ng of lymphotoxin each.

The unadsorbed lymphotoxin solution was aspirated from the wells. ul of appropriately diluted test sample was combined with 100 pl PBS containing 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (PBS-BSA buffer) and added to each well, incubated for 2 hours at room temperature, washed with PBS containing 0.05 percent Tween 20, 100 pl of horse radish peroiidase-labelled goat anti—mouse IgG in PBS-BSA buffer added to each well and incubated for 1 hour. Each well was washed with PBS containing 0.05 percent Tween 20 and then citrate phosphate buffer, pH5, containing 0.1 mg g;phenylene diamine/ml (substrate S01Utl0n) and aqueous 30 Perceflt H202 (at a proportion of 4 ul of 30 percent V/V H202 per 10 ml of substrate solution) was added to each well. The wells were incubated for 30 min.. the reaction stopped with 50 ul 2.5M sulfuric acid and adsorbance measured at 492 nm. Hells which showed adsorbance greater than 1 .0. were considered anti—lymphotoxin positive.

Test samples also were assayed for the ability to neutralize the cytolytic activity of lymphotoxin in the murine L929 assay. Serum harvested from immunized animals or hybridoma supernatants were diluted as required into RPMI-T640 medium containing 10 percent fetal bovine serum and about 100 lymphotoxin units/ml and plated into microtiter wells containing cultured L929 In the Neutralizing antibody was detected cells as is otherwise conventional in the cytolysis assay. control, all cells were lysed. by failure of the lymphotoxin to lyse L929 cells.

The animal immunized with glutaraldehyde-polymerized lymphotoxin raised antibodies which were active in the ELISA assay, but no serum neutralizing activity was detected.

A suspension containing 100 ug lymphotoxin and 1 ml of a 1.64 percent w/v suspension of aluminum hydroxide [(Al(0H)3] was prepared and used to immunize the same mouse. The mouse was injected with 100 pl of the suspension intramuscularly and 400 pl intraperitoneally. After one week the mouse was injected intravenously with 10 ug of unpolymerized and unadsorbed lymphoblastoid lymphotoxin in 100 pl of PBS. A test of a 1/80 dilution of the animal's serum three days later indicated the presence lymphotoxin neutralizing antibody. x107 spleen cells were fused with 5x107 murine myeloma cells and plated into The spleen from this animal was harvested. assay were grown in l ml volume of DMEM medium with 20 percent feta] calf serum, l0 percent NCTC-135 medium, 5 x l0‘5 M beta- mercaptoethanol and HAT, distributed into microtiter wells atva statistical average of one cell per well and then cultured in a l or ml volume of the same medium. Supernatants were thereafter assayed for neutralizing antibody. Statistically, about 2 percent of the ELISA positive hybridomas from the aluminum hydroxide immunization synthesized neutralizing antibody. High affinity lymphotoxin antibody optionally is selected from this group of hybridomas.

Immunoaffinity Purification of Lymphotoxin l¥mPh0t0Xlfl W65 2-10Xl07 units/mg, as measured in the above murine L-929 assay.

The eluate contained most of the activity loaded onto the column. The majority of the total eluate protein migrated as a single band under both reducing and nonreducing conditions in and antitumor activity ig_vivo.

Claims (1)

1. An antibody which neutralises the cytolytic activity of (i) lymphotoxin having the amino acid sequence 1-171 depicted in