HUP0204104A2 - Coating agent and a method for coating the surface of a substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject of the invention are coating materials that can be used for the foil layering of various surfaces, for example the car cabinets, bodies or body parts of motor vehicles or building elements, in particular railway vehicles, which are made up of an upper cover layer, a middle layer carrying a color material and a lower hardenable carrier layer. According to the present invention, we also expect that the lower carrier layer provides a continuously hardening adhesive and leveling layer for gluing the foil objects to the surface, and a flexible top layer to eliminate surface irregularities. The subject of the present invention is also a method for coating the surfaces of objects with the coating materials according to the invention. HE

Description

74.538/SZE

S B. G. &K.

H 106? n Á Roda

Tei f ^B P'P ^est . Andrássy út 113 Phone: 461-1000, Fax: 461-1099

PC204 1 Q4

PUBLICATION COPY

Laminating material for laminating the surface of objects and method of laminating the surface of objects

The present invention relates to laminating materials for the film lamination of various surfaces, for example of vehicle bodies or structural elements, in particular of railway vehicles, bodies or body parts, which consist of an upper cover layer, a middle layer carrying a colorant and a lower curable carrier layer. The present invention further provides a method for coating surfaces with such laminating materials.

Such laminating materials are well known. They are used to coat the surface of products, especially as a substitute for varnishing.

The preliminary elimination of surface irregularities with a filler and the wet coating of the surface is time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive. For example, car body parts made of steel or aluminum-based or fiber-bonded raw materials must be smoothed after the application of the corrosion protection layer. To do this, the filler filler must be applied once or several times and the surface must be sanded after each application. The smoothed surface must then be varnished and finally coated with a top coat. The large number of production steps with different materials results in additional waiting times - related to aeration, drying and curing. The leveling of surface irregularities caused by production, such as weld seams, sanding areas or rivets, cannot be automated. The process is sensitive to external influences, especially dust, and to emissions such as solvents. Therefore, the production steps must be carried out in different units.

In one of the technical documents [Patent Application EP 0 352 298 B1] a body covering and a method of producing the same have been disclosed. The body covering is made of plastic and covered with a foil, which consists of a carrier layer, a pigment layer and a transparent lacquer layer. The laminated sheet is heated and preformed, then placed in an injection mold and injection molded with plastic on the back side to obtain a finished body covering.

One of the references [United States Patent Application No. 5,021,278] discloses a thermoformable laminate consisting of a carrier layer, a color layer, and a protective clear lacquer layer. The laminate is heated, preformed, and formed into the desired shape.

Another document [Patent Application EP 0 615 840 A1] deals with a laminated film for coating metal containers for beverages, which is composed from bottom to top of an adhesive layer, a colorant-carrying layer, a polyester layer and a top layer. The film is applied to a smooth metal sheet with the aid of an adhesive, which thus takes the shape of the can.

These are known films and are expensive to apply to metal or fibre-bonded raw materials and cannot be used on all surfaces, as in most cases the adhesive is not suitable, so the films have to be melted onto the surface. These known films are not flexible and therefore have to be preformed before application.

One of the technical literatures covers methods for producing profiles, in particular shell profiles, for the furniture industry [patent application DE 197 01 594 A1]. Patent application DE 38 17 479 A1 discloses multilayer surface films. Since its area of application is indicated as a protective layer for smoothed surfaces, it is not suitable for eliminating unevenness in layered surfaces.

Based on the above, the present invention aims to provide a laminating material and a method for producing the same for the aforementioned fields of expertise, which allows for a short processing time and is insensitive to external influences. The exposure takes place with the shortest possible emission time and no subsequent surface treatment is required.

The solution consists of a laminating material having the characteristics as claimed in claim 1, and the method uses such a laminating material. According to the invention, it is also envisaged that the lower carrier layer provides a continuously hardening adhesive and leveling layer for bonding the film to the surface of objects, and a flexible hardenable upper cover layer for eliminating surface irregularities.

Consequently, the application of the colored decorative layer can be done continuously together with the lower adhesive and leveling layer, while eliminating surface irregularities, so that after the application of the laminating materials, the resulting layer becomes highly resistant to external influences and use due to the hardened top layer.

The reaction time of the lower adhesive and the leveling layer between the surface of the object and the color layer is not decisive. It can be seconds, minutes or even days. It is secondary, because the object is already in its final state, and thus the surface and the base are sufficiently protected, and no further processing steps are required, so the longer reaction time does not cause any delays in production.

Since no liquid materials need to be processed during the entire process, no unwanted emissions occur. The method according to the invention can also be carried out in parallel with other surface treatments of the object, for example in certain production steps of vehicles or railway carriages, since these are insensitive to immission, especially dust. Only one lamination step is required. The pre-forming of the lamination material does not have to be taken into account. Apart from the net lamination time, such as the time for drying or reaction of the lamination material, no additional waiting time is required.

The preferred embodiments are presented below. Leveling out surface irregularities with the lower adhesive and leveling compound is very simple if these layers are at least 0.150 mm, preferably 1 mm thick, as then there is a sufficient amount of liquid material available to fill all surface depressions and create a smooth surface.

For this purpose, the lower adhesive and leveling layer is preferably a thick-flowing material, and thixotropic properties are particularly advantageous. Such a layer is sufficiently thick-flowing, but can be used to level out irregularities on the surface of the object. Thixotropic layers are suitable because they are normally solid, thick-flowing under stress, and thus the surface can be laminated with them, while unevenness can be leveled out particularly well.

The lower adhesive and leveling layer can be flat, point-to-point or linear. It is not necessary to apply the lower layer continuously to the middle colorant-bearing layer. Adhesive dots or stripes are sufficient, and thus material can be saved.

The lower adhesive and leveling layer can preferably be produced as a polymer that can be crosslinked by heat, moisture or light or as a multi-component epoxy, polyurethane or acid-curing binder. Solutions based on polyurethane or a mixture of several polyurethanes are particularly preferred. The lower adhesive and leveling layer can also be produced, for example, as a partially crosslinked adhesive. These are adhesives that are already partially crosslinked (for example with an ESH or UV hardener), but which are still tacky and have a stretchy consistency, which guarantees that the lamination material hardens on the object and compensates for surface irregularities. Internal crosslinking is advantageous in order to achieve better adhesion of the adhesive, which, for example, allows a sufficiently thick adhesive layer to be produced without it dripping off the lamination material. However, the lower adhesive and leveling layer can also consist of foamed adhesive, foamed adhesive dots or foamed adhesive strips. The foamed material takes on the balancing function here.

The top cover layer preferably consists of a thermoplastic plastic, which can be completely hardened by heating or by UV light irradiation, or by electron beam, or by visible light. The hardening of the top cover layer only takes place on the finished structural element after the application of the film, preferably as a transparent protective layer. The top cover layer is preferably also crosslinkable, in particular by heat; or a transparent lacquer layer that can be crosslinked by light, which is hard enough after hardening so that the resulting layer provides sufficient protection against external influences.

The lower adhesive and leveling layer and/or the upper cover layer of the laminating materials according to the invention can be applied as a peelable protective layer, whereby the outer layers of the laminating material protect the object from damage during storage, transport and, in the case of the upper cover layer, during application. In this case, the lower protective layer is preferably a paper film and/or the upper protective layer is a polyester film or a polyolefin, in particular a polypropylene film.

In the process according to the invention, the use of the laminating materials according to the invention is understood to mean application by rolling and/or coating. Preferably, a crosslinkable, in particular heat-curable or photo-curable polymer is used for the flexible top cover layer of the laminating material, and the top cover layer can be crosslinked by heat or photo-curable on the object after application of the laminating material.

When using lamination materials with moisture-curing lower adhesive and leveling layer, the surface of the object is covered with moisture, preferably water, or sprayed before applying the lamination material. If, on the other hand, the lower adhesive and leveling layer of the lamination material is thermosetting, then the object and the lamination material are heated to harden the adhesive and leveling layer and to form the bond. In this case, it is recommended that the lamination material has a flexible upper cover layer consisting of a thermosetting polymer, since in this way the crosslinking of the lower thermosetting adhesive and leveling layer and the upper protective layer, which is achieved by heat treatment of the object (with heat or radiation, depending on the upper cover layer), occurs simultaneously after the application of the lamination material.

To protect the top cover layer from damage, it is advantageous to provide the laminating material with a top protective layer, which can be removed from the object after the laminating material has been applied.

The laminating material according to the invention is applied, for example, to the surface of the object, based on the thickness of the lower adhesive and leveling layer, which has unevenness of 0.5 mm or more and/or which has been provided with an anti-corrosion layer.

The laminating materials according to the invention are particularly suitable for laminating metallic or fiber-bonded raw materials, such as, for example, vehicle bodies or body elements, or structural elements, in particular car bodies, railway assemblies.

In the following embodiments, the present invention is described in more detail through the attached figures.

Figure 1 shows the structure of the laminating material according to the invention.

Figure 2 shows the lamination material and the surface of the object before lamination.

Figure 3 shows the relationship between the laminating material and the surface of the object after lamination.

Figure 1 shows the structure of the laminating material according to the invention in a cross-sectional view, where 1 is a laminating material consisting of at least three functional layers, the upper cover layer (2), the middle colorant-bearing layer (3) and the lower adhesive and leveling layer (4). The upper cover layer (2) is flexible and can be hardened to a hard protective layer, preferably a transparent lacquer layer. The middle colorant-bearing layer (3) is preferably a colored thermoplastic, in particular a colored polyurethane, which does not require additional hardening. The layer thickness should be approximately 20-100 pm. It is selected according to its compatibility and adhesion with the lower adhesive and leveling layer, and the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the upper cover layer (3) and the properties of the colorant and pigments. The lower adhesive and leveling layer consists of a suitable adhesive, such as a tackifier, enamel adhesive, 1K adhesive sheet system, or a light-activated adhesive or foam adhesive, adhesive dots or adhesive strips. The functions of the adhesive and leveling layer (4) essentially correspond to the mechanical properties of the fillers used in normal automotive painting. The materials are selected on the basis of their compatibility and adhesion to the color-carrying layer and their mechanical and thermal properties, which can be determined from the raw materials available on the market. Polyurethane or epoxy systems that are moisture- and heat-curing or multi-component are particularly suitable. The layer thickness should be at least 150 μm. Layers with a thickness of 500 μm or more, in particular 1 mm and more, are particularly preferred.

Furthermore, the protective film (5) is preferably polyester, with a thickness of 100 μm, and is placed above the cover layer for mechanical protection during storage, transport and application of the lamination material to the object. It is preferably a rigid but flexible material that serves as a leveling layer during rolling or doctoring or similar processes, so that no rolling or grinding marks appear on the film. The protective film (5) can be peeled off from the cover layer (2) after the lamination material (1) has been applied to the object.

Finally, to protect the adhesive mass, a temporary protective layer (6) can be provided on the adhesive and leveling layer (4), which can be peeled off after the lamination material (1) has been applied to the object.

The following materials are considered for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th layers:

The following thermoplastic materials can be used as the 3rd colorant carrier layer: polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polybutyl methacrylate (PBMA), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PETP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester (PES), polyolefin (PE,PRP), polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (ABS), acrylonitrile acrylonitrile copolymer (ASA) and acrylonitrile ethylene propylene diene styrene copolymer (A-EPDM), of which the halogen-free polymer is preferred. As pigments and colorants, inorganic or organic dyes, inorganic, organic or metal-based pigments, mica effect pigments, interference pigments, peripigments and liquid crystal polymers can be used.

As the material of the upper cover layer (2) in the form of a transparent, radiation-curable clear lacquer layer, in particular a polymerizable binder or a mixture of a thermoplastic and a polymerizable binder can be used, where the binder can be polymerized either radically or cationically or both. Depending on the reaction mechanism, suitable curing catalysts (photoinitiators) can be added.

The radical polymerizable binder is usually one or more ethylenically unsaturated compounds. Polyunsaturated binders are particularly preferred because they contribute to the crosslinking of the reaction systems as insoluble products. The following compounds can be used for radical polymerization: aliphatic urethane acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyester acrylate, epoxy acrylate or acrylated isocyanurate or mixtures of two or more of these compounds.

Examples of monounsaturated compounds include: acrylate, methacrylates of monohydric alcohols, acrylic acid derivatives (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isooctyl, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl or methyl acrylate), and vinyl and allyl compounds such as vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate and allyl acetate.

Examples of polysaturated compounds are: acrylates and methacrylates of polyols, such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, butanediol-1,4-diacrylate, butadiol-1,3-dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolethane di(meth)acrylate, glycerol di- and triacrylate, pentaerythritol di-/-tri-/-tetraacrylate or methacrylate, dipentaerythritol-/-tetra-/-penta-/-hexaacrylate or methacrylate, diacrylates and dimethacrylates of 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane, polyethylene glycols or oligoesters or oligourethanes, silicone-modified acrylates and methacrylates, and di-/-tri-/-tetraacrylates of the following compounds and its methacrylates are tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurates, as well as (meth)acrylates of polyvinyl alcohols and copolymers of butadiene or isoprene.

The unsaturated binder can be used as a mixture or as a single substance.

Examples of photoinitiators include the following compounds: benzoin, benzyl, benzophenone, benzoin alkyl ether, ethers of phenylglyoxylic acid, a-trichloroacetophenone, a-diethoxyacetophenone, a-hydroxyacetophenone, benzyldimethylketal, methylbenzoyl formate, 1-benzoylcyclohexanone, a-aminoacetophenone, D,L-camphorquinone, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, N-methyldiethanolamine, 4-benzoyl-4'-methyldiphenylsulfide, isopropylthioxanthone, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, N-methyldiethanolamine, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropanone-1, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4trimethylphenylphosphine oxide, l-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propan-1-one, [2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-[4-(1-methylvinyl)phenyl]propanone, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphine ethyl ester, diphenyl(2,4,6trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide.

The photoinitiators in the binder can be a single component or a multi-component mixture.

Adhesives are suitable, but post-curing systems can also be used. The polymer applied to the middle colorant carrier layer (3) is a non-hardening, high-viscosity liquid that has a certain degree of adhesion (so-called Tack) and bonds to the surface of the object under pressure. Post-curing systems additionally form a network with each other. The processing temperature is usually between 10 and 40 °C.

Reactive enamel adhesives are also possible, which are converted into a backbone polymer by cooling and partial crystallization. By adding further reactive components, these systems can be crosslinked by moisture or heat. Among the moisture-curing IK systems, the polyurethane system is preferred. The curing reaction only starts after a sufficient amount of moisture has entered. The moisture enters when the first layer is applied by wetting the surface of the object. The relative humidity of the air during processing should be 40%.

In thicker layers, to achieve proper curing, moisture, preferably water, is applied in microcapsules. When the lamination material is applied to the surface, the capsules are broken and the moisture is released. The capsule material remains as a filler in the adhesive and leveling layer (4). Microencapsulated adhesives can be, for example, epoxy resins, acrylates, polyesters and polyurethanes.

In a thermosetting LK system, the hardening is activated by heat. The hardening agent is contained in the resin either pre-encapsulated or as a solid.

Finally, in the IK system, it is possible that the reactive components are microencapsulated in the resin. When the lamination agent (1) is applied, the capsules are broken and the reactive component is released, allowing the curing reaction to begin.

As a further option, 2K or 3K systems based on polyurethane or epoxy can be added. For this, the second and/or third component (hardener and activating component) is encapsulated or located in the applied layer by means of a cleavable protective group and can be activated by heat at room temperature or by light (UV or visible), but also by moisture. For this, the reactive component is released from the capsule or the protective group is cleaved. Both the shell and the cleavable protective group can remain in the layer. A further option is that the hardener and activating components are present in a non-reactive state in a system that has not yet been crosslinked, which, under the influence of temperature or moisture or UV or, for example, visible light, become intra- or intermolecularly reactive, thereby leading to the hardening of the adhesive and leveling layer (4).

The activator and hardener components can be applied as contact reaction partners to the surface to be bonded in advance and diffuse into the leveling and adhesive layers of the film and lead to the hardening of the bond there or at the interface. This is possible by spraying the all-component adhesive and leveling layer before applying the film, or by applying the individual components (activator or hardener) to the surface to be coated immediately before applying the film. This is possible by applying the hardener or activator substances in a thin film, where the film acts as a hardener or activating film, or by using a liquid.

Light-curing adhesives are particularly preferred because they have very good adhesion, are flexible and harden quickly. The final strength (dark reaction) is only achieved after hours or days. The photoinitiators are broken down by irradiation, preferably by light, and polymerization begins. This takes place after the light irradiation has ended and continues in a dark place (dark reaction).

The adhesive and leveling layer (4) can be in the form of a foamed adhesive sheet, an adhesive tape or in the form of adhesive dots. In this case, the surface to be bonded and the adhesive tape cores form a single unit consisting of an adhesive polymer. The polymer can be in the form of a purely viscoelastic adhesive or in the form of a foamed and closed-cell structure as an adhesive tape core. Due to its viscoelastic properties, it flows into the surface bumps and thus strengthens the surface and ultimately the peel resistance.

Additionally, additional materials commonly used in films can be added to the lamination layer (1) and to any of its individual layers, such as additives such as stabilizers (antioxidants, light protection agents (UV adsorbents, HALS), metal deactivators, thiosynergists), processing aids, process aids, thixotropic agents and foaming agents. Fillers, fibers, lubricants, antistatic agents, plasticizers and flame retardants can also be added.

The material of the hardenable top cover layer (2) may consist of a thermoplastic plastic and a binder, which can be obtained by extrusion in a known manner. The thermoplastic plastic is melted in the extruder. The binder, the hardener and, if appropriate, the additive are mixed and added to the molten thermoplastic plastic in the extruder. This gives a reactive mixture, which can be produced in granular form, in powder form or in film form.

The binder, the hardener and the additive on the one hand and the thermoplastic on the other hand may be present in the following ratios: 1:1 to 1:5, and preferably 1:3.

The upper cover layer (2) is extruded together with the middle colorant carrier layer (3) and the lower adhesive and leveling layer (4) into a single multilayer film in one production step. The reactive radiation-curable mixture, which consists of thermoplastic, binder, hardener and optionally additives, can be formed into a transparent film with a layer thickness of 15-100 μιη and can be hardened, for example, with UV light. The polymerization in the transparent layer is preferably initiated by UV radiation, such as with a low, medium and high pressure mercury vapor lamp, a xenon lamp, an argon lamp, a metal halide lamp, an arc discharge lamp, a laser or an electron beam (ESH). The wavelength for the hardener is preferably 200-600 nm in the case of UV or visible light.

The underside of the resulting foil can be coated with adhesive separately, which can be done by applying an adhesive dot or adhesive strip. Foamed adhesive sheets, adhesive tapes or adhesive dots can also be applied separately.

The following examples illustrate how the process can be carried out in detail. Parts are by weight and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

Example 1

The composition of a light-activated mixture is as follows:

Material % Ebecryl 40 23 Alkoxylated PETIA (UCB)

Ebecryl IRR 264 41-45.2 Tris-(2-hydroxymethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (UCB) Ebecryl 1290 11 Aliphatic UR-Ac (UCB) Ebeciyl 5129 11 Aliphatic UR-Ac (UCB) Ebecryl 350 5 Silicone diacrylate (UCB) Tinuvin 292 1 HALS Additive (Ciba SC) Tinuvin 400 1 UV adsorber (Ciba SC) Irgacure 184 6 photoinitiator (Ciba SC) Lucirin TPO 1 photoinitiator (BASF)

This mixture is added to a melt of polymethylmethacrylate Lucryl G55 or Lucryl G87e (BASF) in a continuous process.

Material Part Lucryl G55 3 Example 1 Mixture 1

Curing conditions: UV light, 2*2 m/min, 120 W/cm.

In this embodiment, PMMA Lucryl was chosen as the thermoplastic for the colorant carrier layer because it is identical to the thermoplastic components of the clear topcoat and therefore exhibits the best cure and compatibility. In addition, the pigment and colorant can be easily incorporated into the melt at 220 °C.

In the embodiment, a metal pigment is additionally used (Al-Flakes PCR 501; Fa. Eckart; powdered nonleaching pigment; layered with SiCh and the particle size is 10-60 pm) or a red metallic luster pigment (Glimmer-Flakes Iriodin ® 504; Fa. Merck; powdered mica layered with a-FeOa, the particle size of which is 10-60 pm).

Example 2

Material % Ebeciyl 2000 43 aliphatic UR-Ac (UCB) Ebeciyl IRR 264 25.5 aliphatic triacrylate in UR-Ac-na HDDA(UCB) Lucirin TPO-L 0.5 photoinitiator (BASF) CGI 184 3 photoinitiator (Ciba SC) Tinuvin 292 2 HALS additive (Ciba SC) Tinuvin 400 2 UV adsorber (Ciba SC) SR 9003 7 propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (Cray-Valley) Ebecryl 350 2 silicone diacrylate (UCB) CN 965 10 aliphatic UR-Ac (Cray-Valley) SR 344 5 polyethylene glycol diacrylate (Cray-Valley)

This mixture is added to a melt of thermoplastic polyurethane KU-1-8602 or KU-2-8602 (BASF) in a continuous process.

Material Part KU-2-8602 3 Example 2 Mixture 1

Hardening conditions: UV light, 2*2 m/min, 120 W/cm.

Figures 2 and 3 show the behavior of the adhesive and leveling layer (4) when applying the lamination layer (1) to the object (10). The lamination layer (1) can be applied to a roughly prepared surface with unevennesses of 0.5 mm or more, as well as to a surface that is temporarily protected against corrosion, such as a metal base coat from Lankwitzer Lackfabrik 2K-EP. After cutting the lamination material and peeling off the protective film (6) from the lower adhesive and leveling layer (4), the lamination material (1) is pressed onto the surface (11) of the metal object (10) using a roller and/or, if applicable, a large-area applicator. The liquid adhesive of the lower adhesive and leveling layer (4) is distributed in the unevennesses (12) of the surface (11) of the object (10). In addition, the rigid protective film (5) ensures a flat surface and an even distribution of the adhesive. Once the desired smoothness has been achieved, the protective film (2) can be removed from the top layer (2). Finally, the top layer (2) is hardened by irradiation or heating, thereby achieving a wear-resistant final state. The surface (11) of the object (10) thus becomes layered. The reaction time of the adhesive can be hours or even days. This is of no importance, since the surface (11) has already reached its final state and is thus protected against external influences, so the object (10) can be processed without further waiting time.

In the case of the moisture-curing adhesive and leveling layer (4), the surface (11) of the object (10) is preferably covered with a thin film of water, for example sprayed, before the application of the laminating material (1).

If a thermosetting system is used as the adhesive and leveling layer (4), such as a polyurethane system, the reaction temperature should preferably be between 50-70 °C, so that a significant swelling value is achieved by heating the layers after application of the lamination material (1), either by heating the thermosetting top layer (2) or by irradiating the photo-curable top layer (2). Research has shown that the process speed, for example, 2*2-3 m/min; at 120 W/cm values, corresponds to a 2 cm deep thermal superheating.

Claims (26)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. A laminating material for laminating the surface of objects in the form of a film, which consists of an upper cover layer, a middle layer carrying a colorant and a lower hardening adhesive layer, where the lower hardening adhesive layer is provided with a liquid adhesive layer for bonding the film to the surface and a flexible hardening top layer, characterized in that the lower adhesive layer is also a leveling layer for laminating unevenness on the surface of the object, where the thickness of the adhesive and leveling layer is at least 0.150 mm and where the adhesive and leveling layer is a dense consistency material with a thixotropic property profile. 2. The laminating material according to claim 1, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer is applied to the entire surface, in dots or stripes. 3. A laminating material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer is a heat-curable, moisture-curable or light-curable polymer, or a multi-component epoxy, polyurethane or acid-curable binder. 4. A laminating material according to claim 3, wherein the adhesive and leveling layer comprises microcapsules containing moisture, preferably water. 5. A laminating material in the form of a film for laminating the surface of objects, which consists of an upper cover layer, a middle layer carrying a colorant and a lower hardening adhesive layer, where the lower hardening adhesive layer is provided with a liquid adhesive layer for bonding the film to the surface and a flexible hardening top layer, characterized in that the lower adhesive layer is also a leveling layer for laminating irregularities on the surface of the object, where the thickness of the adhesive and leveling layer is at least 0.150 mm and where the adhesive and leveling layer can be produced from a polymer that can be crosslinked thermally, by moisture or by light or from an epoxy-polyurethane or acid-curing multicomponent binder, and where the adhesive and leveling layer contains microcapsules containing moisture. 6. The laminating material of claim 5, wherein the microcapsules contain water. 7. A laminating material according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer is a material of a thick consistency. 8. The laminating material of claim 7, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer has a thixotropic property profile. 9. The laminating material according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the thickness of the lower adhesive and leveling layer is at least 1 mm. 10. A laminating material according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer is polyurethane-based, or said layer is produced from a mixture of several polyurethanes. 11. A laminating material according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the lower adhesive and leveling layer is made of a partially crosslinked pressure-sensitive adhesive. 12. A laminating material according to any one of claims 1-11, the lower adhesive and leveling layer of which consists of a foamed adhesive sheet, foamed adhesive dots or foamed adhesive strips. 13. A laminating material according to any one of claims 1-12, the upper cover layer of which is a crosslinkable, in particular heat- or light-crosslinkable transparent lacquer layer. 14. A laminating material according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein a peelable protective layer can be applied to the lower adhesive and leveling layer and/or the upper cover layer. 15. The laminating material according to any one of claims 1-16, the lower protective layer of which is a paper foil and or the upper protective layer is a polyester foil or a polyolefin foil, preferably a polypropylene foil. 16. A method for coating the surface of objects with a film, which consists of an upper cover layer, a middle layer carrying a colorant and a lower carrier layer, characterized in that a laminating material according to any one of claims 1-15 is used. 17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that the laminating material can be applied to the surface of the object by rolling and/or spreading. 18. The method according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that a crosslinkable, in particular heat-curable or photo-curable polymer is used for the elastic top cover layer of the lamination material, and the top cover layer can be crosslinked with heat or photo after application of the lamination material to the object. 19. The method according to any one of claims 16-18, characterized in that when using moisture-curing lower adhesive and leveling layer lamination materials, the surface of the object is covered with moisture, preferably water, before applying the lamination material. 20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the moisture, preferably water, is applied to the adhesive and leveling layer in the form of microcapsules. 21. The method according to any one of claims 16-20, characterized in that the laminating material is heated during application, thereby forming a bond between the heat-cured lower adhesive and leveling layer and the object. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein a heat-curable polymer is used for the flexible top cover lamination material, and the heat-curable lower adhesive and leveling layer and the top cover layer are heated after application of the lamination material to the object, simultaneously crosslinking the resulting bond. 23. The method according to any one of claims 16-22, characterized in that the laminating material is provided with an upper protective layer, which is removed only after the laminating material has been applied to the object. 24. The method according to any one of claims 16-23, characterized in that the lamination material is applied to a surface on which the irregularities may be a maximum of 0.5 mm and/or on which a protective layer against corrosion is provided. 25. The method according to any one of claims 16-24, characterized in that the laminating material is applied to a metallic object or a fiber-bonded raw material. 26. Use of the laminating material according to any one of claims 1-15, or the method according to any one of claims 16-25, for laminating vehicle bodies, vehicle bodies or body elements, or structural elements, in particular car bodies, railway assemblies. The authorized person •1/1