HUP0102953A2 - Filter - Google Patents

Description

²⁹⁵³ PUBLICATION C:?

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Filter device

The invention relates to filter devices, the main, but not exclusive, function of which is to remove special solids during the process of purifying water for use as drinking water or for other purposes, such as boiler water.

The supply of water suitable for human consumption without any prior treatment, as well as for agricultural and industrial purposes, is extremely limited. Seawater, the most abundant water source, contains a large amount of dissolved solids (30,000-40,000 ppm). In addition, depending on the specific geographical location, it also contains more or less silt and/or sand in suspended form, so it must be filtered and desalinated before being used for any purpose.

Water from rivers, lakes and underground sources is usually contaminated with dissolved, dispersed or suspended solids. It may also contain biological materials, which require micro- or ultrafine filtration to remove.

With the present invention, our goal is therefore to implement an improved filter device compared to the filter devices known today.

Our goal was achieved on the one hand by developing a filter device that has a housing with an inlet for the water to be filtered, a first filter stage arranged in the housing that filters solids from the incoming water, and a filter designed to receive the water coming from the first filter stage, arranged in the housing, implementing ultra- or microfine filtration and/or removing the solids dissolved in the water. 92773-13210/SZT/SZT

-It has a second filtration stage containing 2-layer membranes operating on the reverse osmosis principle.

In the filter device according to the invention, the housing preferably has an elongated shape, and the first filter stage and the second filter stage are arranged adjacent to each other along the length of the housing.

Furthermore, the housing is preferably vertically positioned and has an inlet opening at its lower end, which opens into an inlet chamber closed from above by a disk forming part of a first filter stage, and which admits the water to be filtered. An inverted cone-shaped vortex chamber is formed in the upper front surface of the disk. Through holes are formed in the disk to force the water flowing into the vortex chamber to swirl. The vortex chamber is provided with a downward outlet starting at the tip and passing through the disk. Furthermore, pipes with a porous wall structure and their internal spaces communicating with the through holes are arranged in the inlet chamber. The through holes preferably open into the vortex chamber in a spiral-shaped arrangement, a spiral flow deflector is preferably arranged in the vortex chamber to promote the swirling of the incoming water, and both ends of the pipes are connected to a through hole, and the pipes are suspended in a U-shape in the inlet chamber.

In the present embodiment of the filter device according to the invention, the first filter stage preferably has a filter formed from a plurality of filter elements pressed against each other and forming filter channels. Furthermore, the first filter stage preferably also comprises filter grids for retaining solids and for allowing water to pass through.

In the embodiment of the filter device according to the invention, the second filter stage preferably has membranes operating on the principle of reverse osmosis forming closed jackets in a water chamber receiving water coming from the first filter stage, an outlet opening for draining filtered water from the inside of the jackets, a device designed to feed pressurized water into the jackets and thereby cause temporary expansion of the jackets, and an outlet opening for draining water carrying solid matter separated from the filtered water from the water chamber.

In another possible embodiment of the filter device according to the invention, the second filter stage preferably has membranes operating on the principle of reverse osmosis wound on a central tube in the water chamber receiving water from the first filter stage,

-3 It also has a device designed to feed pressurized clean water into the central pipe, thereby ensuring the flushing of the membranes.

In a possible new embodiment of the filter device according to the invention, the first filter stage preferably has an inlet chamber, in which compartments separated by walls formed by a filter grid are formed, the compartments have an outlet opening communicating with the second filter stage and a second outlet opening provided with a valve that is closed in the basic position, and furthermore, the first filter stage also has a device designed to feed the water cleaning the filter grids from the inside of the compartments through the filter grids into the inlet chamber, and then to transmit it through the compartments to the second outlet opening in the open position of the valve of the second outlet opening.

On the other hand, our goal was achieved by developing a filter device that has an elongated housing surrounding an elongated space with an inlet for water to be filtered, an outlet for filtered water, and an outlet for salt water, in which a first filter stage filtering solids from water flowing in through the inlet, a chamber forming part of the elongated space, and a second filter stage are arranged, where the second filter stage includes membranes operating on the principle of reverse osmosis that implement ultra- or microfine filtration and/or filter solids dissolved in water from water, and further the first filter stage, the chamber, and the membranes are arranged in such a way as to ensure the flow of water along the length of the housing from the first filter stage to the chamber, and then from the chamber to the outlets through the second filter stage.

Possible exemplary embodiments of the filter devices according to the invention and their operation will be described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing, where the

- Figure 1 is a schematic cross-section of one possible embodiment of the filter device according to the invention, which also illustrates the conduit system connected to the filter device;

- Figure 2 is a front view of the disc used in the filter device illustrated in Figure 1;

- Figure 3 is a section lll-lll of the disk illustrated in Figure 2;

- Figure 4 is a rear view of the disc illustrated in Figure 2;

- Figure 5 is a perspective view of a spiral flow deflector used in the filter device according to the invention;

- Figure 6 is a section of a part of the filter device according to the invention in operation, greatly enlarged;

- Figure 7 is a perspective exploded view of a replaceable filter cartridge made of membranes operating on the principle of reverse osmosis;

- Figure 8 is a schematic cross-section of another possible embodiment of the filter device according to the invention;

- Figure 9 is a side view of the filter device illustrated in Figure 8;

- Figure 10 is an exploded perspective view of the filter device illustrated in Figures 8 and 9;

- Figure 11 is a perspective exploded, larger-scale view of a portion of the filter device shown in Figures 8-10;

- Figure 12 is a schematic cross-section of a possible further embodiment of the filter device according to the invention;

- Figure 13 is a side view of the filter device illustrated in Figure 12; while

- Figure 14 is an exploded perspective view of the filter device shown in Figures 12 and 13.

The filter device 10 shown in Figure 1 comprises porous walled tubes 12. Each of the tubes 12 has a U-shaped section 14 and is connected at its ends to a disc 16 arranged in a cylindrical housing 18. Seals (not shown) are arranged between the housing 18 and the disc 16 in grooves 20 formed in the outer surface of the disc 16 (see Figure 3).

The opposite ends of the housing 18 are closed by two-part ring closures 26, 22 and 24, which are secured in place by end caps 22 and 24. The outer rings 28 of the ring closures 26 are embedded in the glass fiber reinforced resin wall of the housing 18 during the manufacture of the housing 18. The inner rings 30 of the ring closures 26 are formed as removable split flexible rings which are compressed to a smaller diameter prior to insertion into the inner ring 28. The inner rings 30 can be removed by repeatedly compressing them and sliding them out of the housing 18, thereby releasing the securing of the end caps 22 and 24.

-5 O-rings (also not shown in the drawing) are used as sealing elements between the housing 18 and the end caps 22 and 24, which fit into the grooves 32 formed in the end cap 22 and the grooves 34 formed in the end cap 24, respectively.

The tubes 12 are arranged in an inlet chamber 36 defined by the end cap 22 and the disc 16. A tube 38 passes through the end cap 22 and the inlet chamber 36, communicating with an outlet 40 formed in the form of a central bore of the disc 16. The end cap 22 also has an inlet 42 formed in the form of a through bore, which communicates with the inlet chamber 36. In the filter device 10 according to the invention, a pump 44 is connected to the inlet 42, which feeds water to be filtered from a water source 48 into the inlet chamber 36 through a tube 46. The pump 44 is also connected to a container 50 containing clean, filtered water. Whether the pump 44 delivers filtered or filtered water is ensured by appropriate adjustment of valves 54 and 52, respectively.

The disc 16 has through holes 56 formed therein, both ends of the tubes 12 are connected to specific through holes 56, and the tubes 12 are suspended in a U-shape in the inlet chamber 36 below the disc 16. The through holes 56 are not formed parallel to the geometric axis of the filter device 10, but form a given angle therewith, as shown in Figures 2-4. The value of this angle is chosen in such a way that the water flowing into the inverted conical vortex chamber 58 formed in the front surface of the disc 16 through the through holes 56 creates a vortex in the vortex chamber 58. As can be seen from Figures 2 and 4, the through holes 56 are arranged along a spiral line on the disc 16.

A spiral-shaped flow deflector 60 is arranged in the vortex chamber 58, mounted on or integrally formed with the disc 16. The flow deflector 60 is located within a rim 62 protruding from the body of the disc 16.

The vortex chamber 58 forms one end of the water chamber 64 defined by the disc 16 and the end cap 24.

A hollow jacket 66 formed of two membrane sheets permeable to water is arranged in the water space 64. The membrane sheets are welded together along their circumference or are fastened to each other by some other method. Membrane sheets of any material quality can be used to create the jacket 66, so that ultra

-6Membranes providing fine filtration or microfine filtration or operating on the principle of reverse osmosis can be used. In the case of a jacket 66 welded together from two membrane sheets, pipes 68 and 70 are also welded to the jacket 66. The pipe 68 extends from the jacket 66 through the wall of the housing 18 to a shut-off valve 72. The shut-off valve 72 is connected to a source of water or air under pressure 74.

The tube 70 passes through an outlet 76 formed in the form of a central bore in the end cap 24, exits the housing 18 and is connected to a valve 78. The plurality of jackets 66 arranged side by side form a liner body. The spacers 80 arranged inside the jackets 66, as well as additional spacers (not shown) placed between the jackets 66, prevent the jackets 66 from collapsing during operation of the filter device 10, and also inhibit the excessive expansion/inflation of the jackets 66 due to the increased pressure inside them.

The water containing the remaining solids is discharged from the filter device 10 through an outlet 82 formed as a through hole in the end cap 24. A pipe 84 leads from the outlet 82 to a T-junction 86. Pipes 88 and 90 are connected to the T-junction 86, with pipe 88 leading to a valve 92 and pipe 90 leading to a valve 94.

A T-junction 96 is inserted between the valve 94 and the pump 44. A valve 98 is located between the T-junction 96 and the pipe 46. A branch pipe 100 leads from the pipe 46 to the valve 102, while the pipe 38 is connected to the valve 106 by a pipe 104.

In operation of the filter apparatus 10 of the invention, water containing solids to be filtered is supplied from the water source 48 by the pump 44 through the T-junction 96, the valve 98 and the pipe 46 under positive pressure into the inlet chamber 36. The pipes 12 filter most of the solids from the water in a manner described below.

Water penetrating through the pores in the porous wall structure of the tubes 12 enters the interior of the tubes 12 and, flowing through the tubes 12, is discharged into the vortex chamber 58 through the through holes 56.

The oblique angle of the through holes 56 communicating with the vortex chamber 58, as well as the spiral-shaped flow deflector 60 located in the vortex chamber 58, together promote the formation of a swirling movement of the water in the vortex chamber 58 and in the part of the water space 64 extending directly above it.

When the filtration process is started, the valve 106 is fully open, the pressure in the water chamber 64 initially causes a strong flow of water through the outlet 40 and the pipes 38 and 104, resulting in a vortex in the center of the vortex chamber 58.

The majority of the solids not filtered out in the tubes 12 are discharged into the outlet 40. It is clear that the entire amount of water leaving through the outlet 40 is to be considered a loss. Accordingly, the flow rate through the valve 106 is varied after start-up until a minimum flow loss consistent with the continuous maintenance of the established vortex is achieved. By adjusting the flow rate in this manner, a vortex pattern is created in which the so-called overflow vortex, which usually starts coaxially with the main vortex, is suppressed. During our tests, we found that the main vortex extends for a certain distance into the space above the disc 16, but its strength decreases proportionally with the distance from the disc 16, until it finally becomes undetectable. Upflow occurs above the main vortex, but the little or no overflow vortex is able to transport particles upward.

The final stage of the filtration process occurs as the water is filtered through the membrane sheets forming the shells 66. The solids remain on the outer surface of the shells 66, while the water, essentially free of solids, flows through the tube 70 to the valve 78, and can then be directed to a reservoir, water main, or other point of use.

While continuously monitoring the pressure at the outlet 76 of the filter device 10, an automatic cleaning process is initiated when a certain pressure drop is detected.

The central part of the cleaning process involves briefly closing valves 52, 98, 92 and 106 and briefly opening valves 54, 94 and 102, during which clean water is drawn from tank 50 and then pumped by pump 44 through valve 94 into water chamber 64. The increased pressure in water chamber 64 results in a pressure increase in pipes 12 of a magnitude comparable to this pressure increase.

-8The flow through the pores of the tubes 12 in a direction opposite to the flow of water during normal operation (hereinafter referred to as reverse) cleans the tubes 12 in the manner described below. The cleaning of the tubes 12 is accomplished by temporarily increasing the pressure inside the tubes 12 to a value greater than the external pressure outside the tubes 12.

The materials loosened from the outer surface of the tubes 12 exit the inlet chamber 36 through the inlet 42, the tube 100 and the valve 102.

The reverse flow of water causes the previously established vortex flow to collapse. During the reopening of valves 52, 98, 92 and 106 and the simultaneous reclosing of valves 54, 94 and 102, valve 106 must be fully opened and then the vortex in vortex chamber 58 must be rebuilt by regulating its openness.

Since clean water is fed into the water chamber 64, the flow of water through the jackets 66 is not interrupted during the cleaning process of the tubes 12.

To clean the jackets 66, the valve 72 is opened for a short time, typically one second or less, causing the jackets 66 to inflate under the action of pressurized air or water. At the same time as the valve 72 is opened, the valve 78 is closed for a short time. Excessive inflation and rupture of the jackets 66 is prevented by external spacers between the jackets 66. The sudden expansion of the jackets 66 loosens solids adhering to their outer surfaces, and the loosened solids are then carried from the water space 64 to the outlet 82 by the normal flow and discharged from the filter device 10 through the valve 92.

Naturally, each jacket 66 has individual tubes 68 and 70, the tubes 68 and 70 being connected to common distribution lines.

In a preferred embodiment of the filter device 10 of the invention, the tubes 12 are made of rubber, rubber compound or synthetic plastic to which the solid material does not adhere strongly. The desired surface is similar to that of a motor vehicle tire: although mud adheres to the tire, the adhesion is not strong and the mud can be easily knocked off the tire when dry and easily washed off when wet.

Each of the tubes 12 has a plurality of pores 108 extending from the outer surface to the inner surface, which pores 108 are illustrated in detail in Figure 6. The pores 108

The outer diameter of the pore 108 measured at the outer surface of the tube 12 is larger than the inner diameter of the pore 108 measured at the inner surface of the tube 12. The outer diameter of the pore 108 is preferably on the order of about 5 μιτι, while its inner diameter is typically on the order of about 1-2 μιτι. The wall thickness of the tube 12 is preferably about 15 mm.

The particles 110 of the solids shown in Figure 6 are deposited in the pores 108. Shortly after the filtration process is initiated (within a few seconds to a few minutes), each pore 108 is filled with a plurality of particles 110 and acts as a filter, allowing water to pass through to the interior of the tube 12 but preventing other solids from entering. Of course, as the water passes through the filters formed by the particles 110 in the pores 108, the solids therein are deposited on the exterior surface of the tube 12. The resulting solids deposit 112 is also shown in Figure 6. As previously stated, the reverse flow of water through the pores 108 carries the solid deposits 112 with it.

During our tests, we found that the pressure drop across the pores 108 should not be too high. If the resulting pressure difference is too high, the particles 110 and the solid deposits 112 in the pores 108 are sucked into the pores 108 with such force that their removal from there becomes difficult. As a result, the pores 108 become clogged, so that the flow through the tubes 46, the pores 108 and the inner cavity of the tubes 12 into the vortex chamber 58 is significantly weakened.

The jackets 66 may be replaced with a spirally wound membrane, such as the replaceable filter cartridge 114 made of a reverse osmosis membrane as illustrated in Figure 7, in another possible embodiment of the filter device 10 according to the invention. This embodiment of the filter device 10 will be described in more detail in connection with Figures 12, 13 and 14.

The filter cartridge 114 comprises a central tube 116 and reverse osmosis membranes 118 made of complex polymer sheets 120 and 122 wound thereon, and a spacer insert 124. Holes 126 are formed on the central tube 116 along its length. Water enters the central tube 116

- IQ128 enters from the leakage channels through these holes 126. Salt trapping channels 130 are located between each membrane 118.

The sheets 120 and 122 are welded together along three edges to form the membranes 118. The fourth edges of the sheets 120 and 122 are not welded together, but are preferably attached to the central tube 116 by means of adhesive along opposite sides of the rows of holes 126 formed in the central tube 116. As a result of the attachment in question, each of the rows of holes formed in the central tube 116 communicates with a leakage channel 128 of a membrane 118.

In Figure 7, for illustrative purposes only, the panels 120 and 122 of the uppermost membrane 118 are shown in a separated position, thereby clearly showing the spacer insert 124. The panels 120 and 122 of the other membranes 118 shown in Figure 7 are shown with welded edges, so that the spacer inserts 124 therein are not visible in Figure 7.

The number of membranes 118 used depends on the number of rows of holes 126 formed, since each membrane 118 must be positioned in such a way that its leakage channel 128 communicates with only one row of holes.

After being wound onto the central tube 116, the sheets 120 and 122 of each membrane 118 lie against the sheets 120 and 122 of the membranes 118 adjacent to that membrane 118.

After the inner (fourth) edges of the sheets 120 and 122 of the membranes 118 have been attached to the central tube 116, the membranes 118 are tightly wound onto the central tube 116 and are preferably tied with tape to prevent them from unwinding. The sheets 120 and 122 of the membranes 118 are prevented from tearing off due to the pressure increase that occurs when water is fed into the filter cartridge 114 during cleaning by means of an external filter sleeve (not shown). The filter sleeve in question fits precisely into the housing 18 and encloses the filter cartridge 114.

It is apparent that the salt trapping channels 130 are open at both longitudinal ends of the wound filter cartridge 114.

The filter cartridge 114 is provided with end caps 132 and 134. The end cap 132 is formed by a disc 136 and a rim 138 extending along its outer edge. The end cap 132 is connected to the end cap 114

-11 filter cartridge is placed at the end where the salt water is discharged. In the disc 136, an outlet 140 communicating with the central tube 116, preferably in the form of a central bore, and outlet openings 142 in the form of holes through which salt water passes are formed. In a preferred embodiment of the filter device 10 according to the invention, a gap of about 2-4 cm is located between the disc 136 and the end of the filter cartridge 114. The function of the closing cap 132 is to ensure the occurrence of counterpressure directly at the outlet ends of the salt-trapping channels 130. The geometric axes of the outlet 140 and the outlet openings 142 are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central tube 116.

The end cap 134 is arranged at the inlet end of the filter cartridge 114. The end cap 134 is formed by a disc 144 having a central bore 146 and inlet openings 148 in the form of holes, and a rim 150 extending along its outer edge. The inlet openings 148 are located between the inlet 146 and the rim 150. The disc 144 is located directly at the inlet end of the filter cartridge 114 or at most about 4 cm from it.

The geometric axes of the inlets 148 are not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the central tube 116, but are at specific angles thereto. As a result, the individual water streams flowing through the inlets 148 impinge on the ends of the filter cartridge 114 at specific angles and the central tubes 116 do not travel parallel. The inlets 148 are arranged so that the water streams swirl in the same direction as the winding direction of the filter cartridge 114.

The filter cartridge 114 is obviously arranged in the filter device 10 such that the end cap 134 is adjacent to the disc 16 and the end cap 132 is adjacent to the end cap 24 closing the other end of the housing 18.

Figures 8-11 show a filter device 152 according to the invention, which has a housing 154, a filter cartridge 114 made of membranes of the type shown in Figure 7 placed therein, and a pre-filter unit 156 also arranged inside the housing 154. The pre-filter unit 156 has three compartments with walls made of filter grid material, preferably in the form of cylinders 158, which are arranged in an inlet chamber 160 of the cylinders 158. The inlet chamber 160 is provided with an inlet 162. The water flows through the filter grid walls of the cylinders 158 into the interior of the cylinders 158, and then flows from there into the chamber 164 through outlet openings 166 formed in the form of holes. The chamber 164 is closed on one side by the outlet openings 166

-12 and is provided with a disc 168 carrying the cylinders 158 mounted thereon, while on the other side it is bounded by the closing cap 134 of the filter cartridge 114.

In the filter device 152, the outlet 170 for discharging the salt water and the outlet 172 for discharging the filtered water are formed in the closing cap 174 outlined in Figure 8.

The filter cartridge 114 and the disc 168 are held in place by spacers 176, 178 and 180. The inlet 162 is formed in a cap 182, and the caps 182 and 174 are held in place by ring locks 184 and 186, respectively.

The outlet 190 formed in the end cap 182 is connected to the interior of the cylinders 158 by a pipe system 188. The waste water from the chamber 164 is discharged through the outlet pipes 192 passing through the end cap 182.

During normal operation, water carrying solids enters the filter device 152 through inlet 162, flows through the screen-walled cylinders 158, through outlet openings 166, and through chamber 164 into the salt-trapping channels 130 of the filter cartridge 114. The filtered water exits through outlet 172, while the salt water exits through outlet 170.

To clean the filter device 152, pressurized water is supplied through the outlet 172, which water flows from the leakage channels 128 through the plates 120 and 122 into the salt trap channels 130. After entering the chamber 164 from the salt trap channels 130, some of the water can be discharged as waste water through the outlet pipe 192. The remaining part of the water flows through the outlet openings 166 into the cylinders 158. Some of the water entering the cylinders 158 flows through the filter grids forming the walls of the cylinders 158 and cleans their outer surfaces. The remaining water flow exits the filter device 152 through the outlet 190 through the pipe system 188, carrying with it any solids that may have entered the cylinders 158 through the filter grids.

By modifying the piping system depicted in Figure 1, an arrangement can be implemented in which the cleaning of the filter cartridge 114 is accomplished by removing the tube 68 and connecting the shut-off valve 72 and the source 74 directly to the outlet 76. The valve 78 is kept closed throughout the cleaning process of the plates 120 and 122.

-13Finally, Figures 12-14 illustrate a further exemplary embodiment of the filter device 10 illustrated in Figure 1 in which the jackets 66 are replaced by the filter cartridge 114. Furthermore, this further embodiment is largely similar in design to the filter device 152 illustrated in Figures 8-11; however, the role of the filter screen-walled cylinders 158 in the filter device 152 is taken over by the tubes 12 used in the filter device 10 illustrated in Figure 1.

The end cap 134 shown in Figure 14 has a different hole pattern than that shown in Figure 10. In the following, wherever possible, the designations used in Figures 1-7 on the one hand and Figures 8-11 on the other hand will be used in describing the embodiment depicted in Figures 12-14.

The cleaning process of the embodiment of the filter device according to the invention illustrated in Figures 12-14 is based on the principles described for the filter device 152 illustrated in Figures 8-11.

The embodiments of the filter device according to the invention with a vortex chamber are operated in a vertical position, as shown in Figure 1. The embodiment of the filter device illustrated in Figures 12-14 must therefore also be operated in a vertical position. The embodiment of the filter device illustrated in Figures 8-11 is operated in a horizontal position.

The tubes 12 can filter out all solids larger than 12 pm. The cylinders 158 can filter out all solids larger than about 20 pm, depending on the mesh size of the filter grid used in them. The choice of the pre-filter unit depends on the solids content of the feed water and the strictness of the requirements for the purity of the filtered water.

In newer embodiments of the filter devices according to the invention, instead of the tubes 12 or the cylinders 158, a (preferably self-cleaning) disc filter or other type of filter element can be used to filter the solid material to the required size prior to the ultra- or microfine filtration of the water in the filter cassette 114 or the jackets 66 and/or the removal of dissolved solids from the water.

If balls made of rubbery material are placed in the inlet chamber 160, they will be set in motion by the flowing water and will “bounce” in the inlet chamber 160.

-14, thereby keeping solids in suspension and helping to prevent clogging of the filter element.

The cleaning of the membranes 118 can also be accomplished by suddenly closing the valve in the pipe connecting the leakage channels 128. The shock wave, traveling in the opposite direction to the normal flow, shakes off loosely adhering solids in the salt-trapping channels 130. A similar effect can be achieved by introducing pressurized air into the leakage channels 128.

In further possible embodiments of the filter devices according to the invention, the filter cartridge 114 may be surrounded by electrical coils 194, 196, 198 in order to enhance its performance, as described in the international patent application PCT/GB98/0054 (W098/30501), as shown in Figure 12. The electrical coils 194, 196 and 198 are embedded in the wall of the filter device housing during the manufacturing process.

Claims (12)

-15PATENT CLAIMS 1. A filter device, characterized in that it has a housing (18) with an inlet (42) for water to be filtered, a first filter stage arranged in the housing (18) for filtering solids from the incoming water, and a second filter stage arranged in the housing (18) for receiving water from the first filter stage, comprising membranes (118) operating on the principle of reverse osmosis for performing ultra- or microfine filtration and/or filtering solids dissolved in water. 2. A filter device according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing (18) has an elongated shape, and the first filter stage and the second filter stage are arranged adjacent to each other along the length of the housing (18). 3. The filter device according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing (18) is vertically positioned and has an inlet opening (42) at its lower end that opens into an inlet chamber (36) closed from above by a disk (16) forming part of a first filter stage, and admits the water to be filtered, an inverted cone-shaped vortex chamber (58) is formed in the upper front surface of the disk (16), through holes (56) are formed in the disk (16) to force the water flowing into the vortex chamber (58) to swirl, it is provided with a downward outlet (40) starting at the tip of the vortex chamber (58) and passing through the disk (16), and furthermore, pipes (12) with porous wall structure and their internal spaces communicating with the through holes (56) are arranged in the inlet chamber (36). 4. A filter device according to claim 3, characterized in that the through holes (56) open into the vortex chamber (58) in a spiral-shaped arrangement. 5. A filter device according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that a spiral flow deflector (60) is arranged in the vortex chamber (58) to promote the vortexing of the incoming water. 6. A filter device according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that both ends of the tubes (12) are connected to a through hole (56), and the tubes (12) are suspended in a U-shape in the inlet chamber (36). 7. A filter device according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the first filter stage has a filter formed from a plurality of filter elements pressed against each other and forming filter channels. 8. A filter device according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the first filter stage comprises filter grids for retaining solids and for allowing water to pass through. 9. The filter device according to claim 1, characterized in that the second filter stage has membranes (118) operating on the principle of reverse osmosis forming closed jackets (66) in a water chamber (64) receiving water from the first filter stage, an outlet opening (76) for discharging filtered water from the inside of the jackets (66), a device designed to feed pressurized water into the jackets (66) and thereby cause the jackets (66) to temporarily expand, and an outlet opening (82) for discharging water carrying solid matter separated from the filtered water from the water chamber (64). 10. The filter device according to claim 1, characterized in that the second filter stage has membranes (118) operating on the principle of reverse osmosis wound on a central tube (116) in the water chamber (64) receiving water from the first filter stage, and further has a device designed to feed pressurized clean water into the central tube (116) and thereby ensure the washing of the membranes (118). 11. The filter device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first filter stage has an inlet chamber (160), in which compartments separated by walls formed by a filter grid are formed, the compartments have an outlet opening (166) communicating with the second filter stage and a second outlet opening provided with a valve that is closed in the normal position, and furthermore, the first filter stage also has a device designed to feed the water cleaning the filter grids from the inside of the compartments through the filter grids into the inlet chamber (160), and then to transmit it through the compartments to the second outlet opening in the open position of the valve of the second outlet opening. 12. A filter device, characterized in that it has an elongated housing (154) surrounding an elongated space portion with an inlet (162) for water to be filtered, an outlet (172) for filtered water, and an outlet (170) for salt water, in which a first filter stage for filtering solids from water flowing in through the inlet (162), a chamber (164) forming part of the elongated space portion, and a second filter stage are arranged, wherein the second filter stage comprises membranes (118) operating on the principle of reverse osmosis for performing ultra- or microfine filtration and/or filtering solids dissolved in water from water, and further the first filter stage, the chamber (164) and the membranes - 17(118) are arranged to ensure the flow of water along the length of the housing (154) from the first filter stage to the chamber (164), and then from the chamber (164) through the second filter stage to the outlets (170, 172). Instead of the notifier, the authorized person: DANUBE Patent and Trademark Office Ltd. Our file number: 92773-13210/SZT/SZT Our administrator: Zsolt Szabó LIST OF NOMINATIONS 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 filter device tube U-shaped part disc housing groove end cap end cap ring lock outer ring inner ring groove groove inlet chamber tube outlet inlet pump tube water source tank valve valve through hole vortex chamber flow diverter flange water chamber jacket tube tube shut-off valve water or air source outlet valve spacer outlet pipe T-branch pipe pipe valve valve T-branch valve branch pipe valve 92773-13210/SZT/SZT -2-pipe valve pore particle solids deposit filter cartridge central tube membrane (operating on the principle of reverse osmosis) sheet sheet spacer insert hole leakage channel salt trap channel end cap end cap disc rim outlet outlet opening disc inlet inlet opening rim filter device housing pre-filter unit cylinder inlet chamber inlet chamber disc outlet outlet end cap spacer spacer spacer end cap ring structure ring structure pipe system outlet outlet pipe electric coil electric coil electric coil