HRP960336A2 - Tile-boarding elements for house construction - Google Patents

Description

The technical field to which the invention belongs

The subject of the invention belongs to the field of construction, that is, to general building constructions and relates to elements for building a house made of tile formwork. According to the International Classification of Patents, the subject of the invention is marked with the classification symbol E04B.

Technical problem

The technical problem that is solved by this invention consists in the following: how to build a house in the simplest possible way from the cheapest possible material, and that it meets the requirements of strength, as well as other requirements for a valid residential building. The technical problem was solved by the present invention of elements for building a house from tile formwork, which make the house from a basic tile formwork, which, connected and fixed with spacers, tensioners and clamps, forms a basic skeleton that is filled, if necessary, with different types of filling, which can vary depending on the need, from semi-liquid loam mixed with chopped straw or sawdust to styrofoam, mineral wool, concrete and other insulating materials.

State of the art

Until now, houses were built predominantly in the classic way, i.e. from brick, concrete and similar blocks where cement was needed to connect the elements, and the construction process itself was long and quite expensive. In classical procedures, the roof is made of tiles and its construction was relatively complicated. It was also not possible to dismantle the entire house without irreversibly destroying part of the building material. Well-known assembly systems use different construction methods depending on the construction material used, in relation to the described process of building a house made of tile formwork.

The above-mentioned disadvantages are avoided with the subject invention, where the entire house, including the roof, is built in an almost completely identical way by stacking the external and internal tile formwork, which is then filled with different types of filling. The procedure itself is very simple, easy and quick to perform and does not require great expertise to build the entire facility. At the same time, in most cases, such a building can be dismantled without destroying the tile formwork from which it was built, and these same elements can be used when building in another place.

Description of the invention with an example of implementation

The elements of the construction of the residential building that will be described enable the construction of houses without the use of classic methods of construction with bricks, concrete and similar blocks, but ceramic, lightly reinforced concrete, salonite, wooden and similar tile formwork is used. The formwork is spaced apart and fixed with spacers and braces, it remains permanently as a wall, while inside there is a filling that can be made of different materials depending on the price and availability (e.g. the heaviest and strongest concrete, loam mixed with chopped straw, sawdust and similar waste materials , styrofoam, mineral wool and other insulating materials, and in some cases any type of filling is possible). Such formwork does not need to be plastered afterwards, and if necessary, it can be coated with a thin coating. The subject invention is shown in the attached pictures where:

• Figure 1 shows the floor plan of the corner joint of two walls in section

• picture 2 shows a part of the floor in a spatial view

• Figure 3 shows the performance of the ceiling construction combined with a metal T-profile

• picture 4 shows the connection of the roof and the wall with the bracket for receiving the beams

• picture 5 shows the section of the roof along the line A-A of picture 4

• Figure 6 shows the corner element of the vertical supporting column

• Figure 7 shows a gap in spatial view that can serve as tension and gap when stacking vertical walls

• figure 8 shows the tension insert in a three-dimensional view

As can be seen in Figure 1, the vertical wall consists of external and internal tile formwork (1) which is interconnected and fixed with spacers (4), tensioners (5) and clamps (8). The formwork connected in this way represents a solid mold of the filling (7) and resists bending forces regardless of the quality of the filling (7). Certain types of filling (7) can also contribute to this strength. The outer or inner formwork (1) itself is a flat plate on the outside, while on the inside it has one or more protrusions in which there are grooves for inserting spacers (4), tensioners (5) and clamps (8), which depending on insert at a certain distance if necessary. The number of protrusions on the inside of the formwork (1) depends on its height. The outer wall of tile formwork is laid continuously, while the inner wall is interrupted in places due to ceiling and other structures. The parts of the formwork (1) are simply stacked on top of each other to the required floor height.

The spacers (4) together with the tensioners (5) and clamps (8) connect and secure the parts of the formwork (1) into a unique skeleton that represents the wall of the house, and the interior is filled with the filling (7), which has the role of insulation. The gap (4) (picture 7) is an insert that is inserted into the intended places on the protrusions of the tile formwork (1), and has the role of separating the outer and inner part of the formwork and is therefore loaded under pressure. The tensioner (5) is made of two inserts (picture 8) and a wire that connects these inserts. The inserts are inserted into the designated places on the inside of the outer and inner tile formwork (1), and then the wire is tightened by turning it around its longitudinal axis, thus connecting the two opposite parts of the tile formwork (1) and fixing them so that they do not separate. Accordingly, the tensioners (5) are loaded with tensile stress. The angle at which each insert is bent depends on the specific purpose of each insert. Clamp (8) is a combination of spacer and tension and is mainly used on corner wall joints. The clamp (8) consists of three parts, a tensioner, a gap and a tensioning wire. It is used in such a way that tension and spacers are first inserted in the designated places, and then they are connected with a wire that is tightened by rotating around its longitudinal axis. This tightening strengthens the entire structure.

The spacer (4) from Figure 8 is used primarily in the construction of vertical walls, and it completely replaces the use of tensioners (5) and clamps (8). As can be seen in Figure 8, the spacer (4) is designed so that it can only be inserted into the slots provided for inserting the spacers, which are located on the inner side of the formwork (1), and at the same time it takes both the compressive and tensile loads.

The filling (7) can be made of different materials, depending on the need and availability, such as: semi-liquid loam mixed with chopped straw or sawdust, Styrofoam, mineral wool, concrete and other insulating materials. Clamps (8) are placed at the corner joints of two walls so that one gap is secured between the formwork (1) of one wall, and is connected to the other wall by tightening with a wire. The mentioned procedure is repeated with the other wall, and the clamps (8) used in this way secure two mutually perpendicular walls.

In the corners of the house, vertical supporting columns are constructed, consisting of rods (12) with clamps (13) and a relief plate (14) that is welded to the rods (12). Steel ribbed bars (12) go from the concrete foundation (3), are connected with clamps (13), and relief plates (14) are welded to the bars (12) at certain intervals, which accept the weight of the infill column (7) inside the column and transfer it on the ribbed vertical bars (12). When making vertical load-bearing columns, it is possible to pull a thin-walled smooth PVC pipe (17) onto the steel round or square construction, which serves as a temporary or permanent mold for the load-bearing columns. The PVC pipe (17) is placed around the steel rods (12) secured with clamps (13), and represents the formwork of the vertical support column. Then, insulating filling (7) is poured or compacted around the pipe, and after that, finer concrete is poured into the pipe from above. The PVC pipe (17) is turned left and right and lifted up, and the filling, if it is strong enough, takes over the role of a mold, and one pipe can be used for several load-bearing columns. If the strength and specific gravity of the filling is small, the PVC pipe (17) remains permanently around the vertical support column.

It is possible to completely avoid all vertical load-bearing columns by using suitable ready-made lattice supports, which do not need to be filled with concrete, but only filled with fill. This is solved by welding horizontal grid supports with vertical ones at a height above the tile formwork (1), and the thermal expansion of the steel is solved by welding links (e.g. chain) to the vertical supports, into which one side of the horizontal support will go. It then continues in height with the tile formwork (1). If a specifically heavier infill is used, which is of low strength, it is necessary that the weight be accepted by horizontal grid supports, which are directly covered with surfaces that relieve the tile formwork (1).

Figure 2 shows the method of building a floor of a house on a concrete foundation (3) with a representation of the external load-bearing wall with a vertical load-bearing column, the internal load-bearing wall and the ceiling with ceiling beams (10) placed on the said walls. When building the ground floor, vertical walls are placed on the concrete foundation slab (3). In the contact of the tile formwork (1) with the floor of the first or ground floor, mortar is placed in the triangular groove (2) on the lower side of the formwork to reduce pressure. Vertical walls are made in the manner described above up to the required floor height. At the end of the floor, a ceiling is made, which is also made of tile formwork (1), and the method of construction is similar to the method of construction of vertical walls. The last layer of the vertical walls is represented by beam supports (6), which are used to receive and evenly transfer the forces that the ceiling beams (10) assume. The formwork (1) located on the ceiling joists (10) represents solid covers in the walls and it, just in case, takes the weight of the filling of the following floors, and that force through the ceiling joists (10) and then through the relief position (6) which is at the same time the gap and tension, it transfers to the vertical walls or the foundation (3). Figure 2 shows a part of the suspended ceiling where the flattened steel tube representing the suspension tube (9) rests on wedges driven laterally into the ceiling beams (10). Then the lower parts of the ceiling formwork (1) are pulled to the ceiling beams (10) using wire tensioners (5). After that, the space is filled with insulating filling (7), which is applied up to the height of the ceiling beam, and finally coincides with the upper parts of the formwork (1), which represent the floor of the upper floors. Horizontal load-bearing columns can be concreted into the ceilings, so that a massive wall can be built above such a load-bearing column, regardless of the fact that there is no such wall in the lower room, which should serve as a support. In such a case, the ceiling formwork (1) is tightened with a wire or clamp (8) diagonally at the end of the wooden beam (10), then the filling (7) is poured in, and the floor formwork (1) is placed.

When creating the following floors, the tile formwork (1) is still used as the finished floor of all rooms, that is, as their ceiling, and as finished all external and internal surfaces of the rooms and they do not need to be plastered.

Figure 3 shows an alternative to the suspended ceiling, where the modified beam (10A) is a beam reinforced with a welded steel T-profile (11) that takes on the compressive forces instead of concrete. The T-profile (11) immediately bears completely and serves as a support for the floor formwork (1), while the beam (10A) serves as a support for the ceiling formwork (15). Due to the step, the ceiling formwork (15) can be combined with the existing blocks, in which case the tile formwork (1) is shortened to the required length.

Figure 4 shows the design of the roof wall (roof), which can also be made using the same procedure described when making the ceiling. For the upper surface of the roof, a modified tile formwork (16) is used, which is basically similar to the tile formwork (1), except that it has a protrusion on the outside on the lower part that serves as a snow guard. The modified tile formwork is aligned with the lower end over the first lower one in order to prevent the return of rainwater and its penetration into the interior of the roof structure. The roof structure is put together in a similar way as in the construction of the walls, except that the first tile formwork (1) and the modified tile formwork (16) are tied to the ceiling beam (10) with a wire tension (5). The bracket for receiving the beams (18) is notched in the beam (10). The modified tile formwork (16) rests directly on the beams (10) and is clamped with wire tensioners (5) with the formwork (1), and the inner space is filled with filler (7), so that no other fastening elements are required. The slope of the roof wall is allowed up to 35°, and a safer way to prevent the roof wall or ceiling from slipping is to drive "U" nails (19) diagonally upwards into the ceiling beam (10) laterally, and then only the initial formwork (1 ) at the dropper clamp with a clamp (5). The modified tile formwork (16) can serve, in addition to the roof of the building, as an external facade wall, if the roof wall is rotated vertically and rests on the foundation plate (3) at the gutter.

For the construction of all vertically installed installations (chimney, electricity, ventilation, etc.), vertical tunnels are left anywhere in the walls, which are immediately introduced into individual rooms through the slotted formwork (1) at the desired height. Installations and flue pipes can pass through the ceilings and sloping ceiling (roof), and thus can be hidden, thus eliminating unnecessary additional suspended ceilings. These installations can be easily reached at any time by lifting the formwork (1), then cutting the tension (5), and removing the ceiling tile formwork (1). The installations can pass along the walls and through the walls, and it is particularly easy to reach the installations by lifting the ceiling formwork (15).

Heat exchangers for underfloor heating can be easily and continuously installed directly under the formwork (1) on top of the insulating filling in the floors and ceilings.

Very heavy objects can certainly be hung on the vertical surfaces: panels for the facade or the interior part. Other consoles can also be placed, for example to adjust the balcony. In such places, it is only necessary to increase the number of gaps (4) and tension (5).

During the construction of the building, it is possible to combine the specified construction method and the classical construction method, so that one floor is built in the described method, and the second classically, that is, the entire house is built in the described method, and the roof in the classical method. In most cases, the object can be dismantled without damage and moved to another place, and a new object can be built from the same material.

Claims (11)

1. Elements for building a house from tile formwork, indicated by the fact that they are used to build (build) houses and other objects from tile, ceramic, lightly reinforced concrete, salonite, wooden and similar formwork (1), which are interconnected and reinforced with spacers (4), tensioners (5) and clamps (8), and the spaces between the formwork (1) are filled with filling (7), which can vary depending on the need from semi-fluid loam mixed with chopped straw or sawdust to Styrofoam, mineral wool, concrete and other insulating materials. 2. The subject invention according to patent claim 1, characterized by the fact that the filling (7) consists of pasty materials (loam, plaster, foam concrete, etc.) mixed with various fibrous waste (straw, sawdust, rubble, etc.) of which a liquid mass is created to fill the spaces between the formwork (1). 3. The invention in question according to patent claim 1, indicated by the fact that the tile formwork (1) is made as a flat plate on the outside, while on the inside it has a protrusion in which there is a groove for inserting the spacer (4), tension (5) and clip (8), which depending on the need, are inserted at a certain distance. 4. Subject invention according to patent claim 1, characterized in that the parts of the formwork (1) are stacked on top of each other up to the required floor height. 5. The invention in question according to patent claims 1 and 4, characterized by the fact that during the construction of subsequent floors, the tile formwork (1) is still used as the finished floor of all rooms, that is, as their ceiling, and as finished all external and internal surfaces of the rooms that are they don't plaster. 6. The invention in question according to patent claim 1, indicated by the fact that in the corners of the house, vertical supporting columns are constructed, consisting of rods (12) with clamps (13) and relief plates (14) welded to the rods (12) at certain intervals , which accept the weight of the infill column (7) inside the column and transfer it to the ribbed vertical bars (12). 7. Subject invention according to patent claims 1 and 6, characterized by the fact that when making vertical supporting columns, it is possible to pull a thin-walled smooth PVC pipe (17) on a steel round or square structure, which serves as a temporary or permanent mold for supporting columns. 8. The subject invention according to patent claims 1 and 6, characterized by the fact that it is possible to completely avoid all vertical bearing columns by using suitable ready-made lattice supports that do not need to be filled with concrete, by welding horizontal lattice supports at the height above the tile formwork (1) with verticals, and the thermal expansion of the steel is solved by welding the chain links to the vertical supports, into which one side of the horizontal vertical support will enter. 9. The subject invention according to patent claim 1, characterized by the fact that, regardless of the type of filling used (e.g. fine loam mixture or concrete), due to the relief surfaces of the tile formwork (1) and the relief steel surface (14), it is not necessary to wait for the filling hardens, but the construction continues without formwork and supports, especially since the wooden beams (10) immediately accept the full weight, and also the modified beam (10A) with a welded T-profile (11) takes over the compressive load due to bending instead of concrete. 10. The subject invention according to patent claim 1, characterized by the fact that horizontal supports can be concreted into the ceilings or lattice supports can be placed so that a massive and heavy wall can be built anywhere on the floor, which also rests on the beam support (6). 11. The invention in question according to patent claim 1, characterized by the fact that vertical tunnels are left anywhere in the walls for the production of all vertically installed installations (chimney, ventilation, sewerage), which are closed with formwork (1) after the completion of the installation.