HK1260346A1 - Pharmaceutical composition comprising crystalline (2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxy-benzyl)-phenyl]-6-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxy-tetrahydro-pyran-3,4,5-triol (s)-propylene glycol solvate - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising free acid polymorphic crystal structures of SGLT2 Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Approximately 100 million people worldwide suffer from type II diabetes (NIDDM), which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance, the root causes for which are as yet unknown. Consistent control of plasma glucose levels in diabetes patients may offset the development of diabetic complications and beta cell failure seen in advanced disease.

Plasma glucose is normally filtered in the kidney in the glomerulus and actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Ninety percent of glucose reuptake in the kidney occurs in the epithelial cells of the early S1 segment of the renal cortical proximal tubule. SGLT2, a 672 amino acid protein containing 14 membrane-spanning segments that is predominantly expressed in the early S1 segment of the renal proximal tubules, is likely to be the major transporter responsible for this reuptake. The substrate specificity, sodium dependence, and localization of SGLT2 are consistent with the properties of the high capacity, low affinity, sodium-dependent glucose transporter previously characterized in human cortical kidney proximal tubules. In addition, hybrid depletion studies implicate SGLT2 as the predominant Na⁺/glucose cotransporter in the S1 segment of the proximal tubule, since virtually all Na-dependent glucose transport activity encoded in mRNA from rat kidney cortex is inhibited by an antisense oligonucleotide specific to rat SGLT2. In humans, mutations in SGLT2 have been associated with familial forms of renal glucosuria, providing further evidence of the primary role of SGLT2 in renal glucose reabsorption. In such patients, renal morphology and renal function is otherwise normal. Inhibition of SGLT2 would be predicted to reduce plasma glucose levels via enhanced glucose excretion in diabetic patients.

Selective inhibition of SGLT2 in diabetic patients could normalize plasma glucose by enhancing the excretion of glucose in the urine, thereby improving insulin sensitivity, and delaying the development of diabetic complications, in the absence of significant gastrointestinal side effects. WO 2004/063209 describes 1-C-(6-chloro-4'-ethoxydiphenylmethane-3-yl-β-Dglucopyranose and the corresponding L-phenylalanine complex thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are crystal structures of a compound of the formula I

In one aspect the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate of the structure (form SC-3) Ia

Also described is the (R)-propylene glycol ((R)-PG) structure Ib which is form SD-3 and methods of treating diabetes and related diseases using the crystal structures of the compound Ia.

The compound of formula I in the form of a non-crystalline solid is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,515,117 . Also described is a process for the preparation of the crystalline compound (S)-PG of the structure Ia (SC-3 form) is provided which includes the steps of providing a compound A (prepared as described in U.S. application Serial No. 10/745,075 filed December 23, 2003 , Examples 17 to 20), of the structure treating compound A with an alcohol solvent such as methanol or ethanol, and aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide, and water, if necessary, under an inert atmosphere, and elevated temperature, if necessary, adding an acid such as hydrochloric acid to neutralize the reaction mixture, to form compound I of the structure and treating the reaction mixture containing compound I with an organic solvent such as methyl t-butyl ether, an alkyl acetate such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or butyl acetate, and (S)-propylene glycol, optionally adding seeds of (S)-PG compound Ia (SC-3) to the mixture, to form (S)-PG compound Ia (SC-3 form).

Also described herein is a process for preparing the crystalline compound (R)-PG of the structure Ib (SD-3 form) that is similar to the process for preparing (S)-PG (SC-3 form) Ia described above except that (R)-propylene glycol is employed in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

Also described herein is a novel process for preparing compound Ia which includes the step of reducing a compound B of the structure to remove the methoxy group by treating compound B (prepared as described in U.S. Application Serial No. 10/745,075 filed December 23, 2003 , Example 17), or a crystalline solvate such as the dimethanol solvate Ig or the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate (If), with a reducing agent, such as triethylsilyl hydride and an activating group which is a Lewis acid such as BF₃•Et₂O or BF₃•2CH₃COOH, preferably BF₃•2CH₃COOH, and an organic solvent such as CH₃CN, and added water, separating out the compound of the structure I and treating compound I with (S)-propylene glycol in the presence of a solvent such as t-butylmethyl ether, optionally with seeds of compound Ia ((S)-PG), to form a crystal slurry of compound Ia ((S)-PG) and separating out compound Ia ((S)-PG).

The above process is a one-pot operation which minimizes the production of intermediates, resulting in improved yield and priority of the final crystalline compound Ia.

The crystalline compound Ia which is also referred to as the (S)-propylene glycol solvate of compound I is a novel crystalline structure.

The compound of formula B (amorphous form) is disclosed in U.S. application Serial No. 10/745,075 filed December 23, 2003 .

Compound I may be prepared by dissolving compound A in ethanol by preferably heating to a boil to form an oily product which is compound I.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention is illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings described below.

• FIGURE 1 shows calculated (simulated at 25°C) and observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the (S)-PG crystalline structure Ia, SC-3 form.
• FIGURE 2 shows observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the (R)-PG crystalline structure lb.
• FIGURE 3 shows 13C NMR CPMAS spectrum for the (S)-PG crystalline structure Ia SC-3 form.
• FIGURE 4 shows 13C NMR CPMAS spectrum for the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib.
• FIGURE 5 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the (S)-PG crystalline structure of Ia, SC-3 form.
• FIGURE 6 shows a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib, SD-3 form.
• FIGURE 7 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the (S)-PG crystalline structure of the compound of form Ia, SC-3 form.
• FIGURE 8 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the (R)-PG crystalline structure of Ib.
• FIGURE 9 shows an observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate crystalline structure If.
• FIGURE 10 shows an observed (experimental at room temperature) powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the dimethanol solvate crystalline structure Ig.
• FIGURE 11 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate crystalline structure If.
• FIGURE 12 is a schematic representation of a continuous reaction set-up.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate of the structure (form SC-3) Ia.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable", as used herein, refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. In certain preferred embodiments, the crystalline structures of compound I of the invention is in substantially pure form. The term "substantially pure", as used herein, means a compound having a purity greater than about 90% including, for example, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, and about 100%.

The ability of a compound to exist in different crystal structures is known as polymorphism. As used herein "polymorph" refers to crystalline forms having the same chemical composition but different spatial arrangements of the molecules, atoms, and/or ions forming the crystal. While polymorphs have the same chemical composition, they differ in packing and geometrical arrangement, and may exhibit different physical properties such as melting point, shape, color, density, hardness, deformability, stability, dissolution, and the like. Depending on their temperature-stability relationship, two polymorphs may be either monotropic or enantiotropic. For a monotropic system, the relative stability between the two solid phases remains unchanged as the temperature is changed. In contrast, in an enantiotropic system there exists a transition temperature at which the stability of the two phases reverse. (Theory and Origin of Polymorphism in "Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids" (1999) ISBN:)-8247-0237).

Samples of the crystalline structures in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be provided with substantially pure phase homogeneity, indicating the presence of a dominant amount of a single crystalline structure and optionally minor amounts of one or more other crystalline structures. The presence of more than one crystalline structure in a sample may be determined by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) or solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR). For example, the presence of extra peaks in the comparison of an experimentally measured PXRD pattern (observed) with a simulated PXRD pattern (calculated) may indicate more than one crystalline structure in the sample. The simulated PXRD may be calculated from single crystal X-ray data. (see Smith, D.K., "A FORTRAN Program for Calculating X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns," Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California, UCRL-7196, April 1963; see also Yin. S., Scaringe, R.P., DiMarco, J., Galella, M. and Gougoutas, J.Z., American Pharmaceutical Review, 2003, 6, 2, 80). Preferably, the crystalline structure has substantially pure phase homogeneity as indicated by less than 10%, preferably less than 5 %, and more preferably less than 2 % of the total peak area in the experimentally measured PXRD pattern arising from the extra peaks that are absent from the simulated PXRD pattern. Most preferred is a crystalline structure of the invention having substantially pure phase homogeneity with less than 1% of the total peak area in the experimentally measured PXRD pattern arising from the extra peaks that are absent from the simulated PXRD pattern.

The various crystalline structures described herein may be distinguishable from one another through the use of various analytical techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and/or thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

PREPARATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

The crystalline structures in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared by a variety of methods, including for example, crystallization or recrystallization from a suitable solvent, sublimation, growth from a melt, solid state transformation from another phase, crystallization from a supercritical fluid, and jet spraying. Techniques for crystallization or recrystallization of crystalline structures from a solvent mixture include, for example, evaporation of the solvent, decreasing the temperature of the solvent mixture, crystal seeding a supersaturated solvent mixture of the molecule and/or salt, freeze drying the solvent mixture, and addition of antisolvents (counter solvents) to the solvent mixture. High throughput crystallization techniques may be employed to prepare crystalline structures, including polymorphs.

Crystals of drugs, including polymorphs, methods of preparation, and characterization of drug crystals are discussed in Solid-State Chemistry of Drugs, S.R. Byrn, R.R. Pfeiffer, and J.G. Stowell, 2nd Edition, SSCI, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1999.

Seed crystals may be added to any crystallization mixture to promote crystallization. As will be clear to the skilled artisan, seeding is used as a means of controlling growth of a particular crystalline structure or as a means of controlling the particle size distribution of the crystalline product. Accordingly, calculation of the amount of seeds needed depends on the size of the seed available and the desired size of an average product particle as described, for example, in "Programmed cooling of batch crystallizers," J.W. Mullin and J. Nyvlt, Chemical Engineering Science, 1971, 26, 369-377. In general, seeds of small size are needed to effectively control the growth of crystals in the batch. Seeds of small size may be generated by sieving, milling, or micronizing of larger crystals, or by micro-crystallization of solutions. Care should be taken that milling or micronizing of crystals does not result in any change in crystallinity from the desired crystal structure (i.e. change to amorphous or to another polymorph).

As used herein, the term "room temperature" or "RT" denotes an ambient temperature from 20 to 25°C (68-77°F).

In general, in preparing crystalline compound Ia as described below, solvent(s) will be employed to enable formation of the crystalline compound la, preferably having a bulk density as described below.

The crystalline compound of the structure Ia (S-PG) SC-3 can be prepared according to the following telescoped reaction as shown in Scheme I.

As seen in Scheme I, compound B or If or Ig (collectively referred to as compound B) wherein compound B in the form of an amorphous solid or crystalline solid (If or Ig) is treated with a reducing agent such as a silyl hydride, preferably an alkylsilyl hydride, more preferably triethylsilane (or triethylsilyl hydride), in the presence of an activating group which is a Lewis acid, such as BCl₃ • Me₂S, BBr₃, BF₃OEt₂, BCl₃, or BF₃ • 2CH₃COOH, preferably BF₃OEt₂ or BF₃ • 2CH₃COOH and an organic solvent such as CH₃CN, CH₃CN/toluene or CH₃CN/dichloromethane, methylene chloride or water, at a temperature within the range from about -15 to about 25°C, preferably from about 5 to about 10°C, to reduce compound B and form the corresponding base compound I which is separated from the reaction mixture and treated with (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) and an organic solvent such as an alkyl acetate as set out hereinbefore, preferably isopropyl acetate, or t-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), and optionally seeds of compound ((S)-PG) Ia (molar ratio of seeds Ia:compound B within the range from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 3%), to form a crystal slurry of compound ((S)-PG) Ia and separating out crystalline compound ((S)-PG) Ia from the crystal slurry.

In carrying out the above telescoped reaction of Scheme I, the silyl reducing agent will be employed in a molar ratio to compound B within the range from about 1.2:1 to about 4.5:1, preferably from about 2:1 to about 4:1, while the activating group (Lewis acid) will be employed in a molar ratio to the silyl reducing agent within the range from about 1.2:1 to about 4.5:1, preferably from about 2:1 to about 4:1. (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) will be employed in a molar ratio to compound B within the range from about 0.9:1 to about 1.5:1, preferably from about 0.98:1 to about 1.2:1; water will be employed in a molar ratio to the (S)-PG within the range from about 0.95:1 to about 5:1, preferably from about 0.99:1 to about 2:1.

The crystalline compound of the structure Ia ((S)-PG) form SC-3 may also be prepared according to the reaction Scheme II set out below. wherein compound A is treated with an alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, preferably methanol, water and aqueous base such as an alkali metal hydroxide such as NaOH, KOH or LiOH, preferably NaOH, preferably under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, at an elevated temperature within the range from about 50 to about 85°C, preferably from about 60 to about 80°C to form compound I.

The aqueous base will be employed in a molar ratio of compound A within the range from about 3.5:1 to about 5.5:1, preferably from about 3:1 to about 5:1.

The reaction mixture containing compound I is treated with an organic solvent such as methyl-butyl ether (MTBE) or an alkyl acetate as described above, preferably isopropyl acetate, or MTBE, to separate out compound I which is treated with (S)-propylene glycol to form a thick slurry containing crystalline product Ia (S)-PG, form SC-3. Optionally, seeds of compound ((S)-PG) Ia are added to the reaction mixture. The crystalline compound Ia is separated from the slurry employing conventional procedures, for example, the slurry of compound Ia is treated with an organic solvent such as cyclohexane, iso-octane or methyl cyclohexane, preferably cyclohexane, and crystalline compound Ia is recovered.

In carrying out the formation of compound la, the (S)-PG is employed in a molar ratio to compound I with the range from about 0.9:1 to about 1.5:1, preferably from about 0.98:1 to about 1.2:1.

As indicated herein before, the (R)-propylene glycol solvate Ib of compound I may be prepared in a manner similar to the corresponding (S)-propylene glycol solvate Ia except that (R)-propylene glycol is used in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

The process for preparing the crystalline form of compound B, that is If, is carried out in accordance with Scheme IV set out below.

The crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If can be prepared according to the following reaction Scheme IV. wherein non-crystalline compound B (which may be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Serial No. 10/745,075 filed December 23, 2003 or in U.S. Patent No. 6,515,117 ), preferably in substantially pure form (for example 50 to 100% pure), is mixed with toluene/alkyl acetate (such as ethyl acetate), and the mixture heated to a temperature within the range from about 50 to about 70°C, preferably from about 55 to about 65°C, 2-butyne-1,4-diol is added and heated as above until the diol dissolves, seeds of compound If are added, and the mixture cooled to form crystals of compound If.

In an alternative process for preparing crystalline compound If, compound B is dissolved in an alkyl acetate (such as butyl acetate) or an alkyl acetate/heptane (0.5:1 to 1.5:1) mixture at an elevated temperature within the range from about 50 to about 70°C, preferably from about 55 to about 65°C, 1,4-butyne-diol is added, and the mixture is cooled to room temperature to form crystals of compound If.

Compound If can be crystallized from a mixture of compound B and toluene/alkyl acetate (preferably ethyl acetate) containing a volume ratio of toluene to alkyl acetate within the range from about 1:1 to about 19:1, preferably from about 4:1 to about 9:1. The mixture of toluene/alkyl acetate will include sufficient toluene to provide a molar ratio with compound B within the range from about 40:1 to about 90:1, preferably from about 60:1 to about 80:1, so as to enable formation of the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If.

The crystallization to form 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be more easily effectuated employing seed crystals of compound If in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B.

Alternatively, compound If can be crystallized from a mixture of compound B and alkyl acetate/heptane (preferably butyl acetate/toluene) optionally with seeding with seeds of crystalline compound If.

The crystalline 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may also be prepared in a continuous process as shown in Scheme IVA.

The synthesis of solvate If involves two sequential steps with compound E and compound D: (1) Lithiation of compound E to generate a lithiated intermediate G, and (2) coupling of the lithiated intermediate G with compound D.

Referring now to Figure 12, a schematic process flow diagram (similar to that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,164,015 ), is shown. The entire process for preparing compound If as shown in Scheme IVA is performed under non-cryogenic conditions. An aromatic reactant E having a group suitable for Li and halogen exchange is stored in a first vessel 1 at room temperature. A lithium reagent Q is fed into a second vessel 2, also at room temperature. The aromatic reactant E and the lithium reagent Q are transferred from the vessels 1 and 2 via pumps 3 and 4, respectively, to a first jacketed static mixer 5. The temperature of a reaction to produce a lithiated anion species is regulated at from about -30°C to about 20°C, in the first mixer 5 by a chiller 6.

The lithiated anion species G thus formed is fed directly from the first mixer 5 to a second static mixer 22 along a conventional transfer line 19. A carbonyl substituted reactant D is fed into a third vessel 20 at room temperature and is transferred via pump 21 through chiller 26 where it is chilled to a temperature within the range from about -10 to about -30 °C, and then passed to the second jacketed static mixer 22. A reaction to produce a glycoside product H is regulated in the second mixer 22 by a second chiller 23.

Further processing under glycosidation conditions occurs where H is fed into a conventional reactor 25 where it is treated with acid in an alcohol solvent, preferably MSA/MeOH or HCl/MeOH, to form H' (desilylated hemiketal) which further converts to glycoside B. Further additional work-up and back extraction and crystallization with 2-butyne-1,4-diol (J) in toluene/EtOAc produces crystalline product If. The reactor 25 may be maintained at room or other non-cryogenic temperature during the course of any subsequent reactions.

The lithium reagent used is desirably an organo lithium reagent. Suitable organo lithium reagents include n-BuLi, s-BuLi and t-BuLi. Others will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.

After completion of the reaction, the desired product If can be isolated and purified according to techniques widely known in the field of organic chemistry (e.g. precipitation, solvent extraction, recrystallization, and chromatography). The deprotected compound If may itself be a useful intermediate or end product. The compound If may be further reacted to obtain pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition or base salts thereof using methods that will be known to those having ordinary skill in the art.

Temperature and reaction time are two important parameters in the continuous process design shown in Scheme IVA: the lithiation can be operated continuously from -30°C (or lower) up to 20°C (or higher), preferably from about -17° to about -10°C, with minutes to seconds of reaction time. For the subsequent coupling reaction, the stream of lithiated derivative G is further mixed with the compound D stream (the third feed) in a mixer. The mixed flow can be then sent to a flow reactor if extra reaction time is needed for completion. The coupling reaction can be operated continuously at higher temperatures from -30°C to -10°C (or higher), preferably from about -30° to about -20°C, with minutes to seconds of reaction time. The coupling stream is then sent to a batch reactor for further reactions as described herein. With continuous processing, both lithiation and coupling reactions can be well integrated and operated at higher temperatures utilizing smaller flow reactors with efficient temperature control, compared with cryogenic batch reactors on scale.

The operating temperature of continuous lithiation in the above process can be as high as 20°C (not limited to), preferably -17 to -10°C, while generating >95 RAP, of the desired lithiated intermediate G.

In the coupling reaction, the coupling product from the above process at -20°C to -30°C, preferably ranged in 70-79 RAP.

Compound If may be employed to prepare crystalline intermediate A as shown in Scheme IVB.

Referring to Scheme IVB, solid compound If, solid DMAP, liquid acetonitrile, and liquid acetic anhydride are heated to a temperature within the range from about 70 to about 85°C and held until reaction is complete.

The batch is cooled (e.g. 5°C). Triethylsilane and boron trifluoride acetic acid complex or other Lewis acid (as described with respect to Scheme I) are added to the reaction mixture. After completion of the reaction, acetone or other solvent is added. The batch is warmed (for example from about 20 to about 30°C) and held until triethylsilane is consumed. Aqueous NH₄OAc is added and the batch is mixed, and allowed to settle until upper and lower phases form. Batch volume of product in the rich upper phase is reduced by distilling off acetonitrile to minimum agitation. SDA3A Ethanol is added at elevated temperature (> 60°C).

The product A crystallizes out by cooling or cooling with seeding (5 wt% based on compound If wet-milled, nitrogen jet milled, or a previous batch).

The product is recrystallized as either a wet or dry cake from SDA3A ethanol.

The crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig is prepared according to the following reaction Scheme V. wherein non-crystalline compound B (which may be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Serial No. 10/745,075 filed December 23, 2003 or in U.S. Patent No. 6,515,117 ), preferably in substantially pure form (50 to 100% pure), is dissolved in methanol, a mixture of methanol/toluene, or a mixture of methanol/toluene/heptane, a mixture of methanol/methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)/heptane, or a mixture of methanol/toluene/ethyl acetate or other alkyl acetate with stirring, to form a white slurry containing crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig. The crystalline dimethanol solvate Ig may be recovered from the slurry using conventional procedures, such as filtration.

The above process may be carried out at room temperature, although elevated temperatures of up to about 20-25°C may be employed to enhance crystallization.

Compound Ig can be crystallized from a mixture of methanol/toluene containing a volume ratio of methanol to toluene within the range from about 6:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 3:1 to about 5:1. The mixture of methanol/toluene will include sufficient methanol to provide a molar ratio with compound B within the range from about 80:1 to about 10:1, preferably from about 40:1 to about 20:1, so as to enable formation of the dimethanol solvate Ig.

The crystallization to form dimethanol solvate Ig may be more easily effectuated employing seed crystals of compound Ig in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B.

Compound Ig (which may or may not be purified) can also be crystallized from a mixture of methanol/toluene/heptane with seeding with seeds of crystalline compound Ig employing from about 0.1 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 3% based on the weight of starting compound B. The methanol will be employed in a volume ratio with toluene within the range from about 1:0.5 to about 1:6, preferably from about 1:1.5 to about 1:2.5, and a volume ratio of heptane:toluene within the range from about 2:1 to about 0.5:1, preferably from about 1.3:1 to about 0.5:1.

EXAMPLES PREPARATION OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of (S)-Propylene Glycol ((S)-PG) Structure - Form SC-3 - Formula Ia

Compound A can be prepared as described in Example 1, Part E of U.S. Patent 6,515,117 .

A 10-L glass reactor equipped with a thermocouple and a nitrogen inlet was charged with MeOH (1.25 L), deionized water (3.6 L) followed by 50% aqueous NaOH (205.9 ml, 3.899 mol). The residual solution of NaOH in the measuring cylinder was transferred with water (94 ml) to the reaction vessel. Compound A (503.11 g, 0.872 mol) was added and the mixture was stirred and heated to ∼68°C over 1.5 h. After 1 h, the circulation bath temperature was lowered from 80 to 70°C; internal temperature became 65°C. After a total of 3 h HPLC¹ indicated completion of reaction, Compound I AP ∼99.5. After the mixture was cooled to 25°C, isopropyl acetate (2.5 L) was added. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and then the aqueous layer was separated (pH = 12.5) and organic layer was washed with water (1 L). During this wash the pH of the biphasic system was adjusted to 6.0 with conc. HCl (5.0 ml) and then the aqueous layer was separated.² The organic layer was collected in a separate vessel. The reactor was washed with water (2 L), MeOH (2 L) and flushed with nitrogen gas. The wet solution of compound B was recharged into the reactor and (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) (67.03 g, 0.872 mole) was introduced. Optionally, seed crystals of (S)-PG Ia may be added at this stage. Instantaneous crystallization produced a thick slurry. After stirring for 1 h, cyclohexane (2.5 L) was added rapidly over 10 minutes and the stirring was continued for 21 h. The product was filtered through a filter paper (Whatman #5, Buchner funnel 24" diameter). The filtration was rapid and took about 15 minutes. The filter cake was washed with a mixture (1:1) of MTBE/cyclohexane (2 x 1 L) and dried under suction for 0.5 h. The solid was transferred to a pyrex tray and dried under vacuum (25 mm Hg) in an oven at 25-30°C for two days till water analysis by KF corresponded to monohydrate (3.6 wt.%). The (S)-PG product Ia was obtained (0.425 kg, yield 97%) as a snow white solid, HPLC³ AP 99.7.

Seed crystals may be prepared by dissolving compound I in a solvent such as MTBE and treating the resulting solution with (S)-propylene glycol and proceeding as described above without the use of seeding.

¹HPLC: Column: YMC ODS-A (C-18) S3, 4.6 x 50 mm. Solvent A: 0.2% aq. H₃PO₄. Solvent B: 90% CH₃CN/10%H₂O Start %B = 0, final %B = 100 Gradient time 8 min; hold time 3 min. Integration stop time 11.0 min. Flow rate 2.5 ml/min. UV wave length 220 nm.

²Neutralization before phase split was done to prevent contamination of the product with NaOH. (S)-PG structure prepared without neutralization was slightly basic [pH 8.3 of a suspension sonicated in water (∼20 mg/ml)].

³HPLC method: Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in H₂O. Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in CAN. Column: YMC Hydrosphere 4.6x150 (3µ). Gradient: 30-90%B over 45 minutes, hold 5 minutes; back to 30%B and re-equilibrate for 10 min. Wavelength: 220 nm. Injection Volume: 10µl. Temperature: Ambient

EXAMPLE 1A (S)-Propylene Glycol ((S)-PG) Structure - Form SC-3 - Formula Ia

Procedure

20g of compound A was charged to a reactor at ambient temperature and pressure. 30mL Methanol and 49.75mL 3N NaOH were added to the reactor and the reaction mixture was heated to 80°C or reflux, and held about 2-3 hours for reaction completion < 0.5 AP. The batch was cooled to 20°C and neutralized to pH 6.0-7.5 using con. HCl or IN acetic acid (requires ∼ 1mL/gm input).

Extraction

The product was extracted from the reaction mixture into 100mL isopropyl acetate, the aqueous phase was split away and the organic phase washed with water until conductivity < 10mS (∼ 4mL/gm input). The aqueous phase was split away.

Crystallization

2.8g (1.05 eq) (S)-(+)-1,2 Propanediol was added to the reaction mixture. The batch was seeded with 0.1g compound I seed. 160mL Cyclohexane was added and the batch cooled to from room temperature to 5°C. The batch was allowed to stir at from room temparture to 5°C at least 1 hour before isolation.

Isolation and Drying

Each load of isolated cake was washed with 50/50 by volume isopropyl acetate/cyclohexane mixture. The cake was dried at 30°C in a vacuum oven under full vacuum. (Cake is dry when KF = 3.6% - 4.1%). Yield = 84% (uncorrected) Typical purity = 99.81AP Typical PG content = 15.1 - 15.8% by GC

EXAMPLE 2 (comparative example) Preparation of (R)-Propylene Glycol Structure - Ib

The (R)-propylene glycol structure was prepared using the same process as described above for the (S)-propylene glycol structure Ia (Example 1) except that (R)-propylene glycol was used in place of (S)-propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of (S)-PG Solvate Form SC-3 Ia

To acetonitrile (12 mL), at batch temperature of 8-10°C under nitrogen atmosphere, was charged borontrifluoride diethyletherate (2.3 mL, 18.4 mmol) and water (0.82 mL, 4.6 mmol). After holding the above mixture for about 1 hour, triethylsilane (3 mL, 18.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was held for about 1 hour, and then compound B (prepared as described in Example 17) in 10 mL acetonitrile was added. The batch was held at 5 to 10°C. On completion of the reaction as determined by HPLC, the reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous ammonium acetate (24 mL; 85 g) in 200 mL water. The phases were separated and product rich organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate. The product rich organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure.

Water (13 mg, 0.7 mmol, based on 0.3g crude compound B input), (S)-propylene glycol (56 mg, 0.7 mmol), t-butylmethyl ether (5 mL, ∼17 mL/g compound B input), compound Ia seeds (∼ 20 mg) were mixed and held for 1 hr., to form a crystal slurry. Cyclohexane (10 mL, 33 mL/g compound B (input)) was added. The crystalline product (Ia) was isolated by filtration (4-5%) and dried in vacuo at 20-25°C.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Crystalline MeOH Solvate Ig

Crystals of methanol solvate Ig were obtained by dissolving pure compound B in methanol and stirring at room temperature. A white slurry formed after a few days, and was found to be crystalline methanol solvate Ig.

The so formed crystalline di-MeOH solvate Ig may be used in place of compound B in the preparation of crystalline compound Ia as described in Example 6.

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Crystalline Di-MeOH Solvate Ig from Unpurified Compound B in 80/20 Methanol/Toluene using Seeds

6g of compound B (HPLC AP approximately 80%) was dissolved in 15 mL of 80/20 methanol/toluene.

Seeds (about 1% of starting compound B) of compound Ig crystals were added and the mixture was cooled to form a slurry containing crystals.

The slurry was stirred for 6 hours before isolating.

The wet cake was found to be crystalline methanol solvate If but loses crystallinity if left open for a few hours.

EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of Crystalline Di-MeOH Solvate Ig from Unpurified Compound B in Methanol/Toluene/Heptane using Seeds

2.5 g of compound B (91.5 %) was added to a scintillation vial with a magnetic stir-bar.

4 mL toluene was added to dissolve the compound Ia.

2 mL methanol was added. Next, seeds of compound Ig crystals (about 1%) were added.

4 mL heptane was added over 30 minutes and the mixture was stirred for 12 hours. Wet cake was isolated on a Buchner funnel. The wet cake was found to be crystalline methanol solvate Ig. It was dried under vacuum at 30°C. The resultant powder lost crystallinity.

Yield = 1.7 g = 74.5% (corrected). Characterization XRD pattern of crystals: Figure 10.

The so formed crystalline MeOH solvate Ig may be used in place of compound B in the preparation of crystalline compound Ia as described in Example 6.

EXAMPLE 10 (not according to the claimed invention) Preparation of Crystalline 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If from Compound B in Toluene/Ethyl Acetate using Seeds

1,4-Butyne-diol solvate can be crystallized in an alkyl acetate (e.g. ethyl, propyl or butyl acetate), alcohol (e.g. isopropanol, butanol) or even water. Toluene and heptane act as anti-solvents when crystallized in alkyl acetate.

50g (90.3 weight%) Compound B was dissolved in 675mL toluene. The solution was heated to 60°C and 75mL ethyl acetate added. 1.5 eq 2-butyne-1,4-diol (= 13.3g) was added and the mixture held at 60°C until the butyne diol dissolved. The solution was cooled to 55°C and 0.1% seeds (50mg) of 1,4-butyne-diol compound If was added. The mixture was held for 1 hour at 55°C. Compound If started crystallizing. The mixture was cooled to 25°C over 6 hours. The resulting slurry was stirred for 3 hours before isolating (mother liquor conc was < 3mg/mL), filtered and washed with 180mL toluene + 20mL ethyl acetate, and dried under vacuum at 45°C to yield crystals of 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If.

HPLC AP = 99.5%. Potency = 80.7 weight% (Expected potency = 83.6% for 1:1 solvate). Yield = 95%.

EXAMPLE 11 (not according to the claimed invention) Preparation of Crystalline 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If from Compound B in Butyl Acetate/Heptane

0.5g Compound B (91 weight%) was dissolved in 3.5mL butyl acetate + 3.5mL heptane at 60°C. 1.5 eq 2-Butyne-1,4-diol was added and the mixture cooled to room temperature. The resulting slurry was stirred for 12 hours, filtered and washed with 1mL 1:1 butyl acetate: heptane, and dried under vacuum at 50°C to yield crystals of 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If. Potency = 85.1%. Yield = 90%.

The 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If may be employed in place of compound B and employing the Lewis acid BF₃ • 2CH₃COOH in place of BF₃OEt₂ to form the crystalline compound Ia.

EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of Compound If via Continuous Lithiation and Coupling Reactions

A reaction scheme similar to that shown in Scheme IVA and Figure 12 was employed.

A -30°C chiller for the lithiation reactor 5 (jacketed static mixer 5) was set up.

A -30°C chiller for the coupling reactor 22 (jacketed static mixer 22) and a pre-cooling heat exchanger (not shown in Figure 12) for the compound D/toluene feed was set up.

Continuous Lithiation

The two feeds of E/THF/toluene (2.74 ml/min) and Q, namely, n-BuLi in hexane (0.41 ml/min), were mixed and combined through jacketed static mixer 5 (-30°C).

Before pumping the D/toluene feed, toluene (2.96 ml/min) was sent into the system as a make-up flow to maintain the overall flow constant at 6.1 ml/min.

Samples at the outlet of the lithiation static mixer 5 for HPLC analysis were collected. Samples were taken before (a) the onset of the coupling reaction, and (b) after the collection of the reaction mixture into the MSA-MeOH reactor.

Continuous Coupling Reaction

The D/toluene feed (2.96 ml/min) was pre-cooled via a heat exchanger before mixing with the lithiation stream.

The two streams namely G and D were mixed and combined through a jacketed static mixer 22 (between -24°C and -30°C).

The reaction stream appeared yellowish in color.

Samples were collected at the outlet of the mixer 22 for HPLC analysis. Samples were taken before and after the collection into the MSA-MeOH reactor 25.

Methyl Glycosidation

The coupling reaction stream 24 was fed to a 500-ml reactor 25 containing MSA and methanol or HCl/MeOH at <-10°C with stirring.

After the collection were finished, the reaction mixture was kept at <-10°C with stirring for another hour.

The reaction mixture was heated up to 35°C. The reaction was deemed complete (about 6 hrs) until HPLC analysis indicated that desilylated hemiketal H' RAP < 0.3 %. The reaction was cooled to room temperature (20°C) and the reaction mixture was held for 16 hrs to form compound B.

Formation of Crystals of If

B was crystallized with 2-butyne-1,4-diol (J) in toluene/EtOAc to yield crystals of If.

EXAMPLE 17 (not according to the claimed invention) Preparation of Intermediate A

Solid compound If (50.0 g), solid DMAP (1.2 g), liquid acetonitrile (450 mL), and liquid acetic anhydride (63 mL) were charged to a 250 ml flask reactor.

The batch (77°C) was heated and held until reaction complete.

The batch was cooled (5°C).

Triethylsilane (72 mL), and boron trifluoride acetic acid complex (63 mL) were charged to the reactor.

After completion of the reaction, acetone (36 mL) was added.

The batch (21°C) was warmed and held until triethylsilane was consumed.

Aqueous NH₄OAc (33 wt%, 450 mL) was added and the batch was mixed, allowed to settle until upper and lower phases formed.

Batch volume of product in the rich upper phase was reduced by distilling off acetonitrile to minimum agitation. Ethanol SDA3A (1 L) was charged at elevated temperature (> 60°C).

The product was crystallized by cooling or cooling with seeding (5 wt% based on compound If wet-milled, nitrogen jet milled, or a previous batch). The product was typically isolated in > 75% yield.

The product was recrystallized as either a wet or dry cake from ethanol SDA3A.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION

Crystal structures equivalent to the crystal structures described below and claimed herein may demonstrate similar, yet non-identical, analytical characteristics within a reasonable range of error, depending on test conditions, purity, equipment and other common variables known to those skilled in the art.

X-ray Powder Diffraction

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a powder X-ray diffraction pattern may be obtained with a measurement error that is dependent upon the measurement conditions employed. In particular, it is generally known that intensities in a X-ray powder diffraction pattern may fluctuate depending upon measurement conditions employed. It should be further understood that relative intensities may also vary depending upon experimental conditions and, accordingly, the exact order of intensity should not be taken into account. Additionally, a measurement error of diffraction angle for a conventional powder X-ray powder diffraction pattern is typically about 5% or less, and such degree of measurement error should be taken into account as pertaining to the aforementioned diffraction angles. Consequently, it is to be understood that the crystal structures of the instant invention are not limited to the crystal structures that provide X-ray diffraction patterns completely identical to the X-ray powder diffraction patterns depicted in the accompanying Figures disclosed herein. Any crystal structures that provide powder X- ray diffraction patterns substantially identical to those disclosed in the accompanying Figures fall within the scope of the present invention. The ability to ascertain substantial identities of X-ray powder diffraction patterns is within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art.

(S)-PG (form SC-3) la, (R)-PG Ib, 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If and Dimethanol Solvate Ig

About 200 mg were packed into a Philips powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) sample holder. The sample was transferred to a Philips MPD unit (45 KV, 40 mA, Cu Kα₁). Data were collected at room temperature in the 2 to 32 2-theta rage (continuous scanning mode, scanning rate 0.03 degrees/sec., auto divergence and anti scatter slits, receiving slit: 0.2 mm, sample spinner : ON).

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns for the (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib) structures are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and the dimethanol solvate Ig are illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. Selected diffraction peak positions (degrees 2θ ± 0.2) for the (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib) structures are shown in Table 1 below. Characteristic diffraction peak positions (degrees 2θ ± 0.1) at RT, are based on a high quality pattern collected with a diffractometer (CuKα) with a spinning capillary with 2θ calibrated with a National Institute of Standards and Technology methodology, and other suitable standard known to those skilled in the art. The relative intensities, however, may change depending on the crystal size and morphology. TABLE 1

(S)-PG (Ia)	(R)-PG (Ib)
3.8	3.9
7.6	8.0
8.1	8.7
8.7	15.3
15.2	15.6
15.7	17.2
17.1	19.2
18.9	19.9
20.1	20.3

Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The structures of (S)-PG (Ia), (R)-PG (Ib), 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and dimethanol solvate Ig were characterized by solid state NMR techniques.

All solid-state C-13 NMR measurements were made with a Bruker DSX-400, 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. High resolution spectra were obtained using high-power proton decoupling and the TPPM pulse sequence and ramp amplitude cross-polarization (RAMP-CP) with magic-angle spinning (MAS) at approximately 12 kHz (A.E. Bennett et al, J. Chem. Phys.,1995, 103, 6951; G. Metz, X. Wu and S.O. Smith, J. Magn. Reson. A,. 1994, 110, 219-227). Approximately 70 mg of sample, packed into a canister-design zirconia rotor was used for each experiment. Chemical shifts (δ) were referenced to external adamantane with the high frequency resonance being set to 38.56 ppm (W.L. Earl and D.L. VanderHart, J. Magn. Reson., 1982, 48, 35-54).

The resulting ¹³C NMR CPMAS spectrum for structure (S)-PG and (R)-PG are shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively.

The major resonance peaks for the solid state carbon spectrum of (S)-PG and (R)-PG are listed below in Table 1A and Table 2 and for 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and dimethanol solvate Ig are listed below in Tables 2A and 2B, respectively. Crystal structures demonstrating substantially similar ¹³C NMR peak positions, wherein "substantially similar" means 10 to 15% of dimensionless value, are deemed to fall within the scope of the invention (i.e., equivalent to the structures illustrated below).

TABLE 1A Proton NMR Peak Positions for (S)-Propylene Glycol Solvate Ia

¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 1.00 (d, 3H, J = 6.25 Hz, PG-CH₃), 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 6.98 Hz, -CH₂CH ₃), 3.0-3.30 (m, 4H, H2, H3, H4, H-5), 3.43 (m, 1H, H-6a), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.69 (bdd, H, J = 4.4 Hz, H-6b), 3.9-4.1 (m, 5H, H-1, -CH₂, -CH₂), 4.38 (d, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz, OH), 4.44 (dt, 2H, J = 2.2 Hz, J = 5.7 Hz), 4.82 (d, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz, -OH), 4.94 and 4.95 (2d, 2H, 2-OH), 6.82 (d, 2H, J = 8.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.09 (d, 2H, J = 8.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.22 (dd, 1H, J = 1.97 Hz, 8.25 Hz, Ar-H), 7.31 (bd, 1H, 1.9 Hz, Ar-H), 7.36 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz, Ar-H). TABLE 2

(S)-PG	(R)-PG
δ / ppm	δ / ppm
16.2	15.8
17.6	17.6
39.3	39.0
60.9	60.9
63.3	63.2
69.8	67.4
76.9	69.7
78.7	77.3
79.4	79.2
113.8	79.8
123.6	113.3
129.3	123.6
130.5	129.0
132.0	130.4
135.7	132.0
139.1	135.6
158.0	139.2
	157.9

These data are strictly valid for a 400 MHz spectrophotometer.

TABLE 2A Proton NMR Peak Positions for 1,4-Butyne-diol Solvate If

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz, -CH₃), 2.90 (s, 2H, -CH₂), 3.39 (s, 9H, -OCH₃), 3.4-3.65 (m, 3H), 3.81 (bm, 2H), 3.91 (q, 2H, J =7.1 Hz, -CH₂), 3.97 (m, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.02 (d, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 7.25 (s, 2H, Ar-H), 7.34 (s, 1H, Ar-H); ¹³C (CDCl₃) δ 14,78, 38.43, 49.14, 50.57, 61.84, 63.34, 69.98, 72.53, 74.63, 100.95, 114.36, (2), 126.64, 129.19, 129.59, 129.71, 131.38, 134.30, 136.61, 138.50, 157.27. M.P. 103.08°C.

TABLE 2B Proton NMR Peak Positions for Dimethanol Solvate Ig

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz, -CH₃), 2.38-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.5 (s, 2H, -CH₂), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.35 (m, 3H, -OCH₃), 3.16-3.39 (m, 1H, H-6), 3.41-3.42 (m, 1H, H-6), 3.9 (q, 2H, J=7.2 Hz, CH2), 4.05 (d, 4H, - CH₂), 4.52 (t, 1H), 4.75 (m, 2H), 4.95 (d, 2H), 5.23 (t, 2H), 6.82 (d, 2H, J =8.6 Hz, Ar-H), 7.07 (d, 2H, J = 8.6 Hz, Ar-H) 7.4 (s, 2H, Ar-H), 7.50 (s, 1H, Ar-H); ¹³C (CDCl₃) δ 14.69, 48.28, 49.02, 60.81, 62.84, 70.05, 74.02, 76.81, 83.97, 100.64, 114.23, 127.40, 128.2, 129.44, 131.2, 131.4, 132.45, 137.38, 138.57, 156.84. Elemental analysis Calculated for C₂₆H₃₃ClO₉: Calc C 59.48, H6.34, Cl 6.75; Found C 59.35, H5.97, Cl 6.19.

Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments were performed in a TA Instruments™ model Q500. The sample (about 10-30 mg) was placed in a platinum pan previously tared. The weight of the sample was measured accurately and recorded to a thousand of a milligram by the instrument The furnace was purged with nitrogen gas at 100mL/min. Data were collected between room temperature and 300°C at 10°C/min heating rate.

TGA curves for the (S)-PG Ia and (R)-PG Ib structures are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Weight loss corresponds to one mole of water and one mole of propylene glycol per mole of structure analyzed.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The solid state thermal behavior of the (S)-PG Ia, (R)-PG Ib, 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and dimethanol solvate Ig structures were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves for the (S)-PG Ia and (R)-PG Ib structures are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The DSC curves for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If and the dimethanol solvate Ig structures are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed in a TA Instruments™ model Q1000. The sample (about 2-6 mg) was weighed in an aluminum pan and recorded accurately recorded to a hundredth of a milligram, and transferred to the DSC. The instrument was purged with nitrogen gas at 50mL/min. Data were collected between room temperature and 300°C at 10°C/min heating rate. The plot was made with the endothermic peaks pointing down.

One of skill in the art will however, note that in DSC measurement there is a certain degree of variability in actual measured onset and peak temperatures, depending on rate of heating, crystal shape and purity, and other measurement parameters.

Single Crystal X-ray Analysis

A single crystal for the (S)-PG la, structure, and for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If, dimethanol solvate Ig, 1:2 L-proline Ih, 1:1 L-proline Ii and 1:1 L-proline hemihydrate Ij structures were obtained and investigated by x-ray diffraction.

Data were collected on a Bruker-Nonius¹ CAD4 serial diffractometer. Unit cell parameters were obtained through least-squares analysis of the experimental diffractometer settings of 25 high-angle reflections. Intensities were measured using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) at a constant temperature with the θ-2θ variable scan technique and were corrected only for Lorentz-polarization factors. Background counts were collected at the extremes of the scan for half of the time of the scan. Alternately, single crystal data were collected on a Bruker-Nonius Kappa CCD 2000 system using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Indexing and processing of the measured intensity data were carried out with the HKL2000 software package² in the Collect program suite. ¹ BRUKER AXS, Inc., 5465 East Cheryl Parkway Madison, WI 53711 USA ² Otwinowski, Z. & Minor, W. (1997) in Macromolecular Crystallography, eds. Carter, W.C. Jr & Sweet, R.M. (Academic, NY), Vol. 276, pp.307-326 ³ Collect Data collection and processing user interface: Collect: Data collection software, R. Hooft, Nonius B.V., 1998

When indicated, crystals were cooled in the cold stream of an Oxford cryo system⁴ during data collection. ⁴ Oxford Cryosystems Cryostream cooler: J. Cosier and A.M. Glazer, J. Appl. Cryst., 1986, 19, 105

The structures were solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of observed reflections using either the SDP⁵software package with minor local modifications or the crystallographic package, MAXUS.^{6 5} SDP, Structure Determination Package, Enraf-Nonius, Bohemia NY 11716 Scattering factors, including f' and f", in the SDP software were taken from the" International Tables for Crystallography", Kynoch Press, Birmingham, England, 1974; Vol. IV, Tables 2.2A and 2.3.1 ⁶maXus solution and refinement software suite: S. Mackay, C.J. Gilmore, C. Edwards, M. Tremayne, N. Stewart, K. Shankland. maXus: a computer program for the solution and refinement of crystal structures from diffraction data.

The derived atomic parameters (coordinates and temperature factors) were refined through full matrix least-squares. The function minimized in the refinements was ∑_W(|F_o| - |F_c|)². R is defined as ∑ ∥F_o∥ - ∥F_c∥/∑|F_o| while R_w = [∑_w( |F_o| - |F_c|)²/∑_w|F_o|²]^1/2 where w is an appropriate weighting function based on errors in the observed intensities. Difference maps were examined at all stages of refinement. Hydrogens were introduced in idealized positions with isotropic temperature factors, but no hydrogen parameters were varied.

Unit cell parameters for the (S)-PG structure Ia form SC-3 are listed below in Table 3. As used herein, the unit cell parameter "molecules/per cell" refers to the number of molecules of Compound in the unit cell. TABLE 3

Structure	T	a(Å)	b(Å)	c(Å)	α°	β°	γ°		Z'	SG	Dcalc	R
Ia (S)-PG	25	11.2688(8)	4.8093(3)	46.723(3)	90	90	90	633	1		1.319	.069

TABLE 3

Table 4 below sets forth the positional parameters for the (S)-PG Ia structure at 25°C. TABLE 4

Atom	X	Y	Z
CL	0.7313	0.4674	-0.2101
O5	0.8119	0.5766	-0.0701
04	0.7202	0.5458	0.0056
03	0.5115	0.3666	-0.0246
06	0.9646	0.2671	-0.0316
02	0.4895	0.5889	-0.0811
C2	0.6024	0.5045	-0.0697
C12	0.7946	0.4228	-0.1261
C5	0.8198	0.6301	-0.0398
O17	0.1633	0.2154	-0.2179
C8	0.6391	0.7665	-0.1320
C6	0.9425	0.5628	-0.0299
C3	0.5984	0.5441	-0.0373
C1	0.7059	0.6639	-0.0829
C7	0.7147	0.6097	-0.1148
C4	0.7190	0.4796	-0.0240
C10	0.7203	0.5412	-0.1732
C17	0.2586	0.3689	-0.2079
C19	0.4171	0.6835	-0.2198
C11	0.7959	0.3822	-0.1562
C9	0.6397	0.7259	-0.1622
C13	0.5535	0.8771	-0.1822
C14	0.4508	0.6852	-0.1907
C15	0.3841	0.5376	-0.1712
C16	0.2861	0.3765	-0.1788
C20	0.1012	0.0595	-0.1979
C18	0.3232	0.5239	-0.2279
C21	0.0030	-0.0944	-0.2137
O89	0.3708	0.0977	-0.0854
O88	0.1294	0.2019	-0.0742
C88	0.1652	-0.0245	-0.0920
C89	0.2791	0.0335	-0.1051
C87	0.0645	-0.1005	-0.1124
O99	0.2722	0.4482	-0.0319
H21	0.6171	0.2877	-0.0753
H121	0.8544	0.3092	-0.1123
H51	0.7993	0.8404	-0.0347
H81	0.5805	0.9176	-0.1225
H61	0.9563	0.6296	-0.0070
H62	1.0096	0.6774	-0.0422
H31	0.5776	0.7529	-0.0321
H11	0.6920	0.8863	-0.0793
H41	0.7271	0.2607	-0.0265
H191	0.4656	0.8069	-0.2353
H111	0.8552	0.2316	-0.1658
H131	0.5284	1.0619	-0.1717
H132	0.6093	0.9308	-0.2010
H151	0.4086	0.5437	-0.1488
H161	0.2335	0.2640	-0.1632
H201	0.1483	-0.1065	-0.1854
H202	0.0535	0.1811	-0.1804
H181	0.2987	0.5193	-0.2503
H211	-0.0606	-0.2245	-0.2014
H212	-0.0562	0.0572	-0.2256
H213	0.0387	-0.2305	-0.2306
H2	0.4362	0.4237	-0.0836
H3	0.4297	0.4310	-0.0299
H4	0.7387	0.3750	0.0172
H6	0.9827	0.1877	-0.0122
H881	0.1809	-0.2154	-0.0792
H891	0.2662	0.2151	-0.1200
H892	0.3059	-0.1396	-0.1196
H871	0.0875	-0.2595	-0.1270
H872	-0.0137	-0.1453	-0.1008
H873	0.0462	0.0938	-0.1255
H89	0.4203	-0.0719	-0.0817
H88	0.0653	0.1382	-0.0608
H991	0.2473	0.6301	-0.0234
H992	0.2108	0.3906	-0.0463

Unit cell parameters for the mono-ethanol dihydrate (ethanol or EtOH structure) form SA-1, formula Ic are listed below in Table 5. TABLE 5

Form	T°	a(Å)	b(Å)	c(Å)	α°	β°	γ°	Z'	SG		R
Ic SA-1	-50	11.519(1)	4.799(1)	22.648(1)	-	94.58(1)	-	1		624	1.307	0.05

TABLE 5

Table 6 below sets forth the positional parameters for the form SA-1 (mono- ethanol-dihydrate), Ic at -50°C. TABLE 6

Atom	X	Y	Z
CL	0.7673	0.0854	-0.4142
O2	0.8652	0.6413	-0.1468
O5	0.8652	0.6413	-0.1468
O6	1.0613	0.9910	-0.0876
C2	0.6634	0.5087	-0.1420
O3	0.5964	0.4528	-0.0442
C1	0.7531	0.6504	-0.1782
O17	0.1965	-0.2110	-0.3797
O4	0.7928	0.7549	0.0061
C7	0.7605	0.5175	-0.2375
C3	0.6679	0.6209	-0.0790
C14	0.4816	0.3213	-0.3866
C10	0.7629	0.2551	-0.3461
C13	0.5827	0.5268	-0.3868
C8	0.6801	0.5902	-0.2843
C9	0.6770	0.4593	-0.3397
C6	0.9968	0.7646	-0.0652
C12	0.8423	0.3089	-0.2459
C4	0.7906	0.6184	-0.0498
C5	0.8704	0.7698	-0.0896
C15	0.4335	0.2531	-0.3337
C11	0.8449	0.1815	-0.3008
C17	0.2911	-0.0396	-0.3851
C20	0.141	-0.3384	-0.4319
C19	0.4321	0.2052	-0.4377
C18	0.3377	0.0255	-0.4384
C16	0.3405	0.0751	-0.3330
C21	0.0431	-0.5128	-0.4132
O98	0.3643	0.6071	-0.0516
O88	0.2324	-0.2097	-0.1501
C89	0.1155	-0.3014	-0.2376
C88	0.2065	-0.4150	-0.1969
O99	0.4409	0.0604	-0.1784
H21	0.6816	0.2833	-0.1387
H11	0.7283	0.8620	-01.864
H31	0.6356	0.8307	-0.0805
H131	0.6184	0.5131	-0.4303
H132	0.5505	0.7308	-0.3806
H81	0.6182	0.7524	-0.2770
H61	1.0365	0.5668	-0.0787
H62	1.0037	0.7711	-0.0175
H121	0.9040	0.2455	-0.2092
H41	0.8196	0.4009	-0.0436
H51	0.8385	0.9826	-0.0936
H151	0.4692	0.3444	-0.2915
H111	0.9111	0.0214	-0.3081
H201	0.1146	-0.1875	-0.4650
H202	0.2075	-0.4764	-0.4514
H191	0.4703	0.2491	-0.4794
H181	0.3000	-0.0606	-0.4802
H161	0.3071	0.0128	-0.2910
H3	0.5153	0.5297	-0.0473
H2	0.5091	0.3623	-0.1752
H211	-0.0028	-0.6153	-0.4507
H212	0.0724	-0.6675	-0.3807
H213	-0.0204	-0.3772	-0.3928
H6	1.1241	0.9168	-0.1118
H4	0.8466	0.6527	0.0359
H981	0.3836	0.7445	-0.0185
H982	0.3063	0.4696	-0.0382
H891	0.0626	-0.4601	-0.2593
H892	0.0592	-0.1642	-0.2133
H893	0.1534	-0.1727	-0.2709
H881	0.2834	-0.4603	-0.2200
H882	0.1765	-0.6100	-0.1783
H88	0.2806	-0.2965	-0.1158
H991	0.3630	-0.0141	-0.1685
H992	0.4889	-0.1137	-0.1762

Unit cell parameters for the ethylene glycol form SB-1, formula Id are listed below in Table 7. TABLE 7

Form	T°	a(Å)	b(Å)	c(Å)	α°	β°	γ°	Z'	SG		R
Id SB-1	-50	11.593(8)	4.766(5)	22.78(3)	-	93.38(9)	-	1		628	.19	1.340

TABLE 7

Unit cell parameters for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If are listed below in Table 11. TABLE 11

Form	T	a(Å)	b(Å)	c(Å)	α°	β°	γ°	Z'	SG		R
YD-1(If)	25	21.576(7)	6.755(1)	18.335(5)	-	102.96(1)	-	1	C2	651	.055	1.339
YD-1(If)	-50	21.537(4)	6.7273(6)	18.267(3)	-	102.924(7)	-	1	C2	645	.054	1.352

TABLE 11

Table 12 below sets forth the positional parameters for the 1,4-butyne-diol solvate If at 25°C. TABLE 12

Atom	X	Y	Z
CL1	0.4766	0.0404	0.0954
O1	0.4009	0.0489	0.4240
O2	0.2487	0.0360	0.2866
O3	0.3361	0.3116	0.3700
O4	0.2980	-0.0335	0.5564
C1	0.4341	-0.0386	0.2933
C2	0.2694	-0.0045	0.4212
C3	0.3808	0.0618	0.4929
O5	0.2184	-0.1421	0.4159
O6	0.1438	0.7685	0.0893
C4	0.3553	0.1186	0.3597
C5	0.4405	0.0690	0.1713
C6	0.4608	-0.0547	0.2314
C7	0.2958	-0.0113	0.3508
C8	0.3662	0.2182	0.2312
C9	0.3737	0.3483	0.1029
O7	0.4545	-0.2052	0.5425
C10	0.3205	-0.0595	0.4899
C11	0.1993	0.4901	0.0635
C12	0.3137	0.4646	0.1010
C13	0.3863	0.0987	0.2935
C14	0.3927	0.2100	0.1692
C15	0.4368	-0.0055	0.5534
C16	0.2546	0.3872	0.0663
C17	0.2011	0.6771	0.0960
C18	0.3867	0.4541	0.3863
C19	0.3147	0.6507	0.1327
C20	0.2589	0.7579	0.1310
C21	0.0758	1.0412	0.0907
C22	0.1428	0.9704	0.1110
O8	0.1617	0.3320	0.3009
C23	0.0884	0.7849	0.2826
C24	0.1613	0.4969	0.2531
C25	0.1208	0.6569	0.2679
C26	0.0508	0.9415	0.3041
O9?*	0.0699	1.0883	0.3388
O10*	0.0921	0.9885	0.3889
H1	0.4482	-0.1199	0.3347
H2	0.2539	0.1293	0.4275
H3	0.3717	0.2007	0.5020
H4	0.4923	-0.1485	0.2306
H5	0.3090	-0.1481	0.3449
H6	0.3335	0.3078	0.2311
H7	0.4083	0.4406	0.1034
H8	03681	0.2711	0.0573
H9	0.3310	-0.1996	0.4860
H10	0.1605	0.4349	0.0399
H11	0.4728	0.0808	0.5536
H12	0.4259	0.0056	0.6018
H13	0.2525	0.2624	0.0444
H14	0.4194	0.4073	0.4272
H15	0.3705	0.5779	0.3998
H16	0.4041	0.4724	0.3430
H17	0.3536	0.7062	0.1557
H18	0.2607	0.8821	0.1533
H19	0.0586	1.0179	0.0384
H20	0.0746	1.1804	0.1009
H21	0.0510	0.9710	0.1197
H22	0.1691	1.0491	0.0855
H23	0.1594	0.9831	0.1645
H24	0.2242	0.1281	0.2970
H25	0.1826	-0.0801	0.4013
H26	0.2934	0.0916	0.5641
H27	0.4478	-0.2782	0.5791
H28	0.1742	0.3703	0.3468
H30	0.0208	0.9935	0.2512
H31	0.0199	0.8683	0.3354
H32	0.2091	0.5518	0.2594
H33	0.1436	0.4493	0.1953

TABLE 12

* Atomic occupancy factor is 0.5 due to disorder of 2-butyne-1,4-diol solvent in the crystal structure.

Table 13 below sets forth unit cell parameters for the dimethanol solvate Ig. TABLE 13

Form		a(Å)	b(Å)	c(Å)	α°	β°	γ°	Z'	SG		R
M2-1 (Ig)	-50	20.948(3)	6.794(2)	18.333(2)	-	102.91(2)	-	1	C2	636	.038	1.314

TABLE 13

Table 14 below sets forth the positional parameters for the dimethanol solvate Ig at -50°C. TABLE 14

Atom	X	Y	Z
CL1	0.4845	0.0519	0.0975
O1	0.3999	0.0334	0.4222
O2	0.2438	0.0327	0.2837
O3	0.2919	-0.0365	0.5534
O4	0.2111	-0.1509	0.4115
O5	0.1409	0.7749	0.0877
O6	0.3348	0.2998	0.3692
C1	0.3785	0.0495	0.4912
O7	0.4528	-0.2193	0.5428
C2	0.4372	-0.0463	0.2932
C3	0.3958	0.2046	0.1690
C4	0.3540	0.1054	0.3588
C5	0.2917	-0.0207	0.3471
C6	0.2638	-0.0141	0.4180
C7	0.4666	-0.0556	0.2324
C8	0.4348	-0.0197	0.5521
C9	0.3871	0.0889	0.2923
C10	0.3148	0.4622	0.1014
C11	0.3669	0.2102	0.2310
C12	0.1971	0.4955	0.0616
C13	0.3756	0.3437	0.1035
C14	0.3159	-0.0680	0.4873
C15	0.2003	0.6811	0.0949
C16	0.2533	0.3883	0.0643
C17	0.4459	0.0675	0.1722
C18	0.3162	0.6471	0.1342
C19	0.2592	0.7551	0.1318
C20	03858	0.4414	0.3857
C21	0.0747	1.0555	0.0906
C22	0.1419	0.9708	0.1140
O8	0.1606	0.3410	0.3030
C23	0.1681	0.4908	0.2528
O9?*	0.0905	1.0537	0.3488
C24	0.0506	0.9411	0.3047
O10*	0.0871	0.9637	0.3888
H1	0.3698	0.1882	0.5000
H2	0.4508	-0.1297	0.3339
H3	0.3403	-0.1573	0.3401
H4	0.2477	0.1190	0.4240
H5	0.5002	-0.1450	0.2324
H6	0.4724	0.0642	0.5527
H7	0.4230	-0.0062	0.6000
H8	0.3330	0.2987	0.2309
H9	0.1568	0.4439	0.0375
H10	0.4115	0.4344	0.1041
H11	0.3694	0.2681	0.0576
H12	0.3262	-0.2083	0.4845
H13	0.2507	0.2654	0.0414
H14	0.3563	0.7000	0.1585
H15	0.2614	0.8773	0.1551
H16	0.4247	0.3814	0.4147
H17	0.3726	0.5474	0.4136
H18	0.3943	0.4912	0.3398
H19	0.0589	1.0375	0.0377
H20	0.0760	1.1934	0.1022
H21	0.0460	0.9899	0.1168
H22	0.1725	1.0486	0.0933
H23	0.1560	0.9729	0.1681
H24	0.2910	0.0922	0.5653
H25	0.1707	-0.0975	0.3970
H26	0.4393	-0.3086	0.5727
H27	0.2166	0.1321	0.2895
H28	0.1613	0.6164	0.2738
H29	0.1368	0.4726	0.2064
H30	0.2119	0.4855	0.2441
H31	0.1761	0.3807	0.3503
H32*	0.1139	1.1530	0.3322
H33*	0.0293	0.8376	0.3371
H34*	0.0122	1.0286	0.2705
H35*	0.0765	0.8620	0.2691
H36?*	0.0718	0.8698	0.4154
H37?*	0.0679	1.0520	0.2715
H38?*	0.0601	0.7968	0.2848
H39?*	-0.0015	0.9590	0.2996

TABLE 14

* Atomic occupancy factor is 0.5 due to disorder of methanol solvent in the crystal structure.

Unit cell paramaters for the 1:2 L-proline complex form 3, formula Ih are listed below in Table 15.

UTILITIES AND COMBINATIONS A. Utilities

The compound of the described herein possesses activity as an inhibitor of the sodium dependent glucose transporters found in the intestine and kidney of mammals. Preferably, the compound of the invention is a selective inhibitor of renal SGLT2 activity, and therefore may be used in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with SGLT2 activity.

Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered to mammals, preferably humans, for the treatment of a variety of conditions and disorders, including, but not limited to, treating or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes(including Type I and Type II, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cataracts), hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, elevated blood levels of free fatty acids or glycerol, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, wound healing, tissue ischemia, atherosclerosis and hypertension. The compound of the present invention may also be utilized to increase the blood levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL).

In addition, the conditions, diseases, and maladies collectively referenced to as "Syndrome X" or Metabolic Syndrome as detailed in Johannsson, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 727-34 (1997), may be treated employing the compound of the present invention.

The pharmaceutical compositions comprising crystalline (S)-PG (SC-3) (Ia), may be administered in dosage forms and in dosages as disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 6,515,117 .

B. Combinations

The present invention includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, including (S)-PG(form SC-3, la, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. Optionally, the claimed compositions can be utilized as an individual treatment, or utilized in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s).

Other "therapeutic agent(s)" suitable for combination with the claimed compositions include, but are not limited to, known therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-diabetic agents; anti-hyperglycemic agents; hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents; anti-obesity agents; anti-hypertensive agents and appetite suppressants.

Examples of suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the claimed compositions include biguanides (e.g., metformin or phenformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose or miglitol), insulins (including insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, gliclazide, chlorpropamide and glipizide), biguanide/glyburide combinations (e.g., Glucovance®), thiazolidinediones (e.g., troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty acid binding protein (aP2), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or other agonists of the GLP-1 receptor, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitors.

It is believed that the use of the claimedcompositions in combination with at least one or more other antidiabetic agent(s) provides antihyperglycemic results greater than that possible from each of these medicaments alone and greater than the combined additive anti-hyperglycemic effects produced by these medicaments.

Other suitable thiazolidinediones include Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,594,016 ), Glaxo-Wellcome's faraglitazar (GI-262570), englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), reglitazar (JTT-501) (JPNT/P&U), rivoglitazone (R-119702) (Sankyo/WL), liraglutide (NN-2344) (Dr. Reddy/NN), or (Z)-1,4-bis-4-[(3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl-methyl)]phenoxybut-2-ene (YM-440, Yamanouchi).

Examples of PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists and PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists include muraglitazar, peliglitazar, tesaglitazar AR-HO39242 Astra/Zeneca, GW-501516 (Glaxo-Wellcome), KRP297 (Kyorin Merck) as well as those disclosed by Murakami et al, "A Novel Insulin Sensitizer Acts As a Coligand for Peroxisome Proliferation - Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma. Effect on PPAR alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats", Diabetes, 47, 1841-1847 (1998), WO 01/21602 and in U.S patent 6,653,314 , which compounds designated as preferred are preferred for use herein.

Suitable aP2 inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. application Serial No. 09/391,053, filed September 7, 1999 , and in U.S. application Serial No. 09/519,079, filed March 6, 2000 , employing dosages as set out herein.

Suitable DPP4 inhibitors include those disclosed in WO 99/38501 , WO 99/46272 , WO 99/67279 (PROBIODRUG), WO 99/67278 (PROBIODRUG), WO 99/61431 (PROBIODRUG), NVP-DPP728A (1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) (Novartis) as disclosed by Hughes et al., Biochemistry, 38(36), 11597-11603, 1999, TSL-225 (tryptophyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (disclosed by Yamada et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett. 8 (1998) 1537-1540), 2-cyanopyrrolidides and 4-cyanopyrrolidides, as disclosed by Ashworth et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., Vol. 6, No. 22, pp. 1163-1166 and 2745-2748 (1996 ), the compounds disclosed in U.S. application Serial No. 10/899,641 , WO 01/68603 and U.S. patent 6,395,767 , employing dosages as set out in the above references.

Other suitable meglitinides include nateglinide (Novartis) or KAD1229 (PF/Kissei).

Examples of suitable anti-hyperglycemic agents for use in combination with the claimed compositions include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) such as GLP-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1(7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,614,492 ), as well as exenatide (Amylin/Lilly), LY-315902 (Lilly), MK-0431 (Merck), liraglutide (NovoNordisk), ZP-10 (Zealand Pharmaceuticals A/S), CJC-1131 (Conjuchem Inc), and the compounds disclosed in WO 03/033671 .

Examples of suitable hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents for use in combination with the claimed compositions include one or more MTP inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, ACAT inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, ileal Na⁺/bile acid co-transporter inhibitors, up-regulators of LDL receptor activity, bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol ester transfer protein (e.g., CETP inhibitors, such as torcetrapib (CP-529414, Pfizer) and JTT-705 (Akros Pharma)), PPAR agonists (as described above) and/or nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof.

MTP inhibitors which may be employed as described above include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,595,872 , U.S. Patent No. 5,739,135 , U.S. Patent No. 5,712,279 , U.S. Patent No. 5,760,246 , U.S. Patent No. 5,827,875 , U.S. Patent No. 5,885,983 and U.S. Patent No. 5,962,440 .

The HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with the claimed compositions include mevastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,983,140 , lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,231,938 , pravastatin and related compounds, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,346,227 , simvastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171 . Other HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed herein include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,354,772 , cerivastatin, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,006,530 and 5,177,080 , atorvastatin, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,681,893 , 5,273,995 , 5,385,929 and 5,686,104 , atavastatin (Nissan/Sankyo's nisvastatin (NK-104)), as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,011,930 , visastatin (Shionogi-Astra/Zeneca (ZD-4522)), as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,260,440 , and related statin compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,753,675 , pyrazole analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,613,610 , indene analogs of mevalonolactone derivatives, as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/03488 , 6-[2-(substituted-pyrrol-1-yl)-alkyl)pyran-2-ones and derivatives thereof, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,647,576 , Searle's SC-45355 (a 3-substituted pentanedioic acid derivative) dichloroacetate, imidazole analogs of mevalonolactone, as disclosed in PCT application WO 86/07054 , 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-propane-phosphonic acid derivatives, as disclosed in French Patent No. 2,596,393 , 2,3-disubstituted pyrrole, furan and thiophene derivatives, as disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0221025 , naphthyl analogs of mevalonolactone, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,686,237 , octahydronaphthalenes, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,499,289 , keto analogs of mevinolin (lovastatin), as disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0142146 A2 , and quinoline and pyridine derivatives, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,506,219 and 5,691,322 .

Preferred hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and ZD-4522.

In addition, phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, such as those disclosed in GB 2205837 , are suitable for use in combination with the claimed compositions.

The squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, α-phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,712,396 , those disclosed by Biller et al., J. Med. Chem., 1988, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1869-1871, including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl)phosphonates, as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S.A., Neuenschwander, K., Ponpipom, M.M., and Poulter, C.D., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2, 1-40 (1996).

In addition, other squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano et al, J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20, 243-249, the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 1291-1293, phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R.W. et al., J.A.C.S., 1987, 109, 5544 and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T.L., PhD dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary.

The fibric acid derivatives which may be employed in combination the claimed compositions include fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,674,836 , probucol and gemfibrozil being preferred, bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (Secholex®, Policexide®), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos-phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid, acipimox, acifran, neomycin, p-aminosalicylic acid, aspirin, poly(diallylmethylamine) derivatives, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,759,923 , quaternary amine poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and ionenes, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,027,009 , and other known serum cholesterol lowering agents.

The ACAT inhibitor which may be employed in combination the claimed compositions include those disclosed in Drugs of the Future 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); "The ACAT inhibitor, C1-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters", Nicolosi et al., Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel). (1998), 137(1), 77-85; "The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein", Ghiselli, Giancarlo, Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. (1998), 16(1), 16-30; "RP 73163: a bioavailable alkylsulfinyl-diphenylimidazole ACAT inhibitor", Smith, C., et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (1996), 6(1), 47-50; "ACAT inhibitors: physiologic mechanisms for hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities in experimental animals", Krause et al, Editor(s): Ruffolo, Robert R., Jr.; Hollinger, Mannfred A., Inflammation: Mediators Pathways (1995), 173-98, Publisher: CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.; "ACAT inhibitors: potential anti-atherosclerotic agents", Sliskovic et al., Curr. Med. Chem. (1994), 1(3), 204-25; "Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyl transferase (ACAT) as hypocholesterolemic agents. 6. The first water-soluble ACAT inhibitor with lipid-regulating activity. Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). 7. Development of a series of substituted N-phenyl-N'-[(1-phenylcyclopentyl)methyl]ureas with enhanced hypocholesterolemic activity", Stout et al., Chemtracts: Org. Chem. (1995), 8(6), 359-62, or TS-962 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd).

The hypolipidemic agent may be an up-regulator of LD2 receptor activity, such as 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,3-(13-hydroxy-10-oxotetradecyl)-5,7-dimethoxy- (MD-700, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and cholestan-3-ol,4-(2-propenyl)-(3a,4a,5a)- (LY295427, Eli Lilly).

Examples of suitable cholesterol absorption inhibitor for use in combination with the claimed compositions include SCH48461 (Schering-Plough), as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41, 973 (1998).

Examples of suitable ileal Na⁺/bile acid co-transporter inhibitors for use in combination with the claimed compositions include compounds as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).

The lipoxygenase inhibitors which may be employed in combination the claimed compositions include 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitors, such as benzimidazole derivatives, as disclosed in WO 97/12615 , 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed in WO 97/12613 , isothiazolones, as disclosed in WO 96/38144 , and 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed by Sendobry et al "Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties", Brit. J. Pharmacology (1997) 120, 1199-1206, and Cornicelli et al, "15-Lipoxygenase and its Inhibition: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Vascular Disease", Current Pharmaceutical Design, 1999, 5, 11-20.

Examples of suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the claimed compositions include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril, pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisinopril), AT-1 receptor antagonists (e.g., losartan, irbesartan, valsartan), ET receptor antagonists (e.g., sitaxsentan, atrsentan and compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,612,359 and 6,043,265 ), Dual ET/AII antagonist (e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389 ), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors) (e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat), and nitrates.

Examples of suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with the claimed compositions of the present invention include a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, a thyroid receptor beta drug, 5HT2C agonists, (such as Arena APD-356); MCHR1 antagonists such as Synaptic SNAP-7941 and Takeda T-226926, melanocortin receptor (MC4R) agonists, melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR) antagonists (such as Synaptic SNAP-7941 and Takeda T-226926), galanin receptor modulators, orexin antagonists, CCK agonists, NPY1 or NPY5 antagonist, NPY2 and NPY4 modulators, corticotropin releasing factor agonists, histamine receptor-3 (H3) modulators, 11-beta-HSD-1 inhibitors, adinopectin receptor modulators, monoamine reuptake inhibitors or releasing agents, a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF, such as AXOKINE® by Regeneron), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), leptin and leptin receptor modulators, cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists (such as SR-141716 (Sanofi) or SLV-319 (Solvay)), and/or an anorectic agent.

The beta 3 adrenergic agonists which may be optionally employed in combination with the claimed compositions include AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer,) or other known beta 3 agonists, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,541,204 , 5,770,615 , 5,491,134 , 5,776,983 and 5,488,064 .

Examples of lipase inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with the claimed compositions include orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme).

The serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor (or serotonin receptor agonists) which may be optionally employed in combination with a claimed composition may be BVT-933 (Biovitrum), sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) or axokine (Regeneron).

Examples of thyroid receptor beta compounds which may be optionally employed in combination with the claimed compositions include thyroid receptor ligands, such as those disclosed in WO 97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO 99/00353 (KaroBio) and WO 00/039077 (KaroBio).

The monoamine reuptake inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with the claimed compositions include fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, chlorphentermine, cloforex, clortermine, picilorex, sibutramine, dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol.

The anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with the claimed compositions include topiramate (Johnson & Johnson), dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol.

The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the claimed compositions may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference, as in the patents set out above or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Claims (9)

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate of the structure (form SC-3) Ia
2. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 1, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate is characterized by one or more of the following:

   a) unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following:

   Cell dimensions:

   a = 11.2688(8) Å

   b = 4.8093(3) Å

   c = 46.723(3) Å

   α = 90 degrees

   β = 90 degrees

   γ = 90 degrees

   Space group = P2₁2₁2₁

   Molecules/asymmetric unit = 1

   wherein measurement of said crystalline structure is at room temperature and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table 4;

   b) a powder x-ray diffraction pattern comprising 2θ values (CuKαλ = 1.5418 Å) selected from the group consisting of 3.8 ± 0.1, 7.6 ± 0.1, 8.1 ± 0.1, 8.7 ± 0.1, 15.2 ± 0.1, 15.7 ± 0.1, 17.1 ± 0.1, 18.9 ± 0.1 and 20.1 ± 0.1, at room temperature;

   c) a solid state ¹³C NMR spectrum having substantially similar peak positions at 16.2, 17.6, 39.3, 60.9, 63.3, 69.8, 76.9, 78.7, 79.4, 113.8, 123.6, 129.3, 130.5, 132.0, 135.7, 139.1 and 158.0 ppm, as determined on a 400MHz spectrometer relative to TMS at zero;

   d) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm in the range of about 50°C to 78°C or as shown in Figure 7; or

   e) a thermal gravimetric analysis curve with about 18.7% weight loss from about room temperature up to about 240°C or as shown in Figure 5.
3. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, further comprising one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an antidiabetic agent, an anti-obesity agent, an anti-hypertensive agent, an anti-atherosclerotic agent and a lipid-lowering agent.
4. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, further comprising a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or diluent.
5. A pharmaceutical composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate is in substantially pure form.
6. A pharmaceutical composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate has substantially pure phase homogeneity.
7. A pharmaceutical composition according to any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate is characterized by unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following:

   Cell dimensions:

   a = 11.2688(8) Å

   b = 4.8093(3) Å

   c = 46.723(3) Å

   α = 90 degrees

   β = 90 degrees

   γ = 90 degrees

   Space group = P2₁2₁2₁

   Molecules/asymmetric unit = 1,

   wherein measurement of the crystalline structure is at room temperature and which is characterized by fractional atomic coordinates substantially as listed in Table 4.
8. A pharmaceutical composition according to any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate is characterized by a solid state ¹³C NMR spectrum having substantially similar peak positions at 16.2, 17.6, 39.3, 60.9, 63.3, 69.8, 76.9, 78.7, 79.4, 113.8, 123.6, 129.3, 130.5, 132.0, 135.7, 139.1 and 158.0 ppm, as determined on a 400MHz spectrometer relative to TMS at zero.
9. A pharmaceutical composition according to any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the crystalline (S)-propylene glycol ((S)-PG) solvate is characterized by a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram having an endotherm in the range of about 50°C to 78°C or as shown in Figure 7.