HK1241287B

HK1241287B - Compositions and methods for inhibition of hao1 (hydroxyacid oxidase 1 (glycolate oxidase)) gene expression

Info

Publication number: HK1241287B
Application number: HK18100814.4A
Authority: HK
Inventors: William Querbes; Kevin Fitzgerald; Brian Bettencourt; Abigail LIEBOW; David V. Erbe
Original assignee: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2014-10-10
Filing date: 2015-10-09
Publication date: 2022-05-27

Description

Background

Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (PHI) is an autosomal recessive disorder of glyoxylate metabolism. Hepatic glyoxylate detoxification is impaired due to mutation of the AGXT gene, which encodes the liver peroxisomal alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme. AGT1 is the final enzyme in the metabolic breakdown of hydroxyproline. Loss of AGT function to convert the intermediate metabolite glyoxylate to glycine causes accumulation and reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate which is oxidized to oxalate by the enzyme glycolate oxidase (GO), also known as hydroxyacid oxidase (HAO1).

Regulation of glyoxylate, the key precursor of oxalate, occurs at multiple cellular sites including the mitochondria, peroxisome and the cytosol. Excess oxalate in PH1 patients is unable to be fully excreted by the kidneys leading to the formation and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys and urinary tract. Renal damage is caused by a combination of tubular toxicity from oxalate, nephrocalcinosis and renal obstruction by stones. Greater than 30% of patients advance to end stage renal disease (ESRD).

The HAO1 gene encodes the enzyme Hydroxyacid Oxidase 1, also known as Glycolate Oxidase ("GO"). The HAO1 protein is expressed primarily in the liver and is a 2-hydroxyacid oxidase most active on glycolate.

In a mouse model of PHI, where the AGT1 gene is deleted, urine oxalate levels are reduced when the HAO1 gene is deleted.

PHI, AGXT, and HAO1 are described in the following: Angel L. Pey, Armando Albert, and Eduardo Salido, "Protein Homeostasis Defects of Alanine-Glyoxylate Aminotransferase: New Therapeutic Strategies in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I," BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 687658, 15 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/687658; Cochat and Rumsby (2013) NEJM 369:7; Salido et al (2006) PNAS 103:18249; Baker et al (2004) American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology Published 1 October 2004Vol. 287no. 4, H1771-H1779DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2004. Previous strategies for treatment of PH1 are described in Salido et al., Biochim Biophys Acta. (2012);1822(9):1453-64.

Summary

The present invention is defined by the claims. Generally described herein are compositions comprising RNAi agents, e.g., double-stranded iRNA agents, targeting HAO1. Also described herein are methods using the compositions of the disclosure for inhibiting HAO1 expression and for treating HAO1 associated disorders, e.g., PH1.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of Homo sapiens HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:1).
Figure 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of Mus musculus HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:2).
Figure 3A is a graph with the results of in vitro screening of GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugates in primary cynomologous monkey hepatocytes.
Figure 3B is a graph with the dose response curve of a GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugate in primary cynomologous monkey hepatocytes.
Figure 4A is a graph with the results of in vivo evaluation of GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugates in C57B6 mice after a single dose.
Figure 4B is a graph with the results of in vivo evaluation of GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugates in C57B6 mice after a repeat dose.
Figure 5A is a graph showing urinary oxalate levels in AGXT knock out (KO) mice after treatment with GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugates.
Figure 5B is a graph showing urinary glycolate levels in AGXT KO mice after treatment with GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugates.
Figure 6A is a graph showing AGXT mRNA levels in a rat model of PH1 72 hours after a single dose of an AGXT siRNA.
Figure 6B is a graph showing urinary oxalate levels in a rat model of PH1 72 hours after treatment with a GO (HAO) GalNAc-siRNA conjugate.
Figure 6C is a graph showing urinary oxalate levels in a rat model of PH1 followed for 49 days with continued weekly dosing on days 14 and 21 of both AF-011-63102 and AD-62994 and 24 hour urine collections as shown.
Figure 6D is a graph showing duration of HAO1 knockdown in rats. Shown are mRNA levels either one week or four weeks after the last of 4 doses (corresponding to days 28 and 49 in Figure 6C) and expressed relative to levels seen in rats treated with PBS
Figure 7 shows the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of Homo sapiens HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:3).
Figure 8 shows the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of Mus musculus HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:4).
Figure 9 shows the nucleotide sequence of Macaca fascicularis HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:5).
Figure 10 shows the nucleotide sequence of Rattus norvegicus HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:6).
Figure 11 shows the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of Macaca fascicularis HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:7).
Figure 12 shows the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence of Rattus norvegicus HAO1 mRNA (SEQ ID NO:8).
Figure 13 shows in vivo screening of GO GalNAc conjugates.
Figure 14 is a graph showing an in vivo evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in mice.
Figure 15 is a graph showing a dose-response evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in mice.
Figure 16 is a graph showing a dose-response evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in mice.
Figure 17 is a graph showing a dose response evaluation in mice.
Figure 18 is two graphs showing the relationship of mRNA knockdown to serum glycolate levels in mice.
Figure 19 is two graphs showing relationship of mRNA knockdown to serum glycolate levels in rats.
Figure 20 is a graph showing dose dependent inhibition of HAO1 mRNA by ALN-65585 in primary cyno hepatocytes.
Figure 21 is two graphs showing HAO1 mRNA and serum glycolate levels following single does treatment with ALN-GO1 in mice.
Figure 22 is a graph showing duration of HAO1 mRNA silencing following single dose treatment with ALN-GO1 in mice.
Figure 23 is a graph showing HAO1 mRNA and serum glycolate levels following single dose treatment with ALN-GO1 in rats.
Figure 24 is two graphs showing urinary oxalate and glycolate levels in a mouse model of primary hyperoxaluria type I after a single dose of ALN-GO1.
Figure 25A is a graph showing HAO1 mRNA levels in a rat model of primary hyperoxaluria type I after a single dose of ALN-GO1.
Figure 25B is a graph showing urinary oxalate levels in a rat model of primary hyperoxaluria type Iafter a single dose of ALN-GO1.
Figure 26 is two graphs showing HAO1 mRNA and urinary oxalate levels in a rat model of primary hyperoxaluria type I after repeat dosing of ALN-GO1.
Figure 27 is two graphs showing HAO1 mRNA and serum glycolate levels after repeat dosing in non-human primates.

Detailed Description

The present invention is defined by the claims. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a double stranded RNAi agent capable of inhibiting expression of HAO1 in a cell, wherein said double stranded RNAi agent comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double-stranded region, wherein said sense strand and said antisense strand comprise a region of complementarity which comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 3 nucleotides from the antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO:706; wherein substantially all of the nucleotides of said sense strand and substantially all of the nucleotides of said antisense strand are modified nucleotides, and wherein said sense strand is conjugated to a ligand attached at the 3'-terminus.

Also provided herein are compositions comprising RNAi agents, e.g., double-stranded RNAi agents, targeting HAO1. The present disclosure also provides methods using the compositions of the disclosure for inhibiting HAO1 expression and for treating HAO1 associated disorders.

I. Definitions

In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. In addition, it should be noted that whenever a value or range of values of a parameter are recited, it is intended that values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure.

The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element, e.g., a plurality of elements.

The term "including" is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase "including but not limited to".

The term "or" is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term "and/or," unless context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, "HAO1" refers to the gene encoding the enzyme hydroxyacid oxidase 1. Other gene names include GO, GOX, GOX1, and HAOX1. The protein is also known as glycolate oxidase and (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase. The GenBank accession number of the human HAO1 mRNA is NM_017545.2; cynomolgous monkey (Macaca fascicularis) HAO1 mRNA is XM_005568381.1; Mouse (Mus musculus) HAO1 mRNA is NM_010403.2; Rat (Rattus norvegicus) HAO1 mRNA is XM_006235096.1.

The term"HAO1," as used herein, also refers to naturally occurring DNA sequence variations of the HAO1 gene, such as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the HAO1 gene. Exemplary SNPs may be found in the NCBI dbSNP Short Genetic Variations database available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP.

As used herein, "target sequence" refers to a contiguous portion of the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule formed during the transcription of a HAO1 gene, including mRNA that is a product of RNA processing of a primary transcription product.

As used herein, the term "strand comprising a sequence" refers to an oligonucleotide comprising a chain of nucleotides that is described by the sequence referred to using the standard nucleotide nomenclature.

"G," "C," "A" and "U" each generally stand for a nucleotide that contains guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil as a base, respectively. "T" and "dT" are used interchangeably herein and refer to a deoxyribonucleotide wherein the nucleobase is thymine, e.g., deoxyribothymine, 2'-deoxythymidine or thymidine. However, it will be understood that the term "ribonucleotide" or "nucleotide" or "deoxyribonucleotide" can also refer to a modified nucleotide, as further detailed below, or a surrogate replacement moiety. The skilled person is well aware that guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil may be replaced by other moieties without substantially altering the base pairing properties of an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide bearing such replacement moiety. For example, without limitation, a nucleotide comprising inosine as its base may base pair with nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, or uracil. Hence, nucleotides containing uracil, guanine, or adenine may be replaced in the nucleotide sequences of the disclosure by a nucleotide containing, for example, inosine. Sequences comprising such replacement moieties are also disclosed herein.

The terms "iRNA", "RNAi agent," "iRNA agent,", "RNA interference agent" as used interchangeably herein, refer to an agent that contains RNA as that term is defined herein, and which mediates the targeted cleavage of an RNA transcript via an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) pathway. iRNA directs the sequence-specific degradation of mRNA through a process as RNA interference (RNAi). The iRNA modulates, e.g., inhibits, the expression of HAO1 in a cell, e.g., a cell within a subject, such as a mammalian subject.

An RNAi agent of the disclosure includes a single stranded RNA that interacts with a target RNA sequence, e.g., a HAO1 target mRNA sequence, to direct the cleavage of the target RNA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that long double stranded RNA introduced into cells is broken down into siRNA by a Type III endonuclease known as Dicer (Sharp et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:485). Dicer, a ribonuclease-III-like enzyme, processes the dsRNA into 19-23 base pair short interfering RNAs with characteristic two base 3' overhangs (Bernstein, et al., (2001) Nature 409:363). The siRNAs are then incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) where one or more helicases unwind the siRNA duplex, enabling the complementary antisense strand to guide target recognition (Nykanen, et al., (2001) Cell 107:309). Upon binding to the appropriate target mRNA, one or more endonucleases within the RISC cleave the target to induce silencing (Elbashir, et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15:188). Thus, in one aspect the disclosure relates to a single stranded RNA (siRNA) generated within a cell and which promotes the formation of a RISC complex to effect silencing of the target gene, i.e., a HAO1 gene. Accordingly, the term "siRNA" is also used herein to refer to an RNAi as described above.

The RNAi agent may be a single-stranded siRNA that is introduced into a cell or organism to inhibit a target mRNA. Single-stranded RNAi agents bind to the RISC endonuclease Argonaute 2, which then cleaves the target mRNA. The single-stranded siRNAs are generally 15-30 nucleotides and are chemically modified. The design and testing of single-stranded siRNAs are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,101,348 and in Lima et al., (2012) Cell 150: 883-894. Any of the antisense nucleotide sequences described herein may be used as a single-stranded siRNA as described herein or as chemically modified by the methods described in Lima et al., (2012) Cell 150;:883-894.

The present disclosure provides single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecules targeting HAO1. A "single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecule" is complementary to a sequence within the target mRNA (i.e., HAO1). Single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecules can inhibit translation in a stoichiometric manner by base pairing to the mRNA and physically obstructing the translation machinery, see Dias, N. et al., (2002) Mol Cancer Ther 1:347-355. Alternatively, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecules inhibit a target mRNA by hydridizing to the target and cleaving the target through an RNaseH cleavage event. The single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecule may be about 10 to about 30 nucleotides in length and have a sequence that is complementary to a target sequence. For example, the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecule may comprise a sequence that is at least about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more contiguous nucleotides from any one of the antisense nucleotide sequences described herein, e.g., the sequences provided in any one of Tables 1 or 2, or bind any of the target sites described herein. The single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide molecules may comprise modified RNA, DNA, or a combination thereof.

An "iRNA" for use in the compositions, uses, and methods of the disclosure may be a double-stranded RNA and is referred to herein as a "double stranded RNAi agent," "double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule," "dsRNA agent," or "dsRNA". The term "dsRNA", refers to a complex of ribonucleic acid molecules, having a duplex structure comprising two antiparallel and substantially complementary nucleic acid strands, referred to as having "sense" and "antisense" orientations with respect to a target RNA, i.e., a HAO1 gene. A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) may trigger the degradation of a target RNA, e.g., an mRNA, through a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism referred to herein as RNA interference or RNAi.

Approaches for inhibition of gene expression by using interfering RNAs are described in WO

In general, the majority of nucleotides of each strand of a dsRNA molecule are ribonucleotides, but as described in detail herein, each or both strands can also include one or more non-ribonucleotides, e.g., a deoxyribonucleotide and/or a modified nucleotide. In addition, as used in this specification, an "RNAi agent" may include ribonucleotides with chemical modifications; an RNAi agent may include substantial modifications at multiple nucleotides. Such modifications may include all types of modifications disclosed herein or known in the art. Any such modifications, as used in a siRNA type molecule, are encompassed by "RNAi agent" for the purposes of the present disclosure.

The two strands forming the duplex structure may be different portions of one larger RNA molecule, or they may be separate RNA molecules. Where the two strands are part of one larger molecule, and therefore are connected by an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3'-end of one strand and the 5'-end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting RNA chain is referred to as a "hairpin loop." Where the two strands are connected covalently by means other than an uninterrupted chain of nucleotides between the 3'-end of one strand and the 5'-end of the respective other strand forming the duplex structure, the connecting structure is referred to as a "linker." The RNA strands may have the same or a different number of nucleotides. The maximum number of base pairs is the number of nucleotides in the shortest strand of the dsRNA minus any overhangs that are present in the duplex. In addition to the duplex structure, an RNAi agent may comprise one or more nucleotide overhangs.

An RNAi agent of the disclosure may be a dsRNA of 24-30 nucleotides that interacts with a target RNA sequence, e.g., a HAO1 target mRNA sequence, to direct the cleavage of the target RNA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, long double stranded RNA introduced into cells is broken down into siRNA by a Type III endonuclease known as Dicer (Sharp et al. (2001) Genes Dev. 15:485). Dicer, a ribonuclease-III-like enzyme, processes the dsRNA into 19-23 base pair short interfering RNAs with characteristic two base 3' overhangs (Bernstein, et al., (2001) Nature 409:363). The siRNAs are then incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) where one or more helicases unwind the siRNA duplex, enabling the complementary antisense strand to guide target recognition (Nykanen, et al., (2001) Cell 107:309). Upon binding to the appropriate target mRNA, one or more endonucleases within the RISC cleave the target to induce silencing (Elbashir, et al., (2001) Genes Dev. 15:188).

As used herein, a "nucleotide overhang" refers to the unpaired nucleotide or nucleotides that protrude from the duplex structure of an RNAi agent when a 3'-end of one strand of the RNAi agent extends beyond the 5'-end of the other strand, or vice versa. "Blunt" or "blunt end" means that there are no unpaired nucleotides at that end of the double stranded RNAi agent, i.e., no nucleotide overhang. A "blunt ended" RNAi agent is a dsRNA that is double-stranded over its entire length, i.e., no nucleotide overhang at either end of the molecule. The RNAi agents of the disclosure include RNAi agents with nucleotide overhangs at one end (i.e., agents with one overhang and one blunt end) or with nucleotide overhangs at both ends.

The term "antisense strand" refers to the strand of a double stranded RNAi agent which includes a region that is substantially complementary to a target sequence (e.g., a human HAO1 mRNA). As used herein, the term "region complementary to part of an mRNA encoding HAO1" refers to a region on the antisense strand that is substantially complementary to part of a HAO1 mRNA sequence. Where the region of complementarity is not fully complementary to the target sequence, the mismatches are most tolerated in the terminal regions and, if present, are generally in a terminal region or regions, e.g., within 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 nucleotides of the 5' and/or 3' terminus.

The term "sense strand," as used herein, refers to the strand of a dsRNA that includes a region that is substantially complementary to a region of the antisense strand.

As used herein, the term "cleavage region" refers to a region that is located immediately adjacent to the cleavage site. The cleavage site is the site on the target at which cleavage occurs. The cleavage region may comprise three bases on either end of, and immediately adjacent to, the cleavage site. The cleavage region may comprise two bases on either end of, and immediately adjacent to, the cleavage site. The cleavage site may specifically occur at the site bound by nucleotides 10 and 11 of the antisense strand, and the cleavage region may comprise nucleotides 11, 12 and 13.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term "complementary," when used to describe a first nucleotide sequence in relation to a second nucleotide sequence, refers to the ability of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the first nucleotide sequence to hybridize and form a duplex structure under certain conditions with an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide comprising the second nucleotide sequence, as will be understood by the skilled person. Such conditions can, for example, be stringent conditions, where stringent conditions may include: 400 mM NaCl, 40 mM PIPES pH 6.4, 1 mM EDTA, 50°C or 70°C for 12-16 hours followed by washing. Other conditions, such as physiologically relevant conditions as may be encountered inside an organism, can apply. For example, a complementary sequence is sufficient to allow the relevant function of the nucleic acid to proceed, e.g., RNAi. The skilled person will be able to determine the set of conditions most appropriate for a test of complementarity of two sequences in accordance with the ultimate application of the hybridized nucleotides.

Sequences can be "fully complementary" with respect to each when there is base-pairing of the nucleotides of the first nucleotide sequence with the nucleotides of the second nucleotide sequence over the entire length of the first and second nucleotide sequences. However, where a first sequence is referred to as "substantially complementary" with respect to a second sequence herein, the two sequences can be fully complementary, or they may form one or more, but generally not more than 4, 3 or 2 mismatched base pairs upon hybridization, while retaining the ability to hybridize under the conditions most relevant to their ultimate application. However, where two oligonucleotides are designed to form, upon hybridization, one or more single stranded overhangs, such overhangs shall not be regarded as mismatches with regard to the determination of complementarity. For example, a dsRNA comprising one oligonucleotide 21 nucleotides in length and another oligonucleotide 23 nucleotides in length, wherein the longer oligonucleotide comprises a sequence of 21 nucleotides that is fully complementary to the shorter oligonucleotide, may yet be referred to as "fully complementary" for the purposes described herein.

"Complementary" sequences, as used herein, may also include, or be formed entirely from, non-Watson-Crick base pairs and/or base pairs formed from non-natural and modified nucleotides, in as far as the above requirements with respect to their ability to hybridize are fulfilled. Such non-Watson-Crick base pairs includes, but not limited to, G:U Wobble or Hoogstein base pairing.

The terms "complementary," "fully complementary" and "substantially complementary" herein may be used with respect to the base matching between the sense strand and the antisense strand of a dsRNA, or between the antisense strand of a dsRNA and a target sequence, as will be understood from the context of their use.

As used herein, a polynucleotide that is "substantially complementary to at least part of" a messenger RNA (mRNA) refers to a polynucleotide that is substantially complementary to a contiguous portion of the mRNA of interest (e.g., an mRNA encoding HAO1) including a 5' UTR, an open reading frame (ORF), or a 3' UTR. For example, a polynucleotide is complementary to at least a part of a HAO1 mRNA if the sequence is substantially complementary to a non-interrupted portion of an mRNA encoding HAO1 .

The term "inhibiting," as used herein, is used interchangeably with "reducing," "silencing," "downregulating," "suppressing" and other similar terms, and includes any level of inhibition.

The phrase "inhibiting expression of a HAO1," as used herein, includes inhibition of expression of any HAO1 gene (such as, e.g., a mouse HAO1 gene, a rat HAO1 gene, a monkey HAO1 gene, or a human HAO1 gene) as well as variants, (e.g., naturally occurring variants), or mutants of a HAO1 gene. Thus, the HAO1 gene may be a wild-type HAO1 gene, a mutant HAO1 gene, or a transgenic HAO1 gene in the context of a genetically manipulated cell, group of cells, or organism.

"Inhibiting expression of a HAO1 gene" includes any level of inhibition of a HAO1 gene, e.g., at least partial suppression of the expression of a HAO1 gene, such as an inhibition of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%,at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%. at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

The expression of a HAO1 gene may be assessed based on the level of any variable associated with HAO1 gene expression, e.g., HAO1 mRNA level or HAO1 protein level, in, e.g., tissues and/or urinary oxalate levels. Inhibition may be assessed by a decrease in an absolute or relative level of one or more of these variables compared with a control level. The control level may be any type of control level that is utilized in the art, e.g., a pre-dose baseline level, or a level determined from a similar subject, cell, or sample that is untreated or treated with a control (such as, e.g., buffer only control or inactive agent control).

The phrase "contacting a cell with a double stranded RNAi agent," as used herein, includes contacting a cell by any possible means. Contacting a cell with a double stranded RNAi agent includes contacting a cell in vitro with the RNAi agent or contacting a cell in vivo with the RNAi agent. The contacting may be done directly or indirectly. Thus, for example, the RNAi agent may be put into physical contact with the cell by the individual performing the method, or alternatively, the RNAi agent may be put into a situation that will permit or cause it to subsequently come into contact with the cell.

Contacting a cell in vitro may be done, for example, by incubating the cell with the RNAi agent. Contacting a cell in vivo may be done, for example, by injecting the RNAi agent into or near the tissue where the cell is located, or by injecting the RNAi agent into another area, the bloodstream or the subcutaneous space, such that the agent will subsequently reach the tissue where the cell to be contacted is located. For example, the RNAi agent may contain and/or be coupled to a ligand, e.g., a GalNAc₃ ligand, that directs the RNAi agent to a site of interest, e.g., the liver. Combinations of in vitro and in vivo methods of contacting are also possible. In connection with the methods of the disclosure, a cell might also be contacted in vitro with an RNAi agent and subsequently transplanted into a subject.

As used herein, a "subject" includes a human or non-human animal, preferably a vertebrate, and more preferably a mammal. A subject may include a transgenic organism. Most preferably, the subject is a human, such as a human suffering from or predisposed to developing a HAO1 associated disorder.

A "patient" or "subject," as used herein, is intended to include either a human or non-human animal, preferably a mammal, e.g., human or a monkey. Most preferably, the subject or patient is a human.

A "HAO1 associated disorder", as used herein, is intended to include any disorder that can be treated or prevented, or the symptoms of which can be alleviated, by inhibiting the expression of HAO1. Examples include but are not limited to Primary Hyperoxaluria 1 (PHI).

"Therapeutically effective amount," as used herein, is intended to include the amount of an RNAi agent that, when administered to a patient for treating a HAO1 associated disease, is sufficient to effect treatment of the disease (e.g., by diminishing, ameliorating or maintaining the existing disease or one or more symptoms of disease). The "therapeutically effective amount" may vary depending on the RNAi agent, how the agent is administered, the disease and its severity and the history, age, weight, family history, genetic makeup, stage of pathological processes mediated by HAO1 expression, the types of preceding or concomitant treatments, if any, and other individual characteristics of the patient to be treated.

"Prophylactically effective amount," as used herein, is intended to include the amount of an RNAi agent that, when administered to a subject who does not yet experience or display symptoms of a HAO1-associated disease, but who may be predisposed to the disease, is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the disease or one or more symptoms of the disease. Ameliorating the disease includes slowing the course of the disease or reducing the severity of later-developing disease. The "prophylactically effective amount" may vary depending on the RNAi agent, how the agent is administered, the degree of risk of disease, and the history, age, weight, family history, genetic makeup, the types of preceding or concomitant treatments, if any, and other individual characteristics of the patient to be treated.

A "therapeutically-effective amount" or "prophylacticaly effective amount" also includes an amount of an RNAi agent that produces some desired local or systemic effect at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any treatment. RNAi gents employed in the methods of the present disclosure may be administered in a sufficient amount to produce a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to such treatment.

The term "sample," as used herein, includes a collection of similar fluids, cells, or tissues isolated from a subject, as well as fluids, cells, or tissues present within a subject. Examples of biological fluids include blood, serum and serosal fluids, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, ocular fluids, lymph, urine, saliva, and the like. Tissue samples may include samples from tissues, organs or localized regions. For example, samples may be derived from particular organs, parts of organs, or fluids or cells within those organs. Samples may be derived from the liver (e.g., whole liver or certain segments of liver or certain types of cells in the liver, such as, e.g., hepatocytes). A "sample derived from a subject" may refer to blood or plasma drawn from the subject. In further cases, a "sample derived from a subject" refers to liver tissue (or subcomponents thereof) derived from the subject.

II. dsRNA iRNA agents

Described herein are double-stranded RNAi agents which inhibit the expression of a HAO1 gene in a cell, such as a cell within a subject, e.g., a mammal, such as a human having a HAO1 associated disorder, and uses of such double-stranded RNAi agents.

Accordingly, the invention provides double-stranded RNAi agents with chemical modifications capable of inhibiting the expression of a target gene (i.e., a HAO1 gene) in vivo.

As described in more detail below, in certain aspects of the invention, substantially all of the nucleotides of an iRNA of the invention are modified. In other embodiments of the invention, all of the nucleotides of an iRNA of the invention are modified. iRNAs of the invention in which "substantially all of the nucleotides are modified" are largely but not wholly modified and can include not more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 unmodified nucleotides.

The RNAi agent comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand. Each strand of the RNAi agent may range from 12-30 nucleotides in length. For example, each strand may be between 14-30 nucleotides in length, 17-30 nucleotides in length, 19-30 nucleotides in length, 25-30 nucleotides in length, 27-30 nucleotides in length, 17-23 nucleotides in length, 17-21 nucleotides in length, 17-19 nucleotides in length, 19-25 nucleotides in length, 19-23 nucleotides in length, 19-21 nucleotides in length, 21-25 nucleotides in length, or 21-23 nucleotides in length.

Each strand can be 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in length. Each strand of the RNAi agent can be the same length or can be different lengths.

The sense strand and antisense strand typically form a duplex double stranded RNA ("dsRNA"), also referred to herein as an "RNAi agent." The duplex region of an RNAi agent may be 12-30 nucleotide pairs in length. For example, the duplex region can be between 14-30 nucleotide pairs in length, 17-30 nucleotide pairs in length, 27-30 nucleotide pairs in length, 17 - 23 nucleotide pairs in length, 17-21 nucleotide pairs in length, 17-19 nucleotide pairs in length, 19-25 nucleotide pairs in length, 19-23 nucleotide pairs in length, 19- 21 nucleotide pairs in length, 21-25 nucleotide pairs in length, or 21-23 nucleotide pairs in length. In another example, the duplex region is selected from 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 nucleotide pairs in length.

The RNAi agent may contain one or more overhang regions and/or capping groups at the 3'-end, 5'-end, or both ends of one or both strands. The overhang can be 1-6 nucleotides in length, for instance 2-6 nucleotides in length, 1-5 nucleotides in length, 2-5 nucleotides in length, 1-4 nucleotides in length, 2-4 nucleotides in length, 1-3 nucleotides in length, 2-3 nucleotides in length, or 1-2 nucleotides in length. The overhangs can be the result of one strand being longer than the other, or the result of two strands of the same length being staggered. The overhang can form a mismatch with the target mRNA or it can be complementary to the gene sequences being targeted or can be another sequence. The first and second strands can also be joined, e.g., by additional bases to form a hairpin, or by other non-base linkers.

The nucleotides in the overhang region of the RNAi agent can each independently be a modified or unmodified nucleotide including, but not limited to 2'-sugar modified, such as, 2-F, 2'-O-methyl, thymidine (T), 2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (Teo), 2'-O-methoxyethyladenosine (Aeo), 2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methylcytidine (m5Ceo), and any combinations thereof. For example, TT can be an overhang sequence for either end on either strand. The overhang can form a mismatch with the target mRNA or it can be complementary to the gene sequences being targeted or can be another sequence.

The 5'- or 3'- overhangs at the sense strand, antisense strand or both strands of the RNAi agent may be phosphorylated. The overhang region(s) may contain two nucleotides having a phosphorothioate between the two nucleotides, where the two nucleotides can be the same or different. In one case, the overhang is present at the 3'-end of the sense strand, antisense strand, or both strands. In one case, this 3'-overhang is present in the antisense strand. In one case, this 3 '-overhang is present in the sense strand.

The RNAi agent may contain only a single overhang, which can strengthen the interference activity of the RNAi, without affecting its overall stability. For example, the single-stranded overhang may be located at the 3'-terminal end of the sense strand or, alternatively, at the 3'-terminal end of the antisense strand. The RNAi may also have a blunt end, located at the 5'-end of the antisense strand (or the 3'-end of the sense strand) or vice versa. Generally, the antisense strand of the RNAi has a nucleotide overhang at the 3'-end, and the 5'-end is blunt. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the asymmetric blunt end at the 5'-end of the antisense strand and 3'-end overhang of the antisense strand favor the guide strand loading into RISC process.

Synthesis and modifications

Any of the nucleic acids, e.g., RNAi, disclosed herein can be synthesized and/or modified by methods well established in the art, such as those described in "Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry," Beaucage, S.L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Modifications include, for example, end modifications, e.g., 5'-end modifications (phosphorylation, conjugation, inverted linkages) or 3'-end modifications (conjugation, DNA nucleotides, inverted linkages, etc.); base modifications, e.g., replacement with stabilizing bases, destabilizing bases, or bases that base pair with an expanded repertoire of partners, removal of bases (abasic nucleotides), or conjugated bases; sugar modifications (e.g., at the 2'-position or 4'-position) or replacement of the sugar; and/or backbone modifications, including modification or replacement of the phosphodiester linkages. Specific examples of iRNA compounds useful in the cases described herein include, but are not limited to RNAs containing modified backbones or no natural internucleoside linkages. RNAs having modified backbones include, among others, those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified RNAs that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides. In some cases, a modified iRNA will have a phosphorus atom in its internucleoside backbone.

Modified RNA backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3'-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3'-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, and boranophosphates having normal 3'-5' linkages, 2'-5'-linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units are linked 3'-5' to 5'-3' or 2'-5' to 5'-2'. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,687,808 ; 4,469,863 ; 4,476,301 ; 5,023,243 ; 5,177,195 ; 5,188,897 ; 5,264,423 ; 5,276,019 ; 5,278,302 ; 5,286,717 ; 5,321,131 ; 5,399,676 ; 5,405,939 ; 5,453,496 ; 5,455,233 ; 5,466,677 ; 5,476,925 ; 5,519,126 ; 5,536,821 ; 5,541,316 ; 5,550,111 ; 5,563,253 ; 5,571,799 ; 5,587,361 ; 5,625,050 ; 6,028,188 ; 6,124,445 ; 6,160,109 ; 6,169,170 ; 6,172,209 ; 6, 239,265 ; 6,277,603 ; 6,326,199 ; 6,346,614 ; 6,444,423 ; 6,531,590 ; 6,534,639 ; 6,608,035 ; 6,683,167 ; 6,858,715 ; 6,867,294 ; 6,878,805 ; 7,015,315 ; 7,041,816 ; 7,273,933 ; 7,321,029 ; and US Pat RE39464 .

Modified RNA backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatoms and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,034,506 ; 5,166,315 ; 5,185,444 ; 5,214,134 ; 5,216,141 ; 5,235,033 ; 5,64,562 ; 5,264,564 ; 5,405,938 ; 5,434,257 ; 5,466,677 ; 5,470,967 ; 5,489,677 ; 5,541,307 ; 5,561,225 ; 5,596,086 ; 5,602,240 ; 5,608,046 ; 5,610,289 ; 5,618,704 ; 5,623,070 ; 5,663,312 ; 5,633,360 ; 5,677,437 ; and, 5,677,439 .

In other cases, suitable RNA mimetics are contemplated for use in iRNAs, in which both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an RNA mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar backbone of an RNA is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,539,082 ; 5,714,331 ; and 5,719,262 . Additional PNA compounds suitable for use in the iRNAs of the disclosure are described in, for example, in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

Some cases of the present disclosure include RNAs with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular --CH₂--NH--CH₂-, --CH₂--N(CH₃)--O--CH₂--[known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], --CH₂--O-N(CH₃)--CH₂--, --CH₂--N(CH₃)--N(CH₃)--CH₂-- and -N(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-[wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as --O--P--O--CH₂--] of the above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 5,489,677 , and the amide backbones of the above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 5,602,240 . In some cases, the RNAs have morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 5,034,506 .

Modified RNAs can also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. The iRNAs, e.g., dsRNAs, described herein can include one of the following at the 2'-position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl can be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Exemplary suitable modifications include O[(CH₂)_nO]_mCH₃, O(CH₂)._nOCH₃, O(CH₂)_nNH₂, O(CH₂)_nCH₃, O(CH₂)_nONH₂, and O(CH₂)_aON[(CH₂)_nCH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. In other cases, dsRNAs include one of the following at the 2' position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an iRNA, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an iRNA, and other substituents having similar properties. In some cases, the modification includes a 2'-methoxyethoxy (2'-O--CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2'-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78:486-504) i.e., an alkoxy-alkoxy group. Another exemplary modification is 2'-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2'-DMAOE, as described in examples herein below, and 2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2'-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2'-DMAEOE), i.e., 2'-O--CH₂--O--CH₂--N(CH₂)₂.

Other modifications include 2'-methoxy (2'-OCH₃), 2'-aminopropoxy (2'-OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F). Similar modifications can also be made at other positions on the RNA of an iRNA, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3' terminal nucleotide or in 2'-5' linked dsRNAs and the 5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. iRNAs can also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957 ; 5,118,800 ; 5,319,080 ; 5,359,044 ; 5,393,878 ; 5,446,137 ; 5,466,786 ; 5,514,785 ; 5,519,134 ; 5,567,811 ; 5,576,427 ; 5,591,722 ; 5,597,909 ; 5,610,300 ; 5,627,053 ; 5,639,873 ; 5,646,265 ; 5,658,873 ; 5,670,633 ; and 5,700,920 .

An iRNA can also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as "base") modifications or substitutions. As used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as deoxy-thymine (dT), 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl anal other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo, particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-daazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808 , those disclosed in Modified Nucleosides in Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Medicine, Herdewijn, P. ed. Wiley-VCH, 2008; those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. L, ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, these disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y S., Chapter 15, dsRNA Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds disclosed herein. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2°C (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., dsRNA Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are exemplary base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2'-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

Representative U.S. patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Patent Nos. 3,687,808 , 4,845,205 ; 5,130,30 ; 5,134,066 ; 5,175,273 ; 5,367,066 ; 5,432,272 ; 5,457,187 ; 5,459,255 ; 5,484,908 ; 5,502,177 ; 5,525,711 ; 5,552,540 ; 5,587,469 ; 5,594,121 , 5,596,091 ; 5,614,617 ; 5,681,941 ; 5,750,692 ; 6,015,886 ; 6,147,200 ; 6,166,197 ; 6,222,025 ; 6,235,887 ; 6,380,368 ; 6,528,640 ; 6,639,062 ; 6,617,438 ; 7,045,610 ; 7,427,672 ; and 7,495,088 .

The RNA of an iRNA can also be modified to include one or more locked nucleic acids (LNA). A locked nucleic acid is a nucleotide having a modified ribose moiety in which the ribose moiety comprises an extra bridge connecting the 2' and 4' carbons. This structure effectively "locks" the ribose in the 3'-endo structural conformation. The addition of locked nucleic acids to siRNAs has been shown to increase siRNA stability in serum, and to reduce off-target effects (Elmen, J. et al., (2005) Nucleic Acids Research 33(1):439-447; Mook, OR. et al., (2007) Mol Canc Ther 6(3):833-843; Grunweller, A. et al., (2003) Nucleic Acids Research 31(12):3185-3193).

Representative U.S. Patents that teach the preparation of locked nucleic acid nucleotides include, but are not limited to, the following: U.S. Patent Nos. 6,268,490 ; 6,670,461 ; 6,794,499 ; 6,998,484 ; 7,053,207 ; 7,084,125 ; and 7,399,845 .

Potentially stabilizing modifications to the ends of RNA molecules can include N-(acetylaminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-NHAc), N-(caproyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6), N-(acetyl-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-NHAc), thymidine-2'-0-deoxythymidine (ether), N-(aminocaproyl)-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-C6-amino), 2-docosanoyl-uridine-3"-phosphate, inverted base dT(idT) and others. Disclosure of this modification can be found in PCT Publication No. WO 2011/005861 .

Modified iRNAs Comprising Motifs

In certain aspects of the disclosure, the double-stranded RNAi agents of the disclosure include agents with chemical modifications as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/561,710, filed on November 18, 2011 , or in PCT/US2012/065691, filed on November 16, 2012 , and published as WO2013075035 A1 ; or in PCT/US2014/025882, filed on March 13, 2014 , and published as WO2014160129 ; or in PCT/US2012/065601, filed on November 16, 2012 , and published as WO2013074974 .

As shown herein and in Provisional Application No. 61/561,710 , a superior result may be obtained by introducing one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides into a sense strand and/or antisense strand of a RNAi agent, particularly at or near the cleavage site. In some cases, the sense strand and antisense strand of the RNAi agent may otherwise be completely modified. The introduction of these motifs interrupts the modification pattern, if present, of the sense and/or antisense strand. The RNAi agent may be optionally conjugated with a GalNAc derivative ligand, for instance on the sense strand. The resulting RNAi agents present superior gene silencing activity.

More specifically, it has been surprisingly discovered that when the sense strand and antisense strand of the double-stranded RNAi agent are modified to have one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at or near the cleavage site of at least one strand of an RNAi agent, the gene silencing activity of the RNAi agent was superiorly enhanced.

In one case, the RNAi agent is a double ended bluntmer of 19 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-F modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 7, 8, 9 from the 5'end. The antisense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-O-methyl modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 11, 12, 13 from the 5'end.

In another case, the RNAi agent is a double ended bluntmer of 20 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-F modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 8, 9, 10 from the 5'end. The antisense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-O-methyl modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 11, 12, 13 from the 5'end.

In yet another case, the RNAi agent is a double ended bluntmer of 21 nucleotides in length, wherein the sense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-F modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 9, 10, 11 from the 5'end. The antisense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-O-methyl modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 11, 12, 13 from the 5'end.

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises a 21 nucleotide sense strand and a 23 nucleotide antisense strand, wherein the sense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-F modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 9, 10, 11 from the 5'end; the antisense strand contains at least one motif of three 2'-O-methyl modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at positions 11, 12, 13 from the 5'end, wherein one end of the RNAi agent is blunt, while the other end comprises a 2 nucleotide overhang. Preferably, the 2 nucleotide overhang is at the 3'-end of the antisense strand. When the 2 nucleotide overhang is at the 3'-end of the antisense strand, there may be two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between the terminal three nucleotides, wherein two of the three nucleotides are the overhang nucleotides, and the third nucleotide is a paired nucleotide next to the overhang nucleotide. In one case, the RNAi agent additionally has two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between the terminal three nucleotides at both the 5'-end of the sense strand and at the 5'-end of the antisense strand. In one case, every nucleotide in the sense strand and the antisense strand of the RNAi agent, including the nucleotides that are part of the motifs are modified nucleotides. In one case each residue is independently modified with a 2'-O-methyl or 3'-fluoro, e.g., in an alternating motif. Optionally, the RNAi agent further comprises a ligand (preferably GalNAc₃).

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises sense and antisense strands, wherein the RNAi agent comprises a first strand having a length which is at least 25 and at most 29 nucleotides and a second strand having a length which is at most 30 nucleotides with at least one motif of three 2'-O-methyl modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at position 11, 12, 13 from the 5' end; wherein the 3' end of the first strand and the 5' end of the second strand form a blunt end and the second strand is 1-4 nucleotides longer at its 3' end than the first strand, wherein the duplex region which is at least 25 nucleotides in length, and the second strand is sufficiently complementary to a target mRNA along at least 19 nucleotide of the second strand length to reduce target gene expression when the RNAi agent is introduced into a mammalian cell, and wherein dicer cleavage of the RNAi agent preferentially results in an siRNA comprising the 3' end of the second strand, thereby reducing expression of the target gene in the mammal. Optionally, the RNAi agent further comprises a ligand.

In one case, the sense strand of the RNAi agent contains at least one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides, where one of the motifs occurs at the cleavage site in the sense strand.

In one case, the antisense strand of the RNAi agent can also contain at least one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides, where one of the motifs occurs at or near the cleavage site in the antisense strand

For an RNAi agent having a duplex region of 17-23 nucleotides in length, the cleavage site of the antisense strand is typically around the 10, 11 and 12 positions from the 5'-end. Thus the motifs of three identical modifications may occur at the 9, 10, 11 positions; 10, 11, 12 positions; 11, 12, 13 positions; 12, 13, 14 positions; or 13, 14, 15 positions of the antisense strand, the count starting from the 1^st nucleotide from the 5'-end of the antisense strand, or, the count starting from the 1^st paired nucleotide within the duplex region from the 5'- end of the antisense strand. The cleavage site in the antisense strand may also change according to the length of the duplex region of the RNAi from the 5'-end.

The sense strand of the RNAi agent may contain at least one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at the cleavage site of the strand; and the antisense strand may have at least one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides at or near the cleavage site of the strand. When the sense strand and the antisense strand form a dsRNA duplex, the sense strand and the antisense strand can be so aligned that one motif of the three nucleotides on the sense strand and one motif of the three nucleotides on the antisense strand have at least one nucleotide overlap, i.e., at least one of the three nucleotides of the motif in the sense strand forms a base pair with at least one of the three nucleotides of the motif in the antisense strand. Alternatively, at least two nucleotides may overlap, or all three nucleotides may overlap.

In one case, the sense strand of the RNAi agent may contain more than one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides. The first motif may occur at or near the cleavage site of the strand and the other motifs may be a wing modification. The term "wing modification" herein refers to a motif occurring at another portion of the strand that is separated from the motif at or near the cleavage site of the same strand. The wing modification is either adjacent to the first motif or is separated by at least one or more nucleotides. When the motifs are immediately adjacent to each other than the chemistry of the motifs are distinct from each other and when the motifs are separated by one or more nucleotide than the chemistries can be the same or different. Two or more wing modifications may be present. For instance, when two wing modifications are present, each wing modification may occur at one end relative to the first motif which is at or near cleavage site or on either side of the lead motif.

Like the sense strand, the antisense strand of the RNAi agent may contain more than one motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides, with at least one of the motifs occurring at or near the cleavage site of the strand. This antisense strand may also contain one or more wing modifications in an alignment similar to the wing modifications that may be present on the sense strand.

In one case, the wing modification on the sense strand or antisense strand of the RNAi agent typically does not include the first one or two terminal nucleotides at the 3'-end, 5'-end or both ends of the strand.

In another case, the wing modification on the sense strand or antisense strand of the RNAi agent typically does not include the first one or two paired nucleotides within the duplex region at the 3'-end, 5'-end or both ends of the strand.

When the sense strand and the antisense strand of the RNAi agent each contain at least one wing modification, the wing modifications may fall on the same end of the duplex region, and have an overlap of one, two or three nucleotides.

When the sense strand and the antisense strand of the RNAi agent each contain at least two wing modifications, the sense strand and the antisense strand can be so aligned that two modifications each from one strand fall on one end of the duplex region, having an overlap of one, two or three nucleotides; two modifications each from one strand fall on the other end of the duplex region, having an overlap of one, two or three nucleotides; two modifications one strand fall on each side of the lead motif, having an overlap of one, two or three nucleotides in the duplex region.

In one case, every nucleotide in the sense strand and antisense strand of the RNAi agent, including the nucleotides that are part of the motifs, may be modified. Each nucleotide may be modified with the same or different modification which can include one or more alteration of one or both of the non-linking phosphate oxygens and/or of one or more of the linking phosphate oxygens; alteration of a constituent of the ribose sugar, e.g., of the 2' hydroxyl on the ribose sugar; wholesale replacement of the phosphate moiety with "dephospho" linkers; modification or replacement of a naturally occurring base; and replacement or modification of the ribose-phosphate backbone.

As nucleic acids are polymers of subunits, many of the modifications occur at a position which is repeated within a nucleic acid, e.g., a modification of a base, or a phosphate moiety, or a non-linking O of a phosphate moiety. In some cases the modification will occur at all of the subject positions in the nucleic acid but in many cases it will not. By way of example, a modification may only occur at a 3' or 5' terminal position, may only occur in a terminal region, e.g., at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand. A modification may occur in a double strand region, a single strand region, or in both. A modification may occur only in the double strand region of a RNA or may only occur in a single strand region of a RNA. For example, a phosphorothioate modification at a non-linking O position may only occur at one or both termini, may only occur in a terminal region, e.g., at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand, or may occur in double strand and single strand regions, particularly at termini. The 5' end or ends can be phosphorylated.

It may be possible, e.g., to enhance stability, to include particular bases in overhangs, or to include modified nucleotides or nucleotide surrogates, in single strand overhangs, e.g., in a 5' or 3' overhang, or in both. For example, it can be desirable to include purine nucleotides in overhangs. In some cases all or some of the bases in a 3' or 5' overhang may be modified, e.g., with a modification described herein. Modifications can include, e.g., the use of modifications at the 2' position of the ribose sugar with modifications that are known in the art, e.g., the use of deoxyribonucleotides, , 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro (2'-F) or 2'-O-methyl modified instead of the ribosugar of the nucleobase , and modifications in the phosphate group, e.g., phosphorothioate modifications. Overhangs need not be homologous with the target sequence.

In one case, each residue of the sense strand and antisense strand is independently modified with LNA, HNA, CeNA, 2'-methoxyethyl, 2'- O-methyl, 2'-O-allyl, 2'-C- allyl, 2'-deoxy, 2'-hydroxyl, or 2'-fluoro. The strands can contain more than one modification. In one case, each residue of the sense strand and antisense strand is independently modified with 2'- O-methyl or 2'-fluoro.

At least two different modifications are typically present on the sense strand and antisense strand. Those two modifications may be the 2'- O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications, or others.

In one case, the N_a and/or N_b comprise modifications of an alternating pattern. The term "alternating motif' as used herein refers to a motif having one or more modifications, each modification occurring on alternating nucleotides of one strand. The alternating nucleotide may refer to one per every other nucleotide or one per every three nucleotides, or a similar pattern. For example, if A, B and C each represent one type of modification to the nucleotide, the alternating motif can be "ABABABABABAB...," "AABBAABBAABB...," "AABAABAABAAB...," "AAABAAABAAAB...," "AAABBBAAABBB...," or "ABCABCABCABC...," etc.

The type of modifications contained in the alternating motif may be the same or different. For example, if A, B, C, D each represent one type of modification on the nucleotide, the alternating pattern, i.e., modifications on every other nucleotide, may be the same, but each of the sense strand or antisense strand can be selected from several possibilities of modifications within the alternating motif such as "ABABAB...", "ACACAC..." "BDBDBD..." or "CDCDCD...," etc.

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises the modification pattern for the alternating motif on the sense strand relative to the modification pattern for the alternating motif on the antisense strand is shifted. The shift may be such that the modified group of nucleotides of the sense strand corresponds to a differently modified group of nucleotides of the antisense strand and vice versa. For example, the sense strand when paired with the antisense strand in the dsRNA duplex, the alternating motif in the sense strand may start with "ABABAB" from 5'-3' of the strand and the alternating motif in the antisense strand may start with "BABABA" from 5'-3' of the strand within the duplex region. As another example, the alternating motif in the sense strand may start with "AABBAABB" from 5'-3' of the strand and the alternating motif in the antisense strand may start with "BBAABBAA" from 5'-3' of the strand within the duplex region, so that there is a complete or partial shift of the modification patterns between the sense strand and the antisense strand.

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises the pattern of the alternating motif of 2'-O-methyl modification and 2'-F modification on the sense strand initially has a shift relative to the pattern of the alternating motif of 2'-O-methyl modification and 2'-F modification on the antisense strand initially, i.e., the 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide on the sense strand base pairs with a 2'-F modified nucleotide on the antisense strand and vice versa. The 1 position of the sense strand may start with the 2'-F modification, and the 1 position of the antisense strand may start with the 2'- O-methyl modification.

The introduction of one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides to the sense strand and/or antisense strand interrupts the initial modification pattern present in the sense strand and/or antisense strand. This interruption of the modification pattern of the sense and/or antisense strand by introducing one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides to the sense and/or antisense strand surprisingly enhances the gene silencing activity to the target gene.

In one case, when the motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides is introduced to any of the strands, the modification of the nucleotide next to the motif is a different modification than the modification of the motif. For example, the portion of the sequence containing the motif is "...N_aYYYN_b...," where "Y" represents the modification of the motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotide, and "N_a" and "N_b" represent a modification to the nucleotide next to the motif "YYY" that is different than the modification of Y, and where N_a and N_b can be the same or different modifications. Alternatively, N_a and/or N_b may be present or absent when there is a wing modification present.

The RNAi agent may further comprise at least one phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage. The phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modification may occur on any nucleotide of the sense strand or antisense strand or both strands in any position of the strand. For instance, the internucleotide linkage modification may occur on every nucleotide on the sense strand and/or antisense strand; each internucleotide linkage modification may occur in an alternating pattern on the sense strand and/or antisense strand; or the sense strand or antisense strand may contain both internucleotide linkage modifications in an alternating pattern. The alternating pattern of the internucleotide linkage modification on the sense strand may be the same or different from the antisense strand, and the alternating pattern of the internucleotide linkage modification on the sense strand may have a shift relative to the alternating pattern of the internucleotide linkage modification on the antisense strand.

In one case, the RNAi comprises a phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modification in the overhang region. For example, the overhang region may contain two nucleotides having a phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage between the two nucleotides. Internucleotide linkage modifications also may be made to link the overhang nucleotides with the terminal paired nucleotides within the duplex region. For example, at least 2, 3, 4, or all the overhang nucleotides may be linked through phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage, and optionally, there may be additional phosphorothioate or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkages linking the overhang nucleotide with a paired nucleotide that is next to the overhang nucleotide. For instance, there may be at least two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between the terminal three nucleotides, in which two of the three nucleotides are overhang nucleotides, and the third is a paired nucleotide next to the overhang nucleotide. These terminal three nucleotides may be at the 3'-end of the antisense strand, the 3'-end of the sense strand, the 5'-end of the antisense strand, and/or the 5' end of the antisense strand.

In one case, the 2 nucleotide overhang is at the 3'-end of the antisense strand, and there are two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between the terminal three nucleotides, wherein two of the three nucleotides are the overhang nucleotides, and the third nucleotide is a paired nucleotide next to the overhang nucleotide. Optionally, the RNAi agent may additionally have two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages between the terminal three nucleotides at both the 5'-end of the sense strand and at the 5'-end of the antisense strand.

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises mismatch(es) with the target, within the duplex, or combinations thereof. The mismatch may occur in the overhang region or the duplex region. The base pair may be ranked on the basis of their propensity to promote dissociation or melting (e.g., on the free energy of association or dissociation of a particular pairing, the simplest approach is to examine the pairs on an individual pair basis, though next neighbor or similar analysis can also be used). In terms of promoting dissociation: A:U is preferred over G:C; G:U is preferred over G:C; and I:C is preferred over G:C (I=inosine). Mismatches, e.g., non-canonical or other than canonical pairings (as described elsewhere herein) are preferred over canonical (A:T, A:U, G:C) pairings; and pairings which include a universal base are preferred over canonical pairings.

In one case, the RNAi agent comprises at least one of the first 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 base pairs within the duplex regions from the 5'- end of the antisense strand independently selected from the group of: A:U, G:U, I:C, and mismatched pairs, e.g., non-canonical or other than canonical pairings or pairings which include a universal base, to promote the dissociation of the antisense strand at the 5'-end of the duplex.

In one case, the nucleotide at the 1 position within the duplex region from the 5'-end in the antisense strand is selected from the group consisting of A, dA, dU, U, and dT. Alternatively, at least one of the first 1, 2 or 3 base pair within the duplex region from the 5'-end of the antisense strand is an AU base pair. For example, the first base pair within the duplex region from the 5'- end of the antisense strand is an AU base pair.

In one case, the sense strand sequence may be represented by formula (I): 5' n_p-N_a-(X X X)_i-N_b-Y Y Y -N_b-(Z Z Z)_j-N_a-n_q 3' (I) wherein:

i and j are each independently 0 or 1;
p and q are each independently 0-6;
each Na independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-25 modified nucleotides, each sequence comprising at least two differently modified nucleotides;
each Nb independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10 modified nucleotides;
each np and nq independently represent an overhang nucleotide;
wherein Nb and Y do not have the same modification; and
XXX, YYY and ZZZ each independently represent one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides. Preferably YYY is all 2'-F modified nucleotides.

In one case, the N_a and/or N_b comprise modifications of alternating pattern.

In one case, the YYY motif occurs at or near the cleavage site of the sense strand. For example, when the RNAi agent has a duplex region of 17-23 nucleotides in length, the YYY motif can occur at or the vicinity of the cleavage site (e.g.: can occur at positions 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 10, 9, 10, 11, 10, 11,12 or 11, 12, 13) of - the sense strand, the count starting from the 1^st nucleotide, from the 5'-end; or optionally, the count starting at the 1^st paired nucleotide within the duplex region, from the 5'- end.

In one case, i is 1 and j is 0, or i is 0 and j is 1, or both i and j are 1. The sense strand can therefore be represented by the following formulas: 5' n_p-N_a-YYY-N_b-ZZZ-N_a-n_q 3' (Ib); 5' n_p-N_a-XXX-N_b-YYY-N_a-n_q 3' (Ic); or 5' n_p-N_a-XXX-N_b-YYY-N_b-ZZZ-N_a-n_q 3' (Id).

When the sense strand is represented by formula (Ib), N_b represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Each N_a independently can represent an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the sense strand is represented as formula (Ic), N_b represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Each N_a can independently represent an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the sense strand is represented as formula (Id), each N_b independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Preferably, N_b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 Each N_a can independently represent an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

Each of X, Y and Z may be the same or different from each other.

In other cases, i is 0 and j is 0, and the sense strand may be represented by the formula: 5' n_p-N_a-YYY- N_a-n_q 3' (Ia).

When the sense strand is represented by formula (Ia), each N_a independently can represent an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

In one case, the antisense strand sequence of the RNAi may be represented by formula (II): 5' n_q'-N_a'-(Z'Z'Z')_k-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'-(X'X'X')_l-N'_a-n_p' 3' (II) wherein:

k and 1 are each independently 0 or 1;
p' and q' are each independently 0-6;
each Na' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-25 modified nucleotides, each sequence comprising at least two differently modified nucleotides;
each Nb' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10 modified nucleotides;
each np' and nq' independently represent an overhang nucleotide;
wherein Nb' and Y' do not have the same modification; and
X'X'X', Y'Y'Y' and Z'Z'Z' each independently represent one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides.

In one case, the N_a' and/or N_b' comprise modifications of alternating pattern.

The Y'Y'Y' motif occurs at or near the cleavage site of the antisense strand. For example, when the RNAi agent has a duplex region of 17-23nucleotidein length, the Y'Y'Y' motif can occur at positions 9, 10, 11; 10, 11, 12; 11, 12, 13; 12, 13, 14; or 13, 14, 15 of the antisense strand, with the count starting from the 1^st nucleotide, from the 5'-end; or optionally, the count starting at the 1^st paired nucleotide within the duplex region, from the 5'- end. Preferably, the Y'Y'Y' motif occurs at positions 11, 12, 13.

In one case, Y'Y'Y' motif is all 2'-OMe modified nucleotides.

In one case, k is 1 and 1 is 0, or k is 0 and 1 is 1, or both k and 1 are 1.

The antisense strand can therefore be represented by the following formulas: 5' n_q'-N_a'-Z'Z'Z'-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_a'-n_p' 3' (IIb); 5' n_q'-N_a'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'-X'X'X'-n_p' 3' (IIc); or 5' n_q'-N_a'- Z'Z'Z'-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'- X'X'X'-N_a'-n_p'. 3' (IId).

When the antisense strand is represented by formula (IIb), N_b' represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Each N_a' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the antisense strand is represented as formula (IIc), N_b' represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Each N_a' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the antisense strand is represented as formula (IId), each N_b' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0 modified nucleotides. Each N_a' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides. Preferably, N_b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

In other cases, k is 0 and 1 is 0 and the antisense strand may be represented by the formula: 5' n_p'-N_a'-Y'Y'Y'- N_a'-n_q' 3' (Ia).

When the antisense strand is represented as formula (IIa), each N_a' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

Each of X', Y' and Z' may be the same or different from each other.

Each nucleotide of the sense strand and antisense strand may be independently modified with LNA, HNA, CeNA, 2'-methoxyethyl, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-O-allyl, 2'-C- allyl, 2'-hydroxyl, or 2'-fluoro. For example, each nucleotide of the sense strand and antisense strand is independently modified with 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro. Each X, Y, Z, X', Y' and Z', in particular, may represent a 2'-O-methyl modification or a 2'-fluoro modification.

In one case, the sense strand of the RNAi agent may contain YYY motif occurring at 9, 10 and 11 positions of the strand when the duplex region is 21 nt, the count starting from the 1^st nucleotide from the 5'-end, or optionally, the count starting at the 1^st paired nucleotide within the duplex region, from the 5'- end; and Y represents 2'-F modification. The sense strand may additionally contain XXX motif or ZZZ motifs as wing modifications at the opposite end of the duplex region; and XXX and ZZZ each independently represents a 2'-OMe modification or 2'-F modification.

In one case the antisense strand may contain Y'Y'Y' motif occurring at positions 11, 12, 13 of the strand, the count starting from the 1^st nucleotide from the 5'-end, or optionally, the count starting at the 1^st paired nucleotide within the duplex region, from the 5'- end; and Y' represents 2'-O-methyl modification. The antisense strand may additionally contain X'X'X' motif or Z'Z'Z' motifs as wing modifications at the opposite end of the duplex region; and X'X'X' and Z'Z'Z' each independently represents a 2'-OMe modification or 2'-F modification.

The sense strand represented by any one of the above formulas (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), and (Id) forms a duplex with an antisense strand being represented by any one of formulas (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), and (IId), respectively.

Accordingly, the RNAi agents for use in the methods of the disclosure may comprise a sense strand and an antisense strand, each strand having 14 to 30 nucleotides, the RNAi duplex represented by formula (III): sense: 5' n_p-N_a-(XXX)_i-N_b-YYY-N_b-(ZZZ)_j-N_a-n_q 3' antisense: 3' n_p'-N_a'-(X'X'X')_k-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'-(Z'Z'Z')_l-N_a'-n_q' 5' (III) wherein:

i, j, k, and 1 are each independently 0 or 1;
p, p', q, and q' are each independently 0-6;
each Na and Na' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-25 modified nucleotides, each sequence comprising at least two differently modified nucleotides;
each Nb and Nb' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10 modified nucleotides;
wherein
each np', np, nq', and nq, each of which may or may not be present, independently represents an overhang nucleotide; and
XXX, YYY, ZZZ, X'X'X', Y'Y'Y', and Z'Z'Z' each independently represent one motif of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides.

In one case, i is 0 and j is 0; or i is 1 and j is 0; or i is 0 and j is 1; or both i and j are 0; or both i and j are 1. In another case, k is 0 and 1 is 0; or k is 1 and l is 0; k is 0 and 1 is 1; or both k and 1 are 0; or both k and 1 are 1.

Exemplary combinations of the sense strand and antisense strand forming a RNAi duplex include the formulas below: 5' n_p-N_a-YYY-N_a-n_q 3' 3' n_p'-N_a'-Y'Y'Y'-N_a'n_q' 5' (IIIa) 5' n_p-N_a-YYY-N_b-ZZZ-N_a-n_q 3' 3' n_p'-N_a'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'-Z'Z'Z'-N_a'n_q' 5' (IIIb) 5' n_p-N_a-XXX-N_b-YYY-N_a-n_q 3' 3' n_p'-Na'-X'X'X'-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_a'-n_q' 5' (IIIc) 5' n_p-N_a-XXX-N_b-YYY-N_b-ZZZ-N_a-n_q 3' 3' n_p'-N_a'-X'X'X'-N_b'-Y'Y'Y'-N_b'-Z'Z'Z'-N_a-n_q' 5' (IIId)

When the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIIa), each N_a independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIIb), each N_b independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 1-10, 1-7, 1-5 or 1-4 modified nucleotides. Each N_a independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the RNAi agent is represented as formula (IIIc), each N_b, N_b' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0modified nucleotides. Each N_a independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides.

When the RNAi agent is represented as formula (IIId), each N_b, N_b' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 0-10, 0-7, 0-10, 0-7, 0-5, 0-4, 0-2 or 0modified nucleotides. Each N_a, N_a' independently represents an oligonucleotide sequence comprising 2-20, 2-15, or 2-10 modified nucleotides. Each of N_a, N_a', N_b and N_b' independently comprises modifications of alternating pattern.

Each of X, Y and Z in formulas (III), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), and (IIId) may be the same or different from each other.

When the RNAi agent is represented by formula (III), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), and (IIId), at least one of the Y nucleotides may form a base pair with one of the Y' nucleotides. Alternatively, at least two of the Y nucleotides form base pairs with the corresponding Y' nucleotides; or all three of the Y nucleotides all form base pairs with the corresponding Y' nucleotides.

When the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIIb) or (IIId), at least one of the Z nucleotides may form a base pair with one of the Z' nucleotides. Alternatively, at least two of the Z nucleotides form base pairs with the corresponding Z' nucleotides; or all three of the Z nucleotides all form base pairs with the corresponding Z' nucleotides.

When the RNAi agent is represented as formula (IIIc) or (IIId), at least one of the X nucleotides may form a base pair with one of the X' nucleotides. Alternatively, at least two of the X nucleotides form base pairs with the corresponding X' nucleotides; or all three of the X nucleotides all form base pairs with the corresponding X' nucleotides.

In one case, the modification on the Y nucleotide is different than the modification on the Y' nucleotide, the modification on the Z nucleotide is different than the modification on the Z' nucleotide, and/or the modification on the X nucleotide is different than the modification on the X' nucleotide.

In one case, when the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIId), the N_a modifications are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications. In another case, when the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIId), the N_a modifications are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications and n_p' >0 and at least one n_p' is linked to a neighboring nucleotide a via phosphorothioate linkage. In yet another case, when the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIId), the N_a modifications are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications , n_p' >0 and at least one n_p' is linked to a neighboring nucleotide via phosphorothioate linkage, and the sense strand is conjugated to one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a bivalent or trivalent branched linker. In another case, when the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIId); the N_a modifications are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications , n_p' >0 and at least one n_p' is linked to a neighboring nucleotide via phosphorothioate linkage, the sense strand comprises at least one phosphorothioate linkage, and the sense strand is conjugated to one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a bivalent or trivalent branched linker.

In one case, when the RNAi agent is represented by formula (IIIa), the N_a modifications are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-fluoro modifications , n_p' >0 and at least one n_p' is linked to a neighboring nucleotide via phosphorothioate linkage, the sense strand comprises at least one phosphorothioate linkage, and the sense strand is conjugated to one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a bivalent or trivalent branched linker.

In one case, the RNAi agent is a multimer containing at least two duplexes represented by formula (III), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), and (IIId), wherein the duplexes are connected by a linker. The linker can be cleavable or non-cleavable. Optionally, the multimer further comprises a ligand. Each of the duplexes can target the same gene or two different genes; or each of the duplexes can target same gene at two different target sites.

In one case, the RNAi agent is a multimer containing three, four, five, six or more duplexes represented by formula (III), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), and (IIId), wherein the duplexes are connected by a linker. The linker can be cleavable or non-cleavable. Optionally, the multimer further comprises a ligand. Each of the duplexes can target the same gene or two different genes; or each of the duplexes can target same gene at two different target sites.

In one case, two RNAi agents represented by formula (III), (IIIa), (IIIb), (IIIc), and (IIId) are linked to each other at the 5' end, and one or both of the 3' ends and are optionally conjugated to a ligand. Each of the agents can target the same gene or two different genes; or each of the agents can target same gene at two different target sites.

Various publications describe multimeric RNAi agents that can be used in the methods of the disclosure. Such publications include WO2007/091269 , US Patent No. 7858769 , WO2010/141511 , WO2007/117686 , WO2009/014887 and WO2011/031520 .

The RNAi agent that contains conjugations of one or more carbohydrate moieties to a RNAi agent can optimize one or more properties of the RNAi agent. In many cases, the carbohydrate moiety will be attached to a modified subunit of the RNAi agent. For example, the ribose sugar of one or more ribonucleotide subunits of a dsRNA agent can be replaced with another moiety, e.g., a non-carbohydrate (preferably cyclic) carrier to which is attached a carbohydrate ligand. A ribonucleotide subunit in which the ribose sugar of the subunit has been so replaced is referred to herein as a ribose replacement modification subunit (RRMS). A cyclic carrier may be a carbocyclic ring system, i.e., all ring atoms are carbon atoms, or a heterocyclic ring system, i.e., one or more ring atoms may be a heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur. The cyclic carrier may be a monocyclic ring system, or may contain two or more rings, e.g. fused rings. The cyclic carrier may be a fully saturated ring system, or it may contain one or more double bonds.

The ligand may be attached to the polynucleotide via a carrier. The carriers include (i) at least one "backbone attachment point," preferably two "backbone attachment points" and (ii) at least one "tethering attachment point." A "backbone attachment point" as used herein refers to a functional group, e.g. a hydroxyl group, or generally, a bond available for, and that is suitable for incorporation of the carrier into the backbone, e.g., the phosphate, or modified phosphate, e.g., sulfur containing, backbone, of a ribonucleic acid. A "tethering attachment point" (TAP) in some cases refers to a constituent ring atom of the cyclic carrier, e.g., a carbon atom or a heteroatom (distinct from an atom which provides a backbone attachment point), that connects a selected moiety. The moiety can be, e.g., a carbohydrate, e.g. monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. Optionally, the selected moiety is connected by an intervening tether to the cyclic carrier. Thus, the cyclic carrier will often include a functional group, e.g., an amino group, or generally, provide a bond, that is suitable for incorporation or tethering of another chemical entity, e.g., a ligand to the constituent ring.

The RNAi agents may be conjugated to a ligand via a carrier, wherein the carrier can be cyclic group or acyclic group; preferably, the cyclic group is selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, [1,3]dioxolane, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, tetrahydrofuryl and decalin; preferably, the acyclic group is selected from serinol backbone or diethanolamine backbone.

In certain specific cases, the RNAi agent for use in the methods of the disclosure is an agent selected from the group of agents listed in any one of Tables 1 and 2. In one case, when the agent is an agent listed in Table 1, the agent may lack a terminal dT.

The present disclosure further includes double-stranded RNAi agents comprising any one of the sequences listed in any one of Tables 1 or 2 which comprise a 5' phosphate or phosphate mimetic on the antisense strand (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 2011005860 ). Further, the present disclosure includes double-stranded RNAi agents comprising any one of the sequences listed in any one of Tables 1 or 2 which include a 2'fluoro group in place of a 2'-OMe group at the 5'end of the sense strand.

Additional motifs

In certain aspects, the double-stranded RNAi agents described herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand wherein said sense strand and an antisense strand comprise less than eleven, ten, nine, eight, seven, six, or five 2'-deoxyflouro.

In certain aspects, the double-stranded RNAi agents described herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein said sense strand and an antisense strand comprise less than ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.

In certain aspects, the double-stranded RNAi agents described herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein said sense strand and an antisense strand comprise less than ten 2'-deoxyflouro and less than six phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.

In certain aspects, the double-stranded RNAi agents described herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein said sense strand and an antisense strand comprise less than eight 2'-deoxyflouro and less than six phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.

In certain aspects, the double-stranded RNAi agents described herein comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand, wherein said sense strand and an antisense strand comprise less than nine 2'-deoxyflouro and less than six phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.

Ligands

The double-stranded RNAi agents of the disclosure may optionally be conjugated to one or more ligands. The ligand can be attached to the sense strand, antisense strand or both strands, at the 3'-end, 5'-end or both ends. For instance, the ligand may be conjugated to the sense strand. In accordance with the invention, the ligand is conjugated to the 3'-end of the sense strand. In one case, the ligand is a GalNAc ligand. In particularly some cases, the ligand is GalNAc₃. The ligands are coupled, preferably covalently, either directly or indirectly via an intervening tether.

In some cases, a ligand alters the distribution, targeting or lifetime of the molecule into which it is incorporated. In some cases a ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, receptor e.g., a cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand. Ligands providing enhanced affinity for a selected target are also termed targeting ligands.

Some ligands can have endosomolytic properties. The endosomolytic ligands promote the lysis of the endosome and/or transport of the composition of the disclosure, or its components, from the endosome to the cytoplasm of the cell. The endosomolytic ligand may be a polyanionic peptide or peptidomimetic which shows pH-dependent membrane activity and fusogenicity. In one case, the endosomolytic ligand assumes its active conformation at endosomal pH. The "active" conformation is that conformation in which the endosomolytic ligand promotes lysis of the endosome and/or transport of the composition of the disclosure, or its components, from the endosome to the cytoplasm of the cell. Exemplary endosomolytic ligands include the GALA peptide (Subbarao et al., Biochemistry, 1987, 26: 2964-2972), the EALA peptide (Vogel et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118: 1581-1586), and their derivatives (Turk et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 2002, 1559: 56-68). In one case, the endosomolytic component may contain a chemical group (e.g., an amino acid) which will undergo a change in charge or protonation in response to a change in pH. The endosomolytic component may be linear or branched.

Ligands can improve transport, hybridization, and specificity properties and may also improve nuclease resistance of the resultant natural or modified oligoribonucleotide, or a polymeric molecule comprising any combination of monomers described herein and/or natural or modified ribonucleotides.

Ligands in general can include therapeutic modifiers, e.g., for enhancing uptake; diagnostic compounds or reporter groups e.g., for monitoring distribution; cross-linking agents; and nuclease-resistance conferring moieties. General examples include lipids, steroids, vitamins, sugars, proteins, peptides, polyamines, and peptide mimics.

Ligands can include a naturally occurring substance, such as a protein (e.g., human serum albumin (HSA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or globulin); a carbohydrate (e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, inulin, cyclodextrin or hyaluronic acid); or a lipid. The ligand may also be a recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid, an oligonucleotide (e.g., an aptamer). Examples of polyamino acids include polyamino acid is a polylysine (PLL), poly L-aspartic acid, poly L-glutamic acid, styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolied) copolymer, divinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer (HMPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane, poly(2-ethylacryllic acid), N-isopropylacrylamide polymers, or polyphosphazine. Example of polyamines include: polyethylenimine, polylysine (PLL), spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine, peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine, protamine, cationic lipid, cationic porphyrin, quaternary salt of a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide.

Ligands can also include targeting groups, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a lectin, glycoprotein, lipid or protein, e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a kidney cell. A targeting group can be a thyrotropin, melanotropin, lectin, glycoprotein, surfactant protein A, Mucin carbohydrate, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-gulucosamine multivalent mannose, multivalent fucose, glycosylated polyaminoacids, multivalent galactose, transferrin, bisphosphonate, polyglutamate, polyaspartate, a lipid, cholesterol, a steroid, bile acid, folate, vitamin B12, biotin, an RGD peptide, an RGD peptide mimetic or an aptamer.

Other examples of ligands include dyes, intercalating agents (e.g., acridines), crosslinkers (e.g., psoralene, mitomycin C), porphyrins (TPPC4, texaphyrin, Sapphyrin), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., phenazine, dihydrophenazine), artificial endonucleases or a chelator (e.g., EDTA), lipophilic molecules, e.g., cholesterol, cholic acid, adamantane acetic acid, 1-pyrene butyric acid, dihydrotestosterone, 1,3-Bis-O(hexadecyl)glycerol, geranyloxyhexyl group, hexadecylglycerol, borneol, menthol, 1,3-propanediol, heptadecyl group, palmitic acid, myristic acid, O3-(oleoyl)lithocholic acid, O3-(oleoyl)cholenic acid, dimethoxytrityl, or phenoxazine) and peptide conjugates (e.g., antennapedia peptide, Tat peptide), alkylating agents, phosphate, amino, mercapto, PEG (e.g., PEG-40K), MPEG, [MPEG]₂, polyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, radiolabeled markers, enzymes, haptens (e.g., biotin), transport/absorption facilitators (e.g., aspirin, vitamin E, folic acid), synthetic ribonucleases (e.g., imidazole, bisimidazole, histamine, imidazole clusters, acridine-imidazole conjugates, Eu3+ complexes of tetraazamacrocycles), dinitrophenyl, HRP, or AP.

Ligands can be proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, or peptides, e.g., molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodies e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a cancer cell, endothelial cell, or bone cell. Ligands may also include hormones and hormone receptors. They can also include non-peptidic species, such as lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, vitamins, cofactors, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetyl-gulucosamine multivalent mannose, multivalent fucose, or aptamers. The ligand can be, for example, a lipopolysaccharide, an activator of p38 MAP kinase, or an activator of NF-κB.

The ligand can be a substance, e.g., a drug, which can increase the uptake of the iRNA agent into the cell, for example, by disrupting the cell's cytoskeleton, e.g., by disrupting the cell's microtubules, microfilaments, and/or intermediate filaments. The drug can be, for example, taxon, vincristine, vinblastine, cytochalasin, nocodazole, japlakinolide, latrunculin A, phalloidin, swinholide A, indanocine, or myoservin.

The ligand can increase the uptake of the oligonucleotide into the cell by, for example, activating an inflammatory response. Exemplary ligands that would have such an effect include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1 beta, or gamma interferon.

In one aspect, the ligand is a lipid or lipid-based molecule. Such a lipid or lipid-based molecule preferably binds a serum protein, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA). An HSA binding ligand allows for distribution of the conjugate to a target tissue, e.g., a non-kidney target tissue of the body. For example, the target tissue can be the liver, including parenchymal cells of the liver. Other molecules that can bind HSA can also be used as ligands. For example, naproxen or aspirin can be used. A lipid or lipid-based ligand can (a) increase resistance to degradation of the conjugate, (b) increase targeting or transport into a target cell or cell membrane, and/or (c) can be used to adjust binding to a serum protein, e.g., HSA.

A lipid based ligand can be used to modulate, e.g., control the binding of the conjugate to a target tissue. For example, a lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA more strongly will be less likely to be targeted to the kidney and therefore less likely to be cleared from the body. A lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA less strongly can be used to target the conjugate to the kidney.

In one case, the lipid based ligand binds HSA. Preferably, it binds HSA with a sufficient affinity such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to a non-kidney tissue. In one case, the affinity is such that that the HSA-ligand binding can be reversed. In another case, the lipid based ligand binds HSA weakly or not at all, such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to the kidney. Other moieties that target to kidney cells can also be used in place of or in addition to the lipid based ligand.

In another aspect, the ligand is a moiety, e.g., a vitamin, which is taken up by a target cell, e.g., a proliferating cell. These are particularly useful for treating disorders characterized by unwanted cell proliferation, e.g., of the malignant or non-malignant type, e.g., cancer cells. Exemplary vitamins include vitamin A, E, and K. Other exemplary vitamins include B vitamins, e.g., folic acid, B12, riboflavin, biotin, pyridoxal or other vitamins or nutrients taken up by cancer cells. Also included are HAS, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

In another aspect, the ligand is a cell-permeation agent, preferably a helical cell-permeation agent. Preferably, the agent is amphipathic. An exemplary agent is a peptide such as tat or antennopedia. If the agent is a peptide, it can be modified, including a peptidylmimetic, invertomers, non-peptide or pseudo-peptide linkages, and use of D-amino acids. The helical agent is preferably an alpha-helical agent, which preferably has a lipophilic and a lipophobic phase.

The ligand can be a peptide or peptidomimetic. A peptidomimetic (also referred to herein as an oligopeptidomimetic) is a molecule capable of folding into a defined three-dimensional structure similar to a natural peptide. The peptide or peptidomimetic moiety can be about 5-50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long. A peptide or peptidomimetic can be, for example, a cell permeation peptide, cationic peptide, amphipathic peptide, or hydrophobic peptide (e.g., consisting primarily of Tyr, Trp or Phe). The peptide moiety can be a dendrimer peptide, constrained peptide or crosslinked peptide. In another alternative, the peptide moiety can include a hydrophobic membrane translocation sequence (MTS). An exemplary hydrophobic MTS-containing peptide is RFGF having the amino acid sequence AAVALLPAVLLALLAP (SEQ ID NO: 9). An RFGF analogue (e.g., amino acid sequence AALLPVLLAAP (SEQ ID NO: 10)) containing a hydrophobic MTS can also be a targeting moiety. The peptide moiety can be a "delivery" peptide, which can carry large polar molecules including peptides, oligonucleotides, and protein across cell membranes. For example, sequences from the HIV Tat protein (GRKKRRQRRRPPQ) (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the Drosophila Antennapedia protein (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) (SEQ ID NO: 12) have been found to be capable of functioning as delivery peptides. A peptide or peptidomimetic can be encoded by a random sequence of DNA, such as a peptide identified from a phage-display library, or one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial library (Lam et al., Nature, 354:82-84, 1991). Preferably the peptide or peptidomimetic tethered to an iRNA agent via an incorporated monomer unit is a cell targeting peptide such as an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD)-peptide, or RGD mimic. A peptide moiety can range in length from about 5 amino acids to about 40 amino acids. The peptide moieties can have a structural modification, such as to increase stability or direct conformational properties. Any of the structural modifications described below can be utilized. An RGD peptide moiety can be used to target a tumor cell, such as an endothelial tumor cell or a breast cancer tumor cell (Zitzmann et al., Cancer Res., 62:5139-43, 2002). An RGD peptide can facilitate targeting of an iRNA agent to tumors of a variety of other tissues, including the lung, kidney, spleen, or liver (Aoki et al., Cancer Gene Therapy 8:783-787, 2001). Preferably, the RGD peptide will facilitate targeting of an iRNA agent to the kidney. The RGD peptide can be linear or cyclic, and can be modified, e.g., glycosylated or methylated to facilitate targeting to specific tissues. For example, a glycosylated RGD peptide can deliver an iRNA agent to a tumor cell expressing α_Vβ₃ (Haubner et al., Jour. Nucl. Med., 42:326-336, 2001). Peptides that target markers enriched in proliferating cells can be used. For example, RGD containing peptides and peptidomimetics can target cancer cells, in particular cells that exhibit an integrin. Thus, one could use RGD peptides, cyclic peptides containing RGD, RGD peptides that include D-amino acids, as well as synthetic RGD mimics. In addition to RGD, one can use other moieties that target the integrin ligand. Generally, such ligands can be used to control proliferating cells and angiogenesis. Some conjugates of this type of ligand target PECAM-1, VEGF, or other cancer gene, e.g., a cancer gene described herein.

A "cell permeation peptide" is capable of permeating a cell, e.g., a microbial cell, such as a bacterial or fungal cell, or a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. A microbial cell-permeating peptide can be, for example, an α-helical linear peptide (e.g., LL-37 or Ceropin P1), a disulfide bond-containing peptide (e.g., α -defensin, β-defensin or bactenecin), or a peptide containing only one or two dominating amino acids (e.g., PR-39 or indolicidin). A cell permeation peptide can also include a nuclear localization signal (NLS). For example, a cell permeation peptide can be a bipartite amphipathic peptide, such as MPG, which is derived from the fusion peptide domain of HIV-1 gp41 and the NLS of SV40 large T antigen (Simeoni et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 31:2717-2724, 2003).

In one case, a targeting peptide can be an amphipathic α-helical peptide. Exemplary amphipathic α-helical peptides include, but are not limited to, cecropins, lycotoxins, paradaxins, buforin, CPF, bombinin-like peptide (BLP), cathelicidins, ceratotoxins, S. clava peptides, hagfish intestinal antimicrobial peptides (HFIAPs), magainines, brevinins-2, dermaseptins, melittins, pleurocidin, H₂A peptides, Xenopus peptides, esculentinis-1, and caerins. A number of factors will preferably be considered to maintain the integrity of helix stability. For example, a maximum number of helix stabilization residues will be utilized (e.g., leu, ala, or lys), and a minimum number helix destabilization residues will be utilized (e.g., proline, or cyclic monomeric units. The capping residue will be considered (for example Gly is an exemplary N-capping residue and/or C-terminal amidation can be used to provide an extra H-bond to stabilize the helix. Formation of salt bridges between residues with opposite charges, separated by i ± 3, or i ± 4 positions can provide stability. For example, cationic residues such as lysine, arginine, homo-arginine, ornithine or histidine can form salt bridges with the anionic residues glutamate or aspartate.

Peptide and peptidomimetic ligands include those having naturally occurring or modified peptides, e.g., D or L peptides; α, β, or γ peptides; N-methyl peptides; azapeptides; peptides having one or more amide, i.e., peptide, linkages replaced with one or more urea, thiourea, carbamate, or sulfonyl urea linkages; or cyclic peptides.

The targeting ligand can be any ligand that is capable of targeting a specific receptor. Examples are: folate, GalNAc, galactose, mannose, mannose-6P, clusters of sugars such as GalNAc cluster, mannose cluster, galactose cluster, or an aptamer. A cluster is a combination of two or more sugar units. The targeting ligands also include integrin receptor ligands, Chemokine receptor ligands, transferrin, biotin, serotonin receptor ligands, PSMA, endothelin, GCPII, somatostatin, LDL and HDL ligands. The ligands can also be based on nucleic acid, e.g., an aptamer. The aptamer can be unmodified or have any combination of modifications disclosed herein.

Endosomal release agents include imidazoles, poly or oligoimidazoles, PEIs, peptides, fusogenic peptides, polycaboxylates, polyacations, masked oligo or poly cations or anions, acetals, polyacetals, ketals/polyketyals, orthoesters, polymers with masked or unmasked cationic or anionic charges, dendrimers with masked or unmasked cationic or anionic charges.

PK modulator stands for pharmacokinetic modulator. PK modulators include lipophiles, bile acids, steroids, phospholipid analogues, peptides, protein binding agents, PEG, vitamins etc. Exemplary PK modulators include, but are not limited to, cholesterol, fatty acids, cholic acid, lithocholic acid, dialkylglycerides, diacylglyceride, phospholipids, sphingolipids, naproxen, ibuprofen, vitamin E, biotin etc. Oligonucleotides that comprise a number of phosphorothioate linkages are also known to bind to serum protein, thus short oligonucleotides, e.g., oligonucleotides of about 5 bases, 10 bases, 15 bases or 20 bases, comprising multiple phosphorothioate linkages in the backbone are also amenable to the present disclosure as ligands (e.g., as PK modulating ligands).

In addition, aptamers that bind serum components (e.g., serum proteins) are also amenable to the present disclosure as PK modulating ligands.

Other ligand conjugates amenable to the disclosure are described in U.S. Patent Applications USSN: 10/916,185, filed August 10, 2004 ; USSN: 10/946,873, filed September 21, 2004 ; USSN: 10/833,934, filed August 3, 2007 ; USSN: 11/115,989 filed April 27, 2005 and USSN: 11/944,227 filed November 21, 2007 .

When two or more ligands are present, the ligands can all have same properties, all have different properties or some ligands have the same properties while others have different properties. For example, a ligand can have targeting properties, have endosomolytic activity or have PK modulating properties. In one case, all the ligands have different properties.

Ligands can be coupled to the oligonucleotides at various places, for example, 3'-end, 5'-end, and/or at an internal position. In some cases, the ligand is attached to the oligonucleotides via an intervening tether, e.g., a carrier described herein. The ligand or tethered ligand may be present on a monomer when the monomer is incorporated into the growing strand. In some cases, the ligand may be incorporated via coupling to a "precursor" monomer after the "precursor" monomer has been incorporated into the growing strand. For example, a monomer having, e.g., an amino-terminated tether (i.e., having no associated ligand), e.g., TAP-(CH₂)_nNH₂ may be incorporated into a growing oligonucleotides strand. In a subsequent operation, i.e., after incorporation of the precursor monomer into the strand, a ligand having an electrophilic group, e.g., a pentafluorophenyl ester or aldehyde group, can subsequently be attached to the precursor monomer by coupling the electrophilic group of the ligand with the terminal nucleophilic group of the precursor monomer's tether.

In another example, a monomer having a chemical group suitable for taking part in Click Chemistry reaction may be incorporated, e.g., an azide or alkyne terminated tether/linker. In a subsequent operation, i.e., after incorporation of the precursor monomer into the strand, a ligand having complementary chemical group, e.g. an alkyne or azide can be attached to the precursor monomer by coupling the alkyne and the azide together.

In some cases, a ligand can be conjugated to nucleobases, sugar moieties, or internucleosidic linkages of nucleic acid molecules. Conjugation to purine nucleobases or derivatives thereof can occur at any position including, endocyclic and exocyclic atoms. In some cases, the 2-, 6-, 7-, or 8-positions of a purine nucleobase are attached to a conjugate moiety. Conjugation to pyrimidine nucleobases or derivatives thereof can also occur at any position. In some cases, the 2-, 5-, and 6-positions of a pyrimidine nucleobase can be substituted with a conjugate moiety. Conjugation to sugar moieties of nucleosides can occur at any carbon atom. Example carbon atoms of a sugar moiety that can be attached to a conjugate moiety include the 2', 3', and 5' carbon atoms. The 1' position can also be attached to a conjugate moiety, such as in an abasic residue. Internucleosidic linkages can also bear conjugate moieties. For phosphorus-containing linkages (e.g., phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithiotate, phosphoroamidate, and the like), the conjugate moiety can be attached directly to the phosphorus atom or to an O, N, or S atom bound to the phosphorus atom. For amine- or amide-containing internucleosidic linkages (e.g., PNA), the conjugate moiety can be attached to the nitrogen atom of the amine or amide or to an adjacent carbon atom.

GalNAc ligands and linkers

In some case, an siRNA targeting an HAO1 gene is conjugated to a carbohydrate e.g. monosaccharide (such as GalNAc), disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, polysaccharide. In some cases, the siRNA is conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand. The enhances efficient delivery to hepatocytes following subcutaneous administration. Methods of conjugation of carbohydrates, e.g., N-acetylgalactosamine, to, e.g., an siRNA are well known to one of skill in the art. Examples can be found in US8,106,022 and WO2014/025805 .

In some cases, an siRNA targeting an HAO1 gene is conjugated to a ligand, e.g., to GalNAc, via a linker. For example, the ligand can be one or more GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) derivatives attached through a bivalent or trivalent branched linker.

In one case, the dsRNA of the disclosure is conjugated to a bivalent and trivalent branched linkers include the structures shown in any of formula (IV) - (VII): or, wherein:

q2A, q2B, q3A, q3B, q4A, q4B, q5A , q5B and q5C represent independently for each occurrence 0-20 and wherein the repeating unit can be the same or different;
P2A, P2B, P3A, P3B, P4A, P4B, P5A, P5B, P5C, T2A, T2B, T3A, T3B, T4A, T4B, T4A, T5B, T5C are each independently for each occurrence absent, CO, NH, O, S, OC(O), NHC(O), CH2, CH2NH or CH2O;
Q2A, Q2B, Q3A, Q3B, Q4A, Q4B, Q5A, Q5B, Q5C are independently for each occurrence absent, alkylene, substituted alkylene wherein one or more methylenes can be interrupted or terminated by one or more of O, S, S(O), SO2, N(RN), C(R')=C(R"), C=C or C(O);
R2A, R2B, R3A, R3B, R4A, R4B, R5A, R5B, R5C are each independently for each occurrence absent, NH, O, S, CH2, C(O)O, C(O)NH, NHCH(Ra)C(O), -C(O)-CH(Ra)-NH-, or heterocyclyl;
L2A, L2B, L3A, L3B, L4A, L4B, L5A, L5B and L5C represent the ligand; i.e. each independently for each occurrence a monosaccharide (such as GalNAc), disaccharide, trisaccharide, tetrasaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide; and
Ra is H or amino acid side chain.

Trivalent conjugating GalNAc derivatives are particularly useful for use with RNAi agents for inhibiting the expression of a target gene, such as those of formula (VII): wherein L^5A, L^5B and L^5C represent a monosaccharide, such as GalNAc derivative.

Examples of suitable bivalent and trivalent branched linker groups conjugating GalNAc derivatives include, but are not limited to, the following compounds: or

Additional ligands

In some cases the ligand is selected from one of the following: and

III. Delivery of an iRNA

The delivery of an iRNA agent of the disclosure to a cell e.g., a cell within a subject, such as a human subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof, such as a subject having a HAO1 associated disorder)can be achieved in a number of different ways. For example, delivery may be performed by contacting a cell with an iRNA of the disclosure either in vitro or in vivo. In vivo delivery may also be performed directly by administering a composition comprising an iRNA, e.g., a dsRNA, to a subject. Alternatively, in vivo delivery may be performed indirectly by administering one or more vectors that encode and direct the expression of the iRNA. These alternatives are discussed further below.

In general, any method of delivering a nucleic acid molecule (in vitro or in vivo) can be adapted for use with an iRNA of the disclosure (see e.g., Akhtar S. and Julian RL. (1992) Trends Cell. Biol. 2(5):139-144 and WO94/02595 ). For in vivo delivery, factors to consider in order to deliver an iRNA molecule include, for example, biological stability of the delivered molecule, prevention of non-specific effects, and accumulation of the delivered molecule in the target tissue. The non-specific effects of an iRNA can be minimized by local administration, for example, by direct injection or implantation into a tissue or topically administering the preparation. Local administration to a treatment site maximizes local concentration of the agent, limits the exposure of the agent to systemic tissues that can otherwise be harmed by the agent or that can degrade the agent, and permits a lower total dose of the iRNA molecule to be administered. Several studies have shown successful knockdown of gene products when an iRNA is administered locally. For example, intraocular delivery of a VEGF dsRNA by intravitreal injection in cynomolgus monkeys (Tolentino, MJ., et al (2004) Retina 24:132-138) and subretinal injections in mice (Reich, SJ., et al (2003) Mol. Vis. 9:210-216) were both shown to prevent neovascularization in an experimental model of age-related macular degeneration. In addition, direct intratumoral injection of a dsRNA in mice reduces tumor volume (Pille, J., et al (2005) Mol. Ther.11:267-274) and can prolong survival of tumor-bearing mice (Kim, WJ., et al (2006) Mol. Ther. 14:343-350; Li, S., et al (2007) Mol. Ther. 15:515-523). RNA interference has also shown success with local delivery to the CNS by direct injection (Dorn, G., et al. (2004) Nucleic Acids 32:e49; Tan, PH., et al (2005) Gene Ther. 12:59-66; Makimura, H., et al (2002) BMC Neurosci. 3:18; Shishkina, GT., et al (2004) Neuroscience 129:521-528; Thakker, ER., et al (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101:17270-17275; Akaneya,Y., et al (2005) J. Neurophysiol. 93:594-602) and to the lungs by intranasal administration (Howard, KA., et al (2006) Mol. Ther. 14:476-484; Zhang, X., et al (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279:10677-10684; Bitko, V., et al (2005) Nat. Med. 11:50-55). For administering an iRNA systemically for the treatment of a disease, the RNA can be modified or alternatively delivered using a drug delivery system; both methods act to prevent the rapid degradation of the dsRNA by endo- and exo-nucleases in vivo. Modification of the RNA or the pharmaceutical carrier can also permit targeting of the iRNA composition to the target tissue and avoid undesirable off-target effects. iRNA molecules can be modified by chemical conjugation to lipophilic groups such as cholesterol to enhance cellular uptake and prevent degradation. For example, an iRNA directed against ApoB conjugated to a lipophilic cholesterol moiety was injected systemically into mice and resulted in knockdown of apoB mRNA in both the liver and jejunum (Soutschek, J., et al (2004) Nature 432:173-178). Conjugation of an iRNA to an aptamer has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and mediate tumor regression in a mouse model of prostate cancer (McNamara, JO., et al (2006) Nat. Biotechnol. 24:1005-1015). In an alternative case, the iRNA can be delivered using drug delivery systems such as a nanoparticle, a dendrimer, a polymer, liposomes, or a cationic delivery system. Positively charged cationic delivery systems facilitate binding of an iRNA molecule (negatively charged) and also enhance interactions at the negatively charged cell membrane to permit efficient uptake of an iRNA by the cell. Cationic lipids, dendrimers, or polymers can either be bound to an iRNA, or induced to form a vesicle or micelle (see e.g., Kim SH., et al (2008) Journal of Controlled Release 129(2):107-116) that encases an iRNA. The formation of vesicles or micelles further prevents degradation of the iRNA when administered systemically. Methods for making and administering cationic- iRNA complexes are well within the abilities of one skilled in the art (see e.g., Sorensen, DR., et al (2003) J. Mol. Biol 327:761-766; Verma, UN., et al (2003) Clin. Cancer Res. 9:1291-1300; Arnold, AS et al (2007) J. Hypertens. 25:197-205). Some non-limiting examples of drug delivery systems useful for systemic delivery of iRNAs include DOTAP (Sorensen, DR., et al (2003), supra; Verma, UN., et al (2003), supra), Oligofectamine, "solid nucleic acid lipid particles" (Zimmermann, TS., et al (2006) Nature 441:111-114), cardiolipin (Chien, PY., et al (2005) Cancer Gene Ther. 12:321-328; Pal, A., et al (2005) Int J. Oncol. 26:1087-1091), polyethyleneimine (Bonnet ME., et al (2008) Pharm. Res. Aug 16 Epub ahead of print; Aigner, A. (2006) J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 71659), Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides (Liu, S. (2006) Mol. Pharm. 3:472-487), and polyamidoamines (Tomalia, DA., et al (2007) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:61-67; Yoo, H., et al (1999) Pharm. Res. 16:1799-1804). In some cases, an iRNA forms a complex with cyclodextrin for systemic administration. Methods for administration and pharmaceutical compositions of iRNAs and cyclodextrins can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,427,605 .

Vector encoded iRNAsDisclosure

iRNA targeting the HAO1 gene can be expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors (see, e.g., Couture, A, et al., TIG. (1996), 12:5-10; Skillern, A., et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22113 , Conrad, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/22114 , and Conrad, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,299 ). Expression can be transient (on the order of hours to weeks) or sustained (weeks to months or longer), depending upon the specific construct used and the target tissue or cell type. These transgenes can be introduced as a linear construct, a circular plasmid, or a viral vector, which can be an integrating or non-integrating vector. The transgene can also be constructed to permit it to be inherited as an extrachromosomal plasmid (Gassmann, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) 92:1292).

The individual strand or strands of an iRNA can be transcribed from a promoter on an expression vector. Where two separate strands are to be expressed to generate, for example, a dsRNA, two separate expression vectors can be co-introduced (e.g., by transfection or infection) into a target cell. Alternatively each individual strand of a dsRNA can be transcribed by promoters both of which are located on the same expression plasmid. In one case, a dsRNA is expressed as inverted repeat polynucleotides joined by a linker polynucleotide sequence such that the dsRNA has a stem and loop structure.

iRNA expression vectors are generally DNA plasmids or viral vectors. Expression vectors compatible with eukaryotic cells, preferably those compatible with vertebrate cells, can be used to produce recombinant constructs for the expression of an iRNA as described herein. Eukaryotic cell expression vectors are well known in the art and are available from a number of commercial sources. Typically, such vectors are provided containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of the desired nucleic acid segment. Delivery of iRNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from the patient followed by reintroduction into the patient, or by any other means that allows for introduction into a desired target cell.

iRNA expression plasmids can be transfected into target cells as a complex with cationic lipid carriers (e.g., Oligofectamine) or non-cationic lipid-based carriers (e.g., Transit-TKO^™). Multiple lipid transfections for iRNA-mediated knockdowns targeting different regions of a target RNA over a period of a week or more are also contemplated by the disclosure. Successful introduction of vectors into host cells can be monitored using various known methods. For example, transient transfection can be signaled with a reporter, such as a fluorescent marker, such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Stable transfection of cells ex vivo can be ensured using markers that provide the transfected cell with resistance to specific environmental factors (e.g., antibiotics and drugs), such as hygromycin B resistance.

Viral vector systems which can be utilized with the methods and compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, (a) adenovirus vectors; (b) retrovirus vectors, including but not limited to lentiviral vectors, moloney murine leukemia virus, etc.; (c) adeno- associated virus vectors; (d) herpes simplex virus vectors; (e) SV 40 vectors; (f) polyoma virus vectors; (g) papilloma virus vectors; (h) picornavirus vectors; (i) pox virus vectors such as an orthopox, e.g., vaccinia virus vectors or avipox, e.g. canary pox or fowl pox; and (j) a helper-dependent or gutless adenovirus. Replication-defective viruses can also be advantageous. Different vectors will or will not become incorporated into the cells' genome. The constructs can include viral sequences for transfection, if desired. Alternatively, the construct can be incorporated into vectors capable of episomal replication, e.g. EPV and EBV vectors. Constructs for the recombinant expression of an iRNA will generally require regulatory elements, e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc., to ensure the expression of the iRNA in target cells. Other aspects to consider for vectors and constructs are further described below.

Vectors useful for the delivery of an iRNA will include regulatory elements (promoter, enhancer, etc.) sufficient for expression of the iRNA in the desired target cell or tissue. The regulatory elements can be chosen to provide either constitutive or regulated/inducible expression.

Expression of the iRNA can be precisely regulated, for example, by using an inducible regulatory sequence that is sensitive to certain physiological regulators, e.g., circulating glucose levels, or hormones (Docherty et al., 1994, FASEB J. 8:20-24). Such inducible expression systems, suitable for the control of dsRNA expression in cells or in mammals include, for example, regulation by ecdysone, by estrogen, progesterone, tetracycline, chemical inducers of dimerization, and isopropyl-beta-Dl - thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). A person skilled in the art would be able to choose the appropriate regulatory/promoter sequence based on the intended use of the iRNA transgene.

Viral vectors that contain nucleic acid sequences encoding an iRNA can be used. For example, a retroviral vector can be used (see Miller et al., Meth. Enzymol. 217:581-599 (1993)). These retroviral vectors contain the components necessary for the correct packaging of the viral genome and integration into the host cell DNA. The nucleic acid sequences encoding an iRNA are cloned into one or more vectors, which facilitate delivery of the nucleic acid into a patient. More detail about retroviral vectors can be found, for example, in Boesen et al., Biotherapy 6:291-302 (1994), which describes the use of a retroviral vector to deliver the mdr1 gene to hematopoietic stem cells in order to make the stem cells more resistant to chemotherapy. Other references illustrating the use of retroviral vectors in gene therapy are: Clowes et al., J. Clin. Invest. 93:644-651 (1994); Kiem et al., Blood 83:1467-1473 (1994); Salmons and Gunzberg, Human Gene Therapy 4:129-141 (1993); and Grossman and Wilson, Curr. Opin. in Genetics and Devel. 3:110-114 (1993). Lentiviral vectors contemplated for use include, for example, the HIV based vectors described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,143,520 ; 5,665,557 ; and 5,981,276 .

Adenoviruses are also contemplated for use in delivery of iRNAs of the disclosure. Adenoviruses are especially attractive vehicles, e.g., for delivering genes to respiratory epithelia. Adenoviruses naturally infect respiratory epithelia where they cause a mild disease. Other targets for adenovirus-based delivery systems are liver, the central nervous system, endothelial cells, and muscle. Adenoviruses have the advantage of being capable of infecting non-dividing cells. Kozarsky and Wilson, Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 3:499-503 (1993) present a review of adenovirus-based gene therapy. Bout et al., Human Gene Therapy 5:3-10 (1994) demonstrated the use of adenovirus vectors to transfer genes to the respiratory epithelia of rhesus monkeys. Other instances of the use of adenoviruses in gene therapy can be found in Rosenfeld et al., Science 252:431-434 (1991); Rosenfeld et al., Cell 68:143-155 (1992); Mastrangeli et al., J. Clin. Invest. 91:225-234 (1993); PCT Publication WO94/12649 ; and Wang, et al., Gene Therapy 2:775-783 (1995). A suitable AV vector for expressing an iRNA of the disclosure, a method for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and a method for delivering the vector into target cells, are described in Xia H et al. (2002), Nat. Biotech. 20: 1006-1010.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors may also be used to delivery an iRNA of the disclosure (Walsh et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204:289-300 (1993); U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,146 ). In one case, the iRNA can be expressed as two separate, complementary single-stranded RNA molecules from a recombinant AAV vector having, for example, either the U6 or H1 RNA promoters, or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Suitable AAV vectors for expressing the dsRNA of the disclosure, methods for constructing the recombinant AV vector, and methods for delivering the vectors into target cells are described in Samulski R et al. (1987), J. Virol. 61: 3096-3101; Fisher K J et al. (1996), J. Virol, 70: 520-532; Samulski R et al. (1989), J. Virol. 63: 3822-3826; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941 ; International Patent Application No. WO 94/13788 ; and International Patent Application No. WO 93/24641 .

Another viral vector suitable for delivery of an iRNA of the disclosure is a pox virus such as a vaccinia virus, for example an attenuated vaccinia such as Modified Virus Ankara (MVA) or NYVAC, an avipox such as fowl pox or canary pox.

The tropism of viral vectors can be modified by pseudotyping the vectors with envelope proteins or other surface antigens from other viruses, or by substituting different viral capsid proteins, as appropriate. For example, lentiviral vectors can be pseudotyped with surface proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), rabies, Ebola, Mokola, and the like. AAV vectors can be made to target different cells by engineering the vectors to express different capsid protein serotypes; see, e.g., Rabinowitz J E et al. (2002), J Virol 76:791-801.

The pharmaceutical preparation of a vector can include the vector in an acceptable diluent, or can include a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.

IV. Pharmaceutical CompositionsDisclosure

The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the iRNAs of the disclosure. In one case, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing an iRNA, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions containing the iRNA are useful for treating a HAO1 associated disease or disorder. Such pharmaceutical compositions are formulated based on the mode of delivery.

The pharmaceutical compositions comprising RNAi agents of the disclosure may be, for example, solutions with or without a buffer, or compositions containing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Such compositions include, for example, aqueous or crystalline compositions, liposomal formulations, micellar formulations, emulsions, and gene therapy vectors.

In the methods of the disclosure, the RNAi agent may be administered in a solution. A free RNAi agent may be administered in an unbuffered solution, e.g., in saline or in water. Alternatively, the free siRNA may also be administered in a suitable buffer solution. The buffer solution may comprise acetate, citrate, prolamine, carbonate, or phosphate, or any combination thereof. In one case, the buffer solution is phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The pH and osmolarity of the buffer solution containing the RNAi agent can be adjusted such that it is suitable for administering to a subject.

In some cases, the buffer solution further comprises an agent for controlling the osmolarity of the solution, such that the osmolarity is kept at a desired value, e.g., at the physiologic values of the human plasma. Solutes which can be added to the buffer solution to control the osmolarity include, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, amino acids, non-metabolized polymers, vitamins, ions, sugars, metabolites, organic acids, lipids, or salts. In some cases, the agent for controlling the osmolarity of the solution is a salt. In certain cases, the agent for controlling the osmolarity of the solution is sodium chloride or potassium chloride.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may be administered in dosages sufficient to inhibit expression of a HAO1 gene.

Dosages

In general, a suitable dose of an iRNA of the disclosure will be in the range of about 0.001 to about 200.0 milligrams per kilogram body weight of the recipient per day, generally in the range of about 0.1 to 10 or 1 to 50 mg per kilogram body weight per day. For example, the dsRNA can be administered at about 0.01 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 1.5 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 9 mg/kg about 10 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, or about 50 mg/kg per single dose.

In another case, the RNAi agent, e.g., dsRNA, is administered at a dose of about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.25 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.75 to about 50 mg/kg, about 1 to about 50 mg/mg, about 1.5 to about 50 mg/kb, about 2 to about 50 mg/kg, about 2.5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 3 to about 50 mg/kg, about 3.5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 4 to about 50 mg/kg, about 4.5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 7.5 to about 50 mg/kg, about 10 to about 50 mg/kg, about 15 to about 50 mg/kg, about 20 to about 50 mg/kg, about 20 to about 50 mg/kg, about 25 to about 50 mg/kg, about 25 to about 50 mg/kg, about 30 to about 50 mg/kg, about 35 to about 50 mg/kg, about 40 to about 50 mg/kg, about 45 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 45 mg/kg, about 0.25 to about 45 mg/kg, about 0.5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 0.75 to about 45 mg/kg, about 1 to about 45 mg/mg, about 1.5 to about 45 mg/kb, about 2 to about 45 mg/kg, about 2.5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 3 to about 45 mg/kg, about 3.5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 4 to about 45 mg/kg, about 4.5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 7.5 to about 45 mg/kg, about 10 to about 45 mg/kg, about 15 to about 45 mg/kg, about 20 to about 45 mg/kg, about 20 to about 45 mg/kg, about 25 to about 45 mg/kg, about 25 to about 45 mg/kg, about 30 to about 45 mg/kg, about 35 to about 45 mg/kg, about 40 to about 45 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 40 mg/kg, about 0.25 to about 40 mg/kg, about 0.5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 0.75 to about 40 mg/kg, about 1 to about 40 mg/mg, about 1.5 to about 40 mg/kb, about 2 to about 40 mg/kg, about 2.5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 3 to about 40 mg/kg, about 3.5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 4 to about 40 mg/kg, about 4.5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 7.5 to about 40 mg/kg, about 10 to about 40 mg/kg, about 15 to about 40 mg/kg, about 20 to about 40 mg/kg, about 20 to about 40 mg/kg, about 25 to about 40 mg/kg, about 25 to about 40 mg/kg, about 30 to about 40 mg/kg, about 35 to about 40 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 30 mg/kg, about 0.25 to about 30 mg/kg, about 0.5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 0.75 to about 30 mg/kg, about 1 to about 30 mg/mg, about 1.5 to about 30 mg/kb, about 2 to about 30 mg/kg, about 2.5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 3 to about 30 mg/kg, about 3.5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 4 to about 30 mg/kg, about 4.5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 7.5 to about 30 mg/kg, about 10 to about 30 mg/kg, about 15 to about 30 mg/kg, about 20 to about 30 mg/kg, about 20 to about 30 mg/kg, about 25 to about 30 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 20 mg/kg, about 0.25 to about 20 mg/kg, about 0.5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 0.75 to about 20 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/mg, about 1.5 to about 20 mg/kb, about 2 to about 20 mg/kg, about 2.5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 3 to about 20 mg/kg, about 3.5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 4 to about 20 mg/kg, about 4.5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 7.5 to about 20 mg/kg, about 10 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 15 to about 20 mg/kg. Values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure.

For example, the RNAi agent, e.g., dsRNA, may be administered at a dose of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or about 50 mg/kg. Values and ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure.

In certain cases of the disclosure, for example, when a double-stranded RNAi agent includes modifications (e.g., one or more motifs of three identical modifications on three consecutive nucleotides, including one such motif at or near the cleavage site of the agent), six phosphorothioate linkages, and a ligand, such an agent is administered at a dose of about 0.01 to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.01 to about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.01 to about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.01 to about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.01 to about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.08 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.07 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.06 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.02 to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.02 to about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.02 to about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.02 to about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.02 to about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg to about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg to about 0.08 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg to about 0.07 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg to about 0.06 mg/kg, about 0.02 mg/kg to about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.03 to about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg to about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg to about 0.08 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg to about 0.07 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg to about 0.06 mg/kg, about 0.03 mg/kg to about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.04 to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.04 to about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.04 to about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.04 to about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.04 to about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.04 mg/kg to about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.04 mg/kg to about 0.08 mg/kg, about 0.04 mg/kg to about 0.07 mg/kg, about 0.04 mg/kg to about 0.06 mg/kg, about 0.05 to about 0.5 mg/kg, about 0.05 to about 0.4 mg/kg, about 0.05 to about 0.3 mg/kg, about 0.05 to about 0.2 mg/kg, about 0.05 to about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg to about 0.09 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg to about 0.08 mg/kg, or about 0.05 mg/kg to about 0.07 mg/kg. Values and ranges intermediate to the foregoing recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure, e.g.,, the RNAi agent may be administered to the subject at a dose of about 0.015 mg/kg to about 0.45 mg/mg.

For example, the RNAi agent, e.g., RNAi agent in a pharmaceutical composition, may be administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg/kg, 0.0125 mg/kg, 0.015 mg/kg, 0.0175 mg/kg, 0.02 mg/kg, 0.0225 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg, 0.0275 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 0.0325 mg/kg, 0.035 mg/kg, 0.0375 mg/kg, 0.04 mg/kg, 0.0425 mg/kg, 0.045 mg/kg, 0.0475 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.0525 mg/kg, 0.055 mg/kg, 0.0575 mg/kg, 0.06 mg/kg, 0.0625 mg/kg, 0.065 mg/kg, 0.0675 mg/kg, 0.07 mg/kg, 0.0725 mg/kg, 0.075 mg/kg, 0.0775 mg/kg, 0.08 mg/kg, 0.0825 mg/kg, 0.085 mg/kg, 0.0875 mg/kg, 0.09 mg/kg, 0.0925 mg/kg, 0.095 mg/kg, 0.0975 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.125 mg/kg, 0.15 mg/kg, 0.175 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.225 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, 0.275 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.325 mg/kg, 0.35 mg/kg, 0.375 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, 0.425 mg/kg, 0.45 mg/kg, 0.475 mg/kg, or about 0.5 mg/kg. Values intermediate to the foregoing recited values are also intended to be part of this disclosure.

Treatment regimens

The pharmaceutical composition can be administered once daily, or the iRNA can be administered as two, three, or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day or even using continuous infusion or delivery through a controlled release formulation. In that case, the iRNA contained in each sub-dose must be correspondingly smaller in order to achieve the total daily dosage. The dosage unit can also be compounded for delivery over several days, e.g., using a conventional sustained release formulation which provides sustained release of the iRNA over a several day period. Sustained release formulations are well known in the art and are particularly useful for delivery of agents at a particular site, such as could be used with the agents of the present disclosure. In this case, the dosage unit contains a corresponding multiple of the daily dose.

In other cases, a single dose of the pharmaceutical compositions can be long lasting, such that subsequent doses are administered at not more than 3, 4, or 5 day intervals, or at not more than 1, 2, 3, or 4 week intervals. In some cases of the disclosure, a single dose of the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure is administered once per week. In other cases of the disclosure, a single dose of the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure is administered bi-monthly.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors can influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition can include a single treatment or a series of treatments. Estimates of effective dosages and in vivo half-lives for the individual iRNAs encompassed by the disclosure can be made using conventional methodologies.

Estimates of effective dosages and in vivo half-lives for the individual iRNAs encompassed by the disclosure can also be made on the basis of in vivo testing using an appropriate animal model. For example, advances in mouse genetics have generated a number of mouse models for the study of various human diseases, such as a disorder associated expression of HAO1. Such models can be used for in vivo testing of iRNA, as well as for determining a therapeutically effective dose. Suitable mouse models are known in the art and include, for example, the animal models described herein.

Administration methods

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration can be topical (e.g., by a transdermal patch), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal, oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; subdermal, e.g., via an implanted device; or intracranial, e.g., by intraparenchymal, intrathecal or intraventricular, administration

The iRNA can be delivered in a manner to target a particular tissue, such as the liver.

Formulations

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions can be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present disclosure, which can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, can be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present disclosure can also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions can further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension can also contain stabilizers.

The compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated for oral administration; parenteral, intraparenchymal (into the brain), intrathecal, intraventricular or intrahepatic administration, and/or topical administration.

Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders can be desirable. In some cases, oral formulations are those in which dsRNAs of the disclosure are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancer surfactants and chelators. Suitable surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Suitable bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate and sodium glycodihydrofusidate. Suitable fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., sodium). In some cases, combinations of penetration enhancers are used, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. One exemplary combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. DsRNAs of the disclosure can be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. DsRNA complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches. Suitable complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, protamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylaminomethylethylene P(TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g., p-amino), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAE-albumin and DEAE-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Oral formulations for dsRNAs and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. Patent 6,887,906 , US Publn. No. 20030027780 , and U.S. Patent No. 6,747,014 .

Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intraparenchymal (into the brain), intrathecal, intraventricular or intrahepatic administration can include sterile aqueous solutions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration can include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like can be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like can also be useful. Suitable topical formulations include those in which the iRNAs of the disclosure are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Suitable lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g., dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g., dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g., dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). iRNAs of the disclosure can be encapsulated within liposomes or can form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, iRNAs can be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Suitable fatty acids and esters include but are not limited to arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C_1-20 alkyl ester (e.g., isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. Patent No. 6,747,014 .

iRNA Formulations Comprising Membranous Molecular Assemblies

An iRNA for use in the compositions and methods of the disclosure can be formulated for delivery in a membranous molecular assembly, e.g., a liposome or a micelle. As used herein, the term "liposome" refers to a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in at least one bilayer, e.g., one bilayer or a plurality of bilayers. Liposomes include unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles that have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the iRNA composition. The lipophilic material isolates the aqueous interior from an aqueous exterior, which typically does not include the iRNA composition, although in some examples, it may. Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomal bilayer fuses with bilayer of the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the internal aqueous contents that include the iRNA are delivered into the cell where the iRNA can specifically bind to a target RNA and can mediate RNAi. In some cases the liposomes are also specifically targeted, e.g., to direct the iRNA to particular cell types.

A liposome containing a RNAi agent can be prepared by a variety of methods. In one example, the lipid component of a liposome is dissolved in a detergent so that micelles are formed with the lipid component. For example, the lipid component can be an amphipathic cationic lipid or lipid conjugate. The detergent can have a high critical micelle concentration and may be nonionic. Exemplary detergents include cholate, CHAPS, octylglucoside, deoxycholate, and lauroyl sarcosine. The RNAi agent preparation is then added to the micelles that include the lipid component. The cationic groups on the lipid interact with the RNAi agent and condense around the RNAi agent to form a liposome. After condensation, the detergent is removed, e.g., by dialysis, to yield a liposomal preparation of RNAi agent.

If necessary a carrier compound that assists in condensation can be added during the condensation reaction, e.g., by controlled addition. For example, the carrier compound can be a polymer other than a nucleic acid (e.g., spermine or spermidine). pH can also adjusted to favor condensation.

Methods for producing stable polynucleotide delivery vehicles, which incorporate a polynucleotide/cationic lipid complex as structural components of the delivery vehicle, are further described in, e.g., WO 96/37194 . Liposome formation can also include one or more aspects of exemplary methods described in Felgner, P. L. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 8:7413-7417, 1987; U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,678 ; Bangham, et al. M. Mol. Biol. 23:238, 1965; Olson, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 557:9, 1979; Szoka, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 75: 4194, 1978; Mayhew, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775:169, 1984; Kim, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 728:339, 1983; and Fukunaga, et al. Endocrinol. 115:757, 1984. Commonly used techniques for preparing lipid aggregates of appropriate size for use as delivery vehicles include sonication and freeze-thaw plus extrusion (see, e.g., Mayer, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 858:161, 1986). Microfluidization can be used when consistently small (50 to 200 nm) and relatively uniform aggregates are desired (Mayhew, et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775:169, 1984). These methods are readily adapted to packaging RNAi agent preparations into liposomes.

Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged nucleic acid molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged nucleic acid/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap nucleic acids rather than complex with it. Since both the nucleic acid and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some nucleic acid is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver nucleic acids encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

Examples of other methods to introduce liposomes into cells in vitro and in vivo include U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,185 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,678 ; WO 94/00569 ; WO 93/24640 ; WO 91/16024 ; Felgner, J. Biol. Chem. 269:2550, 1994; Nabel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:11307, 1993; Nabel, Human Gene Ther. 3:649, 1992; Gershon, Biochem. 32:7143, 1993; and Strauss EMBO J. 11:417, 1992.

Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome^™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome^™ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporine A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S. T.P.Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4(6) 466).

Liposomes also include "sterically stabilized" liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid'portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G_M1, or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).

Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G_M1, galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924 , both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G_M1 or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al .) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al ).

In one case, cationic liposomes are used. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell membrane. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the plasma membrane, are taken up by macrophages in vivo and can be used to deliver RNAi agents to macrophages.

Further advantages of liposomes include: liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated RNAi agents in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in "Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms," Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

A positively charged synthetic cationic lipid, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) can be used to form small liposomes that interact spontaneously with nucleic acid to form lipid-nucleic acid complexes which are capable of fusing with the negatively charged lipids of the cell membranes of tissue culture cells, resulting in delivery of RNAi agent (see, e.g., Felgner, P. L. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 8:7413-7417, 1987 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355 for a description of DOTMA and its use with DNA).

A DOTMA analogue, 1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonia)propane (DOTAP) can be used in combination with a phospholipid to form DNA-complexing vesicles. Lipofectin^™ Bethesda Research Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Md.) is an effective agent for the delivery of highly anionic nucleic acids into living tissue culture cells that comprise positively charged DOTMA liposomes which interact spontaneously with negatively charged polynucleotides to form complexes. When enough positively charged liposomes are used, the net charge on the resulting complexes is also positive. Positively charged complexes prepared in this way spontaneously attach to negatively charged cell surfaces, fuse with the plasma membrane, and efficiently deliver functional nucleic acids into, for example, tissue culture cells. Another commercially available cationic lipid, 1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3,3-(trimethylammonia)propane ("DOTAP") (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana) differs from DOTMA in that the oleoyl moieties are linked by ester, rather than ether linkages.

Other reported cationic lipid compounds include those that have been conjugated to a variety of moieties including, for example, carboxyspermine which has been conjugated to one of two types of lipids and includes compounds such as 5-carboxyspermylglycine dioctaoleoylamide ("DOGS") (Transfectam^™, Promega, Madison, Wisconsin) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine 5-carboxyspermyl-amide ("DPPES") (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,678 ).

Another cationic lipid conjugate includes derivatization of the lipid with cholesterol ("DC-Chol") which has been formulated into liposomes in combination with DOPE (See, Gao, X. and Huang, L., Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:280, 1991). Lipopolylysine, made by conjugating polylysine to DOPE, has been reported to be effective for transfection in the presence of serum (Zhou, X. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1065:8, 1991). For certain cell lines, these liposomes containing conjugated cationic lipids, are said to exhibit lower toxicity and provide more efficient transfection than the DOTMA-containing compositions. Other commercially available cationic lipid products include DMRIE and DMRIE-HP (Vical, La Jolla, California) and Lipofectamine (DOSPA) (Life Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland). Other cationic lipids suitable for the delivery of oligonucleotides are described in WO 98/39359 and WO 96/37194 .

Liposomal formulations are particularly suited for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer RNAi agent into the skin. In some implementations, liposomes are used for delivering RNAi agent to epidermal cells and also to enhance the penetration of RNAi agent into dermal tissues, e.g., into skin. For example, the liposomes can be applied topically. Topical delivery of drugs formulated as liposomes to the skin has been documented (see, e.g., Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, vol. 2,405-410 and du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 18, 1992, 259-265; Mannino, R. J. and Fould-Fogerite, S., Biotechniques 6:682-690, 1988; Itani, T. et al. Gene 56:267-276. 1987; Nicolau, C. et al. Meth. Enz. 149:157-176, 1987; Straubinger, R. M. and Papahadjopoulos, D. Meth. Enz. 101:512-527, 1983; Wang, C. Y. and Huang, L., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7851-7855, 1987).

Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome II (glyceryl distearate/ cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver a drug into the dermis of mouse skin. Such formulations with RNAi agent are useful for treating a dermatological disorder.

Liposomes that include iRNA can be made highly deformable. Such deformability can enable the liposomes to penetrate through pore that are smaller than the average radius of the liposome. For example, transferosomes are a type of deformable liposomes. Transferosomes can be made by adding surface edge activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transferosomes that include RNAi agent can be delivered, for example, subcutaneously by infection in order to deliver RNAi agent to keratinocytes in the skin. In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. In addition, due to the lipid properties, these transferosomes can be self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores, e.g., in the skin), self-repairing, and can frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading.

Other formulations amenable to the present disclosure are described in United States provisional application serial Nos. 61/018,616, filed January 2, 2008 ; 61/018,611, filed January 2, 2008 ; 61/039,748, filed March 26, 2008 ; 61/047,087, filed April 22, 2008 and 61/051,528, filed May 8, 2008 . PCT application no PCT/US2007/080331, filed October 3, 2007 also describes formulations that are amenable to the present disclosure.

Transferosomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transferosomes can be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transferosomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g., they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transferosomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transferosomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transferosome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the "head") provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

The iRNA for use in the methods of the disclosure can also be provided as micellar formulations. "Micelles" are defined herein as a particular type of molecular assembly in which amphipathic molecules are arranged in a spherical structure such that all the hydrophobic portions of the molecules are directed inward, leaving the hydrophilic portions in contact with the surrounding aqueous phase. The converse arrangement exists if the environment is hydrophobic.

A mixed micellar formulation suitable for delivery through transdermal membranes may be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of the siRNA composition, an alkali metal C₈ to C₂₂ alkyl sulphate, and a micelle forming compounds. Exemplary micelle forming compounds include lecithin, hyaluronic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, chamomile extract, cucumber extract, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, monoolein, monooleates, monolaurates, borage oil, evening of primrose oil, menthol, trihydroxy oxo cholanyl glycine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, glycerin, polyglycerin, lysine, polylysine, triolein, polyoxyethylene ethers and analogues thereof, polidocanol alkyl ethers and analogues thereof, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, and mixtures thereof. The micelle forming compounds may be added at the same time or after addition of the alkali metal alkyl sulphate. Mixed micelles will form with substantially any kind of mixing of the ingredients but vigorous mixing in order to provide smaller size micelles.

In one method a first micellar composition is prepared which contains the siRNA composition and at least the alkali metal alkyl sulphate. The first micellar composition is then mixed with at least three micelle forming compounds to form a mixed micellar composition. In another method, the micellar composition is prepared by mixing the siRNA composition, the alkali metal alkyl sulphate and at least one of the micelle forming compounds, followed by addition of the remaining micelle forming compounds, with vigorous mixing.

Phenol and/or m-cresol may be added to the mixed micellar composition to stabilize the formulation and protect against bacterial growth. Alternatively, phenol and/or m-cresol may be added with the micelle forming ingredients. An isotonic agent such as glycerin may also be added after formation of the mixed micellar composition.

For delivery of the micellar formulation as a spray, the formulation can be put into an aerosol dispenser and the dispenser is charged with a propellant. The propellant, which is under pressure, is in liquid form in the dispenser. The ratios of the ingredients are adjusted so that the aqueous and propellant phases become one, i.e., there is one phase. If there are two phases, it is necessary to shake the dispenser prior to dispensing a portion of the contents, e.g., through a metered valve. The dispensed dose of pharmaceutical agent is propelled from the metered valve in a fine spray.

Propellants may include hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbons, hydrogen-containing fluorocarbons, dimethyl ether and diethyl ether. In certain cases, HFA 134a (1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane) may be used.

The specific concentrations of the essential ingredients can be determined by relatively straightforward experimentation. For absorption through the oral cavities, it is often desirable to increase, e.g., at least double or triple, the dosage for through injection or administration through the gastrointestinal tract.

Lipid particles

The iRNAs, e.g., dsRNAs of in the disclosure may be fully encapsulated in a lipid formulation, e.g., a LNP, or other nucleic acid-lipid particle.

As used herein, the term "LNP" refers to a stable nucleic acid-lipid particle. LNPs contain a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, and a lipid that prevents aggregation of the particle (e.g., a PEG-lipid conjugate). LNPs are extremely useful for systemic applications, as they exhibit extended circulation lifetimes following intravenous (i.v.) injection and accumulate at distal sites (e.g., sites physically separated from the administration site). LNPs include "pSPLP," which include an encapsulated condensing agent-nucleic acid complex as set forth in PCT Publication No. WO 00/03683 . The particles of the present disclosure typically have a mean diameter of about 50 nm to about 150 nm, more typically about 60 nm to about 130 nm, more typically about 70 nm to about 110 nm, most typically about 70 nm to about 90 nm, and are substantially nontoxic. In addition, the nucleic acids when present in the nucleic acid- lipid particles of the present disclosure are resistant in aqueous solution to degradation with a nuclease. Nucleic acid-lipid particles and their method of preparation are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,976,567 ; 5,981,501 ; 6,534,484 ; 6,586,410 ; 6,815,432 ; U.S. Publication No. 2010/0324120 and PCT Publication No. WO 96/40964 .

In one case, the lipid to drug ratio (mass/mass ratio) (e.g., lipid to dsRNA ratio) will be in the range of from about 1:1 to about 50:1, from about 1:1 to about 25:1, from about 3:1 to about 15:1, from about 4:1 to about 10:1, from about 5:1 to about 9:1, or about 6:1 to about 9:1. Ranges intermediate to the above recited ranges are also contemplated to be part of the disclosure.

The cationic lipid can be, for example, N,N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC), N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), N-(I -(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP), N-(I -(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA), N,N-dimethyl-2,3-dioleyloxy)propylamine (DODMA), 1,2-DiLinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA), 1,2-Dilinoleylcarbamoyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-C-DAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyoxy-3-(dimethylamino)acetoxypropane (DLin-DAC), 1,2-Dilinoleyoxy-3-morpholinopropane (DLin-MA), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDAP), 1,2-Dilinoleylthio-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-S-DMA), 1-Linoleoyl-2-linoleyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLin-2-DMAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxy-3-trimethylaminopropane chloride salt (DLin-TMA.Cl), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-trimethylaminopropane chloride salt (DLin-TAP.Cl), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxy-3-(N-methylpiperazino)propane (DLin-MPZ), or 3-(N,N-Dilinoleylamino)-1,2-propanediol (DLinAP), 3-(N,N-Dioleylamino)-1,2-propanedio (DOAP), 1,2-Dilinoleyloxo-3-(2-N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxypropane (DLin-EG-DMA), 1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA) or analogs thereof, (3aR,5s,6aS)-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienyl)tetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-5-amine (ALN100), (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino)butanoate (MC3), 1,1'-(2-(4-(2-((2-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)ethyl)(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethylazanediyl)didodecan-2-ol (Tech G1), or a mixture thereof. The cationic lipid can comprise from about 20 mol % to about 50 mol % or about 40 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.

In another case, the compound 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane can be used to prepare lipid-siRNA nanoparticles. Synthesis of 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane is described in International application no. PCT/US2009/061897 , published as WO/2010/048536 .

In one case, the lipid-siRNA particle includes 40% 2, 2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane: 10% DSPC: 40% Cholesterol: 10% PEG-C-DOMG (mole percent) with a particle size of 63.0 ± 20 nm and a 0.027 siRNA/Lipid Ratio.

The ionizable/non-cationic lipid can be an anionic lipid or a neutral lipid including, but not limited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl- phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1 -trans PE, 1 -stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), cholesterol, or a mixture thereof. The non-cationic lipid can be from about 5 mol % to about 90 mol %, about 10 mol %, or about 58 mol % if cholesterol is included, of the total lipid present in the particle.

The conjugated lipid that inhibits aggregation of particles can be, for example, a polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid including, without limitation, a PEG-diacylglycerol (DAG), a PEG-dialkyloxypropyl (DAA), a PEG-phospholipid, a PEG-ceramide (Cer), or a mixture thereof. The PEG-DAA conjugate can be, for example, a PEG-dilauryloxypropyl (Ci₂), a PEG-dimyristyloxypropyl (Ci₄), a PEG-dipalmityloxypropyl (Ci₆), or a PEG-distearyloxypropyl (C]₈). The conjugated lipid that prevents aggregation of particles can be from 0 mol % to about 20 mol % or about 2 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.

In some cases, the nucleic acid-lipid particle further includes cholesterol at, e.g., about 10 mol % to about 60 mol % or about 48 mol % of the total lipid present in the particle.

In one case, the lipidoid ND98·4HCl (MW 1487) (see U.S. Patent Application No. 12/056,230, filed 3/26/2008 ), Cholesterol (Sigma-Aldrich), and PEG-Ceramide C16 (Avanti Polar Lipids) can be used to prepare lipid-dsRNA nanoparticles (i.e., LNP01 particles). Stock solutions of each in ethanol can be prepared as follows: ND98, 133 mg/ml; Cholesterol, 25 mg/ml, PEG-Ceramide C16, 100 mg/ml. The ND98, Cholesterol, and PEG-Ceramide C16 stock solutions can then be combined in a, e.g., 42:48:10 molar ratio. The combined lipid solution can be mixed with aqueous dsRNA (e.g., in sodium acetate pH 5) such that the final ethanol concentration is about 35-45% and the final sodium acetate concentration is about 100-300 mM. Lipid-dsRNA nanoparticles typically form spontaneously upon mixing. Depending on the desired particle size distribution, the resultant nanoparticle mixture can be extruded through a polycarbonate membrane (e.g., 100 nm cutoff) using, for example, a thermobarrel extruder, such as Lipex Extruder (Northern Lipids, Inc). In some cases, the extrusion step can be omitted. Ethanol removal and simultaneous buffer exchange can be accomplished by, for example, dialysis or tangential flow filtration. Buffer can be exchanged with, for example, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at about pH 7, e.g., about pH 6.9, about pH 7.0, about pH 7.1, about pH 7.2, about pH 7.3, or about pH 7.4. LNP01 formulations are described, e.g., in International Application Publication No. WO 2008/042973 .

Additional exemplary lipid-dsRNA formulations are described in Table A.

Table A. Exemplary lipid dsRNA formulations

	Ionizable/Cationic Lipid	cationic lipid/non-cationic lipid/cholesterol/PEG-lipid conjugate Lipid:siRNA ratio
LNP_DLinDMA	1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA)	DLinDMA/DPPC/Cholesterol/PEG-cDMA (57.1/7.1/34.4/1.4) lipid:siRNA ∼ 7:1
2-XTC	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DPPC/Cholesterol/PEG-cDMA 57.1/7.1/34.4/1.4 lipid:siRNA ∼ 7:1
LNP05	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG- DMG 57.5/7.5/31.5/3.5 lipid:siRNA ∼ 6:1
LNP06	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG- DMG 57.5/7.5/31.5/3.5 lipid:siRNA ∼ 11:1
LNP07	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG- DMG 60/7.5/31/1.5, lipid:siRNA ∼ 6:1
LNP08	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG- DMG 60/7.5/31/1.5, lipid:siRNA ∼ 11: 1
LNP09	2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (XTC)	XTC/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG- DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA 10:1
LNP10	(3aR,5s,6aS)-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9 Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienyl)tetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-5-amine (ALN100)	ALN100/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA 10:1
LNP11	(6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino)butanoate (MC3)	MC-3/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA 10:1
LNP12	1,1'-(2-(4-(2-((2-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)ethyl)(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethylazanediyl)didodecan-2-ol (C12-200>	Tech G1/DSPC/Cholesterol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA 10:1
LNP13	XTC	XTC/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 33:1
LNP14	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DMG 40/15/40/5 Lipid:siRNA: 11:1
LNP15	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DSG/GalNAc-PEG-DSG 50/10/35/4.5/0.5 Lipid:siRNA: 11:1
LNP16	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 7:1
LNP17	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DSG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 10:1
LNP18	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DMG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 12:1
LNP19	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DMG 50/10/35/5 Lipid:siRNA: 8:1
LNP20	MC3	MC3/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DPG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 10:1
LNP21	C12-200	C12-200/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DSG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 7:1
LNP22	XTC	XTC/DSPC/Chol/PEG-DSG 50/10/38.5/1.5 Lipid:siRNA: 10:1

Abbreviations in Table A include the following: DSPC: distearoylphosphatidylcholine; DPPC: dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; PEG-DMG: PEG-didimyristoyl glycerol (C14-PEG, or PEG-C14) (PEG with avg mol wt of 2000); PEG-DSG: PEG-distyryl glycerol (C18-PEG, or PEG-C18) (PEG with avg mol wt of 2000); PEG-cDMA: PEG-carbamoyl-1,2-dimyristyloxypropylamine (PEG with avg mol wt of 2000).

DLinDMA (1,2-Dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethylaminopropane) comprising formulations are described in International Publication No. WO2009/127060, filed April 15, 2009 .

XTC comprising formulations are described, e.g., in U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/148,366, filed January 29, 2009 ; U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/156,851, filed March 2, 2009 ; U.S. Provisional Serial No. filed June 10, 2009; U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/228,373, filed July 24, 2009 ; U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/239,686, filed September 3, 2009 , and International Application No. PCT/US2010/022614, filed January 29, 2010 .

MC3 comprising formulations are described, e.g., in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0324120, filed June 10, 2010 .

ALNY-100 comprising formulations are described, e.g., International patent application number PCT/US09/63933, filed on November 10, 2009 .

C12-200 comprising formulations are described in U.S. Provisional Serial No. 61/175,770, filed May 5, 2009 and International Application No. PCT/US10/33777, filed May 5, 2010 .

Additional Formulations i. Emulsions

The compositions of the present disclosure can be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 µm in diameter (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions can be of either the water-in-oil (w/o) or the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase, the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase, the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions can contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which can be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and antioxidants can also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions can also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous phase provides an o/w/o emulsion.

Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion can be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that can be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers can broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants can be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that can readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used can be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of ease of formulation, as well as efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

ii. Microemulsions

In one case of the present disclosure, the compositions of iRNAs and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion can be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (see e.g., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Allen, LV., Popovich NG., and Ansel HC., 2004, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (8th ed.), New York, NY; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions can, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase can typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase can include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,191,105 ; 7,063,860 ; 7,070,802 ; 7,157,099 ; Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,191,105 ; 7,063,860 ; 7,070,802 ; 7,157,099 ; Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions can form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This can be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or iRNAs. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present disclosure will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of iRNAs and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of iRNAs and nucleic acids.

Microemulsions of the present disclosure can also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the iRNAs and nucleic acids of the present disclosure. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present disclosure can be classified as belonging to one of five broad categoriessurfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

iii. Microparticles

An RNAi agent of the disclosure may be incorporated into a particle, e.g., a microparticle. Microparticles can be produced by spray-drying, but may also be produced by other methods including lyophilization, evaporation, fluid bed drying, vacuum drying, or a combination of these techniques.

iv. Penetration Enhancers

In one case, the present disclosure employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly iRNAs, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs can cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

Penetration enhancers can be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (see e.g., Malmsten, M. Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery, Informa Health Care, New York, NY, 2002; Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.

Surfactants (or "surface-active agents") are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of iRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (see e.g., Malmsten, M. Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery, Informa Health Care, New York, NY, 2002; Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).

Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C_1-20 alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (see e.g., Touitou, E., et al. Enhancement in Drug Delivery, CRC Press, Danvers, MA, 2006; Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).

The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (see e.g., Malmsten, M. Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery, Informa Health Care, New York, NY, 2002; Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term "bile salts" includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. Suitable bile salts include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (see e.g., Malmsten, M. Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery, Informa Health Care, New York, NY, 2002; Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).

Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present disclosure, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of iRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present disclosure, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Suitable chelating agents include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(see e.g., Katdare, A. et al., Excipient development for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and drug delivery, CRC Press, Danvers, MA, 2006; Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).

As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of iRNAs through the alimentary mucosa (see e.g., Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers includes, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl-and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

Agents that enhance uptake of iRNAs at the cellular level can also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present disclosure. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin ( Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188 ), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine ( Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731 ), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of dsRNAs. Examples of commercially available transfection reagents include, for example Lipofectamine^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Lipofectamine 2000^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), 293fectin^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Cellfectin^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), DMRIE-C^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), FreeStyle^™ MAX (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Lipofectamine^™ 2000 CD (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Lipofectamine^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), RNAiMAX (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Oligofectamine^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), Optifect^™ (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), X-tremeGENE Q2 Transfection Reagent (Roche; Grenzacherstrasse, Switzerland), DOTAP Liposomal Transfection Reagent (Grenzacherstrasse, Switzerland), DOSPER Liposomal Transfection Reagent (Grenzacherstrasse, Switzerland), or Fugene (Grenzacherstrasse, Switzerland), Transfectam^® Reagent (Promega; Madison, WI), TransFast^™ Transfection Reagent (Promega; Madison, WI), Tfx^™-20 Reagent (Promega; Madison, WI), Tfx^™-50 Reagent (Promega; Madison, WI), DreamFect^™ (OZ Biosciences; Marseille, France), EcoTransfect (OZ Biosciences; Marseille, France), TransPass^a D1 Transfection Reagent (New England Biolabs; Ipswich, MA, USA), LyoVec^™/LipoGen^™ (Invitrogen; San Diego, CA, USA), PerFectin Transfection Reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), NeuroPORTER Transfection Reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), GenePORTER Transfection reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), GenePORTER 2 Transfection reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), Cytofectin Transfection Reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), BaculoPORTER Transfection Reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA), TroganPORTER^™ transfection Reagent (Genlantis; San Diego, CA, USA ), RiboFect (Bioline; Taunton, MA, USA), PlasFect (Bioline; Taunton, MA, USA), UniFECTOR (B-Bridge International; Mountain View, CA, USA), SureFECTOR (B-Bridge International; Mountain View, CA, USA), or HiFect^™ (B-Bridge International, Mountain View, CA, USA), among others.

Other agents can be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.

v. Carriers

Certain compositions of the present disclosure also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, "carrier compound" or "carrier" can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate dsRNA in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4'isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., DsRNA Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., DsRNA & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183.

vi. Excipients

In contrast to a carrier compound, a "pharmaceutical carrier" or "excipient" is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient can be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc).

Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present disclosure. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids can include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

vii. Other Components

The compositions of the present disclosure can additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions can contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or can contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present disclosure, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present disclosure. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

Aqueous suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension can also contain stabilizers.

In some cases, pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure include (a) one or more iRNA compounds and (b) one or more agents which function by a non-RNAi mechanism and which are useful in treating, e.g., PH1.

Testing of compositions

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.

The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of compositions described herein lies generally within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the methods described herein, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound or, when appropriate, of the polypeptide product of a target sequence (e.g., achieving a decreased concentration of the polypeptide) that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

In addition to their administration, as discussed above, the iRNAs described in the disclosure can be administered in combination with other known agents effective in treatment of pathological processes that are mediated by iron overload and that can be treated by inhibiting HAO1 expression. In any event, the administering physician can adjust the amount and timing of iRNA administration on the basis of results observed using standard measures of efficacy known in the art or described herein.

V. Methods For Inhibiting HAO1 Expression

The present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting expression of HAO1 (hydroxyacid oxidase 1) in a cell. The methods include contacting a cell with an RNAi agent, e.g., a double stranded RNAi agent, in an amount effective to inhibit expression of the HAO1 in the cell, thereby inhibiting expression of the HAO1 in the cell.

Contacting of a cell with a double stranded RNAi agent may be done in vitro or in vivo. Contacting a cell in vivo with the RNAi agent includes contacting a cell or group of cells within a subject, e.g., a human subject, with the RNAi agent. Combinations of in vitro and in vivo methods of contacting are also possible. Contacting may be direct or indirect, as discussed above. Furthermore, contacting a cell may be accomplished via a targeting ligand, including any ligand described herein or known in the art. In some cases, the targeting ligand is a carbohydrate moiety, e.g., a GalNAc₃ ligand, or any other ligand that directs the RNAi agent to a site of interest, e.g., the liver of a subject.

The term "inhibiting," as used herein, is used interchangeably with "reducing," "silencing," "downregulating" and other similar terms, and includes any level of inhibition.

The phrase "inhibiting expression of a HAO1" is intended to refer to inhibition of expression of any HAO1 gene (such as, e.g., a mouse HAO1 gene, a rat HAO1 gene, a monkey HAO1 gene, or a human HAO1 gene) as well as variants or mutants of a HAO1 gene. Thus, the HAO1 gene may be a wild-type HAO1 gene, a mutant HAO1 gene, or a transgenic HAO1 gene in the context of a genetically manipulated cell, group of cells, or organism.

"Inhibiting expression of a HAO1 gene" includes any level of inhibition of a HAO1 gene, e.g., at least partial suppression of the expression of a HAO1 gene. The expression of the HAO1 gene may be assessed based on the level, or the change in the level, of any variable associated with HAO1 gene expression, e.g., HAO1 mRNA level, HAO1 protein level. This level may be assessed in an individual cell or in a group of cells, including, for example, a sample derived from a subject.

Inhibition may be assessed by a decrease in an absolute or relative level of one or more variables that are associated with HAO1 expression compared with a control level. The control level may be any type of control level that is utilized in the art, e.g., a pre-dose baseline level, or a level determined from a similar subject, cell, or sample that is untreated or treated with a control (such as, e.g., buffer only control or inactive agent control).

In some cases of the methods of the disclosure, expression of a HAO1 gene is inhibited by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%. at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

Inhibition of the expression of a HAO1 gene may be manifested by a reduction of the amount of mRNA expressed by a first cell or group of cells (such cells may be present, for example, in a sample derived from a subject) in which a HAO1 gene is transcribed and which has or have been treated (e.g., by contacting the cell or cells with an RNAi agent of the disclosure, or by administering an RNAi agent of the disclosure to a subject in which the cells are or were present) such that the expression of a HAO1 gene is inhibited, as compared to a second cell or group of cells substantially identical to the first cell or group of cells but which has not or have not been so treated (control cell(s)). In some cases, the inhibition is assessed by expressing the level of mRNA in treated cells as a percentage of the level of mRNA in control cells, using the following formula:

Alternatively, inhibition of the expression of a HAO1 gene may be assessed in terms of a reduction of a parameter that is functionally linked to HAO1 gene expression, e.g., HAO1 protein expression. HAO1 gene silencing may be determined in any cell expressing HAO1, either constitutively or by genomic engineering, and by any assay known in the art. The liver is the major site of HAO1 expression. Other significant sites of expression include the kidneys and the uterus.

Inhibition of the expression of a HAO1 protein may be manifested by a reduction in the level of the HAO1 protein that is expressed by a cell or group of cells (e.g., the level of protein expressed in a sample derived from a subject). As explained above for the assessment of mRNA suppression, the inhibition of protein expression levels in a treated cell or group of cells may similarly be expressed as a percentage of the level of protein in a control cell or group of cells.

A control cell or group of cells that may be used to assess the inhibition of the expression of a HAO1 gene includes a cell or group of cells that has not yet been contacted with an RNAi agent of the disclosure. For example, the control cell or group of cells may be derived from an individual subject (e.g., a human or animal subject) prior to treatment of the subject with an RNAi agent.

The level of HAO1 mRNA that is expressed by a cell or group of cells may be determined using any method known in the art for assessing mRNA expression. In one case, the level of expression of HAO1 in a sample is determined by detecting a transcribed polynucleotide, or portion thereof, e.g., mRNA of the HAO1 gene. RNA may be extracted from cells using RNA extraction techniques including, for example, using acid phenol/guanidine isothiocyanate extraction (RNAzol B; Biogenesis), RNeasy RNA preparation kits (Qiagen) or PAXgene (PreAnalytix, Switzerland). Typical assay formats utilizing ribonucleic acid hybridization include nuclear run-on assays, RT-PCR, RNase protection assays (Melton et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 12:7035), Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and microarray analysis.

In one case, the level of expression of HAO1 is determined using a nucleic acid probe. The term "probe", as used herein, refers to any molecule that is capable of selectively binding to a specific HAO1. Probes can be synthesized by one of skill in the art, or derived from appropriate biological preparations. Probes may be specifically designed to be labeled. Examples of molecules that can be utilized as probes include, but are not limited to, RNA, DNA, proteins, antibodies, and organic molecules.

Isolated mRNA can be used in hybridization or amplification assays that include, but are not limited to, Southern or Northern analyses, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses and probe arrays. One method for the determination of mRNA levels involves contacting the isolated mRNA with a nucleic acid molecule (probe) that can hybridize to HAO1 mRNA. In one case, the mRNA is immobilized on a solid surface and contacted with a probe, for example by running the isolated mRNA on an agarose gel and transferring the mRNA from the gel to a membrane, such as nitrocellulose. In an alternative case, the probe(s) are immobilized on a solid surface and the mRNA is contacted with the probe(s), for example, in an Affymetrix gene chip array. A skilled artisan can readily adapt known mRNA detection methods for use in determining the level of HAO1 mRNA.

An alternative method for determining the level of expression of HAO1 in a sample involves the process of nucleic acid amplification and/or reverse transcriptase (to prepare cDNA) of for example mRNA in the sample, e.g., by RT-PCR (the experimental case set forth in Mullis, 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 ), ligase chain reaction (Barany (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:189-193), self-sustained sequence replication (Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874-1878), transcriptional amplification system (Kwoh et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173-1177), Q-Beta Replicase (Lizardi et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:1197), rolling circle replication ( Lizardi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,033 ) or any other nucleic acid amplification method, followed by the detection of the amplified molecules using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. These detection schemes are especially useful for the detection of nucleic acid molecules if such molecules are present in very low numbers. In particular aspects of the disclosure, the level of expression of HAO1 is determined by quantitative fluorogenic RT-PCR (i.e., the TaqMan^™ System).

The expression levels of HAO1 mRNA may be monitored using a membrane blot (such as used in hybridization analysis such as Northern, Southern, dot, and the like), or microwells, sample tubes, gels, beads or fibers (or any solid support comprising bound nucleic acids). See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,770,722 , 5,874,219 , 5,744,305 , 5,677,195 and 5,445,934 . The determination of HAO1 expression level may also comprise using nucleic acid probes in solution.

In some cases, the level of mRNA expression is assessed using branched DNA (bDNA) assays or real time PCR (qPCR). The use of these methods is described and exemplified in the Examples presented herein.

The level of HAO1 protein expression may be determined using any method known in the art for the measurement of protein levels. Such methods include, for example, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), hyperdiffusion chromatography, fluid or gel precipitin reactions, absorption spectroscopy, a colorimetric assays, spectrophotometric assays, flow cytometry, immunodiffusion (single or double), immunoelectrophoresis, Western blotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), immunofluorescent assays, electrochemiluminescence assays, and the like.

The term "sample" as used herein refers to a collection of similar fluids, cells, or tissues isolated from a subject, as well as fluids, cells, or tissues present within a subject. Examples of biological fluids include blood, serum and serosal fluids, plasma, lymph, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, ocular fluids, and the like. Tissue samples may include samples from tissues, organs or localized regions. For example, samples may be derived from particular organs, parts of organs, or fluids or cells within those organs. In certain cases, samples may be derived from the liver (e.g., whole liver or certain segments of liver or certain types of cells in the liver, such as, e.g., hepatocytes). In some cases, a "sample derived from a subject" refers to blood or plasma drawn from the subject. In further cases, a "sample derived from a subject" refers to liver tissue derived from the subject.

In some cases of the methods of the disclosure, the RNAi agent is administered to a subject such that the RNAi agent is delivered to a specific site within the subject. The inhibition of expression of HAO1 may be assessed using measurements of the level or change in the level of HAO1 mRNA or HAO1 protein in a sample derived from fluid or tissue from the specific site within the subject. In some cases, the site is the liver. The site may also be a subsection or subgroup of cells from any one of the aforementioned sites. The site may also include cells that express a particular type of receptor.

VI. Methods for Treating or Preventing a HAO1 Associated Disorder

The present disclosure also provides methods for treating or preventing diseases and conditions that can be modulated by HAO1 gene expression. For example, the compositions described herein can be used to treat any disorder associated with PH1.

Efficacy of treatment or prevention of disease can be assessed, for example by measuring disease progression, disease remission, symptom severity, reduction in pain, quality of life, dose of a medication required to sustain a treatment effect, level of a disease marker or any other measurable parameter appropriate for a given disease being treated or targeted for prevention. It is well within the ability of one skilled in the art to monitor efficacy of treatment or prevention by measuring any one of such parameters, or any combination of parameters.

A treatment or preventive effect is evident when there is a statistically significant improvement in one or more parameters of disease status, or by a failure to worsen or to develop symptoms where they would otherwise be anticipated. As an example, a favorable change of at least 10% in a measurable parameter of disease, and preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more can be indicative of effective treatment. Efficacy for a given iRNA drug or formulation of that drug can also be judged using an experimental animal model for the given disease as known in the art. When using an experimental animal model, efficacy of treatment is evidenced when a statistically significant reduction in a marker or symptom is observed.

Alternatively, the efficacy can be measured by a reduction in the severity of disease as determined by one skilled in the art of diagnosis based on a clinically accepted disease severity grading scale.

In some cases of the methods of the disclosure, HAO1 expression is decreased for an extended duration, e.g., at least one week, two weeks, three weeks, or four weeks or longer. For example, in certain instances, expression of the HAO1 gene is suppressed by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 100% by administration of an iRNA agent described herein. In some cases, the HAO1 gene is suppressed by at least about 60%, 70%, or 80% by administration of the iRNA agent. In some cases, the HAO1 gene is suppressed by at least about 85%, 90%, or 95% by administration of the double-stranded oligonucleotide. In another case, the HAO1 gene remains suppressed for 7 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, or more following administration.

Administration

The RNAi agents of the disclosure may be administered to a subject using any mode of administration known in the art, including, but not limited to subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraocular, intrabronchial, intrapleural, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, lymphatic, cerebrospinal, and any combinations thereof. In some cases, the agents are administered subcutaneously.

In some cases, the administration is via a depot injection. A depot injection may release the RNAi agent in a consistent way over a prolonged time period. Thus, a depot injection may reduce the frequency of dosing needed to obtain a desired effect, e.g., a desired inhibition of HAO1, or a therapeutic or prophylactic effect. A depot injection may also provide more consistent serum concentrations. Depot injections may include subcutaneous injections or intramuscular injections. In some cases, the depot injection is a subcutaneous injection.

In some cases, the administration is via a pump. The pump may be an external pump or a surgically implanted pump. In certain cases, the pump is a subcutaneously implanted osmotic pump. In other cases, the pump is an infusion pump. An infusion pump may be used for intravenous, subcutaneous, arterial, or epidural infusions. In some cases, the infusion pump is a subcutaneous infusion pump. In other cases, the pump is a surgically implanted pump that delivers the RNAi agent to the liver.

Other modes of administration include epidural, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, nasal administration, intraarterial, intracardiac, intraosseous infusion, intrathecal, and intravitreal, and pulmonary. The mode of administration may be chosen based upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and based upon the area to be treated. The route and site of administration may be chosen to enhance targeting.

The method includes administering an iRNA agent, e.g., a dose sufficient to depress levels of HAO1 mRNA for at least 5, more preferably 7, 10, 14, 21, 25, 30 or 40 days; and optionally, administering a second single dose of dsRNA, wherein the second single dose is administered at least 5, more preferably 7, 10, 14, 21, 25, 30 or 40 days after the first single dose is administered, thereby inhibiting the expression of the HAO1 gene in a subject.

In one case, doses of iRNA agent of the disclosure are administered not more than once every four weeks, not more than once every three weeks, not more than once every two weeks, or not more than once every week. In another case, the administrations can be maintained for one, two, three, or six months, or one year or longer. In another embodiment, doses of iRNA agent of the invention are administered once a week for three weeks.

In general, the iRNA agent does not activate the immune system, e.g., it does not increase cytokine levels, such as TNF-alpha or IFN-alpha levels. For example, when measured by an assay, such as an in vitro PBMC assay, such as described herein, the increase in levels of TNF-alpha or IFN-alpha, is less than 30%, 20%, or 10% of control cells treated with a control dsRNA, such as a dsRNA that does not target HAO1.

For example, a subject can be administered a therapeutic amount of an iRNA agent, such as 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, or 3 mg/kg of dsRNA. The iRNA agent can be administered by intravenous infusion over a period of time, such as over a 5 minute, 10 minute, 15 minute, 20 minute, or 25 minute period. The administration is repeated, for example, on a regular basis, such as biweekly (i.e., every two weeks) for one month, two months, three months, four months or longer. After an initial treatment regimen, the treatments can be administered on a less frequent basis. For example, after administration biweekly for three months, administration can be repeated once per month, for six months or a year or longer. Administration of the iRNA agent can reduce HAO1 levels, e.g., in a cell, tissue, blood, urine or other compartment of the patient by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80 % or at least 90% or more.

Before administration of a full dose of the iRNA agent, patients can be administered a smaller dose, such as a dose resulting in less than 5% infusion reaction, and monitored for adverse effects, such as an allergic reaction, or for elevated lipid levels or blood pressure. In another example, the patient can be monitored for unwanted immunostimulatory effects, such as increased cytokine (e.g., TNF-alpha or INF-alpha) levels.

A patient in need of a HAO1 RNAi agent may be identified by taking a family history. A healthcare provider, such as a doctor, nurse, or family member, can take a family history before prescribing or administering a HAO1 dsRNA. A DNA test may also be performed on the patient to identify a mutation in the AGT1 gene, before a HAO1 RNAi agent is administered to the patient. Diagnosis of PH1 can be confirmed by any test well-known to one of skill in the art.

A treatment or preventive effect is evident when there is a statistically significant improvement in one or more parameters of disease status, or by a failure to worsen or to develop symptoms where they would otherwise be anticipated. As an example, a favorable change of at least 10% in a measurable parameter of disease, and preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more can be indicative of effective treatment. Efficacy for a given iRNA agent of the disclosure or formulation of that iRNA agent can also be judged using an experimental animal model for the given disease as known in the art. When using an experimental animal model, efficacy of treatment is evidenced when a statistically significant reduction in a marker or symptom is observed.

The dose of an RNAi agent that is administered to a subject may be tailored to balance the risks and benefits of a particular dose, for example, to achieve a desired level of HAO1 gene suppression (as assessed, e.g., based on HAO1 mRNA suppression, HAO1 protein expression, or a reduction in oxalate levels) or a desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, while at the same time avoiding undesirable side effects.

In some embodiments, the RNAi agent is administered in two or more doses. If desired to facilitate repeated or frequent infusions, implantation of a delivery device, e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable. In some cases, the number or amount of subsequent doses is dependent on the achievement of a desired effect, e.g., the suppression of a HAO1 gene, or the achievement of a therapeutic or prophylactic effect, e.g., reducing iron overload. In some cases, the RNAi agent is administered according to a schedule. For example, the RNAi agent may be administered once per week, twice per week, three times per week, four times per week, or five times per week. In some cases, the schedule involves regularly spaced administrations, e.g., hourly, every four hours, every six hours, every eight hours, every twelve hours, daily, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, every 5 days, weekly, biweekly, or monthly. In other cases, the schedule involves closely spaced administrations followed by a longer period of time during which the agent is not administered. For example, the schedule may involve an initial set of doses that are administered in a relatively short period of time (e.g., about every 6 hours, about every 12 hours, about every 24 hours, about every 48 hours, or about every 72 hours) followed by a longer time period (e.g., about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, or about 8 weeks) during which the RNAi agent is not administered. In one case, the RNAi agent is initially administered hourly and is later administered at a longer interval (e.g., daily, weekly, biweekly, or monthly). In another case, the RNAi agent is initially administered daily and is later administered at a longer interval (e.g., weekly, biweekly, or monthly). In certain cases, the longer interval increases over time or is determined based on the achievement of a desired effect. In a specific case, the RNAi agent is administered once daily during a first week, followed by weekly dosing starting on the eighth day of administration. In another specific case, the RNAi agent is administered every other day during a first week followed by weekly dosing starting on the eighth day of administration.

In some cases, the RNAi agent is administered in a dosing regimen that includes a "loading phase" of closely spaced administrations that may be followed by a "maintenance phase", in which the RNAi agent is administered at longer spaced intervals. In one case, the loading phase comprises five daily administrations of the RNAi agent during the first week. In another case, the maintenance phase comprises one or two weekly administrations of the RNAi agent. In a further case, the maintenance phase lasts for 5 weeks.

Any of these schedules may optionally be repeated for one or more iterations. The number of iterations may depend on the achievement of a desired effect, e.g., the suppression of a HAO1 gene, and/or the achievement of a therapeutic or prophylactic effect, e.g., reducing oxalate levels or reducing a symptom of PH1.

In another aspect, the disclosure features, a method of instructing an end user, e.g., a caregiver or a subject, on how to administer an iRNA agent described herein. The method includes, optionally, providing the end user with one or more doses of the iRNA agent, and instructing the end user to administer the iRNA agent on a regimen described herein, thereby instructing the end user.

VII. Kits

The present disclosure also provides kits for using any of the iRNA agents and/or performing any of the methods of the disclosure. Such kits include one or more RNAi agent(s) and instructions for use, e.g., instructions for inhibiting expression of a HAO1 in a cell by contacting the cell with the RNAi agent(s) in an amount effective to inhibit expression of the HAO1. The kits may optionally further comprise means for contacting the cell with the RNAi agent (e.g., an injection device), or means for measuring the inhibition of HAO1 (e.g., means for measuring the inhibition of HAO1 mRNA or protein). Such means for measuring the inhibition of HAO1 may comprise a means for obtaining a sample from a subject, such as, e.g., a plasma sample. The kits of the disclosure may optionally further comprise means for administering the RNAi agent(s) to a subject or means for determining the therapeutically effective or prophylactically effective amount.

VII. Diagnostic markers for PH1 and related conditions

Also described herein are markers and methods for the diagnosis of disease conditions caused by oxalate overproduction, particularly PH1 and related conditions, as well as with agents for the treatment of said conditions.

According to another aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for the treatment of a PH1 condition in a subject (stone forming diseases, especially PH1). The diagnostic method comprises the steps of: (a) knocking down the HAO1 expression in a subject (b) obtaining a biological serum from said subject; and (b) determining the level of glycolate in said serum. It should be appreciated that elevated level of glycolate in serum, in comparison with negative control, indicates the inhibition of the glycolate oxidase enzyme to prevent oxalate production that is caused the PH1 conditions.

Also described herein is a kit for the diagnosis of PH1 condition, said kit including the following: (a) an agent for determining the presence of an analyte of interest in serum, wherein said analyte of interest is one of glycolate; and (b) calibration means. For example, said analyte of interest is glycolate, said agent is an siRNA targeting HAO1.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

The following materials and methods were used in the Examples. As used herein, "HAO" and "GO" are used interchangeably.

siRNA synthesis

Single-stranded RNAs were produced by solid phase synthesis on a scale of 1 µmole using an Expedite 8909 synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Applera Deutschland GmbH, Darm-stadt, Germany) and controlled pore glass (CPG, 500Å, Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) as solid support. RNA and RNA containing 2'-O-methyl nucleotides were generated by solid phase synthesis employing the corresponding phosphoramidites and 2'-O-methyl phos-phoramidites, respectively (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). These building blocks were incorporated at selected sites within the sequence of the oligoribonucleotide chain using standard nucleoside phosphoramidite chemistry such as described in Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry, Beaucage, S.L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Phosphorothioate linkages were introduced by replacement of the iodine oxidizer solution with a solution of the Beaucage reagent (Chruachem Ltd, Glasgow, UK) in acetonitrile (1%). Further ancillary reagents were obtained from Mallinckrodt Baker (Griesheim, Germany).

Deprotection and purification of the crude oligoribonucleotides by anion exchange HPLC were carried out according to established procedures. Yields and concentrations were determined by UV absorption of a solution of the respective RNA at a wavelength of 260 nm using a spectral photometer (DU 640B, Beckman Coulter GmbH, Unterschleißheim, Germany).

Double stranded RNA was generated by mixing an equimolar solution of complementary strands in annealing buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8; 100 mM sodium chloride), heated in a water bath at 85 - 90°C for 3 minutes and cooled to room temperature over a period of 3 - 4 hours. The annealed RNA solution was stored at -20 °C until use.

In some instances, a duplex (dsRNA) was synthesized more than once. Different batches are labeled with different extensions. For example, AD-62933.1 and AD-62933.2 are different batches of the same duplex.

Cell culture and transfections

Primary Cynomolgus monkey hepatocytes (PCH) and primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH) were used. PCHs (Celsis # M003055, lot CBT) or PMH (freshly isolated) were transfected by adding 14.8µl of Opti-MEM plus 0.2µl of Lipofectamine RNAiMax per well (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA. cat # 13778-150) to 5µl of siRNA duplexes per well into a 96-well plate and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. 80µl of InVitroGRO CP Rat media (InVitro Technologies) containing ∼2 x10⁴ PCH or PMH cells were then added to the siRNA mixture. Cells were incubated for 24 hours prior to RNA purification. Single dose experiments were performed at 10 or 20nM and 0.1 or 0.2nM final duplex concentration and dose response experiments were done over a range of doses from 10nM to 36fM final duplex concentration over 8, 6-fold dilutions.

Total RNA isolation

Total RNA was isolated using DYNABEADS mRNA Isolation Kit (Invitrogen, part #: 610-12). Cells were harvested and lysed in 150µl of Lysis/Binding Buffer then mixed for 5 minute at 850rpm using an Eppendorf Thermomixer (the mixing speed was the same throughout the process). Ten microliters of magnetic beads and 80µl Lysis/Binding Buffer mixture were added to a round bottom plate and mixed for 1 minute. Magnetic beads were captured using magnetic stand and the supernatant was removed without disturbing the beads. After removing supernatant, the lysed cells were added to the remaining beads and mixed for 5 minutes. After removing supernatant, magnetic beads were washed 2 times with 150µl Wash Buffer A and mixed for 1 minute. Beads were capture again and supernatant removed. Beads were then washed with 150µl Wash Buffer B, captured and supernatant was removed. Beads were next washed with 150µl Elution Buffer, captured and supernatant removed. Beads were allowed to dry for 2 minutes. After drying, 50µl of Elution Buffer was added and mixed for 5 minutes at 70°C. Beads were captured on magnet for 5 minutes. 40µl of supernatant was removed and added to another 96 well plate.

cDNA synthesis

Synthesis of cDNA was performed using the ABI High capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, Cat #4368813).

A master mix of 2µl 10X Buffer, 0.8µl 25X dNTPs, 2µl Random primers, 1µl Reverse Transcriptase, 1µl RNase inhibitor and 3.2µl of H2O per reaction were added into 10µl total RNA. cDNA was generated using a Bio-Rad C-1000 or S-1000 thermal cycler (Hercules, CA) through the following steps: 25°C 10 min, 37°C 120 min, 85°C 5 sec, 4°C hold.

Real time PCR

2µl of cDNA were added to a master mix containing 0.5µl of mouse GAPDH (cat # 4352339E Life Technologies) or custom designed Cynomolgus monkey GAPDH TaqMan Probes: (F- GCATCCTGGGCTACACTGA, (SEQ ID NO: 13) R-TGGGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 14), Probe- CCAGGTGGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 15)), 0.5µl human or mouse HAO1 (HS00213909_M1- which is cross reactive with Cynomolgus monkey HOA1, Mm 00439249_m1 for mouse assays, life technologies) and 5µl Lightcycler 480 probe master mix (Roche Cat # 04887301001) per well in a 384 well 50 plates (Roche cat # 04887301001). Real time PCR was done in a LightCycler480 Real Time PCR system (Roche) using the ΔΔCt(RQ) assay. Each duplex was tested in two independent transfections and each transfection was assayed in duplicate, unless otherwise noted in the summary tables.

To calculate relative fold change, real time data were analyzed using the ΔΔCt method and normalized to assays performed with cells transfected with 10nM AD-1955, or mock transfected cells. IC50s were calculated using a 4 parameter fit model using XLFit and normalized to cells transfected with AD-1955 or naïve cells.

The sense and antisense sequences of AD-1955 are: SENSE: 5'-cuuAcGcuGAGuAcuucGAdTsdT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16); and ANTISENSE: 5'-UCGAAGuACUcAGCGuAAGdTsdT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17).

Table B: Abbreviations of nucleotide monomers used in nucleic acid sequence representation.

Abbreviation	Nucleotide(s)
A	Adenosine-3'-phosphate
Ab	beta-L-adenosine-3'-phosphate
Af	2'-fluoroadenosine-3'-phosphate
Afs	2'-fluoroadenosine-3'-phosphorothioate
As	adenosine-3'-phosphorothioate
C	cytidine-3'-phosphate
Cb	beta-L-cytidine-3'-phosphate
Cf	2'-fluorocytidine-3'-phosphate
Cfs	2'-fluorocytidine-3'-phosphorothioate
Cs	cytidine-3'-phosphorothioate
G	guanosine-3'-phosphate
Gb	beta-L-guanosine-3'-phosphate
Gbs	beta-L-guanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
Gf	2'-fluoroguanosine-3'-phosphate
Gfs	2'-fluoroguanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
Gs	guanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
T	5'-methyluridine-3'-phosphate
Tf	2'-fluoro-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphate
Tfs	2'-fluoro-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphorothioate
Ts	5-methyluridine-3'-phosphorothioate
U	Uridine-3'-phosphate
Uf	2'-fluorouridine-3'-phosphate
Ufs	2'-fluorouridine-3'-phosphorothioate
Us	uridine-3'-phosphorothioate
N	any nucleotide (G, A, C, T or U)
a	2'-O-methyladenosine-3'-phosphate
as	2'-O-methyladenosine-3'-phosphorothioate
c	2'-O-methylcytidine-3'-phosphate
cs	2'-O-methylcytidine-3'-phosphorothioate
g	2'-O-methylguanosine-3'-phosphate
gs	2'-O-methylguanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
t	2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphate
ts	2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphorothioate
u	2'-O-methyluridine-3'-phosphate
us	2'-O-methyluridine-3'-phosphorothioate
dT	2'-deoxythymidine
dTs	2'-deoxythymidine-3'-phosphorothioate
dU	2'-deoxyuridine
s	phosphorothioate linkage
L96
(Aeo)	2'-O-methoxyethyladenosine-3'-phosphate
(Aeos)	2'-O-methoxyethyladenosine-3'-phosphorothioate
(Geo)	2'-O-methoxyethylguanosine-3'-phosphate
(Geos)	2'-O-methoxyethylguanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
(Teo)	2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphate
(Teos)	2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine-3'-phosphorothioate
(m5Ceo)	2'-O-methoxethyl-5-methylcytidine-3'-phosphate
(m5Ceos)	2'-O-methoxyethyl-5-methylcytidine-3'-phosphorothioate
(A3m)	3'-O-methyladenosine-2'-phosphate
(A3mx)	3'-O-methyl-xylofuranosyladenosine-2'-phosphate
(G3m)	3'-O-methylguanosine-2'-phosphate
(G3mx)	3'-O-methyl-xylofuranosylguanosine-2'-phosphate
(C3m)	3'-O-methylcytidine-2'-phosphate
(C3mx)	3'-O-methyl-xylofuranosylcytidine-2'-phosphate
(U3m)	3'-O-methyluridine-2'-phosphate
(U3mx)	3'-O-methylxylouridine-2'-phosphate
(Chd)	2'-O-hexadecyl-cytidine-3'-phosphate
(pshe)	Hydroxyethylphosphorothioate
(Uhd)	2'-O-hexadecyl-uridine-3'-phosphate
(Tgn)	Thymidine-glycol nucleic acid (GNA) S-Isomer
(Cgn)	Cytidine-glycol nucleic acid (GNA)
(Chd)	2'-O-hexadecyl-cytidine-3'-phosphate
(Ggn)	2'-O- hexadecyl-cytidine-3'-phosphate
(Agn)	Adenosine-glycol nucleic acid (GNA)
P	5'-phosphate
(m5Cam)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)-5-methylcytidine-3'-phosphate
(m5Cams)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)-5-methylcytidine-3'-phosphorothioate
(Tam)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)thymidine-3'-phosphate
(Tams)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)thymidine-3'-phosphorothioate
(Aam)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)adenosine-3'-phosphate
(Aams)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)adenosine-3'-phosphorothioate
(Gam)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)guanosine-3'-phosphate
(Gams)	2'-O-(N-methylacetamide)guanosine-3'-phosphorothioate
Y34	abasic 2'-O-Methyl
Y44	2-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofurane-5-phosphate

Example 1. Design, Specificity and Efficacy Prediction of siRNA

siRNA design was carried out to identify siRNAs targeting human, cynomolgus monkey, mouse, and rat HAO1 transcripts annotated in the NCBI Gene database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/).

Design used the following transcripts from the NCBI RefSeq collection: human (Homo sapiens) HAO1 mRNA is NM_017545.2; cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) HAO1 mRNA is XM_005568381.1; Mouse (Mus musculus) HAO1 mRNA is NM_010403.2; Rat (Rattus norvegicus) HAO1 mRNA is XM_006235096.1.

Due to high primate/rodent sequence divergence, siRNA duplexes were designed in several separate batches, including but not limited to batches containing duplexes matching human and cyno transcripts only; human, cyno, mouse, and rat transcripts only; and mouse and rat transcripts only. All siRNA duplexes were designed that shared 100% identity with the listed human transcript and other species transcripts considered in each design batch (above).

The specificity of all possible 19mers was predicted from each sequence. Candidate 19mers that lacked repeats longer than 7 nucleotides were then selected. These 1069 candidate human/cyno, 184 human/cyno/mouse/rat, and 579 mouse/rat siRNAs were used in comprehensive searches against the appropriate transcriptomes (defined as the set of NM_ and XM_ records within the human, cyno, mouse, or rat NCBI Refseq sets) using an exhaustive "brute-force" algorithm implemented in the python script 'BruteForce.py'. The script next parsed the transcript-oligo alignments to generate a score based on the position and number of mismatches between the siRNA and any potential 'off-target' transcript. The off-target score is weighted to emphasize differences in the 'seed' region of siRNAs, in positions 2-9 from the 5' end of the molecule. Each oligo-transcript pair from the brute-force search was given a mismatch score by summing the individual mismatch scores; mismatches in the position 2-9 were counted as 2.8, mismatches in the cleavage site positions 10-11 were counted as 1.2, and mismatches in region 12-19 counted as 1.0. An additional off-target prediction was carried out by comparing the frequency of heptamers and octomers derived from 3 distinct, seed-derived hexamers of each oligo. The hexamers from positions 2-7 relative to the 5' start were used to create 2 heptamers and one octomer. Heptamer1 was created by adding a 3' A to the hexamer; heptamer2 was created by adding a 5' A to the hexamer; the octomer was created by adding an A to both 5' and 3' ends of the hexamer. The frequency of octomers and heptamers in the human, cyno, mouse, or rat 3'UTRome (defined as the subsequence of the transcriptome from NCBI's Refseq database where the end of the coding region, the 'CDS', is clearly defined) was pre-calculated. The octomer frequency was normalized to the heptamer frequency using the median value from the range of octomer frequencies. A 'mirSeedScore' was then calculated by calculating the sum of ((3 X normalized octomer count) + (2 X heptamer2 count) + (1 X heptamer1 count)).

Both siRNA strands were assigned to a category of specificity according to the calculated scores: a score above 3 qualified as highly specific, equal to 3 as specific and between 2.2 and 2.8 qualified as moderately specific. The siRNAs were sorted by the specificity of the antisense strand. Duplexes from the human/cyno and mouse/rat sets whose antisense oligos lacked GC at the first position, lacked G at both positions 13 and 14, and had 3 or more Us or As in the seed region (characteristics of duplexes with high predicted efficacy) were then selected. Similarly, duplexes from the human/cyno/mouse and human/cyno/mouse/rat sets that had had 3 or more Us or As in the seed region were selected.

Candidate GalNAc-conjugated duplexes, 21 and 23 nucleotides long on the sense and antisense strands respectively, were designed by extending antisense 19mers 4 additional nucleotides in the 3' direction (preserving perfect complementarity with the target transcript). The sense strand was specified as the reverse complement of the first 21 nucleotides of the antisense 23mer. Duplexes were selected that maintained perfect matches to all selected species transcripts across all 23 nucleotides.

Antisense strands that contained C or G at the first 5' position were modified to have a U at the first 5' position, unless doing so would introduce a run of 4 or more contiguous Us (5' → 3'), in which case they were modified to have an A at the first 5' position. Sense strands to be paired into duplexes with these "UA swapped" antisense strands were correspondingly modified to preserve complementarity. Examples described below include AD-62989 and AD-62993.

A total of 31 sense and 31 antisense derived human/cyno, 19 sense and 19 antisense derived human/cyno/mouse/rat, and 48 sense and 48 antisense derived mouse/rat 21/23mer oligos were synthesized and formed into GalNAc-conjugated duplexes.

The sequences of the sense and antisense strands of the modified duplexes are shown in Table 1, and the sequences of the sense and antisense strands of the unmodified duplexes are shown in Table 2.

Table 1a. HAO1 modified sequences

Duplex Name	Sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Antisense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Species
AD-62933	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	18	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	89	Hs/Mm
AD-62939	UfsusUfuCfaAfuGfGfGfuGfuCfcUfaGfgAfL96	19	usCfscUfaGfgAfcAfcccAfuUfgAfaAfasgsu	90	Hs/Mm
AD-62944	GfsasAfaGfuCfaUfCfGfaCfaAfgAfcAfuUfL96	20	asAfsuGfuCfuUfgUfcgaUfgAfcUfuUfcsasc	91	Hs/Mm
AD-62949	UfscsAfuCfgAfcAfAfGfaCfaUfuGfgUfgAfL96	21	usCfsaCfcAfaUfgUfcuuGfuCfgAfuGfascsu	92	Hs/Mm
AD-62954	UfsusUfcAfaUfgGfGfUfgUfcCfuAfgGfaAfL96	22	usUfscCfuAfgGfaCfaccCfaUfuGfaAfasasg	93	Hs/Mm
AD-62959	AfsasUfgGfgUfgUfCfCfuAfgGfaAfcCfuUfL96	23	asAfsgGfuUfcCfuAfggaCfaCfcCfaUfusgsa	94	Hs/Mm
AD-62964	GfsasCfaGfuGfcAfCfAfaUfaUfuUfuCfcAfL96	24	usGfsgAfaAfaUfaUfuguGfcAfcUfgUfcsasg	95	Hs/Mm
AD-62969	AfscsUfuUfuCfaAfUfGfgGfuGfuCfcUfaAfL96	25	usUfsaGfgAfcAfcCfcauUfgAfaAfaGfuscsa	96	Hs/Mm
AD-62934	AfsasGfuCfaUfcGfAfCfaAfgAfcAfuUfgAfL96	26	usCfsaAfuGfuCfuUfgucGfaUfgAfcUfususc	97	Hs/Mm
AD-62940	AfsusCfgAfcAfaGfAfCfaUfuGfgUfgAfgAfL96	27	usCfsuCfaCfcAfaUfgucUfuGfuCfgAfusgsa	98	Hs/Mm
AD-62945	GfsgsGfaGfaAfaGfGfUfgUfuCfaAfgAfuAfL96	28	usAfsuCfuUfgAfaCfaccUfuUfcUfcCfcscsc	99	Hs/Mm
AD-62950	CfsusUfuUfcAfaUfGfGfgUfgUfcCfuAfgAfL96	29	usCfsuAfgGfaCfaCfcca UfuGfaAfaAfgsusc	100	Hs/Mm
AD-62955	UfscsAfaUfgGfgUfGfUfcCfuAfgGfaAfcAfL96	30	usGfsuUfcCfuAfgGfacaCfcCfaUfuGfasasa	101	Hs/Mm
AD-62960	UfsusGfaCfuUfuUfCfAfaUfgGfgUfgUfcAfL96	31	usGfsaCfaCfcCfaUfugaAfaAfgUfcAfasasa	102	Hs/Mm
AD-62965	AfsasAfgUfcAfuCfGfAfcAfaGfaCfaUfuAfL96	32	usAfsaUfgUfcUfuGfucgAfuGfaCfuUfuscsa	103	Hs/Mm
AD-62970	CfsasGfgGfgGfaGfAfAfaGfgUfgUfuCfaAfL96	33	usUfsgAfaCfaCfcUfuucUfcCfcCfcUfgsgsa	104	Hs/Mm
AD-62935	CfsasUfuGfgUfgAfGfGfaAfaAfaUfcCfuUfL96	34	asAfsgGfaUfuUfuUfccuCfaCfcAfaUfgsusc	105	Hs/Mm
AD-62941	AfscsAfuUfgGfuGfAfGfgAfaAfaAfuCfcUfL96	35	asGfsgAfuUfuUfuCfcucAfcCfaAfuGfuscsu	106	Hs/Mm
AD-62946	AfsgsGfgGfgAfgAfAfAfgGfuGfuUfcAfaAfL96	36	usUfsuGfaAfcAfcCfuuuCfuCfcCfcCfusgsg	107	Hs/Mm
AD-62951	AfsusGfgUfgGfuAfAfUfuUfgUfgAfuUfuUfL96	37	asAfsaAfuCfaCfaAfauuAfcCfaCfcAfuscsc	108	Hs
AD-62956	GfsasCfuUfgCfaUfCfCfuGfgAfaAfuAfuAfL96	38	usAfsuAfuUfuCfcAfggaUfgCfaAfgUfcscsa	109	Hs
AD-62961	GfsgsAfaGfgGfaAfGfGfuAfgAfaGfuCfuUfL96	39	asAfsgAfcUfuCfuAfccuUfcCfcUfuCfcsasc	110	Hs
AD-62966	UfsgsUfcUfuCfuGfUfUfuAfgAfuUfuCfcUfL96	40	asGfsgAfaAfuCfuAfaacAfgAfaGfaCfasgsg	111	Hs
AD-62971	CfsusUfuGfgCfuGfUfUfuCfcAfaGfaUfcUfL96	41	asGfsaUfcUfuGfgAfaacAfgCfcAfaAfgsgsa	112	Hs
AD-62936	AfsasUfgUfgUfuUfGfGfgCfaAfcGfuCfaUfL96	42	asUfsgAfcGfuUfgCfccaAfaCfaCfaUfususu	113	Hs
AD-62942	UfsgsUfgAfcUfgUfGfGfaCfaCfcCfcUfuAfL96	43	usAfsaGfgGfgUfgUfccaCfaGfuCfaCfasasa	114	Hs
AD-62947	GfsasUfgGfgGfuGfCfCfaGfcUfaCfuAfuUfL96	44	asAfsuAfgUfaGfcUfggcAfcCfcCfaUfcscsa	115	Hs
AD-62952	GfsasAfaAfuGfuGfUfUfuGfgGfcAfaCfgUfL96	45	asCfsgUfuGfcCfcAfaacAfcAfuUfuUfcsasa	116	Hs
AD-62957	GfsgsCfuGfuUfuCfCfAfaGfaUfcUfgAfcAfL96	46	usGfsuCfaGfaUfcUfuggAfaAfcAfgCfcsasa	117	Hs
AD-62962	UfscsCfaAfcAfaAfAfUfaGfcCfaCfcCfcUfL96	47	asGfsgGfgUfgGfcUfauuUfuGfuUfgGfasasa	118	Hs
AD-62967	GfsusCfuUfcUfgUfUfUfaGfaUfuUfcCfuUfL96	48	asAfsgGfaAfaUfcUfaaaCfaGfaAfgAfcsasg	119	Hs
AD-62972	UfsgsGfaAfgGfgAfAfGfgUfaGfaAfgUfcUfL96	49	asGfsaCfuUfcUfaCfcuuCfcCfuUfcCfascsa	120	Hs
AD-62937	UfscsCfuUfuGfgCfUfGfuUfuCfcAfaGfaUfL96	50	asUfscUfuGfgAfaAfcagCfcAfaAfgGfasusu	121	Hs
AD-62943	CfsasUfcUfcUfcAfGfCfuGfgGfaUfgAfuAfL96	51	usAfsuCfaUfcCfcAfgcuGfaGfaGfaUfgsgsg	122	Hs
AD-62948	GfsgsGfgUfgCfcAfGfCfuAfcUfaUfuGfaUfL96	52	asUfscAfaUfaGfuAfgcuGfgCfaCfcCfcsasu	123	Hs
AD-62953	AfsusGfuGfuUfuGfGfGfcAfaCfgUfcAfuAfL96	53	usAfsuGfaCfgUfuGfcccAfaAfcAfcAfususu	124	Hs
AD-62958	CfsusGfuUfuAfgAfUfUfuCfcUfuAfaGfaAfL96	54	usUfscUfuAfaGfgAfaauCfuAfaAfcAfgsasa	125	Hs
AD-62963	AfsgsAfaAfgAfaAfUfGfgAfcUfuGfcAfuAfL96	55	usAfsuGfcAfaGfuCfcauUfuCfuUfuCfusasg	126	Hs
AD-62968	GfscsAfuCfcUfgGfAfAfaUfaUfaUfuAfaAfL96	56	usUfsuAfaUfaUfaUfuucCfaGfgAfuGfcsasa	127	Hs
AD-62973	CfscsUfgUfcAfgAfCfCfaUfgGfgAfaCfuAfL96	57	usAfsgUfuCfcCfaUfgguCfuGfaCfaGfgscsu	128	Hs
AD-62938	AfsasAfcAfuGfgUfGfUfgGfaUfgGfgAfuAfL96	58	usAfsuCfcCfaUfcCfacaCfcAfuGfuUfusasa	129	Hs
AD-62974	CfsuscfaGfgAfuGfAfAfaAfaUfuUfuGfaAfL96	59	usUfscAfaAfaUfuUfuucAfuCfcUfgAfgsusu	130	Hs
AD-62978	CfsasGfcAfuGfuAfUfUfaCfuUfgAfcAfaAfL96	60	usUfsuGfuCfaAfgUfaauAfcAfuGfcUfgsasa	131	Hs
AD-62982	UfsasUfgAfaCfaAfCfAfuGfcUfaAfaUfcAfL96	61	usGfsaUfuUfaGfcAfuguUfgUfuCfaUfasasu	132	Hs
AD-62986	AfsusAfuAfuCfcAfAfAfuGfuUfuUfaGfgAfL96	62	usCfscUfaAfaAfcAfuuuGfgAfuAfuAfususc	133	Hs
AD-62990	CfscsAfgAfuGfgAfAfGfcUfgUfaUfcCfaAfL96	63	usUfsgGfaUfaCfaGfcuuCfcAfuCfuGfgsasa	134	Hs
AD-62994	GfsasCfuUfuCfaUfCfCfuGfgAfaAfuAfuAfL96	64	usAfsuAfuUfuCfcAfggaUfgAfaAfgUfcscsa	135	Hs
AD-62998	CfscsCfcGfgCfuAfAfUfuUfgUfaUfcAfaUfL96	65	asUfsuGfaUfaCfaAfauuAfgCfcGfgGfgsgsa	136	Hs
AD-63002	UfsusAfaAfcAfuGfGfCfuUfgAfaUfgGfgAfL96	66	usCfscCfaUfuCfaAfgccAfuGfuUfuAfascsa	137	Hs
AD-62975	AfsasUfgUfgUfuUfAfGfaCfaAfcGfuCfaUfL96	67	asUfsgAfcGfuUfgUfcuaAfaCfaCfaUfususu	138	Mm
AD-62979	AfscsUfaAfaGfgAfAfGfaAfuUfcCfgGfuUfL96	68	asAfscCfgGfaAfuUfcuuCfcUfuUfaGfusasu	139	Mm
AD-62983	UfsasUfaUfcCfaAfAfUfgUfuUfuAfgGfaUfL96	69	asUfscCfuAfaAfaCfauuUfgGfaUfaUfasusu	140	Mm
AD-62987	GfsusGfcGfgAfaAfGfGfcAfcUfgAfuGfuUfL96	70	asAfscAfuCfaGfuGfccuUfuCfcGfcAfcsasc	141	Mm
AD-62991	UfsasAfaAfcAfgUfGfGfuUfcUfuAfaAfuUfL96	71	asAfsuUfuAfaGfaAfccaCfuGfuUfuUfasasa	142	Mm
AD-62995	AfsusGfaAfaAfaUfUfUfuGfaAfaCfcAfgUfL96	72	asCfsuGfgUfuUfcAfaaaUfuUfuUfcAfuscsc	143	Mm
AD-62999	AfsasCfaAfaAfuAfGfCfaAfuCfcCfuUfuUfL96	73	asAfsaAfgGfgAfuUfgcuAfuUfuUfgUfusgsg	144	Mm
AD-63003	CfsusGfaAfaCfaGfAfUfcUfgUfcGfaCfuUfL96	74	asAfsgUfcGfaCfaGfaucUfgUfuUfcAfgscsa	145	Mm
AD-62976	UfsusGfuUfgCfaAfAfGfgGfcAfuUfuUfgAfL96	75	usCfsaAfaAfuGfcCfcuuUfgCfaAfcAfasusu	146	Mm
AD-62980	CfsusCfaUfuGfuUfUfAfuUfaAfcCfuGfuAfL96	76	usAfscAfgGfuUfaAfuaaAfcAfaUfgAfgsasu	147	Mm
AD-62984	CfsasAfcAfaAfaUfAfGfcAfaUfcCfcUfuUfL96	77	asAfsaGfgGfaUfuGfcuaUfuUfuGfuUfgsgsa	148	Mm
AD-62992	CfsasUfuGfuUfuAfUfUfaAfcCfuGfuAfuUfL96	78	asAfsuAfcAfgGfuUfaauAfaAfcAfaUfgsasg	149	Mm
AD-62996	UfsasUfcAfgCfuGfGfGfaAfgAfuAfuCfaAfL96	79	usUfsgAfuAfuCfuUfcccAfgCfuGfaUfasgsa	150	Mm
AD-63000	UfsgsUfcCfuAfgGfAfAfcCfuUfuUfaGfaAfL96	80	usUfscUfaAfaAfgGfuucCfuAfgGfaCfascsc	151	Mm
AD-63004	UfscsCfaAfcAfaAfAfUfaGfcAfaUfcCfcUfL96	81	asGfsgGfaUfuGfcUfauuUfuGfuUfgGfasasa	152	Mm
AD-62977	GfsgsUfgUfgCfgGfAfAfaGfgCfaCfuGfaUfL96	82	asUfscAfgUfgCfcUfuucCfgCfaCfaCfcscsc	153	Mm
AD-62981	UfsusGfaAfaCfcAfGfUfaCfuUfuAfuCfaUfL96	83	asUfsgAfuAfaAfgUfacuGfgUfuUfcAfasasa	154	Mm
AD-62985	UfsasCfuUfcCfaAfAfGfuCfuAfuAfuAfuAfL96	84	usAfsuAfuAfuAfgAfcuuUfgGfaAfgUfascsu	155	Mm
AD-62989	UfscsCfuAfgGfaAfCfCfuUfuUfaGfaAfaUfL96	85	asUfsuUfcUfaAfaAfgguUfcCfuAfgGfascsa	156	Mm
AD-62993	CfsusCfcUfgAfgGfAfAfaAfuUfuUfgGfaAfL96	86	usUfscCfaAfaAfuUfuucCfuCfaGfgAfgsasa	157	Mm
AD-62997	GfscsUfcCfgGfaAfUfGfuUfgCfuGfaAfaUfL96	87	asUfsuUfcAfgCfaAfcauUfcCfgGfaGfcsasu	158	Mm
AD-63001	GfsusGfuUfuGfuGfGfGfgAfgAfcCfaAfuAfL96	88	usAfsuUfgGfuCfuCfcccAfcAfaAfcAfcsasg	159	Mm

Table 1b: Additional HAO1 modified sequences.

Duplex Name	Sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Antisense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Species
AD-62933.2	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	18	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	89	Hs/Mm
AD-62939.2	UfsusUfuCfaAfuGfGfGfuGfuCfcUfaGfgAfL96	19	usCfscUfaGfgAfcAfcccAfuUfgAfaAfasgsu	90	Hs/Mm
AD-62944.2	GfsasAfaGfuCfaUfCfGfaCfaAfgAfcAfuUfL96	20	asAfsuGfuCfuUfgUfcgaUfgAfcUfuUfcsasc	91	Hs/Mm
AD-62949.2	UfscsAfuCfgAfcAfAfGfaCfaUfuGfgUfgAfL96	21	usCfsaCfcAfaUfgUfcuuGfuCfgAfuGfascsu	92	Hs/Mm
AD-62954.2	UfsusUfcAfaUfgGfGfUfgUfcCfuAfgGfaAfL96	22	usUfscCfuAfgGfaCfaccCfaUfuGfaAfasasg	93	Hs/Mm
AD-62959.2	AfsasUfgGfgUfgUfCfCfuAfgGfaAfcCfuUfL96	23	asAfsgGfuUfcCfuAfggaCfaCfcCfaUfusgsa	94	Hs/Mm
AD-62964.2	GfsasCfaGfuGfcAfCfAfaUfaUfuUfuCfcAfL96	24	usGfsgAfaAfaUfaUfuguGfcAfcUfgUfcsasg	95	Hs/Mm
AD-62969.2	AfscsUfuUfuCfaAfUfGfgGfuGfuCfcUfaAfL96	25	usUfsaGfgAfcAfcCfcauUfgAfaAfaGfuscsa	96	Hs/Mm
AD-62934.2	AfsasGfuCfaUfcGfAfCfaAfgAfcAfuUfgAfL96	26	usCfsaAfuGfuCfuUfgucGfaUfgAfcUfususc	97	Hs/Mm
AD-62940.2	AfsusCfgAfcAfaGfAfCfaUfuGfgUfgAfgAfL96	27	usCfsuCfaCfcAfaUfgucUfuGfuCfgAfusgsa	98	Hs/Mm
AD-62945.2	GfsgsGfaGfaAfaGfGfUfgUfuCfaAfgAfuAfL96	28	usAfsuCfuUfgAfaCfaccUfuUfcUfcCfcscsc	99	Hs/Mm
AD-62950.2	CfsusUfuUfcAfaUfGfGfgUfgUfcCfuAfgAfL96	29	usCfsuAfgGfaCfaCfccaUfuGfaAfaAfgsusc	100	Hs/Mm
AD-62955.2	UfscsAfaUfgGfgUfGfUfcCfuAfgGfaAfcAfL96	30	usGfsuUfcCfuAfgGfacaCfcCfaUfuGfasasa	101	Hs/Mm
AD-62960.2	UfsusGfaCfuUfuUfCfAfaUfgGfgUfgUfcAfL96	31	usGfsaCfaCfcCfaUfugaAfaAfgUfcAfasasa	102	Hs/Mm
AD-62965.2	AfsasAfgUfcAfuCfGfAfcAfaGfaCfaUfuAfL96	32	usAfsaUfgUfcUfuGfucgAfuGfaCfuUfuscsa	103	Hs/Mm
AD-62970.2	CfsasGfgGfgGfaGfAfAfaGfgUfgUfuCfaAfL96	33	usUfsgAfaCfaCfcUfuucUfcCfcCfcUfgsgsa	104	Hs/Mm
AD-62935.2	CfsasUfuGfgUfgAfGfGfaAfaAfaUfcCfuUfL96	34	asAfsgGfaUfuUfuUfccuCfaCfcAfaUfgsusc	105	Hs/Mm
AD-62941.2	AfscsAfuUfgGfuGfAfGfgAfaAfaAfuCfcUfL96	35	asGfsgAfuUfuUfuCfcucAfcCfaAfuGfuscsu	106	Hs/Mm
AD-62946.2	AfsgsGfgGfgAfgAfAfAfgGfuGfuUfcAfaAfL96	36	usUfsuGfaAfcAfcCfuuuCfuCfcCfcCfusgsg	107	Hs/Mm
AD-62951.2	AfsusGfgUfgGfuAfAfUfuUfgUfgAfuUfuUfL96	37	asAfsaAfuCfaCfaAfauuAfcCfaCfcAfuscsc	108	Hs
AD-62956.2	GfsasCfuUfgCfaUfCfCfuGfgAfaAfuAfuAfL96	38	usAfsuAfuUfuCfcAfggaUfgCfaAfgUfcscsa	109	Hs
AD-62961.2	GfsgsAfaGfgGfaAfGfGfuAfgAfaGfuCfuUfL96	39	asAfsgAfcUfuCfuAfccuUfcCfcUfuCfcsasc	110	Hs
AD-62966.2	UfsgsUfcUfuCfuGfUfUfuAfgAfuUfuCfcUfL96	40	asGfsgAfaAfuCfuAfaacAfgAfaGfaCfasgsg	111	Hs
AD-62971.2	CfsusUfuGfgCfuGfUfUfuCfcAfaGfaUfcUfL96	41	asGfsaUfcUfuGfgAfaacAfgCfcAfaAfgsgsa	112	Hs
AD-62936.2	AfsasUfgUfgUfuUfGfGfgCfaAfcGfuCfaUfL96	42	asUfsgAfcGfuUfgCfccaAfaCfaCfaUfususu	113	Hs
AD-62942.2	UfsgsUfgAfcUfgUfGfGfaCfaCfcCfcUfuAfL96	43	usAfsaGfgGfgUfgUfccaCfaGfuCfaCfasasa	114	Hs
AD-62947.2	GfsasUfgGfgGfuGfCfCfaGfcUfaCfuAfuUfL96	44	asAfsuAfgUfaGfcUfggcAfcCfcCfaUfcscsa	115	Hs
AD-62952.2	GfsasAfaAfuGfuGfUfUfuGfgGfcAfaCfgUfL96	45	asCfsgUfuGfcCfcAfaacAfcAfuUfuUfcsasa	116	Hs
AD-62957.2	GfsgsCfuGfuUfuCfCfAfaGfaUfcUfgAfcAfL96	46	usGfsuCfaGfaUfcUfuggAfaAfcAfgCfcsasa	117	Hs
AD-62962.2	UfscsCfaAfcAfaAfAfUfaGfcCfaCfcCfcUfL96	47	asGfsgGfgUfgGfcUfauuUfuGfuUfgGfasasa	118	Hs
AD-62967.2	GfsusCfuUfcUfgUfUfUfaGfaUfuUfcCfuUfL96	48	asAfsgGfaAfaUfcUfaaaCfaGfaAfgAfcsasg	119	Hs
AD-62972.2	UfsgsGfaAfgGfgAfAfGfgUfaGfaAfgUfcUfL96	49	asGfsaCfuUfcUfaCfcuuCfcCfuUfcCfascsa	120	Hs
AD-62937.2	UfscsCfuUfuGfgCfUfGfuUfuCfcAfaGfaUfL96	50	asUfscUfuGfgAfaAfcagCfcAfaAfgGfasusu	121	Hs
AD-62943.2	CfsasUfcUfcUfcAfGfCfuGfgGfaUfgAfuAfL96	51	usAfsuCfaUfcCfcAfgcuGfaGfaGfaUfgsgsg	122	Hs
AD-62948.2	GfsgsGfgUfgCfcAfGfCfuAfcUfaUfuGfaUfL96	52	asUfscAfaUfaGfuAfgcuGfgCfaCfcCfcsasu	123	Hs
AD-62953.2	AfsusGfuGfuUfuGfGfGfcAfaCfgUfcAfuAfL96	53	usAfsuGfaCfgUfuGfcccAfaAfcAfcAfususu	124	Hs
AD-62958.2	CfsusGfuUfuAfgAfUfUfuCfcUfuAfaGfaAfL96	54	usUfscUfuAfaGfgAfaauCfuAfaAfcAfgsasa	125	Hs
AD-62963.2	AfsgsAfaAfgAfaAfUfGfgAfcUfuGfcAfuAfL96	55	usAfsuGfcAfaGfuCfcauUfuCfuUfuCfusasg	126	Hs
AD-62968.2	GfscsAfuCfcUfgGfAfAfaUfa Ufa UfuAfaAfL96	56	usUfsuAfaUfaUfaUfuucCfaGfgAfuGfcsasa	127	Hs
AD-62973.2	CfscsUfgUfcAfgAfCfCfaUfgGfgAfaCfuAfL96	57	usAfsgUfuCfcCfaUfgguCfuGfaCfaGfgscsu	128	Hs
AD-62938.2	AfsasAfcAfuGfgUfGfUfgGfa UfgGfgAfuAfL96	58	usAfsuCfcCfaUfcCfacaCfcAfuGfuUfusasa	129	Hs
AD-62974.2	CfsusCfaGfgAfuGfAfAfaAfaUfuUfuGfaAfL96	59	usUfscAfaAfaUfuUfuucAfuCfcUfgAfgsusu	130	Hs
AD-62978.2	CfsasGfcAfuGfuAfUfUfaCfuUfgAfcAfaAfL96	60	usUfsuGfuCfaAfgUfaauAfcAfuGfcUfgsasa	131	Hs
AD-62982.2	UfsasUfgAfaCfaAfCfAfuGfcUfaAfaUfcAfL96	61	usGfsaUfuUfaGfcAfuguUfgUfuCfaUfasasu	132	Hs
AD-62986.2	AfsusAfuAfuCfcAfAfAfuGfuUfuUfaGfgAfL96	62	usCfscUfaAfaAfcAfuuuGfgAfuAfuAfususc	133	Hs
AD-62990.2	CfscsAfgAfuGfgAfAfGfcUfgUfaUfcCfaAfL96	63	usUfsgGfaUfaCfaGfcuuCfcAfuCfuGfgsasa	134	Hs
AD-62994.2	GfsasCfuUfuCfaUfCfCfuGfgAfaAfuAfuAfL96	64	usAfsuAfu UfuCfcAfgga UfgAfaAfgUfcscsa	135	Hs
AD-62998.2	CfscsCfcGfgCfuAfAfUfuUfgUfaUfcAfaUfL96	65	asUfsuGfaUfaCfaAfauuAfgCfcGfgGfgsgsa	136	Hs
AD-63002.2	UfsusAfaAfcAfuGfGfCfuUfgAfaUfgGfgAfL96	66	usCfscCfaUfuCfaAfgccAfuGfuUfuAfascsa	137	Hs
AD-62975.2	AfsasUfgUfgUfuUfAfGfaCfaAfcGfuCfaUfL96	67	asUfsgAfcGfuUfgUfcuaAfaCfaCfaUfususu	138	Mm
AD-62979.2	AfscsUfaAfaGfgAfAfGfaAfu UfcCfgGfu UfL96	68	asAfscCfgGfaAfuUfcuuCfcUfuUfaGfusasu	139	Mm
AD-62983.2	UfsasUfaUfcCfaAfAfUfgUfuUfuAfgGfaUfL96	69	asUfscCfuAfaAfaCfauuUfgGfaUfaUfasusu	140	Mm
AD-62987.2	GfsusGfcGfgAfaAfGfGfcAfcUfgAfuGfuUfL96	70	asAfscAfuCfaGfuGfccuUfuCfcGfcAfcsasc	141	Mm
AD-62991.2	UfsasAfaAfcAfgUfGfGfuUfcUfuAfaAfuUfL96	71	asAfsuUfuAfaGfaAfccaCfuGfuUfuUfasasa	142	Mm
AD-62995.2	AfsusGfaAfaAfaUfUfUfuGfaAfaCfcAfgUfL96	72	asCfsuGfgUfuUfcAfaaaUfuUfuUfcAfuscsc	143	Mm
AD-62999.2	AfsasCfaAfaAfuAfGfCfaAfuCfcCfuUfuUfL96	73	asAfsaAfgGfgAfuUfgcuAfuUfuUfgUfusgsg	144	Mm
AD-63003.2	CfsusGfaAfaCfaGfAfUfcUfgUfcGfaCfuUfL96	74	asAfsgUfcGfaCfaGfaucUfgUfuUfcAfgscsa	145	Mm
AD-62976.2	UfsusGfuUfgCfaAfAfGfgGfcAfuUfuUfgAfL96	75	usCfsaAfaAfuGfcCfcuuUfgCfaAfcAfasusu	146	Mm
AD-62980.2	CfsusCfaUfuGfuUfUfAfuUfaAfcCfuGfuAfL96	76	usAfscAfgGfuUfaAfuaaAfcAfaUfgAfgsasu	147	Mm
AD-62984.2	CfsasAfcAfaAfaUfAfGfcAfaUfcCfcUfuUfL96	77	asAfsaGfgGfaUfuGfcuaUfuUfuGfuUfgsgsa	148	Mm
AD-62992.2	CfsasUfuGfuUfuAfUfUfaAfcCfuGfuAfuUfL96	78	asAfsuAfcAfgGfuUfaauAfaAfcAfaUfgsasg	149	Mm
AD-62996.2	UfsasUfcAfgCfuGfGfGfaAfgAfuAfuCfaAfL96	79	usUfsgAfuAfuCfuUfcccAfgCfuGfaUfasgsa	150	Mm
AD-63000.2	UfsgsUfcCfuAfgGfAfAfcCfuUfuUfaGfaAfL96	80	usUfscUfaAfaAfgGfuucCfuAfgGfaCfascsc	151	Mm
AD-63004.2	UfscsCfaAfcAfaAfAfUfaGfcAfaUfcCfcUfL96	81	asGfsgGfaUfuGfcUfauuUfuGfuUfgGfasasa	152	Mm
AD-62977.2	GfsgsUfgUfgCfgGfAfAfaGfgCfaCfuGfaUfL96	82	asUfscAfgUfgCfcUfuucCfgCfaCfaCfcscsc	153	Mm
AD-62981.2	UfsusGfaAfaCfcAfGfUfaCfuUfuAfuCfaUfL96	83	asUfsgAfuAfaAfgUfacuGfgUfuUfcAfasasa	154	Mm
AD-62985.2	UfsasCfuUfcCfaAfAfGfuCfuAfuAfuAfuAfL96	84	usAfsuAfuAfuAfgAfcuuUfgGfaAfgUfascsu	155	Mm
AD-62989.2	UfscsCfuAfgGfaAfCfCfuUfuUfaGfaAfaUfL96	85	asUfsuUfcUfaAfaAfgguUfcCfuAfgGfascsa	156	Mm
AD-62993.2	CfsusCfcUfgAfgGfAfAfaAfuUfuUfgGfaAfL96	86	usUfscCfaAfaAfuUfuucCfuCfaGfgAfgsasa	157	Mm
AD-62997.2	GfscsUfcCfgGfaAfUfGfuUfgCfuGfaAfaUfL96	87	asUfsuUfcAfgCfaAfcauUfcCfgGfaGfcsasu	158	Mm
AD-63001.2	GfsusGfuUfuGfuGfGfGfgAfgAfcCfaAfuAfL96	88	usAfsuUfgGfuCfuCfcccAfcAfaAfcAfcsasg	159	Mm
AD-62933.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	160	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	277	Mm
AD-65630.1	Y44gsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	161	PusUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	278
AD-65636.1	gsasauguGfaAfAfGfucauCfgacaaL96	162	usUfsgUfcGfa UfgAfcu u UfcAfcAfu Ufcsusg	279
AD-65642.1	gsasauguGfaAfAfGfucaucgacaaL96	163	usUfsgUfcGfa UfgAfcu u UfcAfcAfu Ufcsusg	280
AD-65647.1	gsasauguGfaaAfGfucaucgacaaL96	164	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	281
AD-65652.1	gsasauguGfaaaGfucaucGfacaaL96	165	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	282
AD-65657.1	gsasaugugaaaGfucaucGfacaaL96	166	usUfsgUfcGfa UfgAfcu u UfcAfcAfu Ufcsusg	283
AD-65662.1	gsasauguGfaaaGfucaucgacaaL96	167	usUfsgUfcGfa UfgAfcu u UfcAfcAfu Ufcsusg	284
AD-65625.1	AfsusGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	168	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfususc	285
AD-65631.1	asusguGfaAfAfGfucaucgacaaL96	169	usUfsgucGfa ugacu u UfcAfcaususc	286
AD-65637.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	170	usUfsgucGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcauucsusg	287
AD-65643.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	171	usUfsgucGfaUfGfacuuUfcAfcauucsusg	288
AD-65648.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	172	usUfsgucGfaugacuuUfcAfcauucsusg	289
AD-65653.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	173	usUfsgucGfaugacuuUfcacauucsusg	290
AD-65658.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	174	usUfsgucga ugacu u Ufcacauucsusg	291
AD-65663.1	gsasauguGfaAfAfGfucaucgacaaL96	175	usUfsgucGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcauucsusg	292
AD-65626.1	gsasauguGfaAfAfGfucaucgacaaL96	176	usUfsgucGfaUfGfacuuUfcAfcauucsusg	293
AD-65638.1	gsasauguGfaaAfGfucaucgacaaL96	177	usUfsgucGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcauucsusg	294
AD-65644.1	gsasauguGfaaAfGfucaucgacaaL96	178	usUfsgucGfaUfGfacuuUfcAfcauucsusg	295
AD-65649.1	gsasauguGfaaAfGfucaucgacaaL96	179	usUfsgucGfaugacuuUfcAfcauucsusg	296
AD-65654.1	gsasaugugaaagucau(Cgn)gacaaL96	180	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	297
AD-65659.1	gsasaugdTgaaagucau(Cgn)gacaaL96	181	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	298
AD-65627.1	gsasaudGugaaadGucau(Cgn)gacaaL96	182	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	299
AD-65633.1	gsasaugdTgaaadGucau(Cgn)gacaaL96	183	usUfsgUfcGfa UfgAfcuu UfcAfcAfu Ufcsusg	300
AD-65639.1	gsasaugudGaaadGucau(Cgn)gacaaL96	184	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	301
AD-65645.1	gsasaugugaaadGucaucdGacaaL96	185	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	302
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AD-65628.1	gsasaugugaaadGucaucdTadCaaL96	190	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	307
AD-65634.1	gsasaugugaaadGucaucY34adCaaL96	191	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	308
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AD-65661.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	194	usdTsgucdGaugacuudTcacauucsusg	311
AD-65666.1	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	195	usUsgucdGaugacuudTcacauucsusg	312
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AD-68309.1	asgsaaagGfuGfUfUfcaagaugucaL96	238	usGfsacaUfcUfUfgaacAfcCfuuucuscsc	355
AD-68303.1	csasuccuGfgAfAfAfuauauuaacuL96	239	asGfsuuaAfuAfUfauuuCfcAfggaugsasa	356
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AD-68295.1	asgsugcaCfaAfUfAfuuuucccauaL96	241	usAfsuggGfaAfAfauauUfgUfgcacusgsu	358
AD-68273.1	gsasaaguCfaUfCfGfacaagacauuL96	242	asAfsuguCfuUfGfucgaUfgAfcuuucsasc	359
AD-68297.1	asasugugAfaAfGfUfcaucgacaaaL96	243	usUfsuguCfgAfUfgacuUfuCfacauuscsu	360
AD-68287.1	csusggaaAfuAfUfAfuuaacuguuaL96	244	usAfsacaGfuUfAfauauAfuUfuccagsgsa	361
AD-68300.1	asusuuucCfcAfUfCfuguauuauuuL96	245	asAfsauaAfuAfCfagauGfgGfaaaausasu	362
AD-68306.1	usgsucguUfcUfUfUfuccaacaaaaL96	246	usUfsuugUfuGfGfaaaaGfaAfcgacascsc	363
AD-68292.1	asusccugGfaAfAfUfauauuaacuaL96	247	usAfsguuAfaUfAfuauuUfcCfaggausgsa	364
AD-68298.1	gscsauuuUfgAfGfAfggugaugauaL96	248	usAfsucaUfcAfCfcucuCfaAfaaugcscsc	365
AD-68277.1	csasggggGfaGfAfAfagguguucaaL96	249	usUfsgaaCfaCfCfuuucUfcCfcccugsgsa	366
AD-68289.1	gsgsaaauAfuAfUfUfaacuguuaaaL96	250	usUfsuaaCfaGfUfuaauAfuAfuuuccsasg	367
AD-68272.1	csasuuggUfgAfGfGfaaaaauccuuL96	251	asAfsggaUfuUfUfuccuCfaCfcaaugsusc	368
AD-68282.1	gsgsgagaAfaGfGfUfguucaagauaL96	252	usAfsucuUfgAfAfcaccUfuUfcucccscsc	369
AD-68285.1	gsgscauuUfuGfAfGfaggugaugauL96	253	asUfscauCfaCfCfucucAfaAfaugccscsu	370
AD-68290.1	usascaaaGfgGfUfGfucguucuuuuL96	254	asAfsaagAfaCfGfacacCfcUfuuguasusu	371
AD-68296.1	usgsggauCfuUfGfGfugucgaaucaL96	255	usGfsauuCfgAfCfaccaAfgAfucccasusu	372
AD-68288.1	csusgacaGfuGfCfAfcaauauuuuaL96	256	usAfsaaaUfaUfUfgugcAfcUfgucagsasu	373
AD-68299.1	csasgugcAfcAfAfUfauuuucccauL96	257	asUfsgggAfaAfAfuauuGfuGfcacugsusc	374
AD-68275.1	ascsuuuuCfaAfUfGfgguguccuaaL96	258	usUfsaggAfcAfCfccau UfgAfaaaguscsa	375
AD-68274.1	ascsauugGfuGfAfGfgaaaaauccuL96	259	asGfsgauUfuUfUfccucAfcCfaauguscsu	376
AD-68294.1	ususgcuuUfuGfAfCfuuuucaaugaL96	260	usCfsauuGfaAfAfagucAfaAfagcaasusg	377
AD-68302.1	csasuuuuGfaGfAfGfgugaugaugaL96	261	usCfsaucAfuCfAfccucUfcAfaaaugscsc	378
AD-68279.1	ususgacuUfuUfCfAfaugggugucaL96	262	usGfsacaCfcCfAfuugaAfaAfgucaasasa	379
AD-68304.1	csgsacuuCfuGfUfUfuuaggacagaL96	263	usCfsuguCfcUfAfaaacAfgAfagucgsasc	380
AD-68286.1	csuscugaGfuGfGfGfugccagaauaL96	264	usAfsuucUfgGfCfacccAfcUfcagagscsc	381
AD-68291.1	gsgsgugcCfaGfAfAfugugaaaguaL96	265	usAfscuu UfcAfCfa uucUfgGfcacccsasc	382
AD-68283.1	uscsaaugGfgUfGfUfccuaggaacaL96	266	usGfsuucCfuAfGfgacaCfcCfauugasasa	383
AD-68280.1	asasagucAfuCfGfAfcaagacauuaL96	267	usAfsaugUfcUfUfgucgAfuGfacuuuscsa	384
AD-68293.1	asusuuugAfgAfGfGfugaugaugcaL96	268	usGfscauCfaUfCfaccuCfuCfaaaausgsc	385
AD-68276.1	asuscgacAfaGfAfCfauuggugagaL96	269	usCfsucaCfcAfAfugucUfuGfucgausgsa	386
AD-68308.1	gsgsugccAfgAfAfUfgugaaagucaL96	270	usGfsacuUfuCfAfcauuCfuGfgcaccscsa	387
AD-68278.1	gsascaguGfcAfCfAfauauuuuccaL96	271	usGfsgaaAfaUfAfuuguGfcAfcugucsasg	388
AD-68307.1	ascsaaagAfgAfCfAfcugugcagaaL96	272	usUfscugCfaCfAfguguCfuCfuuuguscsa	389
AD-68284.1	ususuucaAfuGfGfGfuguccuaggaL96	273	usCfscuaGfgAfCfacccAfuUfgaaaasgsu	390
AD-68301.1	cscsguuuCfcAfAfGfaucugacaguL96	274	asCfsuguCfaGfAfucuuGfgAfaacggscsc	391
AD-68281.1	asgsggggAfgAfAfAfgguguucaaaL96	275	usUfsugaAfcAfCfcuuuCfuCfccccusgsg	392
AD-68305.1	asgsucauCfgAfCfAfagacauugguL96	276	asCfscaaUfgUfCfuuguCfgAfugacususu	393

Table 2a. HAO1 unmodified sequences (human and human/mouse)

Duplex Name	SEQ ID NO:	Sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Antisense strand sequence	Position in NM 017545.2
AD-62933	394	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	443	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-62939	395	UUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGA	444	UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGU	1302-1324
AD-62944	396	GAAAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUU	445	AAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCAC	1078-1100
AD-62949	397	UCAUCGACAAGACAUUGGUGA	446	UCACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACU	1083-1105
AD-62954	398	UUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAA	447	UUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAG	1303-1325
AD-62959	399	AAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAACCUU	448	AAGGUUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGA	1307-1329
AD-62964	400	GACAGUGCACAAUAUUUUCCA	449	UGGAAAAUAUUGUGCACUGUCAG	1134-1156_C21A
AD-62969	401	ACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAA	450	UUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCA	1300-1322_G21A
AD-62934	402	AAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUUGA	451	UCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUC	1080-1102_G21A
AD-62940	403	AUCGACAAGACAUUGGUGAGA	452	UCUCACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGA	1085-1107_G21A
AD-62945	404	GGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAGAUA	453	UAUCUUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCC	996-1018_G21A
AD-62950	405	CUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGA	454	UCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUC	1301-1323_G21A
AD-62955	406	UCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAACA	455	UG U UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAA	1305-1327_C21A
AD-62960	407	UUGACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCA	456	UGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCAAAA	1297-1319_C21A
AD-62965	408	AAAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUUA	457	UAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCA	1079-1101_G21A
AD-62970	409	CAGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAA	458	UUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGGA	992-1014
AD-62935	410	CAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCUU	459	AAGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUC	1095-1117
AD-62941	411	ACAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCU	460	AGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUCU	1094-1116
AD-62946	412	AGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAA	461	UUUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGG	993-1015_G21A
AD-62974	413	CUCAGGAUGAAAAAUUUUGAA	462	UUCAAAAUUUUUCAUCCUGAGUU	563-585
AD-62978	414	CAGCAUGUAUUACUUGACAAA	463	UUUGUCAAGUAAUACAUGCUGAA	1173-1195
AD-62982	415	UAUGAACAACAUGCUAAAUCA	464	UGAUUUAGCAUGUUGUUCAUAAU	53-75
AD-62986	416	AUAUAUCCAAAUGUUUUAGGA	465	UCCUAAAACAUUUGGAUAUAUUC	1679-1701
AD-62990	417	CCAGAUGGAAGCUGUAUCCAA	466	UUGGAUACAGCUUCCAUCUGGAA	156-178
AD-62994	418	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	467	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-62998	419	CCCCGGCUAAUUUGUAUCAAU	468	AUUGAUACAAAUUAGCCGGGGGA	29-51
AD-63002	420	UUAAACAUGGCUUGAAUGGGA	469	UCCCAUUCAAGCCAUGUUUAACA	765-787
AD-62975	421	AAUGUGUUUAGACAACGUCAU	470	AUGACGUUGUCUAAACACAUUUU	1388-1410
AD-62979	422	ACUAAAGGAAGAAUUCCGGUU	471	AACCGGAAUUCUUCCUUUAGUAU	1027-1049
AD-62983	423	UAUAUCCAAAUGUUUUAGGAU	472	AUCCUAAAACAUUUGGAUAUAUU	1680-1702
AD-62987	424	GUGCGGAAAGGCACUGAUGUU	473	AACAUCAGUGCCUUUCCGCACAC	902-924
AD-62991	425	UAAAACAGUGGUUCUUAAAUU	474	AAUUUAAGAACCACUGUUUUAAA	1521-1543
AD-62995	426	AUGAAAAAUUUUGAAACCAGU	475	ACUGGUUUCAAAAUUUUUCAUCC	569-591
AD-62999	427	AACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCUUUU	476	AAAAGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGG	1264-1286
AD-63003	428	CUGAAACAGAUCUGUCGACUU	477	AAGUCGACAGAUCUGUUUCAGCA	195-217
AD-62976	429	UUGUUGCAAAGGGCAUUUUGA	478	UCAAAAUGCCCUUUGCAACAAUU	720-742
AD-62980	430	CUCAUUGUUUAUUAACCUGUA	479	UACAGGUUAAUAAACAAUGAGAU	1483-1505
AD-62984	431	CAACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCUUU	480	AAAGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGGA	1263-1285
AD-62992	432	CAUUGUUUAUUAACCUGUAUU	481	AAUACAGGUUAAUAAACAAUGAG	1485-1507
AD-62996	433	UAUCAGCUGGGAAGAUAUCAA	482	UUGAUAUCUUCCCAGCUGAUAGA	670-692
AD-63000	434	UGUCCUAGGAACCUUUUAGAA	483	UUCUAAAAGGUUCCUAGGACACC	1313-1335
AD-63004	435	UCCAACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCU	484	AGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGGAAA	1261-1283
AD-62977	436	GGUGUGCGGAAAGGCACUGAU	485	AUCAGUGCCUUUCCGCACACCCC	899-921
AD-62981	437	UUGAAACCAGUACUUUAUCAU	486	AUGAUAAAGUACUGGUUUCAAAA	579-601
AD-62985	438	UACUUCCAAAGUCUAUAUAUA	487	UAUAUAUAGACUUUGGAAGUACU	75-97_G21A
AD-62989	439	UCCUAGGAACCUUUUAGAAAU	488	AUUUCUAAAAGGUUCCUAGGACA	1315-1337_G21U
AD-62993	440	CUCCUGAGGAAAAUUUUGGAA	489	UUCCAAAAUUUUCCUCAGGAGAA	603-625_G21A
AD-62997	441	GCUCCGGAAUGUUGCUGAAAU	490	AUUUCAGCAACAUUCCGGAGCAU	181-203_C21U
AD-63001	442	GUGUUUGUGGGGAGACCAAUA	491	UAUUGGUCUCCCCACAAACACAG	953-975_C21A

Table 2b. HAO1 unmodified sequences (mouse)

Duplex Name	SEQ ID NO:	Sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Antisense strand sequence	Position in NM_010403.2
AD-62951	492	AUGGUGGUAAUUUGUGAUUUU	514	AAAAUCACAAAUUACCACCAUCC	1642-1664
AD-62956	493	GACUUGCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	515	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGCAAGUCCA	1338-1360
AD-62961	494	GGAAGGGAAGGUAGAAGUCUU	516	AAGACUUCUACCUUCCCUUCCAC	864-886
AD-62966	495	UGUCUUCUGUUUAGAUUUCCU	517	AGGAAAUCUAAACAGAAGACAGG	1506-1528
AD-62971	496	CUUUGGCUGUUUCCAAGAUCU	518	AGAUCUUGGAAACAGCCAAAGGA	1109-1131
AD-62936	497	AAUGUGUUUGGGCAACGUCAU	519	AUGACGUUGCCCAAACACAUUUU	1385-1407
AD-62942	498	UGUGACUGUGGACACCCCUUA	520	UAAGGGGUGUCCACAGUCACAAA	486-508
AD-62947	499	GAUGGGGUGCCAGCUACUAUU	521	AAUAGUAGCUGGCACCCCAUCCA	814-836
AD-62952	500	GAAAAUGUGUUUGGGCAACGU	522	ACGUUGCCCAAACACAUUUUCAA	1382-1404
AD-62957	501	GGCUGUUUCCAAGAUCUGACA	523	UGUCAGAUCUUGGAAACAGCCAA	1113-1135
AD-62962	502	UCCAACAAAAUAGCCACCCCU	524	AGGGGUGGCUAUUUUGUUGGAAA	1258-1280
AD-62967	503	GUCUUCUGUUUAGAUUUCCUU	525	AAGGAAAUCUAAACAGAAGACAG	1507-1529
AD-62972	504	UGGAAGGGAAGGUAGAAGUCU	526	AGACUUCUACCUUCCCUUCCACA	863-885
AD-62937	505	UCCUUUGGCUGUUUCCAAGAU	527	AUCUUGGAAACAGCCAAAGGAUU	1107-1129
AD-62943	506	CAUCUCUCAGCUGGGAUGAUA	528	UAUCAUCCCAGCUGAGAGAUGGG	662-684
AD-62948	507	GGGGUGCCAGCUACUAUUGAU	529	AUCAAUAGUAGCUGGCACCCCAU	817-839
AD-62953	508	AUGUGUUUGGGCAACGUCAUA	530	UAUGACG U UGCCCAAACACAUU U	1386-1408-C21A
AD-62958	509	CUGUUUAGAUUUCCUUAAGAA	531	UUCUUAAGGAAAUCUAAACAGAA	1512-1534_C21A
AD-62963	510	AGAAAGAAAUGGACUUGCAUA	532	UAUGCAAGUCCAUUUCUUUCUAG	1327-1349_C21A
AD-62968	511	GCAUCCUGGAAAUAUAUUAAA	533	UUUAAUAUAUUUCCAGGAUGCAA	1343-1365_C21A
AD-62973	512	CCUGUCAGACCAUGGGAACUA	534	UAGUUCCCAUGGUCUGACAGGCU	308-330_G21A
AD-62938	513	AAACAUGGUGUGGAUGGGAUA	535	UAUCCCAUCCACACCAUGUUUAA	763-785_C21A

Table 2c: Additional HAO1 unmodified sequences

Duplex Name	SEQ ID NO:	Sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Antisense strand sequence	Position in NM_017545.2
AD-62933.2	394	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	443	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-62939.2	395	UUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGA	444	UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGU	1302-1324
AD-62944.2	396	GAAAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUU	445	AAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCAC	1078-1100
AD-62949.2	397	UCAUCGACAAGACAUUGGUGA	446	UCACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACU	1083-1105
AD-62954.2	398	UUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAA	447	UUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAG	1303-1325
AD-62959.2	399	AAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAACCUU	448	AAGGUUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGA	1307-1329
AD-62964.2	400	GACAGUGCACAAUAUUUUCCA	449	UGGAAAAUAUUGUGCACUGUCAG	1134-1156_C21A
AD-62969.2	401	ACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAA	450	UUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCA	1300-1322_G21A
AD-62934.2	402	AAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUUGA	451	UCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUC	1080-1102_G21A
AD-62940.2	403	AUCGACAAGACAUUGGUGAGA	452	UCUCACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGA	1085-1107_G21A
AD-62945.2	404	GGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAGAUA	453	UAUCU UGAACACCUU UCUCCCCC	996-1018_G21A
AD-62950.2	405	CUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGA	454	UCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUC	1301-1323_G21A
AD-62955.2	406	UCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAACA	455	UGUUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAA	1305-1327_C21A
AD-62960.2	407	UUGACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCA	456	UGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCAAAA	1297-1319_C21A
AD-62965.2	408	AAAG UCAUCGACAAGACAU UA	457	UAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCA	1079-1101_G21A
AD-62970.2	409	CAGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAA	458	UUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGGA	992-1014
AD-62935.2	410	CAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCUU	459	AAGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUC	1095-1117
AD-62941.2	411	ACAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCU	460	AGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUCU	1094-1116
AD-62946.2	412	AGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAA	461	UUUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGG	993-1015_G21A
AD-62974.2	413	CUCAGGAUGAAAAAUUUUGAA	462	UUCAAAAUUUUUCAUCCUGAGUU	563-585
AD-62978.2	414	CAGCAUGUAUUACUUGACAAA	463	UUUGUCAAGUAAUACAUGCUGAA	1173-1195
AD-62982.2	415	UAUGAACAACAUGCUAAAUCA	464	UGAUUUAGCAUGUUGUUCAUAAU	53-75
AD-62986.2	416	AUAUAUCCAAAUGUUUUAGGA	465	UCCUAAAACAUUUGGAUAUAUUC	1679-1701
AD-62990.2	417	CCAGAUGGAAGCUGUAUCCAA	466	UUGGAUACAGCUUCCAUCUGGAA	156-178
AD-62994.2	418	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	467	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-62998.2	419	CCCCGGCUAAUUUGUAUCAAU	468	AUUGAUACAAAUUAGCCGGGGGA	29-51
AD-63002.2	420	UUAAACAUGGCUUGAAUGGGA	469	UCCCAUUCAAGCCAUGUUUAACA	765-787
AD-62975.2	421	AAUGUGUUUAGACAACGUCAU	470	AUGACGUUGUCUAAACACAUUUU	1388-1410
AD-62979.2	422	ACUAAAGGAAGAAUUCCGGUU	471	AACCGGAAUUCUUCCUUUAGUAU	1027-1049
AD-62983.2	423	UAUAUCCAAAUGUUUUAGGAU	472	AUCCUAAAACAUUUGGAUAUAUU	1680-1702
AD-62987.2	424	GUGCGGAAAGGCACUGAUGUU	473	AACAUCAGUGCCUUUCCGCACAC	902-924
AD-62991.2	425	UAAAACAGUGGUUCUUAAAUU	474	AAUUUAAGAACCACUGUUUUAAA	1521-1543
AD-62995.2	426	AUGAAAAAUUUUGAAACCAGU	475	ACUGGUUUCAAAAUUUUUCAUCC	569-591
AD-62999.2	427	AACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCUUUU	476	AAAAGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGG	1264-1286
AD-63003.2	428	CUGAAACAGAUCUGUCGACUU	477	AAGUCGACAGAUCUGUUUCAGCA	195-217
AD-62976.2	429	UUGUUGCAAAGGGCAUUUUGA	478	UCAAAAUGCCCUUUGCAACAAUU	720-742
AD-62980.2	430	CUCAUUGUUUAUUAACCUGUA	479	UACAGGUUAAUAAACAAUGAGAU	1483-1505
AD-62984.2	431	CAACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCUUU	480	AAAGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGGA	1263-1285
AD-62992.2	432	CAUUGUUUAUUAACCUGUAUU	481	AAUACAGGUUAAUAAACAAUGAG	1485-1507
AD-62996.2	433	UAUCAGCUGGGAAGAUAUCAA	482	UUGAUAUCUUCCCAGCUGAUAGA	670-692
AD-63000.2	434	UGUCCUAGGAACCUUUUAGAA	483	UUCUAAAAGGUUCCUAGGACACC	1313-1335
AD-63004.2	435	UCCAACAAAAUAGCAAUCCCU	484	AGGGAUUGCUAUUUUGUUGGAAA	1261-1283
AD-62977.2	436	GGUGUGCGGAAAGGCACUGAU	485	AUCAGUGCCUUUCCGCACACCCC	899-921
AD-62981.2	437	UUGAAACCAGUACUUUAUCAU	486	AUGAUAAAGUACUGGUUUCAAAA	579-601
AD-62985.2	438	UACUUCCAAAGUCUAUAUAUA	487	UAUAUAUAGACUUUGGAAGUACU	75-97_G21A
AD-62989.2	439	UCCUAGGAACCUUUUAGAAAU	488	AUUUCUAAAAGGUUCCUAGGACA	1315-1337_G21U
AD-62993.2	440	CUCCUGAGGAAAAUUUUGGAA	489	UUCCAAAAUUUUCCUCAGGAGAA	603-625_G21A
AD-62997.2	441	GCUCCGGAAUGUUGCUGAAAU	490	AUUUCAGCAACAUUCCGGAGCAU	181-203_C21U
AD-63001.2	442	GUGUUUGUGGGGAGACCAAUA	491	UAUUGGUCUCCCCACAAACACAG	953-975_C21A
AD-62951.2	492	AUGGUGGUAAUUUGUGAUUUU	514	AAAAUCACAAAUUACCACCAUCC	1642-1664
AD-62956.2	493	GACUUGCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	515	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGCAAGUCCA	1338-1360
AD-62961.2	494	GGAAGGGAAGGUAGAAGUCUU	516	AAGACUUCUACCUUCCCUUCCAC	864-886
AD-62966.2	495	UGUCUUCUGUUUAGAUUUCCU	517	AGGAAAUCUAAACAGAAGACAGG	1506-1528
AD-62971.2	496	CUUUGGCUGUUUCCAAGAUCU	518	AGAUCUUGGAAACAGCCAAAGGA	1109-1131
AD-62936.2	497	AAUGUGUUUGGGCAACGUCAU	519	AUGACGUUGCCCAAACACAUUUU	1385-1407
AD-62942.2	498	UGUGACUGUGGACACCCCUUA	520	UAAGGGGUGUCCACAGUCACAAA	486-508
AD-62947.2	499	GAUGGGGUGCCAGCUACUAUU	521	AAUAGUAGCUGGCACCCCAUCCA	814-836
AD-62952.2	500	GAAAAUGUGUUUGGGCAACGU	522	ACGUUGCCCAAACACAUUUUCAA	1382-1404
AD-62957.2	501	GGCUGUUUCCAAGAUCUGACA	523	UGUCAGAUCUUGGAAACAGCCAA	1113-1135
AD-62962.2	502	UCCAACAAAAUAGCCACCCCU	524	AGGGGUGGCUAUUUUGUUGGAAA	1258-1280
AD-62967.2	503	GUCUUCUGUUUAGAUUUCCUU	525	AAGGAAAUCUAAACAGAAGACAG	1507-1529
AD-62972.2	504	UGGAAGGGAAGGUAGAAGUCU	526	AGACUUCUACCUUCCCUUCCACA	863-885
AD-62937.2	505	UCCUUUGGCUGUUUCCAAGAU	527	AUCUUGGAAACAGCCAAAGGAUU	1107-1129
AD-62943.2	506	CAUCUCUCAGCUGGGAUGAUA	528	UAUCAUCCCAGCUGAGAGAUGGG	662-684
AD-62948.2	507	GGGGUGCCAGCUACUAUUGAU	529	AUCAAUAGUAGCUGGCACCCCAU	817-839
AD-62953.2	508	AUGUGUUUGGGCAACGUCAUA	530	UAUGACGUUGCCCAAACACAUUU	1386-1408_C21A
AD-62958.2	509	CUGUUUAGAUUUCCUUAAGAA	531	UUCUUAAGGAAAUCUAAACAGAA	1512-1534_C21A
AD-62963.2	510	AGAAAGAAAUGGACUUGCAUA	532	UAUGCAAGUCCAUUUCUUUCUAG	1327-1349_C21A
AD-62968.2	511	GCAUCCUGGAAAUAUAUUAAA	533	UUUAAUAUAUUUCCAGGAUGCAA	1343-1365_C21A
AD-62973.2	512	CCUGUCAGACCAUGGGAACUA	534	UAGUUCCCAUGGUCUGACAGGCU	308-330_G21A
AD-62938.2	513	AAACAUGGUGUGGAUGGGAUA	535	UAUCCCAUCCACACCAUGUUUAA	763-785_C21A
AD-62933.1	536	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	653	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65630.1	537	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	654	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65636.1	538	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	655	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65642.1	539	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	656	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65647.1	540	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	657	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65652.1	541	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	658	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65657.1	542	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	659	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65662.1	543	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	660	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65625.1	544	AUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	661	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUC	1072-1094
AD-65631.1	545	AUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	662	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUC	1072-1094
AD-65637.1	546	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	663	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65643.1	547	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	664	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65648.1	548	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	665	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65653.1	549	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	666	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65658.1	550	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	667	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65663.1	551	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	668	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65626.1	552	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	669	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65638.1	553	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	670	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65644.1	554	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	671	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65649.1	555	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	672	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65654.1	556	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	673	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65659.1	557	GAAUGTGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	674	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65627.1	558	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	675	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65633.1	559	GAAUGTGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	676	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65639.1	560	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	677	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65645.1	561	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	678	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65650.1	562	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCTACAA	679	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65655.1	563	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCACAA	680	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65660.1	564	GAAUGUGAAAGUCATCTACAA	681	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65665.1	565	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	682	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65628.1	566	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCTACAA	683	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65634.1	567	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCACAA	684	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65646.1	568	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	685	UTGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65656.1	569	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	686	UUGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65661.1	570	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	687	UTGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65666.1	571	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	688	UUGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65629.1	572	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	689	UTGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65635.1	573	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	690	UTGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-65641.1	574	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	691	UTGUCGAUGACUUTCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-62994.1	575	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	692	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65595.1	576	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	693	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65600.1	577	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	694	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65610.1	578	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	695	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65615.1	579	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	696	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65620.1	580	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	697	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65584.1	581	CUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	698	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUC	1341-1361
AD-65590.1	582	CUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	699	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUC	1341-1361
AD-65596.1	583	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	700	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65601.1	584	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	701	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65606.1	585	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	702	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65611.1	586	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	703	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65616.1	587	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	704	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65621.1	588	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	705	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65585.1	589	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	706	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65591.1	590	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	707	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65597.1	591	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	708	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65602.1	592	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	709	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65607.1	593	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	710	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65612.1	594	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	711	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65622.1	595	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	712	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65586.1	596	GACUTUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	713	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65592.1	597	GACUUTCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	714	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65598.1	598	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	715	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65603.1	599	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	716	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65608.1	600	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAATUAUA	717	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65613.1	601	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAUAUA	718	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65618.1	602	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAATUAUA	719	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65623.1	603	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAATUAUA	720	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65587.1	604	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	721	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65593.1	605	GACUUTCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	722	UAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65599.1	606	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	723	UAUAUUUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65604.1	607	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	724	UAUAUUUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65609.1	608	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	725	UAUAUUUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65614.1	609	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	726	UAUAUTUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65619.1	610	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	727	UAUAUTUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65624.1	611	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	728	UAUAUUUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65588.1	612	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	729	UAUAUTUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-65594.1	613	GACUUUCAUCCUGGAAAUAUA	730	UAUAUUUCCAGGATGAAAGUCCA	1341-1363
AD-68309.1	614	AGAAAGGUGUUCAAGAUGUCA	731	UGACAUCUUGAACACCUUUCUCC	1001-1022C21A
AD-68303.1	615	CAUCCUGGAAAUAUAUUAACU	732	AGUUAAUAUAUUUCCAGGAUGAA	1349-1370
AD-65626.5	616	GAAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAA	733	UUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCUG	1072-1094
AD-68295.1	617	AGUGCACAAUAUUUUCCCAUA	734	UAUGGGAAAAUAUUGUGCACUGU	1139-1160_C21A
AD-68273.1	618	GAAAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUU	735	AAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCAC	1080-1100
AD-68297.1	619	AAUGUGAAAGUCAUCGACAAA	736	UUUGUCGAUGACUUUCACAUUCU	1075-1096_G21A
AD-68287.1	620	CUGGAAAUAUAUUAACUGUUA	737	UAACAGUUAAUAUAUUUCCAGGA	1353-1374
AD-68300.1	621	AUUUUCCCAUCUGUAUUAUUU	738	AAAUAAUACAGAUGGGAAAAUAU	1149-1170
AD-68306.1	622	UGUCGUUCUUUUCCAACAAAA	739	UUUUGUUGGAAAAGAACGACACC	1252-1273
AD-68292.1	623	AUCCUGGAAAUAUAUUAACUA	740	UAGUUAAUAUAUUUCCAGGAUGA	1350-1371-G21A
AD-68298.1	624	GCAUUUUGAGAGGUGAUGAUA	741	UAUCAUCACCUCUCAAAAUGCCC	734-755_G21A
AD-68277.1	625	CAGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAA	742	UUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGGA	994-1014
AD-68289.1	626	GGAAAUAUAUUAACUGUUAAA	743	UUUAACAGUUAAUAUAUUUCCAG	1355-1376
AD-68272.1	627	CAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCUU	744	AAGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUC	1097-1117
AD-68282.1	628	GGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAGAUA	745	UAUCUUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCC	998-1018_G21A
AD-68285.1	629	GGCAUUUUGAGAGGUGAUGAU	746	AUCAUCACCUCUCAAAAUGCCCU	733-754
AD-68290.1	630	UACAAAGGGUGUCGUUCUUUU	747	AAAAGAACGACACCCUUUGUAUU	1243-1264
AD-68296.1	631	UGGGAUCUUGGUGUCGAAUCA	748	UGAUUCGACACCAAGAUCCCAUU	783-804
AD-68288.1	632	CUGACAGUGCACAAUAUUUUA	749	UAAAAUAUUGUGCACUGUCAGAU	1134-1155_C21A
AD-68299.1	633	CAGUGCACAAUAUUUUCCCAU	750	AUGGGAAAAUAUUGUGCACUGUC	1138-1159
AD-68275.1	634	ACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAA	751	UUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCA	1302-1322_G21A
AD-68274.1	635	ACAUUGGUGAGGAAAAAUCCU	752	AGGAUUUUUCCUCACCAAUGUCU	1096-1116
AD-68294.1	636	UUGCUUUUGACUUUUCAAUGA	753	UCAUUGAAAAGUCAAAAGCAAUG	1293-1314_G21A
AD-68302.1	637	CAUUUUGAGAGGUGAUGAUGA	754	UCAUCAUCACCUCUCAAAAUGCC	735-756_C21A
AD-68279.1	638	UUGACUUUUCAAUGGGUGUCA	755	UGACACCCAUUGAAAAGUCAAAA	1299-1319_C21A
AD-68304.1	639	CGACUUCUGUUUUAGGACAGA	756	UCUGUCCUAAAACAGAAGUCGAC	212-233
AD-68286.1	640	CUCUGAGUGGGUGCCAGAAUA	757	UAUUCUGGCACCCACUCAGAGCC	1058-1079_G21A
AD-68291.1	641	GGGUGCCAGAAUGUGAAAGUA	758	UACUUUCACAUUCUGGCACCCAC	1066-1087_C21A
AD-68283.1	642	UCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGAACA	759	UGUUCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAA	1307-1327_C21A
AD-68280.1	643	AAAGUCAUCGACAAGACAUUA	760	UAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUUCA	1081-1101_G21A
AD-68293.1	644	AUUUUGAGAGGUGAUGAUGCA	761	UGCAUCAUCACCUCUCAAAAUGC	736-757_C21A
AD-68276.1	645	AUCGACAAGACAUUGGUGAGA	762	UCUCACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGA	1087-1107_G21A
AD-68308.1	646	GGUGCCAGAAUGUGAAAGUCA	763	UGACUUUCACAUUCUGGCACCCA	1067-1088
AD-68278.1	647	GACAGUGCACAAUAUUUUCCA	764	UGGAAAAUAU UG UGCACUG UCAG	1136-1156_C21A
AD-68307.1	648	ACAAAGAGACACUGUGCAGAA	765	UUCUGCACAGUGUCUCUUUGUCA	1191-1212_G21A
AD-68284.1	649	UUUUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGA	766	UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAAAAGU	1304-1324
AD-68301.1	650	CCGUUUCCAAGAUCUGACAGU	767	ACUGUCAGAUCUUGGAAACGGCC	1121-1142
AD-68281.1	651	AGGGGGAGAAAGGUGUUCAAA	768	UUUGAACACCUUUCUCCCCCUGG	995-1015_G21A
AD-68305.1	652	AGUCAUCGACAAGACAUUGGU	769	ACCAAUGUCUUGUCGAUGACUUU	1083-1104

Example 2. In vitro single dose screen in primary monkey hepatocytes.

The modified and conjugated HAO1 siRNA duplexes were evaluated for efficacy by transfection assays in primary monkey hepatocytes. HAO1 siRNAs were transfected at two doses, 10nM and 0.1nM. The results of these assays are shown in Table 3 and the data are expressed as a fraction of the message remaining in cells transfected with siRNAs targeting HAO1, relative to cells transfected with a negative control siRNA, AD-1955 ± the standard deviation (SD).

The results are also shown in Figure 3A. Figure 3B illustrates a dose response with one of the most active conjugates (#31) (AD-62933) from the primary two dose screen; the IC50 was ∼19pM.

Table 3a. HAO1 single dose screen in monkey hepatocytes.

				SD 10nM PCH	SD 0.1nM PCH
AD-62974	Hs	5.3	29.8	1.87	11.11
AD-62975	Hs	7.6	31.3	0.34	1.99
AD-62976	Hs	4.7	35.5	0.34	13.90
AD-62977	Hs	29.2	66.9	8.32	43.88
AD-62978	Hs	3.8	8.9	0.15	4.29
AD-62979	Hs	27.5	80.7	1.35	19.58
AD-62980	Hs	7.4	32.2	1.26	1.42
AD-62981	Hs	18.7	49.9	3.46	12.83
AD-62982	Hs	2.2	8.5	0.10	7.71
AD-62983	Hs	19.4	41.0	11.19	6.60
AD-62984	Hs	6.7	13.3	1.05	2.60
AD-62985	Hs	2.3	8.3	0.24	2.68
AD-62986	Hs	39.0	57.2	3.82	16.31
AD-62987	Hs	11.5	17.8	14.62	15.39
AD-62989	Hs	10.6	34.2	2.23	2.68
AD-62990	Hs	12.0	18.4	9.11	5.23
AD-62991	Hs	7.2	14.2	1.30	2.96
AD-62992	Hs	3.9	16.0	1.15	1.80
AD-62993	Hs	22.3	58.4	9.91	6.28
AD-62994	Hs	3.2	10.8	1.21	1.69
AD-62995	Hs	5.5	17.6	4.58	3.25
AD-62996	Hs	3.4	20.7	2.16	3.73
AD-62997	Hs	4.5	24.2	0.67	3.32
AD-62998	Hs	4.3	14.7	0.49	0.29
AD-62999	Hs	11.4	15.5	1.23	2.50
AD-63000	Hs	45.5	90.6	13.41	43.49
AD-63001	Hs	13.3	31.0	0.20	2.13
AD-63002	Hs	6.6	22.0	0.26	5.75
AD-63003	Hs	36.8	5.1	47.09	0.60
AD-63004	Hs	12.7	35.4	1.55	9.42
AD-62933	Hs/Mm	5.8	13.4	0.71	0.13
AD-62934	Hs/Mm	52.2	35.9	6.64	5.08
AD-62935	Hs/Mm	7.7	22.7	1.53	4.97
AD-62939	Hs/Mm	25.1	49.0	9.48	2.88
AD-62940	Hs/Mm	11.9	50.4	4.12	13.91
AD-62941	Hs/Mm	9.6	30.3	7.28	3.11
AD-62944	Hs/Mm	8.0	18.5	1.40	5.63
AD-62945	Hs/Mm	22.9	36.5	17.16	13.81
AD-62946	Hs/Mm	19.3	29.5	15.29	1.74
AD-62949	Hs/Mm	34.1	84.2	18.11	18.42
AD-62950	Hs/Mm	12.7	36.2	5.69	6.54
AD-62954	Hs/Mm	46.0	53.2	37.57	10.61
AD-62955	Hs/Mm	24.6	36.0	0.97	16.36
AD-62959	Hs/Mm	32.3	37.4	12.49	12.08
AD-62960	Hs/Mm	18.1	37.5	2.12	3.12
AD-62964	Hs/Mm	16.2	52.4	5.59	22.40
AD-62965	Hs/Mm	18.5	34.5	3.77	22.38
AD-62969	Hs/Mm	11.7	34.0	0.17	12.55
AD-62970	Hs/Mm	13.6	21.2	1.13	5.85
AD-62936	Mm	91.3	55.6	16.03	0.27
AD-62937	Mm	45.8	77.7	22.77	47.01
AD-62938	Mm	78.3	55.1	8.81	2.70
AD-62942	Mm	18.8	21.7	7.34	8.00
AD-62943	Mm	6.7	31.0	0.79	7.22
AD-62947	Mm	27.9	82.0	14.01	2.01
AD-62948	Mm	21.9	52.5	6.56	21.01
AD-62951	Mm	40.1	77.4	8.76	3.03
AD-62952	Mm	33.7	69.9	17.76	1.71
AD-62953	Mm	79.9	65.1	96.61	22.79
AD-62956	Mm	7.6	16.4	1.01	12.39
AD-62957	Mm	6.7	21.3	0.99	3.02
AD-62958	Mm	38.9	54.4	21.66	29.39
AD-62961	Mm	35.3	66.0	0.35	24.65
AD-62962	Mm	70.7	63.7	21.17	26.36
AD-62963	Mm	35.1	66.5	35.49	9.42
AD-62966	Mm	69.0	100.3	17.07	3.44
AD-62967	Mm	90.7	116.7	22.01	47.77
AD-62968	Mm	46.3	72.2	28.37	67.08
AD-62971	Mm	17.9	46.3	1.23	23.41
AD-62972	Mm	75.6	122.9	24.75	18.00
AD-62973	Mm	102.8	73.9	22.49	14.39

Table 3b. Additional HAO1 single dose screen in primary monkey hepatocytes.

				SD 10nM PCH	SD 0.1nM PCH
AD-62974.2	Hs	5.3	29.8	1.87	11.11
AD-62975.2	Hs	7.6	31.3	0.34	1.99
AD-62976.2	Hs	4.7	35.5	0.34	13.90
AD-62977.2	Hs	29.2	66.9	8.32	43.88
AD-62978.2	Hs	3.8	8.9	0.15	4.29
AD-62979.2	Hs	27.5	80.7	1.35	19.58
AD-62980.2	Hs	7.4	32.2	1.26	1.42
AD-62981.2	Hs	18.7	49.9	3.46	12.83
AD-62982.2	Hs	2.2	8.5	0.10	7.71
AD-62983.2	Hs	19.4	41.0	11.19	6.60
AD-62984.2	Hs	6.7	13.3	1.05	2.60
AD-62985.2	Hs	2.3	8.3	0.24	2.68
AD-62986.2	Hs	39.0	57.2	3.82	16.31
AD-62987.2	Hs	11.5	17.8	14.62	15.39
AD-62989.2	Hs	10.6	34.2	2.23	2.68
AD-62990.2	Hs	12.0	18.4	9.11	5.23
AD-62991.2	Hs	7.2	14.2	1.30	2.96
AD-62992.2	Hs	3.9	16.0	1.15	1.80
AD-62993.2	Hs	22.3	58.4	9.91	6.28
AD-62994.2	Hs	3.2	10.8	1.21	1.69
AD-62995.2	Hs	5.5	17.6	4.58	3.25
AD-62996.2	Hs	3.4	20.7	2.16	3.73
AD-62997.2	Hs	4.5	24.2	0.67	3.32
AD-62998.2	Hs	4.3	14.7	0.49	0.29
AD-62999.2	Hs	11.4	15.5	1.23	2.50
AD-63000.2	Hs	45.5	90.6	13.41	43.49
AD-63001.2	Hs	13.3	31.0	0.20	2.13
AD-63002.2	Hs	6.6	22.0	0.26	5.75
AD-63003.2	Hs	36.8	5.1	47.09	0.60
AD-63004.2	Hs	12.7	35.4	1.55	9.42
AD-62933.2	Hs/Mm	5.8	13.4	0.71	0.13
AD-62934.2	Hs/Mm	52.2	35.9	6.64	5.08
AD-62935.2	Hs/Mm	7.7	22.7	1.53	4.97
AD-62939.2	Hs/Mm	25.1	49.0	9.48	2.88
AD-62940.2	Hs/Mm	11.9	50.4	4.12	13.91
AD-62941.2	Hs/Mm	9.6	30.3	7.28	3.11
AD-62944.2	Hs/Mm	8.0	18.5	1.40	5.63
AD-62945.2	Hs/Mm	22.9	36.5	17.16	13.81
AD-62946.2	Hs/Mm	19.3	29.5	15.29	1.74
AD-62949.2	Hs/Mm	34.1	84.2	18.11	18.42
AD-62950.2	Hs/Mm	12.7	36.2	5.69	6.54
AD-62954.2	Hs/Mm	46.0	53.2	37.57	10.61
AD-62955.2	Hs/Mm	24.6	36.0	0.97	16.36
AD-62959.2	Hs/Mm	32.3	37.4	12.49	12.08
AD-62960.2	Hs/Mm	18.1	37.5	2.12	3.12
AD-62964.2	Hs/Mm	16.2	52.4	5.59	22.40
AD-62965.2	Hs/Mm	18.5	34.5	3.77	22.38
AD-62969.2	Hs/Mm	11.7	34.0	0.17	12.55
AD-62970.2	Hs/Mm	13.6	21.2	1.13	5.85
AD-62936.2	Mm	91.3	55.6	16.03	0.27
AD-62937.2	Mm	45.8	77.7	22.77	47.01
AD-62938.2	Mm	78.3	55.1	8.81	2.70
AD-62942.2	Mm	18.8	21.7	7.34	8.00
AD-62943.2	Mm	6.7	31.0	0.79	7.22
AD-62947.2	Mm	27.9	82.0	14.01	2.01
AD-62948.2	Mm	21.9	52.5	6.56	21.01
AD-62951.2	Mm	40.1	77.4	8.76	3.03
AD-62952.2	Mm	33.7	69.9	17.76	1.71
AD-62953.2	Mm	79.9	65.1	96.61	22.79
AD-62956.2	Mm	7.6	16.4	1.01	12.39
AD-62957.2	Mm	6.7	21.3	0.99	3.02
AD-62958.2	Mm	38.9	54.4	21.66	29.39
AD-62961.2	Mm	35.3	66.0	0.35	24.65
AD-62962.2	Mm	70.7	63.7	21.17	26.36
AD-62963.2	Mm	35.1	66.5	35.49	9.42
AD-62966.2	Mm	69.0	100.3	17.07	3.44
AD-62967.2	Mm	90.7	116.7	22.01	47.77
AD-62968.2	Mm	46.3	72.2	28.37	67.08
AD-62971.2	Mm	17.9	46.3	1.23	23.41
AD-62972.2	Mm	75.6	122.9	24.75	18.00
AD-62973.2	Mm	102.8	73.9	22.49	14.39

Example 3. In vitro Single Dose Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.

The modified and conjugated HAO1 siRNA duplexes were evaluated for efficacy by transfection assays in primary mouse hepatocytes. HAO1 siRNAs were transfected at two doses, 20 nM and 0.2 nM. The results of these assays are shown in Table 4 and the data are expressed as a fraction of the message remaining in cells transfected with siRNAs targeting HAO1, relative to cells transfected with a negative control siRNA, AD-1955 ± the standard deviation (SD).

Table 4a. HAO1 Single Dose Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.


AD-62974	Hs	1.5	11.5	0.3	8.5
AD-62975	Hs	6.2	24.5	1.9	19.4
AD-62976	Hs	8.3	60.0	3.9	7.9
AD-62977	Hs	69.1	106.9	44.8	18.3
AD-62978	Hs	30.0	46.3	26.0	27.3
AD-62979	Hs	50.7	59.5	45.6	43.4
AD-62980	Hs	65.4	89.5	68.9	29.3
AD-62981	Hs	65.8	83.3	31.9	23.7
AD-62982	Hs	86.6	67.0	92.1	65.5
AD-62983	Hs	81.5	103.6	61.3	68.0
AD-62984	Hs	13.5	51.8	1.2	37.7
AD-62985	Hs	53.8	37.7	38.1	26.3
AD-62986	Hs	138.5	153.4	140.7	119.6
AD-62987	Hs	39.0	99.6	44.9	110.7
AD-62989	Hs	17.1	2.2	23.1	1.6
AD-62990	Hs	4.3	46.3	4.6	46.4
AD-62991	Hs	125.2	102.6	111.9	92.9
AD-62992	Hs	64.7	65.6	67.8	55.8
AD-62993	Hs	83.8	79.0	63.0	22.2
AD-62994	Hs	1.9	5.4	1.5	0.2
AD-62995	Hs	2.9	17.4	1.8	13.8
AD-62996	Hs	49.3	61.4	43.6	49.9
AD-62997	Hs	60.2	83.4	19.1	45.7
AD-62998	Hs	73.5	86.7	71.5	69.4
AD-62999	Hs	38.7	50.0	29.5	22.7
AD-63000	Hs	27.3	56.6	26.1	41.4
AD-63001	Hs	56.6	83.8	52.9	13.5
AD-63002	Hs	81.6	74.2	67.4	70.5
AD-63003	Hs	46.4	47.7	42.4	21.4
AD-63004	Hs	28.6	64.5	17.0	44.5
AD-62933	Hs/Mm	1.1	4.6	0.5	4.0
AD-62934	Hs/Mm	7.6	43.4	0.6	32.6
AD-62935	Hs/Mm	1.3	7.0	0.3	3.4
AD-62939	Hs/Mm	6.1	21.4	2.2	14.5
AD-62940	Hs/Mm	6.0	16.9	1.4	3.8
AD-62941	Hs/Mm	5.6	8.5	3.9	6.3
AD-62944	Hs/Mm	3.3	4.3	2.9	4.5
AD-62945	Hs/Mm	6.4	7.0	1.0	7.2
AD-62946	Hs/Mm	18.3	21.4	19.2	21.1
AD-62949	Hs/Mm	11.4	43.7	8.9	38.3
AD-62950	Hs/Mm	9.9	21.9	4.7	20.8
AD-62954	Hs/Mm	9.4	65.5	0.2	64.3
AD-62955	Hs/Mm	5.8	21.8	5.5	5.8
AD-62959	Hs/Mm	4.2	9.6	1.8	5.3
AD-62960	Hs/Mm	5.4	10.1	3.8	2.5
AD-62964	Hs/Mm	3.7	21.2	0.9	12.7
AD-62965	Hs/Mm	8.0	20.8	5.3	23.5
AD-62969	Hs/Mm	6.4	4.7	3.8	5.1
AD-62970	Hs/Mm	19.6	5.2	14.6	6.1
AD-62936	Mm	7.0	17.5	0.1	9.9
AD-62937	Mm	4.0	16.9	0.8	10.2
AD-62938	Mm	4.0	49.1	0.7	42.4
AD-62942	Mm	3.4	4.9	1.2	5.3
AD-62943	Mm	3.8	14.9	2.2	10.6
AD-62947	Mm	10.9	6.4	9.6	1.6
AD-62948	Mm	6.7	18.7	6.9	15.8
AD-62951	Mm	8.1	11.8	8.6	14.5
AD-62952	Mm	9.4	23.2	10.1	29.2
AD-62953	Mm	11.3	10.3	13.7	12.1
AD-62956	Mm	2.2	3.9	1.8	1.6
AD-62957	Mm	3.2	22.5	3.1	20.0
AD-62958	Mm	7.5	16.0	5.8	13.2
AD-62961	Mm	4.3	6.9	2.8	5.6
AD-62962	Mm	17.1	42.4	14.2	49.5
AD-62963	Mm	2.3	10.8	0.6	8.3
AD-62966	Mm	5.7	11.6	5.8	5.6
AD-62967	Mm	3.8	21.7	2.0	23.0
AD-62968	Mm	3.5	9.4	0.3	9.0
AD-62971	Mm	4.6	3.1	5.0	2.7
AD-62972	Mm	13.8	22.7	17.0	24.9
AD-62973	Mm	19.3	51.9	19.7	21.9

Table 4b. Additional HAO1 Single Dose Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.

		senseOligoName
AD-62974.2	Hs	A-126176.1	1.5	11.5	0.3	8.5
AD-62975.2	Hs	A-126192.1	6.2	24.5	1.9	19.4
AD-62976.2	Hs	A-126208.1	8.3	60.0	3.9	7.9
AD-62977.2	Hs	A-126224.1	69.1	106.9	44.8	18.3
AD-62978.2	Hs	A-126178.1	30.0	46.3	26.0	27.3
AD-62979.2	Hs	A-126194.1	50.7	59.5	45.6	43.4
AD-62980.2	Hs	A-126210.1	65.4	89.5	68.9	29.3
AD-62981.2	Hs	A-126226.1	65.8	83.3	31.9	23.7
AD-62982.2	Hs	A-126180.1	86.6	67.0	92.1	65.5
AD-62983.2	Hs	A-126196.1	81.5	103.6	61.3	68.0
AD-62984.2	Hs	A-126212.1	13.5	51.8	1.2	37.7
AD-62985.2	Hs	A-126228.1	53.8	37.7	38.1	26.3
AD-62986.2	Hs	A-126182.1	138.5	153.4	140.7	119.6
AD-62987.2	Hs	A-126198.1	39.0	99.6	44.9	110.7
AD-62989.2	Hs	A-126230.1	17.1	2.2	23.1	1.6
AD-62990.2	Hs	A-126184.1	4.3	46.3	4.6	46.4
AD-62991.2	Hs	A-126200.1	125.2	102.6	111.9	92.9
AD-62992.2	Hs	A-126216.1	64.7	65.6	67.8	55.8
AD-62993.2	Hs	A-126232.1	83.8	79.0	63.0	22.2
AD-62994.2	Hs	A-126186.1	1.9	5.4	1.5	0.2
AD-62995.2	Hs	A-126202.1	2.9	17.4	1.8	13.8
AD-62996.2	Hs	A-126218.1	49.3	61.4	43.6	49.9
AD-62997.2	Hs	A-126234.1	60.2	83.4	19.1	45.7
AD-62998.2	Hs	A-126188.1	73.5	86.7	71.5	69.4
AD-62999.2	Hs	A-126204.1	38.7	50.0	29.5	22.7
AD-63000.2	Hs	A-126220.1	27.3	56.6	26.1	41.4
AD-63001.2	Hs	A-126236.1	56.6	83.8	52.9	13.5
AD-63002.2	Hs	A-126190.1	81.6	74.2	67.4	70.5
AD-63003.2	Hs	A-126206.1	46.4	47.7	42.4	21.4
AD-63004.2	Hs	A-126222.1	28.6	64.5	17.0	44.5
AD-62933.2	Hs/Mm	A-126094.1	1.1	4.6	0.5	4.0
AD-62934.2	Hs/Mm	A-126110.1	7.6	43.4	0.6	32.6
AD-62935.2	Hs/Mm	A-126126.1	1.3	7.0	0.3	3.4
AD-62939.2	Hs/Mm	A-126096.1	6.1	21.4	2.2	14.5
AD-62940.2	Hs/Mm	A-126112.1	6.0	16.9	1.4	3.8
AD-62941.2	Hs/Mm	A-126128.1	5.6	8.5	3.9	6.3
AD-62944.2	Hs/Mm	A-126098.1	3.3	4.3	2.9	4.5
AD-62945.2	Hs/Mm	A-126114.1	6.4	7.0	1.0	7.2
AD-62946.2	Hs/Mm	A-126130.1	18.3	21.4	19.2	21.1
AD-62949.2	Hs/Mm	A-126100.1	11.4	43.7	8.9	38.3
AD-62950.2	Hs/Mm	A-126116.1	9.9	21.9	4.7	20.8
AD-62954.2	Hs/Mm	A-126102.1	9.4	65.5	0.2	64.3
AD-62955.2	Hs/Mm	A-126118.1	5.8	21.8	5.5	5.8
AD-62959.2	Hs/Mm	A-126104.1	4.2	9.6	1.8	5.3
AD-62960.2	Hs/Mm	A-126120.1	5.4	10.1	3.8	2.5
AD-62964.2	Hs/Mm	A-126106.1	3.7	21.2	0.9	12.7
AD-62965.2	Hs/Mm	A-126122.1	8.0	20.8	5.3	23.5
AD-62969.2	Hs/Mm	A-126108.1	6.4	4.7	3.8	5.1
AD-62970.2	Hs/Mm	A-126124.1	19.6	5.2	14.6	6.1
AD-62936.2	Mm	A-126142.1	7.0	17.5	0.1	9.9
AD-62937.2	Mm	A-126158.1	4.0	16.9	0.8	10.2
AD-62938.2	Mm	A-126174.1	4.0	49.1	0.7	42.4
AD-62942.2	Mm	A-126144.1	3.4	4.9	1.2	5.3
AD-62943.2	Mm	A-126160.1	3.8	14.9	2.2	10.6
AD-62947.2	Mm	A-126146.1	10.9	6.4	9.6	1.6
AD-62948.2	Mm	A-126162.1	6.7	18.7	6.9	15.8
AD-62951.2	Mm	A-126132.1	8.1	11.8	8.6	14.5
AD-62952.2	Mm	A-126148.1	9.4	23.2	10.1	29.2
AD-62953.2	Mm	A-126164.1	11.3	10.3	13.7	12.1
AD-62956.2	Mm	A-126134.1	2.2	3.9	1.8	1.6
AD-62957.2	Mm	A-126150.1	3.2	22.5	3.1	20.0
AD-62958.2	Mm	A-126166.1	7.5	16.0	5.8	13.2
AD-62961.2	Mm	A-126136.1	4.3	6.9	2.8	5.6
AD-62962.2	Mm	A-126152.1	17.1	42.4	14.2	49.5
AD-62963.2	Mm	A-126168.1	2.3	10.8	0.6	8.3
AD-62966.2	Mm	A-126138.1	5.7	11.6	5.8	5.6
AD-62967.2	Mm	A-126154.1	3.8	21.7	2.0	23.0
AD-62968.2	Mm	A-126170.1	3.5	9.4	0.3	9.0
AD-62971.2	Mm	A-126140.1	4.6	3.1	5.0	2.7
AD-62972.2	Mm	A-126156.1	13.8	22.7	17.0	24.9
AD-62973.2	Mm	A-126172.1	19.3	51.9	19.7	21.9

Example 4. Dose Response Screen in Primary Monkey Hepatocytes.

The IC50s of modified and conjugated HAO1 siRNA duplexes were determined in primary monkey hepatocytes. HAO1 siRNAs were transfected over a range of doses from 10nM to 36fM final duplex concentration over 8, 6-fold dilutions. The results of these assays are shown in Table 5.

Table 5a. HAO1 Dose Response Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.


AD-62984	Hs	0.017
AD-62994	Hs	0.029
AD-62989	Hs	0.175
AD-62974	Hs	0.288
AD-62975	Hs	0.399
AD-62933	Hs/Mm	0.019
AD-62944	Hs/Mm	0.027
AD-62935	Hs/Mm	0.137
AD-62965	Hs/Mm	0.155
AD-62941	Hs/Mm	0.245
AD-62940	Hs/Mm	0.927

Table 5b. Additional HAO1 Dose Response Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.


AD-62984.2	Hs	0.017
AD-62994.2	Hs	0.029
AD-62989.2	Hs	0.175
AD-62974.2	Hs	0.288
AD-62975.2	Hs	0.399
AD-62933.2	Hs/Mm	0.019
AD-62944.2	Hs/Mm	0.027
AD-62935.2	Hs/Mm	0.137
AD-62965.2	Hs/Mm	0.155
AD-62941.2	Hs/Mm	0.245
AD-62940.2	Hs/Mm	0.927

Example 5. Dose Response Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.

The IC50s of modified and conjugated HAO1 siRNA duplexes were determined in primary mouse hepatocytes. HAO1 siRNAs were transfected over a range of doses from 10nM to 36fM final duplex concentration over 8, 6-fold dilutions. The results of these assays are shown in Table 6.

Table 6a. HAO1 Dose Response Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.


AD-62989	Hs	0.003
AD-62994	Hs	0.006
AD-62975	Hs	0.059
AD-62974	Hs	0.122
AD-62984	Hs	0.264
AD-62944	Hs/Mm	0.002
AD-62935	Hs/Mm	0.007
AD-62965	Hs/Mm	0.008
AD-62933	Hs/Mm	0.008
AD-62941	Hs/Mm	0.087
AD-62940	Hs/Mm	0.090

Table 6b. Additional HAO1 Dose Response Screen in Primary Mouse Hepatocytes.


AD-62989.2	Hs	0.003
AD-62994.2	Hs	0.006
AD-62975.2	Hs	0.059
AD-62974.2	Hs	0.122
AD-62984.2	Hs	0.264
AD-62944.2	Hs/Mm	0.002
AD-62935.2	Hs/Mm	0.007
AD-62965.2	Hs/Mm	0.008
AD-62933.2	Hs/Mm	0.008
AD-62941.2	Hs/Mm	0.087
AD-62940.2	Hs/Mm	0.090

Table 7. Additional HAO1 Single Dose Screen in Primary Cyno and Mouse Hepatocytes

Duplex ID	10nM PCH	0.1nM PCH	SD 10nM PCH	SD 0.1nM PCH	10nM PMH	0.1nM PMH	SD 10nM PMH	SD 0.1nM PMH
AD-62933.1	26.1	22.8	17.0	6.0	9.0	26.3	6.0	7.6
AD-65584.1	12.9	28.0	5.1	6.0	3.8	12.3	0.7	7.3
AD-65585.1	9.8	21.0	4.1	1.0	6.8	11.6	4.5	5.7
AD-65586.1	24.3	24.2	10.9	2.7	16.7	19.0	5.1	1.8
AD-65587.1	24.7	31.7	10.2	21.9	13.6	27.1	5.7	10.3
AD-65588.1	39.2	33.0	35.6	5.6	27.1	33.5	11.0	8.3
AD-65590.1	5.6	15.4	0.4	6.6	4.2	8.7	1.1	0.5
AD-65591.1	13.9	20.4	5.0	4.9	7.6	18.4	0.1	2.9
AD-65592.1	15.6	24.3	7.4	3.7	10.1	24.5	3.1	1.0
AD-65593.1	30.8	37.5	4.4	8.7	38.4	41.3	5.2	10.4
AD-65594.1	18.0	21.8	5.6	2.6	24.7	25.3	0.5	7.6
AD-65595.1	19.9	31.9	0.1	11.3	9.1	12.2	5.0	5.7
AD-65596.1	12.3	19.2	0.6	1.6	10.0	19.9	1.0	1.9
AD-65597.1	10.2	34.8	2.8	10.1	22.8	32.0	6.2	5.7
AD-65598.1	14.4	21.2	3.2	8.6	10.8	22.0	2.6	8.8
AD-65599.1	15.0	28.3	2.5	21.3	18.0	25.4	1.7	8.3
AD-65600.1	11.8	13.7	5.6	0.3	6.4	14.5	5.7	6.8
AD-65601.1	15.4	20.5	0.5	1.6	5.5	17.2	0.3	3.9
AD-65602.1	12.9	23.3	0.8	12.0	11.0	25.4	2.6	2.6
AD-65603.1	33.8	41.0	2.2	6.8	37.4	58.6	3.0	10.5
AD-65604.1	10.4	18.7	1.3	2.3	12.9	24.5	0.9	9.2
AD-65606.1	14.3	12.3	0.2	3.1	4.8	14.0	2.0	4.2
AD-65607.1	9.2	18.5	2.1	3.6	14.4	32.8	1.9	1.6
AD-65608.1	36.6	31.1	7.9	11.6	27.5	29.8	8.5	4.6
AD-65609.1	14.2	19.8	5.1	0.8	14.6	23.6	5.3	1.5
AD-65610.1	59.1	59.6	15.0	13.3	35.0	70.9	10.0	0.1
AD-65611.1	12.9	14.2	5.4	1.8	4.5	17.3	0.6	2.2
AD-65612.1	19.3	20.5	1.5	9.0	16.2	23.3	3.8	1.7
AD-65613.1	20.0	19.3	5.7	0.7	11.0	23.9	1.0	5.4
AD-65614.1	12.4	27.1	2.2	0.5	14.2	16.7	3.8	11.9
AD-65615.1	53.1	60.3	1.4	7.7	48.2	80.9	9.9	39.4
AD-65616.1	21.7	12.5	17.8	5.5	5.3	13.3	0.5	7.2
AD-65618.1	19.4	67.6	3.4	35.9	16.7	21.6	4.2	4.8
AD-65619.1	17.0	27.2	0.5	12.4	12.5	26.3	3.2	2.3
AD-65620.1	58.0	70.5	21.8	2.8	37.9	54.8	0.4	12.7
AD-65621.1	12.3	17.5	4.6	2.3	3.8	11.3	1.3	0.3
AD-65622.1	17.7	20.4	6.1	0.9	10.8	13.9	6.3	3.1
AD-65623.1	44.4	32.9	7.9	NA	37.7	20.6	28.5	0.9
AD-65624.1	13.0	23.3	5.0	9.8	9.2	7.9	2.8	0.4
AD-65625.1	9.8	13.3	0.6	1.5	10.0	19.2	4.6	1.6
AD-65626.1	7.7	15.0	1.1	4.9	8.6	14.7	3.6	2.4
AD-65627.1	18.8	24.8	7.8	1.8	19.7	18.5	8.1	12.0
AD-65628.1	27.3	31.7	4.9	3.9	29.7	43.4	6.4	19.6
AD-65629.1	12.8	20.8	1.0	8.1	18.9	23.2	3.2	13.9
AD-65630.1	7.2	14.0	0.3	5.3	6.1	8.5	1.3	2.1
AD-65631.1	6.7	17.2	0.7	5.7	12.0	23.1	4.0	0.9
AD-65633.1	13.8	28.6	3.4	5.4	17.0	26.2	1.2	3.9
AD-65634.1	12.2	23.6	6.6	1.2	21.6	35.2	1.4	8.2
AD-65635.1	11.7	27.7	5.7	4.7	18.5	38.4	2.5	6.5
AD-65636.1	13.1	29.4	0.6	12.9	21.3	35.6	3.1	13.1
AD-65637.1	16.0	22.8	5.1	9.6	8.3	18.5	0.6	0.4
AD-65638.1	11.5	15.9	4.3	2.1	20.8	31.8	3.5	3.2
AD-65639.1	14.6	28.3	7.4	5.5	18.6	35.2	0.2	0.3
AD-65641.1	32.3	49.3	3.4	8.9	29.1	34.0	4.8	8.8
AD-65642.1	10.4	23.0	0.1	4.7	10.1	21.3.	1.0	6.5
AD-65643.1	12.6	13.7	0.3	2.5	5.3	20.6	1.8	6.8
AD-65644.1	8.1	13.5	0.1	0.3	16.4	24.1	3.4	4.2
AD-65645.1	69.5	88.7	6.3	26.6	81.8	75.5	13.6	5.8
AD-65646.1	8.9	47.0	0.9	15.6	26.5	37.7	3.7	4.7
AD-65647.1	11.0	14.0	2.9	0.3	16.6	23.7	2.6	0.7
AD-65648.1	7.3	25.4	3.3	2.9	5.9	13.9	2.1	0.9
AD-65649.1	11.6	23.0	1.9	3.4	20.7	29.8	2.1	3.6
AD-65650.1	27.9	40.6	13.1	14.0	27.6	30.6	9.7	6.8
AD-65652.1	73.4	72.2	5.2	1.8	47.6	59.7	7.5	21.4
AD-65653.1	9.6	32.4	2.7	4.7	5.9	24.3	0.0	6.7
AD-65654.1	41.6	45.5	10.4	11.7	22.8	35.7	2.9	3.1
AD-65655.1	19.2	18.3	0.1	4.8	17.8	18.8	3.8	3.9
AD-65656.1	10.8	16.1	4.7	3.1	6.2	13.8	1.6	1.8
AD-65657.1	107.8	114.5	8.7	6.7	36.3	51.2	1.6	14.1
AD-65658.1	9.6	13.5	0.7	1.3	4.8	11.7	0.2	3.3
AD-65659.1	17.5	39.8	1.1	1.4	13.0	24.6	3.5	3.3
AD-65660.1	21.5	33.1	5.4	1.6	14.6	29.0	0.5	4.1
AD-65661.1	13.9	40.1	2.2	12.8	13.2	27.3	6.8	7.1
AD-65662.1	111.2	242.2	29.9	179.6	42.5	47.9	4.6	1.6
AD-65663.1	11.5	28.2	3.8	NA	5.5	7.6	1.4	0.1
AD-65665.1	104.8	141.7	13.0	26.9	39.4	44.2	13.1	5.3
AD-65666.1	14.4	28.1	6.9	1.8	3.8	12.7	0.3	4.8

Table 8. Additional Single Dose Screen in Primary Cyno Hepatocytes.

Duplex	10nM PCH	10nM PCH SD	0.1nM PCH	0.1nM {CH SD
AD-65626.5	7.1	0.7	23.5	3.7
AD-68272.1	10.1	1.9	39.5	10.3
AD-68273.1	6.8	2.2	29.7	10.1
AD-68274.1	15.7	4.7	49.4	12.1
AD-68275.1	15.5	2.7	47.4	10.4
AD-68276.1	22.3	8.1	83.0	21.7
AD-68277.1	14.2	1.1	25.2	7.9
AD-68278.1	18.6	3.2	97.5	25.4
AD-68279.1	14.7	3.8	62.5	19.6
AD-68280.1	24.9	2.6	54.7	8.1
AD-68281.1	38.3	18.6	70.7	8.8
AD-68282.1	11.3	3.1	35.9	3.6
AD-68283.1	14.4	3.6	79.9	26.5
AD-68284.1	25.1	4.7	82.3	8.2
AD-68285.1	10.4	1.3	39.3	10.3
AD-68286.1	14.7	4.5	71.9	18.3
AD-68287.1	8.0	2.3	28.4	3.5
AD-68288.1	14.8	3.5	31.7	6.3
AD-68289.1	11.8	2.5	30.8	3.5
AD-68290.1	11.5	4.9	40.3	8.4
AD-68291.1	15.8	6.3	69.9	6.6
AD-68292.1	9.8	3.0	37.3	20.7
AD-68293.1	20.2	6.1	85.2	20.8
AD-68294.1	12.9	5.0	68.7	21.6
AD-68295.1	7.5	1.4	22.6	3.9
AD-68296.1	8.5	1.1	51.3	7.0
AD-68297.1	8.2	2.4	27.4	4.0
AD-68298.1	10.1	2.8	35.6	10.4
AD-68299.1	11.8	2.4	47.7	16.2
AD-68300.1	7.2	1.7	33.8	4.6
AD-68301.1	34.2	14.3	78.3	25.8
AD-68302.1	15.6	5.8	57.1	10.0
AD-68303.1	7.0	2.0	23.9	4.5
AD-68304.1	14.8	2.4	64.2	12.1
AD-68305.1	25.3	3.8	106.5	23.8
AD-68306.1	12.4	2.0	19.8	1.8
AD-68307.1	22.2	8.9	93.1	22.6
AD-68308.1	22.2	4.0	79.6	7.8
AD-68309.1	8.0	2.7	19.9	3.7

Example 6. In vivo evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in C57B6 mice

GO-GalNAc conjugates were dosed subcutaneously in C57B6 mice at 10, 5, 2.5, or 1.25 mg/kg and mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated after 72 hours post dose using qPCR. The single dose ED50s were approximately 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg for compound A (AD-62994) and compound B (AD-62933) respectively. In repeat dose studies conjugates were dosed subcutaneously weekly (QW) for 4 weeks and liver GO mRNA levels were evaluated at 72 hours post the 4th dose. The repeat dose ED50s were ~0.3mg/kg for both compounds. The results are shown in Figure 4.

Example 7. In vivo evaluation of GO knockdown and impact on oxalate levels in AGXT KO mice.

A GO siRNA (AD-40257) in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) was dosed intravenously in AGXT KO mice (Salido et al (2006) PNAS 103:18249) at 1 mg/kg. Urinary oxalate or glycolate levels were measured on day 15 using ion chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The results are shown in Figure 5. Data is expressed relative to pre dose values and was normalized to creatinine (Cr) to control for urine diluteness. N=4 mice per group and error bars represent standard deviation.

Example 8. In vivo evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in a rat AGXT knockdown model.

To generate a rat PH1 model, an AGXT siRNA (AD-63102) in an LNP (AF-011-63102) was dosed at 1 mg/kg intravenously to female Sprague Dawley rats on day 1 and day 7 to maintain knockdown of AGXT in rat liver and 1 % Ethylene Glycol was added to the drinking water to further stimulate oxalate production. On day 0 and day 7 some rats were also dosed with a GO GalNAc-siRNA (AD-62994) conjugate or PBS control. The results are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6A shows quantitation of liver AGXT mRNA levels 72 hours after a single 1mg/kg dose of AGXT siRNA in an LNP. In Figure 6B, levels of urinary oxalate were quantified from 24 hour urines collected from day -1 to 0, day 3 to 4, day 5 to 6, and day 7 to 8. Data was normalized to creatinine to control for the diluteness of the urine. N=3 for AGXT groups and N=2 for PBS control group. In Figure 6C, these same rats (as in figure 6B) were followed out to 49 days with continued weekly dosing on days 14 and 21 of both AF-011-63102 and AD-62994 and 24 hour urine collections as shown. Ethylene glycol remained in the drinking water until day 28. In Figure 6D, duration of HAO1 knockdown in rats is shown by measuring mRNA levels either one week or four weeks after the last of 4 doses (corresponding to days 28 and 49 in Figure 6C) and expressed relative to levels seen in rats treated with PBS. Error bars represent standard deviation throughout.

duplexName	target	senseWksName
AD-40257.1	HAO1	NM_017545.2_1306-1324_s
AD-40257.2	HAO1	NM_017545.2_1306-1324_s
AD-63102.1	AGXT	NM_016702.3_1109-1127_s
AD-63102.2	AGXT	NM_016702.3_1109-1127_s
AD-63102.3	AGXT	NM_016702.3_1109-1127_s

duplexName	Modified sense strand sequence	Unmodified sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:
AD-40257.1	uucAAuGGGuGuccuAGGAdTsdT	UUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGA	770 & 771
AD-40257.2	uucAAuGGGuGuccuAGGAdTsdT	UUCAAUGGGUGUCCUAGGA	770 & 771
AD-63102.1	AcAAcuGGAGGGAcAucGudTsdT	ACAACUGGAGGGACAUCGU	772 & 773
AD-63102.2	AcAAcuGGAGGGAcAucGudTsdT	ACAACUGGAGGGACAUCGU	772 & 773
AD-63102.3	AcAAcuGGAGGGAcAucGudTsdT	ACAACUGGAGGGACAUCGU	772 & 773

duplexName	Modified antisense strand sequence	Unmodified antisense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:
AD-40257.1	UCCuAGGAcACCcAUUGAAdTsdT	UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAA	774 & 775
AD-40257.2	UCCuAGGAcACCcAUUGAAdTsdT	UCCUAGGACACCCAUUGAA	774 & 775
AD-63102.1	ACGAUGUCCCUCcAGUUGUdTsdT	ACGAUGUCCCUCCAGUUGU	776 & 777
AD-63102.2	ACGAUGUCCCUCcAGUUGUdTsdT	ACGAUGUCCCUCCAGUUGU	776 & 777
AD-63102.3	ACGAUGUCCCUCcAGUUGUdTsdT	ACGAUGUCCCUCCAGUUGU	776 & 777

Example 9: In vivo evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates

Female C57BL/6 Mice, aged 6-8 weeks, were administered a single subcutaneous dose of the GO siRNA-GalNAc conjugates in Table 7. The mice were sacrifices after 72 hours and the liver was assayed for HAO mRNA by bDNA analysis. The results are shown in Figure 13.

Table 7: GO (HAO) siRNA-GalNAc conjugates.

duplexName	Modified sense strand sequence	SEQ ID NO:
AD-62989.2	UfscsCfuAfgGfaAfCfCfuUfuUfaGfaAfaUfL96	778
AD-62994.2	GfsasCfuUfuCfaUfCfCfuGfgAfaAfuAfuAfL96	779
AD-62933.2	GfsasAfuGfuGfaAfAfGfuCfaUfcGfaCfaAfL96	780
AD-62935.2	CfsasUfuGfgUfgAfGfGfaAfaAfaUfcCfuUfL96	781
AD-62940.2	AfsusCfgAfcAfaGfAfCfaUfuGfgUfgAfgAfL96	782
AD-62941.2	AfscsAfuUfgGfuGfAfGfgAfaAfaAfuCfcUfL96	783
AD-62944.2	GfsasAfaGfuCfaUfCfGfaCfaAfgAfcAfuUfL96	784
AD-62965.2	AfsasAfgUfcAfuCfGfAfcAfaGfaCfaUfuAfL96	785

Table 7: GO (HAO) siRNA-GalNAc conjugates.

duplexName	Modified antisense strand	SEQ ID NO:
AD-62989.2	asUfsuUfcUfaAfaAfgguUfcCfuAfgGfascsa	786
AD-62994.2	usAfsuAfuUfuCfcAfggaUfgAfaAfgUfcscsa	787
AD-62933.2	usUfsgUfcGfaUfgAfcuuUfcAfcAfuUfcsusg	788
AD-62935.2	asAfsgGfaUfuUfuUfccuCfaCfcAfaUfgsusc	789
AD-62940.2	usCfsuCfaCfcAfaUfgucUfuGfuCfgAfusgsa	790
AD-62941.2	asGfsgAfuUfuUfuCfcucAfcCfaAfuGfuscsu	791
AD-62944.2	asAfsuGfuCfuUfgUfcgaUfgAfcUfuUfcsasc	792
AD-62965.2	usAfsaUfgUfcUfuGfucgAfuGfaCfuUfuscsa	793

Table 7: GO (HAO) siRNA-GalNAc conjugates.

duplexName	Crossreactivity	Guinea Pig?MM	to mouse	MM to GP
AD-62989.2	Hs	yes	pos8
AD-62994.2	Hs	no	pos16	pos2,12,16
AD-62933.2	Hs/Mm	yes
AD-62935.2	Hs/Mm	yes
AD-62940.2	Hs/Mm	yes
AD-62941.2	Hs/Mm	yes
AD-62944.2	Hs/Mm	yes
AD-62965.2	Hs/Mm	yes

Example 10: In vivo evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in mice

Female C57 BL/6 mice were administered a single subcutaneous 3 mg/Kg dose of the a number of GO siRNA-GalNAc conjugates described herein or PBS control. Mice were sacrificed after 72 hours and HAO1 mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated using qPCR. The results are shown in Figure 14, expressed relative to the PBS control.

Example 11: Dose-response evaluation of GO-GalNAc conjugates in mice

Female C57 BL/6 mice were administered a single subcutaneous dose of either 1 or 3 mg/Kg of one of the GO siRNA-GalNAc conjugates compound A (AD-62994), compound B (AD-62933), compound C (AD-65644), compound D (AD-65626), compound E (AD-65590), compound F (AD-65585) or PBS control. Ten days later mice were sacrificed and HAO1 mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated using qPCR. In repeat dose studies, compounds C, D, F or PBS control were dosed subcutaneously weekly (QW) for 4 weeks and liver HAO1 mRNA levels were evaluated 10 days after the last dose. The results of single-dose are shown in Figure 15 and repeat-dose experiments are shown in Figure 16, expressed relative to the PBS control. These data showed improved potency for compounds AD-65644 and AD-65626 relative to AD-62933 and for compounds AD-65590 and AD-65585 relative to AD-62994.

Example 12: Dose-response evaluation of compound D in mice

Female C57 BL/6 mice were administered a single subcutaneous dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/Kg of AD-65626 or PBS control. Ten days later mice were sacrificed and HAO1 mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated using qPCR with results expressed relative to the PBS control as shown in Figure 17. These results demonstrate a greater than 3-fold improvement in potency compared to compound AD-62933.

Example 13: Relationship of mRNA knockdown to serum glycolate levels in mice

Female C57 BL/6 mice were administered a single subcutaneous dose of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/Kg of AD-65585 or PBS control. Ten days later mice were sacrificed and HAO1 mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated using qPCR, with results expressed relative to the PBS control. Glycolate levels in serum samples from these same mice were quantified using ion chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as previously described (Knight et al., Anal. Biochem. 2012 February 1; 421(1): 121-124). The results for these experiments are shown in Figure 18.

These results demonstrate that AD-65585 is as potent as AD-65626, both having a single-dose ED50 of ~0.3 mg/kg in WT mice. Additionally, HAO1 mRNA silencing results in dose-responsive serum glycolate increases of up to 4-fold (approximately 200uM) at the highest two doses.

Example 14: Relationship of mRNA knockdown to serum glycolate levels in rats

Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single subcutaneous dose of 1, 3, or 10 mg/Kg of AD-65626 or PBS control. Fourteen days later rats were sacrificed and HAO1 mRNA knockdown in liver was evaluated using qPCR, with results expressed relative to the PBS control. Glycolate levels in serum samples from these same rats collected both prior to dosing and at day 14 were quantified using ion chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, again as described (Knight et al., Anal. Biochem. 2012 February 1; 421(1): 121-124). The results for these experiments are shown in Figure 19.

As observed in wild-type mice, these results demonstrate that HAO1 mRNA silencing in Sprague Dawley rats results in dose-responsive serum glycolate increases of up to 12-fold (approximately 140 µM) at the highest dose.

Example 15: Pharmacology studies with ALN-65585 HAO1 inhibition in hepatocytes.

Primary cyno hepatocytes were transfected with RNAimax (Invitrogen) with serially diluted AD-65585 (ALN-65585, "ALN-GO1") or a non-targeting mRNA Luciferase control (AD 1955) at 10 nM. Relative levels of HAO1 mRNA were determined by normalizing to GAPDH mRNA levels as quantified by real-time RT-PCR. The data was plotted to calculate the IC50 value of 10 pM. The results are shown Figure 20.

In vitro transfection of AD-65585 demonstrates an ED50 of approximately 1 0pM: in primary cynomolgus hepatocytes.

Single Dose Pharmacology in Mouse

ALN-GO1 pharmacology was evaluated in mice by quantifying liver HAO1 mRNA and serum glycolate levels (Figure 21). A single SC dose of ALN-GO1 resulted in a dose dependent suppression of HAO1 mRNA with a dose of 10 mg/kg resulting in ED90 silencing. The ED50 dose for GO1 silencing in the mouse was estimated to be 0.3 mg/kg. Serum glycolate levels increased in a dose-responsive manner with a maximum level approximately 4-fold above baseline levels. The results are shown in Figure 21, illustrating levels of liver HAO1 mRNA and serum glycolate 10 days after a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-65585 in C57BL/6 mice. Bars represent the mean of 3 or 4 animals and error bars depict the standard deviation.

Single Dose Duration in Mouse

GO1 silencing was durable and reversible post a single SC dose (Figure 22). A single SC dose of ALN-GO1 in mice at 3mg/kg resulted in ≥70% mRNA silencing for approximately 6 weeks, after which mRNA levels recovered to baseline levels through 12 weeks post-dose. The results are shown in figure 22: Levels of liver HAO1 mRNA at multiple time points following a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-65585 in C57BL/6 mice. Each data point represents the mean of 3 animals and error bars depict the standard deviation.

Single Dose Pharmacology in Rat

ALN-GO1 pharmacology was also evaluated in rats by quantifying liver HAO1 mRNA levels (Figure 23). A single SC administration of ALN-GO1 to male Sprague Dawley rats resulted in a dose dependent suppression of HAO1 mRNA with a dose of ≥3mg/kg resulting in ED90 silencing. The results are shown in figure 23: Levels of liver HAO1 mRNA 10 days after a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-65585 in Sprague Dawley rats. Bars represent the mean of 3 animals and error bars depict the standard deviation. The ED50 dose for GO1 silencing in the rat was estimated to be 0.3 mg/kg.

Single Dose Pharmacology in AGXT KO Mouse

The impact of ALN-GO1 on oxalate levels was evaluated in an AGXT KO mouse model of PH1. The results are shown in Figure 24: 24hr urinary oxalate (top) and glycolate (bottom) excretion of Agxt KO mice after a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-65585. Different letters means significant difference between the 3 dose groups at each specific week (n=3 per dose). Urinary excretions over time did not change significantly in the PBS control animal (n=1).

Urinary oxalate levels showed dose-dependent reductions after a single dose of ALN-GO1 with a maximum of approximately 50% oxalate lowering at the 3mg/kg dose that lasted for ≥3 weeks before recovery to pre-dose levels. Urinary glycolate levels showed dose-dependent increases after a single dose of ALN-GO1 with a maximum of approximately 5-fold increases at the 3mg/kg dose that lasted for ≥4 weeks.

Single Dose Pharmacology in PH1 Induced Rat Model

ALN-GO1 was evaluated in a second PH1 rodent model where liver AGXT was inhibited in rats using siRNA and oxalate levels were stimulated with ethylene glycol (Figure 25A and Figure 25B). Liver HAO1 mRNA and 24-hour urinary oxalate were quantified to determine the degree of HAO1 lowering required for maximal oxalate reduction. The results are shown in Figure 25A and Figure 25B: Levels of liver HAO1 mRNA a rat induced model of PH1 14 days after a single subcutaneous dose of ALN-65585 and weekly dosing of AF-011-AGXT siRNA (2 doses, of lmg/kg). 24hr urinary oxalate normalized to urinary creatinine. Bars represent the mean of 3 animals and error bars depict the standard deviation. mRNA and oxalate lowering correlation plot represents individual animals from multiple experiments.

A single dose of ALN-GO1 in this model demonstrated dose-responsive mRNA and urinary oxalate lowering with approximately 85% maximum mRNA reduction and approximately 90% maximum urinary oxalate reduction observed at the highest dose of ALN-GO1 (Figure 25A and Figure 25B). In this induced rat model of PH1, mRNA and urinary oxalate reductions resulted in a 1:1 correlation.

Multi-Dose Pharmacology in PH1 Induced Rat Model

Potency of ALN-GO1 was evaluated in studies in normal rats with inhibited AGXT activity and ethylene glycol (an induced model of PH1) by quantifying liver HAO1 mRNA and 24-hour urinary oxalate. The results are shown in Figure 26: Levels of liver HAO1 mRNA a rat induced model of PH1 28 days after repeat subcutaneous dosing of ALN-65585 and repeat IV dosing of AF-011-AGXT siRNA (4 doses, of 1 mg/kg). 24hr urinary oxalate normalized to urinary creatinine. Bars represent the mean of 2 or 3 animals and error bars depict the standard deviation.

Treatment with ALN-GO1 resulted in sustained urinary oxalate reductions in all treatment groups for approximately 3 weeks. On day 28 after repeat dosing of ALN-GO1 (and four doses of AF-011-AGXT) all groups showed >95%mRNA reduction >85% urinary oxalate lowering.

Multi-Dose Pharmacology in NHP

ALN-GO1 pharmacology was evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys (non-human primate (NHP)) by quantifying HAO1 mRNA in liver biopsy, and serum glycolate levels. The following table shows the NHP Pharmacology study outline detailing dose level and dose regimen.

Group #	Test Article	Dose level (mg/kg)	Dose frequency
1	PBS	Na	QM x 6
2	AD-65585	0.25	QM x 8
3	AD-65585	1	QM x 8
4	AD-65585	1	QM x 6
5	AD-65585	2	QM x 6
6	AD-65585	4	QM x 6
7	AD-65585	2 -> 1	QM x 4 -> QM x 5

The results are shown in Figure 27. NHP serum glycolate levels for all groups out to day 85, data represents group averages of 3 animals per group, lines represent standard deviation. Liver biopsy HAO1 mRNA on Day 29, lines represent group averages, symbols represent individual animal mRNA levels relative to PBS control on Day 29.

After the first month of dosing (day 29), dose-responsive mRNA silencing was observed in all groups, with up to 99% mRNA silencing in groups 6 and 7 dosed with 4mg/kg monthly or 2mg/kg weekly. Maximum elevated serum glycolate levels of approximately 70µM were maintained for at least 3 weeks in group 6 dosed with 4mg/kg monthly. Intermediate serum glycolate

Example 16: Additional siRNA sequences.

Additional siRNA design was carried out to identify siRNAs targeting HAO1 NM_017545.2.

Unmodified sequence	SEQ ID NO:	Modified sequence	SEQ ID NO:	strand	Length
	794		1890	sense	21
	795		1891	antis	23
	796		1892	sense	21
	797		1893	antis	23
	798		1894	sense	21
	799		1895	antis	23
	800		1896	sense	21
	801		1897	antis	23
	802		1898	sense	21
	803		1899	antis	23
	804		1900	sense	21
	805		1901	antis	23
	806		1902	sense	21
	807		1903	antis	23
	808		1904	sense	21
	809		1905	antis	23
	810		1906	sense	21
	811		1907	antis	23
	812		1908	sense	21
	813		1909	antis	23
	814		1910	sense	21
	815		1911	antis	23
	816		1912	sense	21
	817		1913	antis	23
	818		1914	sense	21
	819		1915	antis	23
	820		1916	sense	21
	821		1917	antis	23
	822		1918	sense	21
	823		1919	antis	23
	824		1920	sense	21
	825		1921	antis	23
	826		1922	sense	21
	827		1923	antis	23
	828		1924	sense	21
	829		1925	antis	23
	830		1926	sense	21
	831		1927	antis	23
	832		1928	sense	21
	833		1929	antis	23
	834		1930	sense	21
	835		1931	antis	23
	836		1932	sense	21
	837		1933	antis	23
	838		1934	sense	21
	839		1935	antis	23
	840		1936	sense	21
	841		1937	antis	23
	842		1938	sense	21
	843		1939	antis	23
	844		1940	sense	21
	845		1941	antis	23
	846		1942	sense	21
	847		1943	antis	23
	848		1944	sense	21
	849		1945	antis	23
	850		1946	sense	21
	851		1947	antis	23
	852		1948	sense	21
	853		1949	antis	23
	854		1950	sense	21
	855		1951	antis	23
	856		1952	sense	21
	857		1953	antis	23
	858		1954	sense	21
	859		1955	antis	23
	860		1956	sense	21
	861		1957	antis	23
	862		1958	sense	21
	863		1959	antis	23
	864		1960	sense	21
	865		1961	antis	23
	866		1962	sense	21
	867		1963	antis	23
	868		1964	sense	21
	869		1965	antis	23
	870		1966	sense	21
	871		1967	antis	23
	872		1968	sense	21
	873		1969	antis	23
	874		1970	sense	21
	875		1971	antis	23
	876		1972	sense	21
	877		1973	antis	23
	878		1974	sense	21
	879		1975	antis	23
	880		1976	sense	21
	881		1977	antis	23
	882		1978	sense	21
	883		1979	antis	23
	884		1980	sense	21
	885		1981	antis	23
	886		1982	sense	21
	887		1983	antis	23
	888		1984	sense	21
	889		1985	antis	23
	890		1986	sense	21
	891		1987	antis	23
	892		1988	sense	21
	893		1989	antis	23
	894		1990	sense	21
	895		1991	antis	23
	896		1992	sense	21
	897		1993	antis	23
	898		1994	sense	21
	899		1995	antis	23
	900		1996	sense	21
	901		1997	antis	23
	902		1998	sense	21
	903		1999	antis	23
	904		2000	sense	21
	905		2001	antis	23
	906		2002	sense	21
	907		2003	antis	23
	908		2004	sense	21
	909		2005	antis	23
	910		2006	sense	21
	911		2007	antis	23
	912		2008	sense	21
	913		2009	antis	23
	914		2010	sense	21
	915		2011	antis	23
	916		2012	sense	21
	917		2013	antis	23
	918		2014	sense	21
	919		2015	antis	23
	920		2016	sense	21
	921		2017	antis	23
	922		2018	sense	21
	923		2019	antis	23
	924		2020	sense	21
	925		2021	antis	23
	926		2022	sense	21
	927		2023	antis	23
	928		2024	sense	21
	929		2025	antis	23
	930		2026	sense	21
	931		2027	antis	23
	932		2028	sense	21
	933		2029	antis	23
	934		2030	sense	21
	935		2031	antis	23
	936		2032	sense	21
	937		2033	antis	23
	938		2034	sense	21
	939		2035	antis	23
	940		2036	sense	21
	941		2037	antis	23
	942		2038	sense	21
	943		2039	antis	23
	944		2040	sense	21
	945		2041	antis	23
	946		2042	sense	21
	947		2043	antis	23
	948		2044	sense	21
	949		2045	antis	23
	950		2046	sense	21
	951		2047	antis	23
	952		2048	sense	21
	953		2049	antis	23
	954		2050	sense	21
	955		2051	antis	23
	956		2052	sense	21
	957		2053	antis	23
	958		2054	sense	21
	959		2055	antis	23
	960		2056	sense	21
	961		2057	antis	23
	962		2058	sense	21
	963		2059	antis	23
	964		2060	sense	21
	965		2061	antis	23
	966		2062	sense	21
	967		2063	antis	23
	968		2064	sense	21
	969		2065	antis	23
	970		2066	sense	21
	971		2067	antis	23
	972		2068	sense	21
	973		2069	antis	23
	974		2070	sense	21
	975		2071	antis	23
	976		2072	sense	21
	977		2073	antis	23
	978		2074	sense	21
	979		2075	antis	23
	980		2076	sense	21
	981		2077	antis	23
	982		2078	sense	21
	983		2079	antis	23
	984		2080	sense	21
	985		2081	antis	23
	986		2082	sense	21
	987		2083	antis	23
	988		2084	sense	21
	989		2085	antis	23
	990		2086	sense	21
	991		2087	antis	23
	992		2088	sense	21
	993		2089	antis	23
	994		2090	sense	21
	995		2091	antis	23
	996		2092	sense	21
	997		2093	antis	23
	998		2094	sense	21
	999		2095	antis	23
	1000		2096	sense	21
	1001		2097	antis	23
	1002		2098	sense	21
	1003		2099	antis	23
	1004		2100	sense	21
	1005		2101	antis	23
	1006		2102	sense	21
	1007		2103	antis	23
	1008		2104	sense	21
	1009		2105	antis	23
	1010		2106	sense	21
	1011		2107	antis	23
	1012		2108	sense	21
	1013		2109	antis	23
	1014		2110	sense	21
	1015		2111	antis	23
	1016		2112	sense	21
	1017		2113	antis	23
	1018		2114	sense	21
	1019		2115	antis	23
	1020		2116	sense	21
	1021		2117	antis	23
	1022		2118	sense	21
	1023		2119	antis	23
	1024		2120	sense	21
	1025		2121	antis	23
	1026		2122	sense	21
	1027		2123	antis	23
	1028		2124	sense	21
	1029		2125	antis	23
	1030		2126	sense	21
	1031		2127	antis	23
	1032		2128	sense	21
	1033		2129	antis	23
	1034		2130	sense	21
	1035		2131	antis	23
	1036		2132	sense	21
	1037		2133	antis	23
	1038		2134	sense	21
	1039		2135	antis	23
	1040		2136	sense	21
	1041		2137	antis	23
	1042		2138	sense	21
	1043		2139	antis	23
	1044		2140	sense	21
	1045		2141	antis	23
	1046		2142	sense	21
	1047		2143	antis	23
	1048		2144	sense	21
	1049		2145	antis	23
	1050		2146	sense	21
	1051		2147	antis	23
	1052		2148	sense	21
	1053		2149	antis	23
	1054		2150	sense	21
	1055		2151	antis	23
	1056		2152	sense	21
	1057		2153	antis	23
	1058		2154	sense	21
	1059		2155	antis	23
	1060		2156	sense	21
	1061		2157	antis	23
	1062		2158	sense	21
	1063		2159	antis	23
	1064		2160	sense	21
	1065		2161	antis	23
	1066		2162	sense	21
	1067		2163	antis	23
	1068		2164	sense	21
	1069		2165	antis	23
	1070		2166	sense	21
	1071		2167	antis	23
	1072		2168	sense	21
	1073		2169	antis	23
	1074		2170	sense	21
	1075		2171	antis	23
	1076		2172	sense	21
	1077		2173	antis	23
	1078		2174	sense	21
	1079		2175	antis	23
	1080		2176	sense	21
	1081		2177	antis	23
	1082		2178	sense	21
	1083		2179	antis	23
	1084		2180	sense	21
	1085		2181	antis	23
	1086		2182	sense	21
	1087		2183	antis	23
	1088		2184	sense	21
	1089		2185	antis	23
	1090		2186	sense	21
	1091		2187	antis	23
	1092		2188	sense	21
	1093		2189	antis	23
	1094		2190	sense	21
	1095		2191	antis	23
	1096		2192	sense	21
	1097		2193	antis	23
	1098		2194	sense	21
	1099		2195	antis	23
	1100		2196	sense	21
	1101		2197	antis	23
	1102		2198	sense	21
	1103		2199	antis	23
	1104		2200	sense	21
	1105		2201	antis	23
	1106		2202	sense	21
	1107		2203	antis	23
	1108		2204	sense	21
	1109		2205	antis	23
	1110		2206	sense	21
	1111		2207	antis	23
	1112		2208	sense	21
	1113		2209	antis	23
	1114		2210	sense	21
	1115		2211	antis	23
	1116		2212	sense	21
	1117		2213	antis	23
	1118		2214	sense	21
	1119		2215	antis	23
	1120		2216	sense	21
	1121		2217	antis	23
	1122		2218	sense	21
	1123		2219	antis	23
	1124		2220	sense	21
	1125		2221	antis	23
	1126		2222	sense	21
	1127		2223	antis	23
	1128		2224	sense	21
	1129		2225	antis	23
	1130		2226	sense	21
	1131		2227	antis	23
	1132		2228	sense	21
	1133		2229	antis	23
	1134		2230	sense	21
	1135		2231	antis	23
	1136		2232	sense	21
	1137		2233	antis	23
	1138		2234	sense	21
	1139		2235	antis	23
	1140		2236	sense	21
	1141		2237	antis	23
	1142		2238	sense	21
	1143		2239	antis	23
	1144		2240	sense	21
	1145		2241	antis	23
	1146		2242	sense	21
	1147		2243	antis	23
	1148		2244	sense	21
	1149		2245	antis	23
	1150		2246	sense	21
	1151		2247	antis	23
	1152		2248	sense	21
	1153		2249	antis	23
	1154		2250	sense	21
	1155		2251	antis	23
	1156		2252	sense	21
	1157		2253	antis	23
	1158		2254	sense	21
	1159		2255	antis	23
	1160		2256	sense	21
	1161		2257	antis	23
	1162		2258	sense	21
	1163		2259	antis	23
	1164		2260	sense	21
	1165		2261	antis	23
	1166		2262	sense	21
	1167		2263	antis	23
	1168		2264	sense	21
	1169		2265	antis	23
	1170		2266	sense	21
	1171		2267	antis	23
	1172		2268	sense	21
	1173		2269	antis	23
	1174		2270	sense	21
	1175		2271	antis	23
	1176		2272	sense	21
	1177		2273	antis	23
	1178		2274	sense	21
	1179		2275	antis	23
	1180		2276	sense	21
	1181		2277	antis	23
	1182		2278	sense	21
	1183		2279	antis	23
	1184		2280	sense	21
	1185		2281	antis	23
	1186		2282	sense	21
	1187		2283	antis	23
	1188		2284	sense	21
	1189		2285	antis	23
	1190		2286	sense	21
	1191		2287	antis	23
	1192		2288	sense	21
	1193		2289	antis	23
	1194		2290	sense	21
	1195		2291	antis	23
	1196		2292	sense	21
	1197		2293	antis	23
	1198		2294	sense	21
	1199		2295	antis	23
	1200		2296	sense	21
	1201		2297	antis	23
	1202		2298	sense	21
	1203		2299	antis	23
	1204		2300	sense	21
	1205		2301	antis	23
	1206		2302	sense	21
	1207		2303	antis	23
	1208		2304	sense	21
	1209		2305	antis	23
	1210		2306	sense	21
	1211		2307	antis	23
	1212		2308	sense	21
	1213		2309	antis	23
	1214		2310	sense	21
	1215		2311	antis	23
	1216		2312	sense	21
	1217		2313	antis	23
	1218		2314	sense	21
	1219		2315	antis	23
	1220		2316	sense	21
	1221		2317	antis	23
	1222		2318	sense	21
	1223		2319	antis	23
	1224		2320	sense	21
	1225		2321	antis	23
	1226		2322	sense	21
	1227		2323	antis	23
	1228		2324	sense	21
	1229		2325	antis	23
	1230		2326	sense	21
	1231		2327	antis	23
	1232		2328	sense	21
	1233		2329	antis	23
	1234		2330	sense	21
	1235		2331	antis	23
	1236		2332	sense	21
	1237		2333	antis	23
	1238		2334	sense	21
	1239		2335	antis	23
	1240		2336	sense	21
	1241		2337	antis	23
	1242		2338	sense	21
	1243		2339	antis	23
	1244		2340	sense	21
	1245		2341	antis	23
	1246		2342	sense	21
	1247		2343	antis	23
	1248		2344	sense	21
	1249		2345	antis	23
	1250		2346	sense	21
	1251		2347	antis	23
	1252		2348	sense	21
	1253		2349	antis	23
	1254		2350	sense	21
	1255		2351	antis	23
	1256		2352	sense	21
	1257		2353	antis	23
	1258		2354	sense	21
	1259		2355	antis	23
	1260		2356	sense	21
	1261		2357	antis	23
	1262		2358	sense	21
	1263		2359	antis	23
	1264		2360	sense	21
	1265		2361	antis	23
	1266		2362	sense	21
	1267		2363	antis	23
	1268		2364	sense	21
	1269		2365	antis	23
	1270		2366	sense	21
	1271		2367	antis	23
	1272		2368	sense	21
	1273		2369	antis	23
	1274		2370	sense	21
	1275		2371	antis	23
	1276		2372	sense	21
	1277		2373	antis	23
	1278		2374	sense	21
	1279		2375	antis	23
	1280		2376	sense	21
	1281		2377	antis	23
	1282		2378	sense	21
	1283		2379	antis	23
	1284		2380	sense	21
	1285		2381	antis	23
	1286		2382	sense	21
	1287		2383	antis	23
	1288		2384	sense	21
	1289		2385	antis	23
	1290		2386	sense	21
	1291		2387	antis	23
	1292		2388	sense	21
	1293		2389	antis	23
	1294		2390	sense	21
	1295		2391	antis	23
	1296		2392	sense	21
	1297		2393	antis	23
	1298		2394	sense	21
	1299		2395	antis	23
	1300		2396	sense	21
	1301		2397	antis	23
	1302		2398	sense	21
	1303		2399	antis	23
	1304		2400	sense	21
	1305		2401	antis	23
	1306		2402	sense	21
	1307		2403	antis	23
	1308		2404	sense	21
	1309		2405	antis	23
	1310		2406	sense	21
	1311		2407	antis	23
	1312		2408	sense	21
	1313		2409	antis	23
	1314		2410	sense	21
	1315		2411	antis	23
	1316		2412	sense	21
	1317		2413	antis	23
	1318		2414	sense	21
	1319		2415	antis	23
	1320		2416	sense	21
	1321		2417	antis	23
	1322		2418	sense	21
	1323		2419	antis	23
	1324		2420	sense	21
	1325		2421	antis	23
	1326		2422	sense	21
	1327		2423	antis	23
	1328		2424	sense	21
	1329		2425	antis	23
	1330		2426	sense	21
	1331		2427	antis	23
	1332		2428	sense	21
	1333		2429	antis	23
	1334		2430	sense	21
	1335		2431	antis	23
	1336		2432	sense	21
	1337		2433	antis	23
	1338		2434	sense	21
	1339		2435	antis	23
	1340		2436	sense	21
	1341		2437	antis	23
	1342		2438	sense	21
	1343		2439	antis	23
	1344		2440	sense	21
	1345		2441	antis	23
	1346		2442	sense	21
	1347		2443	antis	23
	1348		2444	sense	21
	1349		2445	antis	23
	1350		2446	sense	21
	1351		2447	antis	23
	1352		2448	sense	21
	1353		2449	antis	23
	1354		2450	sense	21
	1355		2451	antis	23
	1356		2452	sense	21
	1357		2453	antis	23
	1358		2454	sense	21
	1359		2455	antis	23
	1360		2456	sense	21
	1361		2457	antis	23
	1362		2458	sense	21
	1363		2459	antis	23
	1364		2460	sense	21
	1365		2461	antis	23
	1366		2462	sense	21
	1367		2463	antis	23
	1368		2464	sense	21
	1369		2465	antis	23
	1370		2466	sense	21
	1371		2467	antis	23
	1372		2468	sense	21
	1373		2469	antis	23
	1374		2470	sense	21
	1375		2471	antis	23
	1376		2472	sense	21
	1377		2473	antis	23
	1378		2474	sense	21
	1379		2475	antis	23
	1380		2476	sense	21
	1381		2477	antis	23
	1382		2478	sense	21
	1383		2479	antis	23
	1384		2480	sense	21
	1385		2481	antis	23
	1386		2482	sense	21
	1387		2483	antis	23
	1388		2484	sense	21
	1389		2485	antis	23
	1390		2486	sense	21
	1391		2487	antis	23
	1392		2488	sense	21
	1393		2489	antis	23
	1394		2490	sense	21
	1395		2491	antis	23
	1396		2492	sense	21
	1397		2493	antis	23
	1398		2494	sense	21
	1399		2495	antis	23
	1400		2496	sense	21
	1401		2497	antis	23
	1402		2498	sense	21
	1403		2499	antis	23
	1404		2500	sense	21
	1405		2501	antis	23
	1406		2502	sense	21
	1407		2503	antis	23
	1408		2504	sense	21
	1409		2505	antis	23
	1410		2506	sense	21
	1411		2507	antis	23
	1412		2508	sense	21
	1413		2509	antis	23
	1414		2510	sense	21
	1415		2511	antis	23
	1416		2512	sense	21
	1417		2513	antis	23
	1418		2514	sense	21
	1419		2515	antis	23
	1420		2516	sense	21
	1421		2517	antis	23
	1422		2518	sense	21
	1423		2519	antis	23
	1424		2520	sense	21
	1425		2521	antis	23
	1426		2522	sense	21
	1427		2523	antis	23
	1428		2524	sense	21
	1429		2525	antis	23
	1430		2526	sense	21
	1431		2527	antis	23
	1432		2528	sense	21
	1433		2529	antis	23
	1434		2530	sense	21
	1435		2531	antis	23
	1436		2532	sense	21
	1437		2533	antis	23
	1438		2534	sense	21
	1439		2535	antis	23
	1440		2536	sense	21
	1441		2537	antis	23
	1442		2538	sense	21
	1443		2539	antis	23
	1444		2540	sense	21
	1445		2541	antis	23
	1446		2542	sense	21
	1447		2543	antis	23
	1448		2544	sense	21
	1449		2545	antis	23
	1450		2546	sense	21
	1451		2547	antis	23
	1452		2548	sense	21
	1453		2549	antis	23
	1454		2550	sense	21
	1455		2551	antis	23
	1456		2552	sense	21
	1457		2553	antis	23
	1458		2554	sense	21
	1459		2555	antis	23
	1460		2556	sense	21
	1461		2557	antis	23
	1462		2558	sense	21
	1463		2559	antis	23
	1464		2560	sense	21
	1465		2561	antis	23
	1466		2562	sense	21
	1467		2563	antis	23
	1468		2564	sense	21
	1469		2565	antis	23
	1470		2566	sense	21
	1471		2567	antis	23
	1472		2568	sense	21
	1473		2569	antis	23
	1474		2570	sense	21
	1475		2571	antis	23
	1476		2572	sense	21
	1477		2573	antis	23
	1478		2574	sense	21
	1479		2575	antis	23
	1480		2576	sense	21
	1481		2577	antis	23
	1482		2578	sense	21
	1483		2579	antis	23
	1484		2580	sense	21
	1485		2581	antis	23
	1486		2582	sense	21
	1487		2583	antis	23
	1488		2584	sense	21
	1489		2585	antis	23
	1490		2586	sense	21
	1491		2587	antis	23
	1492		2588	sense	21
	1493		2589	antis	23
	1494		2590	sense	21
	1495		2591	antis	23
	1496		2592	sense	21
	1497		2593	antis	23
	1498		2594	sense	21
	1499		2595	antis	23
	1500		2596	sense	21
	1501		2597	antis	23
	1502		2598	sense	21
	1503		2599	antis	23
	1504		2600	sense	21
	1505		2601	antis	23
	1506		2602	sense	21
	1507		2603	antis	23
	1508		2604	sense	21
	1509		2605	antis	23
	1510		2606	sense	21
	1511		2607	antis	23
	1512		2608	sense	21
	1513		2609	antis	23
	1514		2610	sense	21
	1515		2611	antis	23
	1516		2612	sense	21
	1517		2613	antis	23
	1518		2614	sense	21
	1519		2615	antis	23
	1520		2616	sense	21
	1521		2617	antis	23
	1522		2618	sense	21
	1523		2619	antis	23
	1524		2620	sense	21
	1525		2621	antis	23
	1526		2622	sense	21
	1527		2623	antis	23
	1528		2624	sense	21
	1529		2625	antis	23
	1530		2626	sense	21
	1531		2627	antis	23
	1532		2628	sense	21
	1533		2629	antis	23
	1534		2630	sense	21
	1535		2631	antis	23
	1536		2632	sense	21
	1537		2633	antis	23
	1538		2634	sense	21
	1539		2635	antis	23
	1540		2636	sense	21
	1541		2637	antis	23
	1542		2638	sense	21
	1543		2639	antis	23
	1544		2640	sense	21
	1545		2641	antis	23
	1546		2642	sense	21
	1547		2643	antis	23
	1548		2644	sense	21
	1549		2645	antis	23
	1550		2646	sense	21
	1551		2647	antis	23
	1552		2648	sense	21
	1553		2649	antis	23
	1554		2650	sense	21
	1555		2651	antis	23
	1556		2652	sense	21
	1557		2653	antis	23
	1558		2654	sense	21
	1559		2655	antis	23
	1560		2656	sense	21
	1561		2657	antis	23
	1562		2658	sense	21
	1563		2659	antis	23
	1564		2660	sense	21
	1565		2661	antis	23
	1566		2662	sense	21
	1567		2663	antis	23
	1568		2664	sense	21
	1569		2665	antis	23
	1570		2666	sense	21
	1571		2667	antis	23
	1572		2668	sense	21
	1573		2669	antis	23
	1574		2670	sense	21
	1575		2671	antis	23
	1576		2672	sense	21
	1577		2673	antis	23
	1578		2674	sense	21
	1579		2675	antis	23
	1580		2676	sense	21
	1581		2677	antis	23
	1582		2678	sense	21
	1583		2679	antis	23
	1584		2680	sense	21
	1585		2681	antis	23
	1586		2682	sense	21
	1587		2683	antis	23
	1588		2684	sense	21
	1589		2685	antis	23
	1590		2686	sense	21
	1591		2687	antis	23
	1592		2688	sense	21
	1593		2689	antis	23
	1594		2690	sense	21
	1595		2691	antis	23
	1596		2692	sense	21
	1597		2693	antis	23
	1598		2694	sense	21
	1599		2695	antis	23
	1600		2696	sense	21
	1601		2697	antis	23
	1602		2698	sense	21
	1603		2699	antis	23
	1604		2700	sense	21
	1605		2701	antis	23
	1606		2702	sense	21
	1607		2703	antis	23
	1608		2704	sense	21
	1609		2705	antis	23
	1610		2706	sense	21
	1611		2707	antis	23
	1612		2708	sense	21
	1613		2709	antis	23
	1614		2710	sense	21
	1615		2711	antis	23
	1616		2712	sense	21
	1617		2713	antis	23
	1618		2714	sense	21
	1619		2715	antis	23
	1620		2716	sense	21
	1621		2717	antis	23
	1622		2718	sense	21
	1623		2719	antis	23
	1624		2720	sense	21
	1625		2721	antis	23
	1626		2722	sense	21
	1627		2723	antis	23
	1628		2724	sense	21
	1629		2725	antis	23
	1630		2726	sense	21
	1631		2727	antis	23
	1632		2728	sense	21
	1633		2729	antis	23
	1634		2730	sense	21
	1635		2731	antis	23
	1636		2732	sense	21
	1637		2733	antis	23
	1638		2734	sense	21
	1639		2735	antis	23
	1640		2736	sense	21
	1641		2737	antis	23
	1642		2738	sense	21
	1643		2739	antis	23
	1644		2740	sense	21
	1645		2741	antis	23
	1646		2742	sense	21
	1647		2743	antis	23
	1648		2744	sense	21
	1649		2745	antis	23
	1650		2746	sense	21
	1651		2747	antis	23
	1652		2748	sense	21
	1653		2749	antis	23
	1654		2750	sense	21
	1655		2751	antis	23
	1656		2752	sense	21
	1657		2753	antis	23
	1658		2754	sense	21
	1659		2755	antis	23
	1660		2756	sense	21
	1661		2757	antis	23
	1662		2758	sense	21
	1663		2759	antis	23
	1664		2760	sense	21
	1665		2761	antis	23
	1666		2762	sense	21
	1667		2763	antis	23
	1668		2764	sense	21
	1669		2765	antis	23
	1670		2766	sense	21
	1671		2767	antis	23
	1672		2768	sense	21
	1673		2769	antis	23
	1674		2770	sense	21
	1675		2771	antis	23
	1676		2772	sense	21
	1677		2773	antis	23
	1678		2774	sense	21
	1679		2775	antis	23
	1680		2776	sense	21
	1681		2777	antis	23
	1682		2778	sense	21
	1683		2779	antis	23
	1684		2780	sense	21
	1685		2781	antis	23
	1686		2782	sense	21
	1687		2783	antis	23
	1688		2784	sense	21
	1689		2785	antis	23
	1690		2786	sense	21
	1691		2787	antis	23
	1692		2788	sense	21
	1693		2789	antis	23
	1694		2790	sense	21
	1695		2791	antis	23
	1696		2792	sense	21
	1697		2793	antis	23
	1698		2794	sense	21
	1699		2795	antis	23
	1700		2796	sense	21
	1701		2797	antis	23
	1702		2798	sense	21
	1703		2799	antis	23
	1704		2800	sense	21
	1705		2801	antis	23
	1706		2802	sense	21
	1707		2803	antis	23
	1708		2804	sense	21
	1709		2805	antis	23
	1710		2806	sense	21
	1711		2807	antis	23
	1712		2808	sense	21
	1713		2809	antis	23
	1714		2810	sense	21
	1715		2811	antis	23
	1716		2812	sense	21
	1717		2813	antis	23
	1718		2814	sense	21
	1719		2815	antis	23
	1720		2816	sense	21
	1721		2817	antis	23
	1722		2818	sense	21
	1723		2819	antis	23
	1724		2820	sense	21
	1725		2821	antis	23
	1726		2822	sense	21
	1727		2823	antis	23
	1728		2824	sense	21
	1729		2825	antis	23
	1730		2826	sense	21
	1731		2827	antis	23
	1732		2828	sense	21
	1733		2829	antis	23
	1734		2830	sense	21
	1735		2831	antis	23
	1736		2832	sense	21
	1737		2833	antis	23
	1738		2834	sense	21
	1739		2835	antis	23
	1740		2836	sense	21
	1741		2837	antis	23
	1742		2838	sense	21
	1743		2839	antis	23
	1744		2840	sense	21
	1745		2841	antis	23
	1746		2842	sense	21
	1747		2843	antis	23
	1748		2844	sense	21
	1749		2845	antis	23
	1750		2846	sense	21
	1751		2847	antis	23
	1752		2848	sense	21
	1753		2849	antis	23
	1754		2850	sense	21
	1755		2851	antis	23
	1756		2852	sense	21
	1757		2853	antis	23
	1758		2854	sense	21
	1759		2855	antis	23
	1760		2856	sense	21
	1761		2857	antis	23
	1762		2858	sense	21
	1763		2859	antis	23
	1764		2860	sense	21
	1765		2861	antis	23
	1766		2862	sense	21
	1767		2863	antis	23
	1768		2864	sense	21
	1769		2865	antis	23
	1770		2866	sense	21
	1771		2867	antis	23
	1772		2868	sense	21
	1773		2869	antis	23
	1774		2870	sense	21
	1775		2871	antis	23
	1776		2872	sense	21
	1777		2873	antis	23
	1778		2874	sense	21
	1779		2875	antis	23
	1780		2876	sense	21
	1781		2877	antis	23
	1782		2878	sense	21
	1783		2879	antis	23
	1784		2880	sense	21
	1785		2881	antis	23
	1786		2882	sense	21
	1787		2883	antis	23
	1788		2884	sense	21
	1789		2885	antis	23
	1790		2886	sense	21
	1791		2887	antis	23
	1792		2888	sense	21
	1793		2889	antis	23
	1794		2890	sense	21
	1795		2891	antis	23
	1796		2892	sense	21
	1797		2893	antis	23
	1798		2894	sense	21
	1799		2895	antis	23
	1800		2896	sense	21
	1801		2897	antis	23
	1802		2898	sense	21
	1803		2899	antis	23
	1804		2900	sense	21
	1805		2901	antis	23
	1806		2902	sense	21
	1807		2903	antis	23
	1808		2904	sense	21
	1809		2905	antis	23
	1810		2906	sense	21
	1811		2907	antis	23
	1812		2908	sense	21
	1813		2909	antis	23
	1814		2910	sense	21
	1815		2911	antis	23
	1816		2912	sense	21
	1817		2913	antis	23
	1818		2914	sense	21
	1819		2915	antis	23
	1820		2916	sense	21
	1821		2917	antis	23
	1822		2918	sense	21
	1823		2919	antis	23
	1824		2920	sense	21
	1825		2921	antis	23
	1826		2922	sense	21
	1827		2923	antis	23
	1828		2924	sense	21
	1829		2925	antis	23
	1830		2926	sense	21
	1831		2927	antis	23
	1832		2928	sense	21
	1833		2929	antis	23
	1834		2930	sense	21
	1835		2931	antis	23
	1836		2932	sense	21
	1837		2933	antis	23
	1838		2934	sense	21
	1839		2935	antis	23
	1840		2936	sense	21
	1841		2937	antis	23
	1842		2938	sense	21
	1843		2939	antis	23
	1844		2940	sense	21
	1845		2941	antis	23
	1846		2942	sense	21
	1847		2943	antis	23
	1848		2944	sense	21
	1849		2945	antis	23
	1850		2946	sense	21
	1851		2947	antis	23
	1852		2948	sense	21
	1853		2949	antis	23
	1854		2950	sense	21
	1855		2951	antis	23
	1856		2952	sense	21
	1857		2953	antis	23
	1858		2954	sense	21
	1859		2955	antis	23
	1860		2956	sense	21
	1861		2957	antis	23
	1862		2958	sense	21
	1863		2959	antis	23
	1864		2960	sense	21
	1865		2961	antis	23
	1866		2962	sense	21
	1867		2963	antis	23
	1868		2964	sense	21
	1869		2965	antis	23
	1870		2966	sense	21
	1871		2967	antis	23
	1872		2968	sense	21
	1873		2969	antis	23
	1874		2970	sense	21
	1875		2971	antis	23
	1876		2972	sense	21
	1877		2973	antis	23
	1878		2974	sense	21
	1879		2975	antis	23
	1880		2976	sense	21
	1881		2977	antis	23
	1882		2978	sense	21
	1883		2979	antis	23
	1884		2980	sense	21
	1885		2981	antis	23
	1886		2982	sense	21
	1887		2983	antis	23
	1888		2984	sense	21
	1889		2985	antis	23

Claims

A double stranded RNAi agent capable of inhibiting expression of HAO1 in a cell, wherein said double stranded RNAi agent comprises a sense strand and an antisense strand forming a double-stranded region, wherein said sense strand and said antisense strand comprise a region of complementarity which comprises at least 15 contiguous nucleotides differing by no more than 3 nucleotides from the antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO:706;
wherein substantially all of the nucleotides of said sense strand and substantially all of the nucleotides of said antisense strand are modified nucleotides, and

wherein said sense strand is conjugated to a ligand attached at the 3'-terminus.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein all of the nucleotides of said sense strand and all of the nucleotides of said antisense strand are modified nucleotides.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of said modified nucleotides is selected from the group consisting of a 3'-terminal deoxy-thymidine (dT) nucleotide, a 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2'-fluoro modified nucleotide, a 2'-deoxy-modified nucleotide, a locked nucleotide, an abasic nucleotide, a 2'-amino-modified nucleotide, a 2'-alkyl-modified nucleotide, a morpholino nucleotide, a phosphoramidate, a non-natural base comprising nucleotide, a nucleotide comprising a 5'-phosphorothioate group, a nucleotide comprising a 5' phosphate or 5' phosphate mimic, and a terminal nucleotide linked to a cholesteryl derivative or a dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein at least one strand comprises a 3' overhang of at least 1 nucleotide.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein at least one strand comprises a 3' overhang of at least 2 nucleotides.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein the ligand is
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein said RNAi agent comprises 6 to 8 phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.
The double stranded RNAi of claim 7, wherein the antisense strand comprises two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 5'-terminus and two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 3'-terminus, and the sense strand comprises at least two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at either the 5'-terminus or the 3'-terminus.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein the base pair at the 1 position of the 5'-end of the antisense strand of the duplex is an AU base pair.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 1, wherein the RNAi agent is the agent comprising the sense strand sequence gsascuuuCfaUfCfCfuggaaauauaL96 (SEQ ID NO:213) and the antisense strand sequence usAfsuauUfuCfCfaggaUfgAfaagucscsa (SEQ ID NO:330) (AD-65585), wherein L96 is N-[tris(GalNAc-alkyl)-amidodecanoyl]-4-hydroxyprolinol (Hyp-(GalNAc-alkyl)₃), Af is 2'-fluoroadenosine-3'-phosphate, Cf is 2'-fluorocytidine-3'-phosphate, Uf is 2'-fluorouridine-3'-phosphate, a is 2'-O-methyladenosine-3'-phosphate, c is 2'-O-methylcytidine-3'-phosphate, g is 2'-O-methylguanosine-3'-phosphate, u is 2'-O-methyluridine-3'-phosphate and s is a phosphorothioate linkage.
The double stranded RNAi agent of any one of claims 1 to 9,
wherein substantially all of the nucleotides of said sense strand comprise a modification selected from the group consisting of a 2'-O-methyl modification and a 2'-fluoro modification,

wherein said sense strand comprises two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 5'-terminus,

wherein substantially all of the nucleotides of said antisense strand comprise a modification selected from the group consisting of a 2'-O-methyl modification and a 2'-fluoro modification,

wherein said antisense strand comprises two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 5'-terminus and two phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 3'-terminus, and

wherein said sense strand is conjugated to one or more GalNAc derivatives attached through a branched bivalent or trivalent linker at the 3'-terminus.
The double stranded RNAi agent of claim 11 for use in a method of treating a HAO1-associated disorder, wherein said RNAi agent is to be administered subcutaneously to a subject.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 12, wherein all of the nucleotides of said sense strand and all of the nucleotides of said antisense strand comprise a modification.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 12, wherein the subject is a human.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 14, wherein the human has Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1).
The RNAi agent for use of claim 12, wherein the double stranded RNAi agent is to be administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 16, wherein the double stranded RNAi agent is to be administered at a dose of about 0.1 mg/kg, about 1.0 mg/kg, or about 3.0 mg/kg.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 16, wherein said RNAi agent is to be administered in two or more doses.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 18, wherein said RNAi agent is to be administered at intervals selected from the group consisting of once every about 12 hours, once every about 24 hours, once every about 48 hours, once every about 72 hours, and once every about 96 hours.
The RNAi agent for use of claim 18, wherein said RNAi agent is to be administered once a week for up to 2 weeks, up to 3 weeks, up to 4 weeks, up to 5 weeks, or longer.