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GB2510403A - Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket. - Google Patents

Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket. Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2510403A
GB2510403A GB1301879.1A GB201301879A GB2510403A GB 2510403 A GB2510403 A GB 2510403A GB 201301879 A GB201301879 A GB 201301879A GB 2510403 A GB2510403 A GB 2510403A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
monopile
socket
drilling
tidal
tidal flow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB1301879.1A
Other versions
GB201301879D0 (en
Inventor
Rachell Nicholls-Lee
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MOJO MARITIME Ltd
Original Assignee
MOJO MARITIME Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by MOJO MARITIME Ltd filed Critical MOJO MARITIME Ltd
Priority to GB1301879.1A priority Critical patent/GB2510403A/en
Publication of GB201301879D0 publication Critical patent/GB201301879D0/en
Publication of GB2510403A publication Critical patent/GB2510403A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/26—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/26—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy
    • F03B13/264—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using tide energy using the horizontal flow of water resulting from tide movement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B11/00—Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D13/00—Assembly, mounting or commissioning of wind motors; Arrangements specially adapted for transporting wind motor components
    • F03D13/20—Arrangements for mounting or supporting wind motors; Masts or towers for wind motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05B2230/60—Assembly methods
    • F05B2230/604—Assembly methods using positioning or alignment devices for aligning or centering, e.g. pins
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/90—Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/97—Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a submerged structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/727—Offshore wind turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/728—Onshore wind turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Oceanography (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus, comprising a monopile 14 structure of a composite material, to be inserted into a pre-drilled rock socket 12 or borehole, said monopile being suitable for receiving a submerged device 16 for extracting energy from a tidal flow. Composite material may comprise a lightweight material, especially a fibre-reinforced plastic such as carbon fibre, epoxy resin or glass fibre vinyl ester resin matrix, avoiding the need for corrosion or cathodic protection. A method of securing said monopile 14 into said rock socket 12 and attaching said monopile to receive a device 16 for extracting energy from the tidal flow.

Description

COMPOSITE MONOPILE FOR TIDAL TURBINE SUPPORT STRUCTURE
This invention relates to a specialised lightweight, composite, monopile structure for use in strong tidal currents to perform the function of a tidal turbine support structure.
Free stream tidal energy presents a reliable source of energy in certain areas of the globe. Tidal turbines operating in these areas require a support structure that has a long operational life so as to minimise operational costs associated with working in an aggressive, offshore, tidal environment. Steel structures in these regions are common and tend to suffer from corrosion and require cathodic protection in order to prevent this from becoming a debilitating problem for the foundation. In areas where tidal turbines are located, the seabed surfaces tends to be rocky owing to the high currents that are present which remove any layers of softer sediment. Alternative support structures are available, such as jacket style or gravity base solutions, but these require a relatively even seabed surface of limited slope angle in order to operate effectively, which greatly minimises the locations these alternative support structures can be used in. Furthermore, these alternative structures are very heavy which governs the maximum lift capacity of the cranes to be used both on an installation vessel and in a local staging port. This is a major factor in the overall installation cost of a tidal turbine device. The main impediment to the development of the tidal energy industry at present is the the extremely high cost of installation.
Current monopile structures for supporting tidal turbines are manufactured from steel and can be used to overcome the problem of a relatively steep and/or uneven seabed surfaces. However, they still succumb to corrosion and the long fatigue life required (in excess of 25 years) results in a very heavy structure with a relatively large diameter. Moreover, such relatively large diameter monopiles present a large surface area to high tidal currents inherent to locations for tidal turbines, which results in large drag forces being exerted on the structure and the presence of increased vortex-induced vibrations increasing the fatigue loading. Another problem of relatively large diameter monopiles is that the hole that is required to be drilled into the bedrock for installation needs to be relatively big as well, which increases drilling time and has a large impact on the overall installation expense.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus comprising a monopile structure to be inserted into a pre-drilled rock socket, said monopile structure being of a composite material and including means for receiving a device for extracting energy from a tidal flow.
According to a second aspect of the present inventions, there is provided a method comprising drilling a socket in a rock deposit at a location of a tidal flow, inserting a monopile structure of a composite material into said socket, securing said monopile in said socket and attaching to said monopile structure a device for extracting energy from the tidal flow.
Owing to these two aspects, a relatively lightweight monopile structure having a relatively long fatigue life can support a tidal energy extracting device in areas of rock deposits on a seabed.
What is meant by composite material is a fibre-reinforced plastics material (e.g. carbon fibre with an epoxy resin matrix or glass fibre with a vinyl ester resin matrix or any suitable combination).
In order that the present invention can be clearly and completely disclosed, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 a is a schematic diagram of the deployment of a subsea drilling template, Figure lb is a schematic diagram of the deployment of the template on the seabed, Figure 2a is a schematic diagram of a subsea drill unit being lowered towards the drilling template, Figure 2b is a schematic diagram showing the subsea drilling unit in position for a drilling operation, Figure 3a is a schematic diagram of a monopile of composite material being lowered into the drilling template, Figure Sb is a schematic diagram of the monopile being grouted into the drilled rock socket, Figure 4a is a schematic diagram of a tidal energy extracting device being lowered onto the composite monopile, and Figure 4b is a schematic diagram of the tidal energy extracting device ready for operation.
Referring to the Figures, a marine operations sequence for installation of a composite monopile as a foundation for a free stream tidal turbine is illustrated.
Figures la and lb show an initial stage of the operation. As shown in Figure la, a subsea drilling template 2 is deployed from a suitable installation surface vessel (not shown). The template 2 is lowered through a column of water from the surface vessel using a lifting cable 4 down onto the seabed 6 (as shown in Figure ib). The lifting cable 4 is then recovered to the installation vessel.
A subsea drilling device 8 is then attached to the cable 4 and the drilling device 8 is lowered and received into a central guiding conduit 10 of the template 2, as illustrated in Figures 2a and 2b. A hole in the form of a rock socket 12 in the bedrock strata is then drilled, as shown in Figure 3a.
The cable 4 and drilling device 8 is then recovered to the installation vessel and a composite monopile 14 of hollow construction is subsequently lowered into the water using the lifting cable 4. The composite monopile 14 is lowered through the guiding conduit 10 of the template 2 into the rock socket 12 in the bedrock strata, where it is fixed into position (Figure 3b) by using the known process of grouting. The template 2 is then recovered back to the deck of the installation vessel using the cable 4 leaving a portion of the composite monopile extending substantially vertically upwardly from the bedrock surface.
Once the composite monopile 14 has been fixed into the rock socket 12, a device for extracting energy from a tidal flow can then be located on that portion of the composite monopile 14 extending substantially vertically upwardly from the bedrock surface.
Referring to Figures 4a and 4b, a tidal turbine nacelle 16 is lowered using the cable 4 and an optional lift frame 18 from the deck of the installation vessel towards the installed composite monopile 14. The turbine nacelle 16 is then mounted onto the composite monopile 14, which includes means for receiving the turbine nacelle 16, at the appropriate location along that portion of the composite monopile 14 extending substantially vertically upwardly from the bedrock surface ready for operation. As shown in Figures 4a and 4b, the tidal turbine nacelle 16 is mounted to the upper end region of the composite monopile 14.
The composite monopile 14 of a fibre-reinforced plastics material is relatively lightweight, of relatively smaller diameter, corrosion resistant and has a long operational life compared to conventional supports for tidal turbine devices. The relatively low mass of the monopile 14 has positive implications for the overall cost of the installation procedure, negating the need, in particular, for large, heavy lift cranes. The lower mass also reduces the costs of logistics as more monopiles can be transported on one vessel. With the fibre reinforcement properly designed, the composite monopile 14 can have a smaller diameter and increased fatigue life when compared to an equivalent steel structure. The smaller diameter decreases the degree of drag forces on the overall structure and reduces the level of vortex-induced vibrations, again reducing the overall fatigue loadings and improving the operational life of the tidal turbine. A smaller diameter further reduces operational timescales and costs, owing to the reduced time required for drilling a smaller rock socket 12 into the bedrock. In a tidal race, where high flow velocities are common, reducing fatigue loading on the monopile 14 is the major design driver.
The thickness of the wall of the composite monopile 14 would vary corresponding to the loading scenario it would experience, which would, in turn, be governed by the particular turbine to be mounted to the monopile 14 and also the location of the tidal energy extraction site.

Claims (10)

  1. CLAIMS1. Apparatus comprising a monopile structure to be inserted into a pre-drilled rock socket, said monopile structure being of a composite material and including means for receiving a device for extracting energy from a tidal flow.
  2. 2. A method comprising drilling a socket in a rock deposit at a location of a tidal flow, inserting a monopile structure of a composite material into said socket, securing said monopile in said socket and attaching to said monopile structure a device for extracting energy from the tidal flow.Amendment to the claims have been filed as follows CLAIMS 6 1. Apparatus comprising a monopile structure to be inserted into a pre-drilled rock socket, said monopile structure being of a composite material and including means for receiving a device for extracting energy from a tidal flow.2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said device for extracting energy is a tidal turbine device.
  3. 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, and further comprising means for receiving a turbine nacelle, by way of which the tidal turbine nacelle is mounted to the monopile structure.
  4. 4. A method comprising drilling a socket in a rock deposit at a location of a tidal flow, inserting a monopile structure of a composite material into said socket, securing said monopile in said socket and attaching to said monopile structure a device for extracting energy from the tidal flow.
  5. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein, prior to said drilling, a subsea drilling template is deployed and lowered through a column of water using a lifting cable.
  6. 6. A method according to claim 5, and subsequent to the deploying of the template attaching a subsea drilling device to the cable, lowering the drilling device and receiving the drilling device into a central guiding conduit of the template.
  7. 7. A method according to claim 5 or 6, and further including subsequent to receiving the drilling device in the central guiding conduit and said drilling of the socket, recovering the cable and the drilling device and lowering the monopile structure using the cable.
  8. 8. A method according to claim 7 as appended to claim 6, wherein said inserting comprises lowering the monopile structure through the guiding conduit of the template into the socket.
  9. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the template is subsequently recovered using the cable and leaving a portion of the monopole structure extending substantially vertically upwardly from the rock surface.
  10. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein said attaching comprises attaching a tidal turbine nacelle.
GB1301879.1A 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket. Withdrawn GB2510403A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1301879.1A GB2510403A (en) 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1301879.1A GB2510403A (en) 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB201301879D0 GB201301879D0 (en) 2013-03-20
GB2510403A true GB2510403A (en) 2014-08-06

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GB1301879.1A Withdrawn GB2510403A (en) 2013-02-01 2013-02-01 Composite monopile for tidal flow energy device monopile and pre-drilled socket.

Country Status (1)

Country Link
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104653391A (en) * 2015-01-16 2015-05-27 河海大学 Device for protecting reinforced bars in high-pile wharf pile foundation by self power generation and implementing method

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2348250B (en) * 1999-02-24 2003-08-13 I T Power Ltd Water current turbine sleeve mounting
WO2004048774A1 (en) * 2002-11-28 2004-06-10 Marine Current Turbines Limited Supporting structures for water current (including tidal stream) turbines
EP1624137A1 (en) * 2004-08-02 2006-02-08 The European Community, represented by the European Commission Support column for a wind turbine or a bridge
US20110061332A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2011-03-17 Hettick Steven A Modular Tower Apparatus and Method of Manufacture
AU2012232970A1 (en) * 2006-01-18 2012-10-18 Marine Current Turbines Limited Gravity foundations for tidal stream turbines
GB2460172B (en) * 2008-05-24 2013-01-02 Marine Current Turbines Ltd Installation of structures in water
DE102012013618B3 (en) * 2012-07-10 2013-09-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Offshore power generation plant and assembly process
GB2505192A8 (en) * 2012-08-21 2014-03-12 Technip France A pile-sleeve connection for a monopile foundation

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2348250B (en) * 1999-02-24 2003-08-13 I T Power Ltd Water current turbine sleeve mounting
WO2004048774A1 (en) * 2002-11-28 2004-06-10 Marine Current Turbines Limited Supporting structures for water current (including tidal stream) turbines
EP1624137A1 (en) * 2004-08-02 2006-02-08 The European Community, represented by the European Commission Support column for a wind turbine or a bridge
AU2012232970A1 (en) * 2006-01-18 2012-10-18 Marine Current Turbines Limited Gravity foundations for tidal stream turbines
GB2460172B (en) * 2008-05-24 2013-01-02 Marine Current Turbines Ltd Installation of structures in water
US20110061332A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2011-03-17 Hettick Steven A Modular Tower Apparatus and Method of Manufacture
DE102012013618B3 (en) * 2012-07-10 2013-09-12 Voith Patent Gmbh Offshore power generation plant and assembly process
GB2505192A8 (en) * 2012-08-21 2014-03-12 Technip France A pile-sleeve connection for a monopile foundation

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104653391A (en) * 2015-01-16 2015-05-27 河海大学 Device for protecting reinforced bars in high-pile wharf pile foundation by self power generation and implementing method
CN104653391B (en) * 2015-01-16 2016-09-07 河海大学 The device of reinforcing bar and implementation in a kind of self power generation protection long piled wharf pile foundation

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