GB2421028A - Fuel for two-stroke engines - Google Patents
Fuel for two-stroke engines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2421028A GB2421028A GB0426855A GB0426855A GB2421028A GB 2421028 A GB2421028 A GB 2421028A GB 0426855 A GB0426855 A GB 0426855A GB 0426855 A GB0426855 A GB 0426855A GB 2421028 A GB2421028 A GB 2421028A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- stroke
- engines
- ethanol
- castor oil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
- C10M105/38—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
- C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
- C10M2207/401—Fatty vegetable or animal oils used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
Abstract
A fuel for two-stroke engines is made up primarily of ethanol and includes 0.5-8% castor oil and 3-25% volatile hydrocarbon fractions. The fuel may also include one or more additives selected from a range that includes corrosion inhibitors, combustion enhancers, solubility aids and cold starting promoters, and optionally water.
Description
FuJio1 Two-StrQke Eiigines The present invention relates to a fuel for use
in two-stroke internal combustion engines and in particular, but not exclusively, high-performance racing engines.
The fuel may also be suitable for use in other engines, for example outboard marine engines.
The principals underlying the present invention are to provide an innovative environmental solution to unacceptably high emission levels of unburned hydrocarbon emissions which are associated with "basic" twostroke engines.
These emissions can be very high when operating without the advantages of direct fuel injection. Moreover in the case of ultra-high speed twostroke engines; there is considerable doubt if direct injection systems can be made to operate at the frequencies demanded by the two-stroke cycle.
Gasoline direct injection delivers major improvements in both fuel consumption and in hydrocarbon (HO) emissions, when applied to two-stroke engines.
However, engines used in karting and in many other sectors which use the two- stroke cycle cannot justify expensive direct injection technologies and are still using some form of carburetor.
Some of the two-stroke engines used in karting rev to over 14,000 rpm and the application of direct injection technology is at the present time impractical at such high engine speeds. The real weakness of the "basic" two-stroke engine when using carburation and crankcase scavenging is exhaust emissions. The major problem is that some of the unburned hydrocarbon fuel manages to escape by "short circuiting" via the open exhaust port during the scavenging phase. This is the period when the products of combustion are leaving the cylinder and the fresh charge is being admitted Blair ("The Basic Design of Two-Stroke Engines", Warrendale, Pa.. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1990) conveys a picture of reasonably low Go, low NOx, but high unburned hydrocarbon emissions in respect of "basic" crankcase scavenged two- stroke engines. This poor emission picture relates to the discharge of unburned hydrocarbon fuels and to a lesser extent some lubricant.
However this picture will change completely if an environmentally friendly fuel and lubricant are used in the place of existing hydrocarbon fuel (gasoline).
The main exhaust gases are carbon-dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour. These are relatively benign; however the pollutants in the engine's exhaust are the products of incomplete combustion, namely carbon-monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are the result of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen being brought together under conditions of high temperature and pressure.
Emissions of carbon-monoxide can be minimised by good combustion chamber design and by operating with air I fuel ratios that are "lean" of stoichiometric (oxygen rich) Formation of NOx can be minimised by a reduction in the peak temperatures of combustion, and for this purpose a fuel which will absorb water is highly attractive.
Alternative fuels and lubricants are required to replace the toxic unburned fuel and lubricant which is emitted with the exhaust gases of the "basic" two-stroke engine The fuel and lubricant should be ones which will combine with some low cost NOx suppressing agent, and to this combination certain additives will be required to deal with various issues such as corrosion, solubility and cold starting.
According to the present invention there is provided a fuel for twostroke engines, that is based on ethanol and includes 0.5-8% castor oil and 3-25% volatile hydrocarbon fractions.
The key to this novel approach to the two-stroke emission problems is provided by ethanol. But a lubricant is required which will dissolve readily in ethanol and burn cleanly and is benign in the unburned form. Certain aero-engines were "run in" on castor oil during WWII. However, castor oil also behaves as a fuel when injected in some finely atomized form into diesel engines. Castor oil also dissolves in ethanol and within the combustion chamber it should burn cleanly, while unburned castor oil in the exhaust gases should be relatively benign. In contact with metallic rubbing and bearing surfaces castor oil has been shown to provide excellent lubrication.
I suggest an initial formulation to address the two-stroke emission problem, that is made up as follows: - say 1-4% castor oil, around 5-15% of appropriate hydrocarbon fractions which are selected for volatility ("front-end fractions", for example pentane, hexane or heptane) to act as a cold starting aid, the remainder of the fuel being ethanol, which is conveniently rated at 108 octane (RON). To this blend we can optionally add water, typically at between 3-10% water, to achieve NOx suppression and in order to avoid detonation. Tests indicate that water is soluble in these ethanol - hydrocarbon - castor oil blends The flame temperature of ethanol is lower than with gasoline and NOx is not a significant problem with the two-stroke cycle, however the addition of water is expected to further reduce engine temperatures.
Commercial fuels created in line with these proposals are likely to require a range of additives such as corrosion inhibitors, combustion enhancers and additives which aid solubility and cold starting, whilst keeping two-stroke emissions "eco- friendly." This is essential in the absence of any low cost direct injection systems for kart engines.
The single cylinder two-stroke kart engine has considerable advantages over comparable four stroke engines, in terms of simplicity, power I weight ratio, vibration durability and harshness Investigation shows that small capacity four- stroke engines are not particularly fuel efficient, as frictional losses associated with the valve gear begin to assume considerable proportions as cylinder size is reduced. There is also the added friction associated with additional inlet and exhaust strokes; these serve to reduce the mechanical efficiency of small, four stroke engines If a two-stroke fuel is made up primarily of ethyl alcohol and the lubricant is mainly castor oil it would seem the emissions of unburned fuel and lubricant would be largely composed of ethanol and castor oil. However, there are likely to be issues associated with corrosion, solubility and engine starting, all of which should be improved through the use of suitable additives. These may need development in order to be appropriate to this fuel, lubricant and engine technologies.
The two-stroke cycle is already low on NOx emissions and these proposals are likely to enhance those characteristics still further. Ethanol as a result of its high latent heat of evaporation creates a significant reduction in charge temperature compared with gasoline, and this will help reduce peak temperatures and NOx formation. The high latent heat of evaporation is invaluable to reduce charge temperature and increase charge density. The result is an increase in power output, and the fuel has a higher octane rating than gasoline karting fuels currently mandated by the FIA - 01K. This will permit the use of increased compression ratios leading to reduced fuel consumption This novel combination of fuel, lubricant and additives may also provide two- stroke outboard engines with the capability of meeting environmental standards for use in freshwater lakes and rivers The fuel may also be suitable for use in other two-stroke engines, for example in motor-mowers, chain saws, mopeds, trail bikes and a range of other simple two-stroke applications.
The two-stroke piston is exposed to twice the firing pulses of its four stroke counterpart. The exposure of the underside of the piston to lower Incoming charge temperatures of the ethanol based fuel I air mixture will assist in piston cooling There should be similar benefits by improving heat transfer from the lower parts of the cylinder bore. This is likely to prove advantageous with two- stroke engines, which are often vulnerable to overheating particularly around the exhaust port. Lower maximum and mean flame temperatures have been reported with ethanol fuel; this will help in NOx reduction and will reduce the heat load upon the piston which is important with the two- stroke cycle.
The impact of ethanol on the crankcase scavenged two-stroke engine should prove to be beneficial: by reducing the temperature of the bottom end bearings it is likely to improve durability. In fact it is possible that reduced temperatures will prolong the use of the air cooled two-stroke engine in karting and in other applications. Water readily dissolves in ethanol and this provides further opportunities to reduce peak combustion temperature, NOx formation and to avoid detonation.
Claims (6)
- Claims 1 A fuel for two-stroke engines, wherein the fuel is based onethanol and includes 0 5-8% castor oil and 3-25% volatile hydrocarbon fractions.
- 2. A fuel according to claim 1, wherein the ethanol is rated at approximately 108 octane.
- 3. A fuel according to claim 1 or claim 2, that includes 1-4% castor oil.
- 4. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, that includes 515% volatile hydrocarbon fractions
- 5. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, that includes 1- 20% water, preferably 3-10% water.
- 6. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, that includes one or more additives selected from a range that includes corrosion inhibitors, combustion enhancers, solubility aids and cold starting promoters,
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0426855A GB2421028A (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2004-12-08 | Fuel for two-stroke engines |
| EP05823777A EP1819803A1 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2005-12-07 | Low toxicity fuel and lubricant for two-stroke engines |
| PCT/GB2005/004702 WO2006061611A1 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2005-12-07 | Low toxicity fuel and lubricant for two-stroke engines |
| US11/721,147 US20090223117A1 (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2005-12-07 | Low toxicity fuel and lubricant for two-stroke engines |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0426855A GB2421028A (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2004-12-08 | Fuel for two-stroke engines |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0426855D0 GB0426855D0 (en) | 2005-01-12 |
| GB2421028A true GB2421028A (en) | 2006-06-14 |
Family
ID=34073341
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0426855A Withdrawn GB2421028A (en) | 2004-12-08 | 2004-12-08 | Fuel for two-stroke engines |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090223117A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1819803A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2421028A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2006061611A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2085460A1 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-05 | She Blends Holdings B.V. | Environmentally improved motor fuels |
| RU2605952C1 (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Alternative motor fuel and production method thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2605954C1 (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Alternative motor fuel and production method thereof |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4333739A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1982-06-08 | Neves Alan M | Blended ethanol fuel |
| US4405337A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1983-09-20 | Yanmar Diesel Engine Co., Ltd. | Fuel for diesel engine |
| US4929252A (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1990-05-29 | Brillhart Donald D | Fuel |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2365009A (en) * | 1940-12-19 | 1944-12-12 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Motor fuels |
| DE3924583C1 (en) * | 1989-07-25 | 1990-11-08 | Hans 7432 Bad Urach De Schur | |
| TW253907B (en) * | 1992-07-09 | 1995-08-11 | Lubrizol Corp | |
| SE510104C2 (en) * | 1993-08-19 | 1999-04-19 | Berol Nobel Ab | Ethanol fuel and use of an ignition enhancer |
| US5505867A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-04-09 | Ritter; Clyde G. | Fuel and Lubrication oil additive |
-
2004
- 2004-12-08 GB GB0426855A patent/GB2421028A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-12-07 WO PCT/GB2005/004702 patent/WO2006061611A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-12-07 US US11/721,147 patent/US20090223117A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-07 EP EP05823777A patent/EP1819803A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4333739A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1982-06-08 | Neves Alan M | Blended ethanol fuel |
| US4405337A (en) * | 1980-04-10 | 1983-09-20 | Yanmar Diesel Engine Co., Ltd. | Fuel for diesel engine |
| US4929252A (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1990-05-29 | Brillhart Donald D | Fuel |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Bulletin JSME 26 (216) 1983. Murayama T et.al. "A study on diesel engines with alcohol fuels" pages 1043-1049 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2085460A1 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-05 | She Blends Holdings B.V. | Environmentally improved motor fuels |
| WO2009096788A1 (en) * | 2008-02-01 | 2009-08-06 | She Blends Holding B.V. | Environmentally improved motor fuels |
| US9303222B2 (en) | 2008-02-01 | 2016-04-05 | She Blends Holding B.V. | Environmentally improved motor fuels |
| RU2605952C1 (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Alternative motor fuel and production method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20090223117A1 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
| WO2006061611A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
| GB0426855D0 (en) | 2005-01-12 |
| EP1819803A1 (en) | 2007-08-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |