GB2348040A - Display assembly with diffracting layer - Google Patents
Display assembly with diffracting layer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2348040A GB2348040A GB0005932A GB0005932A GB2348040A GB 2348040 A GB2348040 A GB 2348040A GB 0005932 A GB0005932 A GB 0005932A GB 0005932 A GB0005932 A GB 0005932A GB 2348040 A GB2348040 A GB 2348040A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- display
- display assembly
- light
- diffracting layer
- light source
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133504—Diffusing, scattering, diffracting elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/133616—Front illuminating devices
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
A display assembly, for example, a liquid crystal display, includes a diffracting layer 18 coupled to the display. The diffracting layer is adapted to refract light received within a range of predetermined incident angles towards the display and enable the display to be illuminated for viewing within those angles. The diffracting layer may be a light recordable film and the light recordable film may be a holographic film. The display may include a light source 12 such as light emitting diodes or incandescent lamps. The display may be used in an electronic device with a touch screen panel.
Description
DISPLAY ASSEMBLY FOR AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to display assemblies for portable electronic devices. In particular, this invention relates to, but is not necessarily limited to, frontlighting of display assemblies for portable electronic devices.
Background of the Invention
Portable electronic devices with display assemblies for providing- information are known. These display assemblies provide the information using displays such as, for example, liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Various techniques are used to illuminate these displays. One common technique to illuminate an LCD of a display assembly is by backlighting. The light for backlighting is typically provided by an intemal light source placed behind the LCD. Alternatively, the LCD can be illuminated by ambient light from outside the display assembly. For backlighting as such, a transflector is placed at the rear of the LCD to not only reflect ambient light but also to allow light from the internal light source to pass through.
Conventionally, backlighting requires both ambient light and an internal light source to illuminate an LCD. However, ambient light alone is often insufficient and this requires the internal light source to remain active most of the time. To alleviate dependence on the internal light source, some LCD devices adopt frontlighting instead of backlighting. For frontlighting, a reflector is placed at the back of an LCD or within the LCD to reflect incident ambient light or incident light from an internal light source placed in front of the LCD.
As is known in the art, a substantial amount of light from the internal light source is lost due to scattering before reaching the reflector of an LCD.
Consequently, light is not efficiently channeled from the light source to the
LCD. In conventional frontlighting or backlighting, inefficient use of light when illuminating an LCD results in power wastage. Such power wastage adversely shortens battery life of limited energy content batteries which typically powers portable electronic devices.
Summary of the Invention
It is an object of this invention to overcome or at least alleviate inefficient use of light and power in display assemblies for portable electronic devices.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a display assembly for an electronic device, said display assembly comprising:
a display having elements to provide indicia;
at least one light source to provide iight to iiluminate said display ; and
at least one diffracting layer coupled to said display and said light source,
wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to diffract said light, received within a range of predetermined incident angles, towards said display and thereby enable said indicia to be illuminated for viewing within predetermined viewing angles.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be a light recordable film.
Suitably, said light recordable film can be a holographic film.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least twenty degrees in a latitudinal axis, said latitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
Suitably, said diffracting layer can be adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least fifty degrees in a longitudinal axis, said longitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be transparent to said light reflected from said display.
Suitably, said display can be a liquid crystal display having a reflector, said reflector being coupled to a rear side of or within said liquid crystal display.
Preferably, said display assembly can further comprise a transparent cover, coupled to said light source and said diffracting layer, said transparent cover being mountable to a housing for said electronic device.
Suitably, said transparent cover can be adapted to receive said light from said light source and to channel at least some of said light to said diffracting layer.
Preferably, said transparent cover can comprise a touch screen panel for a user of said electronic device to provide information.
Suitably, said light source can comprise one or more light emitting diodes.
Preferably, said light source can comprise one or more incandescent lamps.
Suitably, said electronic device can be a portable communication device.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a display assembly for an electronic device, said display assembly comprising:
a transparent cover mountable to a housing for said electronic device;
a display having elements to provide indicia; and
at least one diffracting layer, coupled to said transparent cover and said display;
wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to diffract light, received within a range of predetermined incident angles, towards said display and thereby enable said indicia to be illuminated for viewing within predetermined viewingangles.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be a light recordable film.
Suitably, said light recordable film can be a holographic film.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least twenty degrees in a latitudinal axis, said latitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
Suitably, said diffracting layer can be adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least fifty degrees in a longitudinal axis, said longitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
Preferably, said diffracting layer can be transparent to said light reflected from said display.
Suitably, said display assembly can further comprise at least one light source to provide said light, said light source being coupled to said diffractinglayer.
Preferably, said transparent cover can be adapted to receive at least some of said light from said light source and to channel said some of said light to said diffracting layer.
Suitably, said light source can comprise one or more light emitting diodes.
Preferably, said light source can comprise one or more incandescent lamps.
Suitably, said transparent cover can comprise a touch screen panel for a user of said electronic device to provide information.
Preferably, said electronic device can be a portable communication device.
Brief Description of the Drawings
In order to describe the invention and to put it into practical effect, reference will now be made to embodiments as illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a display assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a display assembly in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 shows passage of light through a portion of a transparent cover and a diffracting layer of a section of the display assembly of FIG. 1; and
FIGs. 4a and 4b show predetermined viewing angles for viewing indicia displayed on the display assemblies of FiGs. 1 and 2.
Detailed Description of the Invention
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a display assembly 10 comprising at least one light source 12,14, a display 16, at least one diffracting layer 18 and a transparent cover 20.
For this preferred embodiment, light source 12,14 can be, for example, light emitting diodes (LEDs), incandescent lamps or cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) or electro-luminance (EL) lamp. Light source 12,14 is coupled to transparent cover 20. Diffracting layer 18 can be a light recordable film such as, for example, a holographic film. Transparent cover 20 is mounted to a housing 22 (partly shown) for an electronic device (not shown) such as, for example, a portable communication device that requires display assembly 10. Display 16 can be, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD). A reflector 24 is coupled to a rear side of or within display 16 to reflect light incident on display 16. Incident light on display 16 can be from either light source 12,14 or ambient light. Diffracting layer 18 is made with a transparent material, such as a polymer, and has diffracting characteristics that will be described below. Diffracting layer 18 is attached to a rear side of transparent cover 20. In the art, transparent cover 20 serves as a lens for viewing indicia provided with elements or pixels of display 16.
FIG. 1 also shows supports 26,28 to couple diffracting layer 18 to display 16. Display 16 and reflector 24 are mounted onto a substrate 30 disposed within housing 22.
In accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention, FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a display assembly 40 comprising at least one light source 42,44, a display 46, a diffracting layer 48 and a transparent-cover 50.
For display assembly 40, diffracting layer 48 can be a light recordable film such as a holographic film. Transparent cover 50 comprises a touch screen panel 52 for a user of the electronic device to provide information.
Sensing elements 54 of touch screen panel 52 are also indicated in FIG. 2.
Diffracting layer 48 is made with a transparent material and attached to a rear side of touch screen panel 52.
FIG. 2 also shows supports 56,58 to couple diffracting layer 48 to display 46. Display 46 and a reflector 60 are mounted onto a substrate 62 disposed within housing 64. Reflector 60 is coupled to a rear side of or within display 46 to reflect light incident on display 46. Incident light on display 46 can be from either light source 42,44 or ambient light.
FIG. 3 shows passage of light through a portion of transparent cover 20 and diffracting layer 18 of a section 32 of display assembly 10. Light from light source 12 that passes through transparent cover 20 towards diffracting layer 18 is diffracted towards display 16. Light rays 70,72,74 illustrate the path through transparent cover 20 and diffracting layer 18. Also shown in
FIG. 3 is two light rays 76,78 reflected from display 16.
A viewing cone is desired for viewing indicia shown on display 16,46.
To effectively channel light to illuminate the indicia within this viewing cone, diffracting layer 18,48 is adapted to diffract light, received within a range of predetermined incident angles, towards display 16,46. Thus, this invention advantageously enables the indicia to be illuminated for viewing within predetermined viewing angles. Such predetermined viewing angles define the viewing cone.
With the above viewing cone, displays 16,46 are effectively illuminated so that indicia displayed can be clearly viewed. However, it is important to note that in the presence of sufficient ambient light, light source 12,14,42,44 need not be tumed on. As diffracting layer 18,48 is transparent, such ambient light can provide effective illumination for displays 16,46.
F ! Gs. 4a and 4b show predetermined viewing angles for viewing indicia displayed on displays 16,46.
In FIG. 4a, displays 16,46 are horizontally represented by a horizontal plane 80 having a latitudinal axis 82 in which the predetermined viewing angles lie along a vertical plane 84 normal to horizontal plane 80. The predetermined viewing angles have a latitudinal range 86 of at least twenty degrees towards a user viewing displays 16,46. However, latitudinal range 86 can also be equally divided to either side of a vertical axis 88. This flexibility is possible because the viewing cone is predetermined based upon the design of diffracting layer 18,48. Hence, latitudinal range 86 can be larger or smaller than twenty degrees and can also be unequally divided relative to either side of vertical axis 88.
FIG. 4b shows a longitudinal axis 90 in which the predetermined viewing angles lie along a vertical plane 92 normal to horizontal plane 80.
The predetermined viewing angles along vertical plane 92 have a longitudinal range 94 of at least fifty degrees. Longitudinal range 94 can be equally divided to either side of vertical axis 88. Like latitudinal range 86, longitudinal range 94 can be larger or smaller than fifty degrees and can also be unequally divided relative to either side of vertical axis 88 depending on how diffracting layer 18,48 is designed.
Conventionally, holographic films are used for imaging or scattering and, therefore, are not designed with a range of diffracting angles to direct or channel light. In the novel application of a holographic film or any light recordable material in display assemblies 10,40 of this invention, light is effectively channeled to illuminate displays 16,46. Consequently, display assemblies 10,40 are more effectively frontlighted then conventional display assemblies. Hence, this invention advantageously overcome or at least alleviates inefficient use of light and power in conventional display assemblies.
We claim :
Claims (26)
1. A display assembly for an electronic device, said display assembly comprising:
a display having elements to provide indicia;
at least one light source to provide light to illuminate said display; and
at least one diffracting layer, coupled to said display and said light source,
wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to diffract said light, received within a range of predetermined incident angles, towards said display and thereby enable said indicia to be illuminated for viewing within predetermined viewing angles.
2. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said diffracting layer is a light recordable film.
3. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 2 wherein said light recordable film is a holographic film.
4. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least twenty degrees in a latitudinal axis, said latitudinal being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
5. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least fifty degrees in a longitudinal axis, said longitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
6. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said diffracting layer is transparent to said light reflected from said display.
7. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said display is a liquid crystal display having a reflector, said reflector being coupled to a rear side of or within said liquid crystal display.
8. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 and further comprising a transparent cover, coupled to said light source and said diffracting layer, said transparent cover being mountable to a housing for said electronic device.
9. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said transparent cover is adapted to receive said light from said light source and to channel at least some of said light to said diffracting layer.
10. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said transparent cover comprises a touch screen panel for a user of said electronic device to provide information.
11. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said light source comprises one or more light emitting diodes.
12. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said light source comprises one or more incandescent lamps.
13. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said electronic device is a portable communication device.
14. A display assembly for an electronic device, said display assembly comprising: a transparent cover mountable to a housing for said electronic device; a display having elements to provide indicia; and
at least one diffracting layer, coupled to said transparent cover and said display;
wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to diffract light, received within a range of predetermined incident angles, towards said display and thereby enable said indicia to be illuminated for viewing within predetermined viewing angles.
15. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 13 wherein said diffracting layer is a light recordable film.
16. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said light recordable film is a holographic film.
17. The display assembly as claimed in ullimoi 4 wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least twenty degrees in a latitudinal axis, said latitudinal being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
18. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said diffracting layer is adapted to provide said predetermined viewing angles of at least fifty degrees in a longitudinal axis, said longitudinal axis being relative to a horizontal plane of said display.
19. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said diffracting layer is transparent to said light reflected from said display.
20. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said display assembly further comprises at least one light source to provide said light, said light source being coupled to said diffracting layer.
21. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 20 wherein said transparent cover is adapted to receive at least some of said light from said light source and to channel said some of said light to said diffracting layer.
22. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 20 wherein said light source comprises one or more light emitting diodes.
23. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 20 wherein said light source comprises one or more incandescent lamps.
24. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said transparent cover comprises a touch screen panel for a user of said electronic device to provide information.
25. The display assembly as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said electronic device is a portable communication device.
26. A display assembly for an electronic device comprising a display, a transparent cover, at least one light source and at least one diffracting layer substantially as described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings.-
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG9901122A SG80614A1 (en) | 1999-03-16 | 1999-03-16 | Display assembly for an electronic device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0005932D0 GB0005932D0 (en) | 2000-05-03 |
| GB2348040A true GB2348040A (en) | 2000-09-20 |
Family
ID=20430302
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0005932A Withdrawn GB2348040A (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2000-03-10 | Display assembly with diffracting layer |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1266998A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2348040A (en) |
| SG (1) | SG80614A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2351834A (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2001-01-10 | Nec Corp | Liquid crystal display |
| WO2003009056A2 (en) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-01-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Combined instrument with a liquid crystal display with a reflector on the rear side thereof |
| GB2370674B (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2005-09-21 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd | A display window and assembly |
| WO2006038889A1 (en) * | 2004-10-08 | 2006-04-13 | Creative Technology Ltd | Portable device with illumination and method therefor |
| US8743157B2 (en) | 2011-07-14 | 2014-06-03 | Motorola Mobility Llc | Audio/visual electronic device having an integrated visual angular limitation device |
| US8810521B2 (en) | 2005-08-02 | 2014-08-19 | Nlt Technologies, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display apparatus |
| US20150346417A1 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-03 | Microsoft Corporation | Switchable backlight unit |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1296760C (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2007-01-24 | 深圳市中电淼浩固体光源有限公司 | LED light source using light uniforming device |
| CN1316303C (en) * | 2005-05-20 | 2007-05-16 | 深圳市中电淼浩固体光源有限公司 | LED backlight system of packing LED using three primary colors (RGB) |
| CN104427031B (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2017-09-19 | 富泰华精密电子（郑州）有限公司 | Electronic installation |
| CN111230901A (en) * | 2020-03-05 | 2020-06-05 | 重庆好未来智能科技有限公司 | Restaurant welcome robot |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2260203A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-04-07 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Transmissive colour display system illuminated using a holographic element |
| GB2269697A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1994-02-16 | Sharp Kk | Display device |
| GB2340281A (en) * | 1998-08-04 | 2000-02-16 | Sharp Kk | A reflective liquid crystal display device |
| GB2340280A (en) * | 1998-08-03 | 2000-02-16 | Lite On Electronics Inc | Grating structure for lightguide of a display backlight |
-
1999
- 1999-03-16 SG SG9901122A patent/SG80614A1/en unknown
-
2000
- 2000-03-10 GB GB0005932A patent/GB2348040A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-03-15 CN CN00104143A patent/CN1266998A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2260203A (en) * | 1991-10-04 | 1993-04-07 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Transmissive colour display system illuminated using a holographic element |
| GB2269697A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1994-02-16 | Sharp Kk | Display device |
| GB2340280A (en) * | 1998-08-03 | 2000-02-16 | Lite On Electronics Inc | Grating structure for lightguide of a display backlight |
| GB2340281A (en) * | 1998-08-04 | 2000-02-16 | Sharp Kk | A reflective liquid crystal display device |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2351834A (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2001-01-10 | Nec Corp | Liquid crystal display |
| GB2351834B (en) * | 1999-07-06 | 2001-08-15 | Nec Corp | Liquid-Crystal display and electronic device incorporating the display |
| GB2370674B (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2005-09-21 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd | A display window and assembly |
| US7113232B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2006-09-26 | Nokia Corporation | Display window and assembly |
| WO2003009056A2 (en) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-01-30 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Combined instrument with a liquid crystal display with a reflector on the rear side thereof |
| WO2003009056A3 (en) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-12-11 | Siemens Ag | Combined instrument with a liquid crystal display with a reflector on the rear side thereof |
| WO2006038889A1 (en) * | 2004-10-08 | 2006-04-13 | Creative Technology Ltd | Portable device with illumination and method therefor |
| US8810521B2 (en) | 2005-08-02 | 2014-08-19 | Nlt Technologies, Ltd. | Liquid crystal display apparatus |
| US8743157B2 (en) | 2011-07-14 | 2014-06-03 | Motorola Mobility Llc | Audio/visual electronic device having an integrated visual angular limitation device |
| US20150346417A1 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-03 | Microsoft Corporation | Switchable backlight unit |
| US9494726B2 (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2016-11-15 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Switchable backlight unit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0005932D0 (en) | 2000-05-03 |
| SG80614A1 (en) | 2001-05-22 |
| CN1266998A (en) | 2000-09-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |