GB2337223A - Bonding of metal workpieces - Google Patents
Bonding of metal workpieces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2337223A GB2337223A GB9810513A GB9810513A GB2337223A GB 2337223 A GB2337223 A GB 2337223A GB 9810513 A GB9810513 A GB 9810513A GB 9810513 A GB9810513 A GB 9810513A GB 2337223 A GB2337223 A GB 2337223A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- workpiece
- bonding
- burrs
- workpieces
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006332 epoxy adhesive Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 101100087530 Caenorhabditis elegans rom-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101000909811 Homo sapiens Protein cornichon homolog 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100305983 Mus musculus Rom1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102100024446 Protein cornichon homolog 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B11/00—Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by sticking or pressing them together, e.g. cold pressure welding
- F16B11/006—Connecting constructional elements or machine parts by sticking or pressing them together, e.g. cold pressure welding by gluing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
- B21J5/068—Shaving, skiving or scarifying for forming lifted portions, e.g. slices or barbs, on the surface of the material
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Abstract
A method of bonding adjacent generally planar surfaces of two metal workpieces involves treating at least the surface of that workpiece formed of the harder metal, or the surface of at least one of the workpieces if equally hard, by gouging out of the surface an array of outwardly pointing integral burrs, bringing the surfaces into adjacency with a pressure fluent layer of settable bonding material therebetween; applying sufficient pressure across the surface to cause substantial deformation of the metal of at least one of the workpieces in contact with the metal of the other workpiece at the points where the burrs of one workpiece surface contact the other workpiece such as to provide metal-to-metal contact within the bonding material layer, and setting the layer of bonding material.
Description
2337223 This invention relates to the bonding of metals to provide a
secure high conductivity bond, particularly metals or pairs of dissimilar metals difficult to bond by conventional means, such as aluminium, titanium, stainless steel and other alloys with highly passivated surfaces.
Welding and soldering in such cases is technically difficult, and the heat and possible workpiece distortion involved may not be acceptable. Adhesive bonding typically results in a bond which is non-conductive, and whose mechanical integrity may be suspect. Explosive bonding is expensive and technically difficult.
It is an object of the invention to provide a technique for cold bonding surfaces of metals, particularly highly passivated metals, which can provide a satisfactory bond with good and stable electrical and thermal conductivity, such as will permit the bonded metals to be used in applications requiring good electrical and thermal conductivity such as b-1polar separator plates in fuel cells.
According to the invention, a method of bonding adjacent 20 generally planar surfaces of two metal workpieces comprises treating at least the surface of that work-piece formed of the harder metal, or at least one of the workpieces if equally hard, by gouging out of the surface an a=ay of outwardly pointing integral burrs, bringing the surfaces into adjacency with a layer of pressure fluent bonding material therebetween, and applying sufficient pressure across the surface to cause substantial deformation of the metal of at least one of the workpieces in contact with the metal of the other workpiece at- the points where the burrs of one workpiece surface contact the other work-piece such as to provide metalto-metal contact within and through the adhesive layer of bonding material, and setting the layer of bonding material. Preferably at least one of the surfaces to be bonded is highly passivated.
1 In the context of this specification, "generally planar" means that the surfaces are locally essentially f lat relative to the burrs and the gouges from which the burrs are raised, but does not require that the surfaces as a whole be f lat provided that they can be brought accurately parallel during the bonding process.
The bonding material may be an adhesive such as an epoxy adhesive, and may be a liquid or a gel or solid that will flow under the bonding pressure applied. The setting of the material may be either due to a curing process, or a thermoplastic or fusible material may be used.
The burrs are preferably tapered to an outwardly directed point. In a most preferred embodiment, the burrs are formed in a workpiece of material such as stainless steel, a is corrosion resistant nickel-chromium based alloy such as 11Inconel" (trademark), or titanium, and the other workpiece is of a much softer metal such as aluminium. In all cases, the pressure applied is such that the burrs on one surface will interact with the other surface to work one metal against the other to provide direct metal-to-metal contact at the burr sites within the covering provided by the layer of bonding material. In the most preferred embodiment, the burrs on the surface of the harder metal penetrate the surface of the softer metal to help bond the two workpieces together mechanically, thermally and electrically as well as adhesively. Where burrs are present on both surfaces, the burrs themselves may work against each other to promote further metal-to-metal contact.
The invention is illustrated schematically by the 30 accompanying drawing in which Figure 1 illustrates two workpleces bonded in accordance with the invention.
Referring to Figure 1, this shows how, under pressure, burrs 2 f ormed on a harder metal 4 such as stainless steel will penetrate a softer metal 6 such as aluminum, while burrs 8 2 wi 0 () formed on the latter will be deformed and flattened into localized protuberances 8 whose metal is worked against the surface of the stainless steel to promote metal to metal contact. The pressure applied will attenuate the adhesive s layer 10, thus improving its thermal conductivity, while the burrs and gouges will promote bonding, through increased surface area and surface irregularity provided by the burrs. The interface between the metals also extends over an interface zone of finite thickness, providing stability of io the bond under stress and temperature cycling.
in order to test the electrical efficiency of the bonding, four samples were prepared by bonding respectively to two sheets of aluminum, a sheet of aluminum and a sheet of inconel (trademark) 625 alloy, a sheet of aluminum, a sheet of 316L stainless steel, and a sheet of aluminum and a sheet of titanium, using epoxy adhesive as the bonding layer and the application of sufficient pressure dur-Ing curing of the adhesive to result in deformation of the aluminum burrs and penetration into the aluminum of the burrs of the harder metals as shown in Figure 1. The burrs formed on the aluminum plates were curved tongues planed from gouges about 2mm long and projected about Imm above the surface. The tongues were about 0.75mm wide and about 0.5m thick at their base. The burrs were formed in rows with the gouges facing alternate directions in alternate rows about 3mm apart so that there was no overlap between the gouges, and with burrs in a row at a pitch of about I.Smm. The burrs formed from the other metal sheets proj ected about 0.. 75mm f rom 1. 25mm gouges, and tapered to an outwardly directed point from base dimensions of about 0.2m:m width and 0.15mm thickness. The burrs were formed in rows with the gouges facing in alternate directions in alternate rows, the rows spaced about 2.5m:m apart with burrs in a row at a pitch of about 0. 75mm. The aluminum sheets used were I.Smm thick, the titanium and Inconel alloy sheets were O.Smm thick, and the stainless steel sheet was 2.75mm thick. The composite sheets were respectively 3.65mm, 2.29mm, 4m:m and 2.8lmm thick. Bonding pressures were 35 3 lit D 0 c r kilopascals for the first and fourth samples, and 35,000 kilopascals for the second and third samples.
The bonded samples were cut into 2.5cm squares and their resistivity was measured under, various applied pressures within a press between copper alloy contact plates larger than the sample plates, both the contact plates and the outer surfaces of the sample plates being polished. Direct current was applied between the contact plates and the voltage drop across the samples plates measured, no corrections being made for contact resistance or bulk resistivity of the samples. For the two samples (aluminum-stainless steel and aluminumInconel) bonded at high pressure, the resistivities were stable at 0.023 ohms/cm and 0.051 ohms/cnil, over the range of test pressures applied, over the range of currents tested, and over the duration of the tests. Such samples would be suitable for use as bipolar separator plates in fuel cells. In the case of the samples bonded at low pressure, the resistivity decreased over the duration of the tests (15-45 minutes), the decrease being greater at higher currents, suggesting that the low pressure applied had resulted in insufficient working to overcome fully the passivation of the metal surfaces, although this was further overcome by the passage of current through the sample to further break down the passivation and reduce resistivity.
Only the fourth sample showed any change in resistivity with pressure, but this was probably due to a lack of flatness of the sample which resulted in contact with the contact plates improving as pressure increased.
Where stable electrical properties of the bond are important, it will therefore be appreciated that sufficient pressure should be used to provide sufficient working at the points of contact of the burrs with the other workpiece to provide the necessary stability; this can be readily determined empirically. In the case of metals of substantially different hardness, the burring process should be such as to provide on 4 la ot the harder metal burrs in the form of substantially perpendicularly outwardly directed spikes without a substantial degree of retroversion, and the bonding pressure should be sufficient to drive these spikes into the softer s metal. The burrs, if provided, on the softer metal, or on workpieces of equal hardness, are less critical in f orm since they will be crushed and flattened under pressure so that their material is worked against that of the other work-piece.
The function of the bonding material is not only to assist in 10 bonding the work-pieces together, but also to seal in the metal-to-metal contacts formed between the workpieces, and thus prevent repassivation. Accordingly, the material used should be capable of maintaining a hermetic seal between the workpieces.
The method as described can also be extended to systems in which at least one of the work-pieces is not of metal, provided that it is sufficiently ductile to permit burr formation if burr formation is required. With workpieces of substantial thickness, the burrs may of course be 20 substantially larger than those exemplified above.
Claims (8)
- CLAIMS:a 1. A method of bonding ad acent generally planar surfaces of two metal workpieces comprises treating at least the surface of that workpiece formed of the harder metal, or the surface of at least one of the workpieces if equally hard, by gouging out of the surface an array of outwardly pointing integral burrs, bringing the surfaces into adjacency with a pressure fluent layer of settable bonding material therebetween; applying sufficient pressure across the surface to cause substantial deformation of the metal of at least one of the workpieces in contact with the metal of the other workpiece at the points where the burrs of one workpiece surface contact the other workpiece such as to provide metal to-metal contact within the bonding material layer, and setting the layer of bonding material.
- 2. A method of bonding according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the surfaces to be bonded is highly passivated.
- 3. A method of bonding according to claim 1 or 2, wherein one workpiece is of aluminum, and the other of aluminum, stainless steel, a nichrome based alloy or titanium.
- 4. A method of bonding according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the metal of one work-piece is much harder than that of the other workpiece, and the pressure applied is sufficient to cause the burrs of the harder metal workpiece to penetrate the surface of the softer metal workpiece.
- 5. A method of bonding substantially as hereinbefore described.
- 6. A bonded metallic workpiece formed by the method of any preceding claim.
- 7. A bonded metallic workpiece, substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawing.6
- 8. A bipolar separator plate f or a fuel cell, comprises metal sheets bonded by the method of any of claims 1-5.7
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9810513A GB2337223A (en) | 1998-05-15 | 1998-05-15 | Bonding of metal workpieces |
| CA002272115A CA2272115C (en) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-05-17 | Bonding of metal workpieces |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9810513A GB2337223A (en) | 1998-05-15 | 1998-05-15 | Bonding of metal workpieces |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9810513D0 GB9810513D0 (en) | 1998-07-15 |
| GB2337223A true GB2337223A (en) | 1999-11-17 |
Family
ID=10832165
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9810513A Withdrawn GB2337223A (en) | 1998-05-15 | 1998-05-15 | Bonding of metal workpieces |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2272115C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2337223A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2359186A (en) * | 2000-02-08 | 2001-08-15 | Bondface Technology Inc | Composite bipolar plate separator structures for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrochemical and fuel cells |
| CN111471939A (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2020-07-31 | 大连理工大学 | High Ni stainless steel suitable for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plate |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2778455C (en) | 2012-05-29 | 2019-04-09 | Ray Arbesman | Bulk textured material sheeting |
| CA2780397C (en) | 2012-06-18 | 2019-06-11 | Nghi Pham | Process for making a laminated sheet |
| CA2798303C (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2019-01-08 | Nghi Pham | Composite disc brake backing plate |
| CA2821897C (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2016-08-16 | Ray Arbesman | Metal and graphite laminate |
| US9950495B2 (en) | 2014-07-24 | 2018-04-24 | Nugripmetal S.A.R.L. | System and method for additive manufacturing of a three-dimensional object |
| US9689450B2 (en) | 2014-09-26 | 2017-06-27 | R.A. Investment Management S.A.R.L. | Composite disc brake backing plate |
| US9856938B2 (en) | 2014-09-26 | 2018-01-02 | R.A. Investment Management S.A.R.L. | Material with variable height barbs |
| CA2865384A1 (en) | 2014-09-26 | 2016-03-26 | Ray Arbesman | Composite disc brake backing plate |
| US9259899B1 (en) | 2015-01-09 | 2016-02-16 | R.A. Investment Management S.A.R.L. | Thin layer laminate |
| US9360067B1 (en) | 2015-02-05 | 2016-06-07 | R. A. Investment Management S.A.R.L. | Hybrid laminate |
| US9388872B1 (en) | 2015-03-26 | 2016-07-12 | Nucap Industries Inc. | Friction fusion fastening system |
| US10315382B2 (en) | 2016-12-22 | 2019-06-11 | Gripmetal Limited | Process for manufacturing textured laminate sheet |
| US10010923B1 (en) | 2017-09-13 | 2018-07-03 | Nugripmetal S.A.R.L. | Textured sheet metal |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4008845A (en) * | 1973-07-16 | 1977-02-22 | Richard Bleckmann | Method of positive and non-positive cold-joining |
| US5376410A (en) * | 1991-10-02 | 1994-12-27 | Mackelvie; Winston R. | Material surface modification |
-
1998
- 1998-05-15 GB GB9810513A patent/GB2337223A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-05-17 CA CA002272115A patent/CA2272115C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4008845A (en) * | 1973-07-16 | 1977-02-22 | Richard Bleckmann | Method of positive and non-positive cold-joining |
| US5376410A (en) * | 1991-10-02 | 1994-12-27 | Mackelvie; Winston R. | Material surface modification |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2359186A (en) * | 2000-02-08 | 2001-08-15 | Bondface Technology Inc | Composite bipolar plate separator structures for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrochemical and fuel cells |
| CN111471939A (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2020-07-31 | 大连理工大学 | High Ni stainless steel suitable for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plate |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2272115A1 (en) | 1999-11-15 |
| CA2272115C (en) | 2004-06-08 |
| GB9810513D0 (en) | 1998-07-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |