GB2227020A - Mechanochemical actuator - Google Patents
Mechanochemical actuator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2227020A GB2227020A GB8927264A GB8927264A GB2227020A GB 2227020 A GB2227020 A GB 2227020A GB 8927264 A GB8927264 A GB 8927264A GB 8927264 A GB8927264 A GB 8927264A GB 2227020 A GB2227020 A GB 2227020A
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- polymerizable monomer
- hydrophobic
- actuator
- mechanochemical
- hydrophilic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Programme-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/10—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements
- B25J9/1075—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements with muscles or tendons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25J—MANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
- B25J9/00—Programme-controlled manipulators
- B25J9/10—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements
- B25J9/1095—Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements chemically actuated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/12—Hydrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F210/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
- C08F2810/50—Chemical modification of a polymer wherein the polymer is a copolymer and the modification is taking place only on one or more of the monomers present in minority
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manipulator (AREA)
- Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Abstract
A mechanochemical actuator capable of producing mechanical energy in response to stimuli such as change in pH or salt concentration comprises a polymer composed of hydrophobic polymeric segments and hydrophilic polymeric segments, said hydrophobic polymeric segments being derived from either (1) a copolymer formed from a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a polymerizable monomer capable of forming hydrophilic polymeric segments after copolymerization with said hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and, if necessary, polymer modification, or (2) a modified product of said copolymer. Examples include a saponified product of an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer or butadiene-acrylic acid copolymer, or a maleic acid-modified product of EPDM or polybutadiene, or a sulfone-modified product of EPDM or polybutadiene. The actuator can be used in small machines (eg robots), medical appliances and prosthetic devices.
Description
MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTUATOR
The present invention relates to a mechanochemical actuator and, more particularly, to a high-strength mechanochemical actuator suitable for use as an actuator for small machines (such as robots) and medical appliances and prosthetic devices.
A mechanochemical actuator is a substance which gen erates mechanical energy upon receipt of chemical actions such as change in pre. or salt concentration. . is expected to find use for small machines (such as robots) and medical appliances and prosthetic devices.
The mechanochemical actuator defied as above is made of a material which expands and contracts reversibly in response to external stimuli. Examples of such a material include methacrylic acid-vinyl alcohol copolymer and a mixture of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and polymethacrylic acid (which is water-insoluble owing to hydrogen bonds).
A disadvantage of these materials is that they are so poor in elasticity that they are easily broken by shear stress.
There was proposed a mechanochemical actuator having improved mechanical strength in Japanese Patent Laid-open
No. 228009/1986. This mechanochemical actuator is formed by polymerizing methacrylic acid after mixing with a crosslinking agent in water or a water-ethanol mixed solvent, said crosslinking agent being represented by the formula (CH2=C-CO)2X (where R is a hydrogen atom or alkyl group, and X denotes -NHCH2CH2NH- or -OCH2CE2O-). The development of this mechanochemical actuator is based on an idea that the length af crosslinked parts in the material is responsible for the mechanical strength of a mechanochemical actuator.
There is known another high-strength mechanochemical actuator which was formed from polyacrylonitrile by pyrolytic crosslinking and subsequent hydrolysis to introduce the ionic structure. (Okui et al., Polymer Preprints,
Japan, Vol. 36, No. 9 l987) A disadvantage of the former mechanochemical actuator (disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 228009/1986) is that the hydrolysis after crosslinking is difficult to control and the resulting product is not uniform in the reversible stretching and contracting performance.
A disadvantage of the latter mechanochemical actuator (formed from polyacrylonitrile by pyrolytic crosslinking and subsequent hydrolysis to introduce the ionic structure) is that it has an extremely low strength in the swollen state.
The present invention was completed to address the above-mentioned problems associated with the conventional technology. Accordingly, the present invention aims
to provide a new mechanochemical actuator which has outstanding elasticity and hence extremely high strength in shear and exhibits very good reversible stretching and contracting performance in response to external stress.
The present invention also aims to provide a polymeric mechanochemical actuator WhiCh can be produced e==iciently on account of the easy control of polymeric structure.
The present invention provides a mechanochemical actuator capable of producing machanical energy in response to stimuli such as change in pa or salt conconcentration, said mechanochemical actuator comprising a polymeric substance composed of hydrophobic polymeric segments and hydrophilic polymeric segments, said hydrophobic polymeric segments being derived from either (1) a copoly mer formed from a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a polymerizable monomer capable of forming hydrophilic polymeric segments after copolymerization with said hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and, if necessary, polymer modification, or (2) a modified product of said copolymer.
According to the present invention, the mechanochemi- cal actuator is composed of hydrophobic polymeric segments
and hydrophilic polymeric segments, the former functioning
as the reinforcing layer which imparts strength to the mechanochemical actuator, and the latter inducing the
reversible structural change which gives rise to the
reversible stretching and contracting motion and retaining
water which plays a part in the reversible structural change.
because of tis unique composition, the mechanochemi- cal actuator of the present invention has high strengtn and exhibits ood response performance.
Moreover, the mechanochemical actuator o the present
invention has a polymeric structure which can be con
trolled very easily in the manufacturing process because
it is made of a polymeric substance wnCr is a copolymer
composed of a hydrophobic monomer and a reactive hydro- phobic monomer and/or hydrophilic monomer, or a modified product of said copolymer.
By way of example, embodiments of the invention will now be described. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a schematic system diagram of an apparatus used to measure the stress generated and the stretching and contracting strokes in Examples and Comparative Examples; and
Fig. 2 is a graph showing a stimulus response curve.
The invention will be fully described in the following. ln this specification, the term "reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer" means a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer which imparts the hydrophilic nature upon polymer modification.
According to the present invention, the mechanochemical actuator is made of a binary copolymer, a ternary copolymer, or a modified product thereof. The binary copolymer is composed of two kinds of monomers selected from a group consisting of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, and a hydrophilic polymerizaoe monomer. The te=ary copoly- mer is composed o said three monomers. The modified product is produced by making the reactive hydrophobic polymeric segments hyd-ophil c partially or entirely.
Zn other words, the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention is made of any one of the following polymeric substances (1) to (6), each composed of hydrophobic polymeric segments and hydrophilic polymeric segmenus.
(1) A copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(2) A modified product of a copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer.
(3) A copolymer composed of a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(4) A partially modified product of a copolymer composed of a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(5) A ternary copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polyme;iz- able monomer, and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(6) A modified product of a ternary copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
In the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention, the hydrophobic polymeric segments function as a reinforcing layer which makes the mechanochemical actuator very strong.
According to the present invention, the hydrophobic polymerizable monomer includes one or more members selected from ethylene, propylene, styrene, butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, vinyl chloride, fluoroalkylene, i-butylene, butene, siloxane, etc.
The hydrophobic polymeric segments to be formed by polymerization should preferably be crystalline segments (such as polyethylene) or crosslinkable segments (such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene).
The reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, which forms the hydrophilic polymeric segments by modification after polymerization, includes one or more members selected from ethylene halide (such as vinyl chloride), diene derivative (such as cyanoprene), halogenated styrene derivative (such as p-chlorostyrene), acrylic ester (such as methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate), methacrylic ester (such as methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate), acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, etc.
In the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention, the hydrophilic polymeric segments induce te reversible structural change which gives rise to the reversible stretching and contracting motion and retains water which plays a part in the reversible structural change.
Therefore, the hydrophilic polymeric segments in the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention should be formed -from a monomer of ionic structure or nonionic structure. A monomer of ionic structure is introduced for the reversible structural change and the water retaining performance owing to its high water absorptivity. A monomer of nonionic structure is introduced for the water retaining performance alone owing to its low water absorptivity.
Examples of the monomer of ionic structure include ammonium salts and phosphonium salts (which are of cationic structure), and carboxylic acids and metal salts thereof, metal sulfonates, and phosphoric acid and salts thereof (which are of anionic structure). Examples of the monomer of nonionic structure include ethylene glycol, vinyl alcohol, and acrylamide derivatives.
Examples of the mechanochemical actuator of the present inventIon include the following.
(1) A saponified product of a copolymer composed of ethylene and acrylic acid and/or acrylic ester.
(2) A saponified product or a copolymer composed of butadiene and acrylic acid and/or acrylic ester.
(3) A maleic acid-modified product of ethylenepropylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) or polybutadiene.
(4) A sulfone-modified product of EPDM or polybutadiene.
The one belonging to category (1) above may be composed of, for example, ethylene and ethyl acrylate in a ratio (by weight) of 40/60 to 99.5/0.5, preferably S0/50 to 99/1, and most desirably 60/40 to 98/2. With ethyl acrylate less than 0.5 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With ethyl acrylate more than 60 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline structure necessary for reinforcement on account of the incomplete copolymerization of ethylene with ethyl acrylate.
The one belonging to category (2) above may be composed of, for example, butadiene and ethyl acrylate in a ratio (by weight) of 40/60 to 99.5/0.5, preferably 50/50 to 99/1, and most desirably 60/40 to 98/2. With ethyl acrylate less than 0.5 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With ethyl acrylate more than 60 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline structure necessary for reinforcement.
The one belonging to category (3) above may be composed of, for example, EPDM and maleic anhydride in a ratio (by weight) of 40/60 to 99.5/0.5, preferably 50/50 to 99/1, and most desirably 60/40 to 98/2. With maleic anhydride less than 0.5 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With maleic anhydride more than 60 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline structure necessary for reinforcement.
The one belonging to category (3) above may also be composed of, for example, polybutadiene and maleic anhydride in a ratio (by weight) of 40/60 to 99.5/0.5, preferably 50/50 to 99/1, and most desirably 60/40 to 98/2.
With maleic anhydride less than 0.5 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With maleic anhydride more than 60 wits, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline struc- ture necessary for reinforcement.
The one belonging to category (4) above may be composed of, for example, EPDM and p-styrenesulfonic acid in a ratio (by weight) of 25/75 to 99/1, preferably 30/70 to 98/2, and most desirably 40/60 to 96/4. With p-styrenesulfonic acid less than 1 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With p-styrenesulfonic acid more than 75 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline structure necessary for reinforcement.
The one belonging to category (4) above may also be composed of, for example, polybutadiene and p-styrenesulfonic acid in a ratio (by weight) of 25/75 to 99/1, preferably 30/70 to 98/2, and most desirably 40/60 to 96/4. With p-styrenesulfonic acid less than 1 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator is very poor in the reversible stretching and contracting performance. With p-styrenesulfonic acid more than 75 wt%, the resulting mechanochemical actuator does not have the sufficient crystalline structure necessary for reinforcement.
The mechanochemical actuator of the present invention may be composed of the above-mentioned polymeric substances alone; but it may be incorporated with a reinforcing agent and crosslinking agent for the further improve- ment of strength, or with a water retaining agent to prevent drying.
Examples of the reinforcing agent include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride.
Examples of the crosslinking agent (curing agent) include sulfur, peroxide, N, N'-methylenebisacrylamiåe, N,N'-methylenebismethacrylamide, and 1,3-diacrylamide- methyl-2-imidazoline. (Crosslinking by electron rays or radiation may also be possible.)
Examples of the water retaining agent include cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinylalcohol, polyethylene glycol, and copolymers thereof with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and acrylamide.
These additives should preferably be added in an amount of 2 to 30 wt% of the above-mentioned polymeric substance.
The mechanochemical actuator of the present invention derives its reversible stretching and contracting force from the movement of the water adsorbed by the polymeric substance constitutFng it. The rate of the reversible stretching and contracting motion depends on the diffusion rate of the water. For the mechanochemical actuator to effectively exhibit its reversible stretching and contracting performance, it is necessary that the mechanochemical actuator have a very large surface area. For this reason, the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention should preferably be in the form of filament or film with a surface of porous or microstructure.
The mechanochemical actuator of the present invention may be produced easily in the usual way from the abovementioned polymeric substance incorporated with optional additives.
As mentioned-above, the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention has superior elasticity and high strength in shear and exhibits very good reversible stretching and contracting performance in response to stress. In addition, it can be produced efficiently with easy control of its polymer structure.
The invention will be described with reference to the following examples and comparative examples, which are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention.
Example 1
In 90 g of toluene was dissolved 10 g of commercial ethylene-ethyl acrylate (EEA) ("NUC-6 70" made by Nippon
Unicar Co., Ltd.) with heating at 90'C. To the resulting toluene solution was added 20 g of methanol solution containing 5 g of sodium hydroxide. After thorough stirring, the solution was allowed to stand for two days to effect reactions. The reaction product was filtered out, followed by rinsing and vacuum-drying. The saponified EEA thus obtained was made into a sheet by hot-pressing. This sheet was immersed in water until it was swollen and equilibrated and then tested for physical properties in the following manner. The results are shown in Table I.
Tensile test
A test piece (conforming to JIS No. 1) was punched out of the sheet, and it was tested for strength at break and elongation at break according to the method provided in JZS K-6301. The pulling rate-was 100 mm/min.
Stress and stretching and contracting strokes
The performance of the mechanochemical actuator was evaluated by measuring the response to pH change which takes place when the environment is changed from a lN-NaOH aqueous solution to a lN-XCl aqueous solution. The apparatus used for measurements is shown in Fig. 1 which is a schematic system diagram. The apparatus is made up of a sample chamber 2 in which is placed the sample of mechanochemical actuator 2, a load cell 3, a displacement gauge 4, an amplifier 5, and a recorder 6. A response curve obtained with this apparatus is shown in Fig. 2.The rate of response is expressed in terms of time (#0-50) required for the mechanochemical actuator to undergo 50% of the displacement. (The 100% displacement is the difference between the length (1==) of the mechanochemical actuator in the stretched equilibrium and the length (lsln) of the mechanochemical actuator in the contracted equilibrium.) Example 2
The same procedure as in Example I was repeated except that the EEA was replaced by a commercial EEA ("MB 870" made by Nippon Unicar Co., Ltd.). The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 1
A sample was prepared according to the process shown in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 228009/1986 (Example 1).
The sample was tested in the same manner as in Example 1.
The results are shown in Table I.
Comparative Example 2
A fibrous sample of mechanochemical actuator was prepared from polyacrylonitrile fiber (made by Asahi Chemical
Industry Co., Ltd.) by pyrolytic crosslinking at 220'C for 2 hours and subsequent saponification for 2 hours with a saturated methanol solution of sodium hydroxide. This sample was tested for stress and stretching and contracting strokes in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
It is noted from Table 1 that the mechanochemical actuator of the present invention has good elasticity and an extremely high strength and is superior in that the stress in a constant length is well-balanced with the stretching and contracting strokes under a constant load.
Table 1
Items Example 1 Example 2 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Tensile strength at break 6z7 20.0 - * (kg.cm) Elongation at break (%) 110 300 260 Stress at constant length 1.5 1.0 - *** 20.0 (kg.cm) Stretching and contracting 1.1 1.4 -.0' 1.01 strokes under constant load Response time (#0-50)(S) 2.0 1.0 -*** 1.0 * Measured when the sample was prepared (before welling) ** Imax denotes the length of the mechnochemical actuator in stretched equilibrium, a denotes the length of the mechanochemical actuator in contracted equilibrum.
*** Unmeasurable.
Claims (13)
1. A mechanochemical actuator capable of producing mechanical energy in response to stimuli such as change in pH or salt concentration, said mechanochemical actuator comprising a polymeric substance composed of hydrophobic polymeric segments and hydrophilic polymeric segments; said hydrophobic polymeric segments being derived from either (I) a copolymer formed from a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a polymerizable monomer capable o forming hydrophilic polymeric segments after copolymeriza- tion with said hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and, if necessary, polymer modificatiom, or (2) a modified product o said copolymer.
2. A mecnanocnenical actuator as claimed in Claim 1, which is made of a binary copolymer, a ternary copolymer, or a modified product thereof, said binary copolymer being composed o two kinds o monomers selected from a group consisting of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer which eventually becomes hydrophilic after modification, and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer, said ternary copolymer being composed of said three monomers, and said modified product being produced by making the reactive hydrophobic polymeric segments/hyrophilic partially or entirely after polymerization.~
3.A mechanochemical actuatoras claimed in Claim 2, which is made of one of the following polymeric substances (1) to (6) and contains hydrophobic polymeric.segments.and hydrophilic polymeric segments
(1) A copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer
(2) A modified product o.f a copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer.
(3) A copolymer composed of a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(4) A partially modified product of a copolymer composed of a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(5) A ternary copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
(6) A modified product of a ternary copolymer composed of a hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, a reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer, and a hydrophilic polymerizable monomer.
4. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 3, wherein the hydrophobic polymerizable monomer is one or more than one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene, styrene, butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, vinyl chloride, fluoroalkylene, i-butylene, butene, and siloxane.
5. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 3, wherein the reactive hydrophobic polymerizable monomer is one or more than one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene halide, diene derivative, halogenated styrene derivative, acrylic ester, methacrylic ester, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile.
6. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymeric segments are made of a monomer of ionic structure with high water absortivity or a monomer of nonionic structure with low water absorptiv- ity.
7. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the monomer of ionic structure with high water absorptivity is selected from ammonium salts and phosphonium salts (which are of cationic structure), and carboxylic acids and metal salts thereof, metal sulfonates, and phosphoric acid and salts thereof (which are of anionic structure).
8. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the monomer of nonionic structure with low water absorptivity is selected from ethylene glycol, vinyl alcohol, and acrylamide derivatives.
9. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim I, whose major constituent is one of the following.
(1) A saponified product of a copolymer composed of
ethylene and acrylic acid and/or acrylic ester.
(2) A saponified product of a copolymer composed of
butadiene and acrylic acid and/or acrylic ester.
(3) A maleic acid-modified product of ethylene
propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) or polybutadiene.
(4) A sulfone-modiried product of EPDM or polybuta
diene.
10. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim
9, which is composed of ethylene and ethyl acrylate in a
ratio of 40/60 to 99.5/0.5 (by weight).
11. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim
1, which has the surface of porous or microstructure.
12. A mechanochemical actuator substantially as hereinbefore described in Example 1 or Example 2.
13. A mechanochemical actuator as claimed in Claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP63307479A JPH02154804A (en) | 1988-12-05 | 1988-12-05 | Mechanochemical actuator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8927264D0 GB8927264D0 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
| GB2227020A true GB2227020A (en) | 1990-07-18 |
Family
ID=17969577
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8927264A Withdrawn GB2227020A (en) | 1988-12-05 | 1989-12-01 | Mechanochemical actuator |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH02154804A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2227020A (en) |
Cited By (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6293653B1 (en) * | 1997-07-15 | 2001-09-25 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd. | Thermoelastic bend actuator ink jet printing mechanism |
| US6312107B1 (en) * | 1997-07-15 | 2001-11-06 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Thermoelastic bend actuator using PTFE corrugated heater ink jet printing mechanism |
| WO2005003179A2 (en) * | 2003-07-04 | 2005-01-13 | Instraction Gmbh | System comprising effectors and elastomers modified by variable-volume receptors, method for the production and use thereof |
| US7744619B2 (en) | 2004-02-24 | 2010-06-29 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Rotatable catheter assembly |
| US7922740B2 (en) | 2004-02-24 | 2011-04-12 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Rotatable catheter assembly |
| US7938507B2 (en) | 1998-06-09 | 2011-05-10 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Printhead nozzle arrangement with radially disposed actuators |
| US7950777B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-05-31 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Ejection nozzle assembly |
| US8020970B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-09-20 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Printhead nozzle arrangements with magnetic paddle actuators |
| US8025366B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-09-27 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Inkjet printhead with nozzle layer defining etchant holes |
| US8029101B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-10-04 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Ink ejection mechanism with thermal actuator coil |
| US8029102B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-10-04 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Printhead having relatively dimensioned ejection ports and arms |
| US8061812B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-11-22 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Ejection nozzle arrangement having dynamic and static structures |
| US8075104B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-12-13 | Sliverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Printhead nozzle having heater of higher resistance than contacts |
| US8083326B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2011-12-27 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Nozzle arrangement with an actuator having iris vanes |
| US8113629B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2012-02-14 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd. | Inkjet printhead integrated circuit incorporating fulcrum assisted ink ejection actuator |
| US8123336B2 (en) | 1997-07-15 | 2012-02-28 | Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd | Printhead micro-electromechanical nozzle arrangement with motion-transmitting structure |
| US8133199B2 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2012-03-13 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Electroactive polymer activation system for a medical device |
| US8398693B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2013-03-19 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Electrically actuated medical devices |
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| JPS62115064A (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-05-26 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Production of shrinkable high-molecular material |
| US4717800A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-01-05 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology, Ministry Of International Trade & Industry | Expansible macromolecular material and porous macromolecular membrane |
| US4753761A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-06-28 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology | Method for production of expansible macromolecular material and porous macromolecular membrane |
| JPS63223045A (en) * | 1987-03-12 | 1988-09-16 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Porous polymeric material |
-
1988
- 1988-12-05 JP JP63307479A patent/JPH02154804A/en active Pending
-
1989
- 1989-12-01 GB GB8927264A patent/GB2227020A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62115063A (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-05-26 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Production of reversibly stretchable high-molecular material |
| JPS62115064A (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-05-26 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Production of shrinkable high-molecular material |
| US4717800A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-01-05 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology, Ministry Of International Trade & Industry | Expansible macromolecular material and porous macromolecular membrane |
| US4753761A (en) * | 1986-11-10 | 1988-06-28 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology | Method for production of expansible macromolecular material and porous macromolecular membrane |
| JPS63223045A (en) * | 1987-03-12 | 1988-09-16 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Porous polymeric material |
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| WO2005003179A3 (en) * | 2003-07-04 | 2005-03-10 | Instraction Gmbh | System comprising effectors and elastomers modified by variable-volume receptors, method for the production and use thereof |
| WO2005003179A2 (en) * | 2003-07-04 | 2005-01-13 | Instraction Gmbh | System comprising effectors and elastomers modified by variable-volume receptors, method for the production and use thereof |
| US8398693B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2013-03-19 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Electrically actuated medical devices |
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| US8133199B2 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2012-03-13 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Electroactive polymer activation system for a medical device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH02154804A (en) | 1990-06-14 |
| GB8927264D0 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
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