GB2150740A - Room-temperature molten non-aqueous electrolyte - Google Patents
Room-temperature molten non-aqueous electrolyte Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2150740A GB2150740A GB08429181A GB8429181A GB2150740A GB 2150740 A GB2150740 A GB 2150740A GB 08429181 A GB08429181 A GB 08429181A GB 8429181 A GB8429181 A GB 8429181A GB 2150740 A GB2150740 A GB 2150740A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- halide
- electrolyte
- aluminium
- electrolyte composition
- chloride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- -1 aluminium halide Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- GIWQSPITLQVMSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dimethylimidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1C GIWQSPITLQVMSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NUJYCYLTUXYHQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C NUJYCYLTUXYHQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane Chemical compound CCBr RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethane Chemical compound CCCl HRYZWHHZPQKTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229960003750 ethyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- GITMVCYKHULLDM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C GITMVCYKHULLDM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003092 TiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- OJIJIFAYAIXTGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazol-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C OJIJIFAYAIXTGP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- POKOASTYJWUQJG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butylpyridin-1-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 POKOASTYJWUQJG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloridooxygen Chemical compound ClOCl RCJVRSBWZCNNQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000323 polyazulene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001814 trioxo-lambda(7)-chloranyloxy group Chemical group *OCl(=O)(=O)=O 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HHHYPTORQNESCU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazol-3-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1C HHHYPTORQNESCU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VFWCMGCRMGJXDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chlorobutane Chemical compound CCCCCl VFWCMGCRMGJXDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWQYPLXGJIXMMV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 GWQYPLXGJIXMMV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one Chemical compound CN1CCOC1=O VWIIJDNADIEEDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003026 Acene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000282461 Canis lupus Species 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical class [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021576 Iron(III) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001091 LixCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016003 MoS3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SOZVEOGRIFZGRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].ClS(Cl)=O Chemical compound [Li].ClS(Cl)=O SOZVEOGRIFZGRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000573 alkali metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PQLAYKMGZDUDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium bromide Chemical compound Br[Al](Br)Br PQLAYKMGZDUDLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- BXILREUWHCQFES-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum;trichloride;hydrochloride Chemical compound [Al+3].Cl.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] BXILREUWHCQFES-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940027983 antiseptic and disinfectant quaternary ammonium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003842 bromide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyronitrile Chemical compound CCCC#N KVNRLNFWIYMESJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001589 carboacyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- RBHJBMIOOPYDBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;propan-2-one Chemical compound O=C=O.CC(C)=O RBHJBMIOOPYDBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co][Co] GSOLWAFGMNOBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfite Chemical compound COS(=O)OC BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVWWSIKTCILRBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trisulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo](=S)=S TVWWSIKTCILRBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYIAWAACGTUPCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(diethylsulfamoyl)-n-ethylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)S(=O)(=O)N(CC)CC IYIAWAACGTUPCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCl SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiane 2,2-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCCO1 MHYFEEDKONKGEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C(=O)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C1=O UGNWTBMOAKPKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCWKIFAQRXNZCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylazanium;perchlorate Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O ZCWKIFAQRXNZCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021558 transition metal bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021381 transition metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021561 transition metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromoiron Chemical compound Br[Fe](Br)Br FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
A molten, non-aqueous electrolyte composition containing admixtures of aluminium halide and 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halides having the formula TimX: <IMAGE> wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl groups of 1 to 12 carbons especially linear alkyl groups of 1 to 5 carbons and X is halide or mixtures of halides, e.g., bromide and/or chloride is disclosed. The electrolyte composition may also contain an electrochemically-inert organic liquid. e.g., benzene or acetonitrile and/or alkali metal (especially Li+) and/or tetraalkylammonium salt. The molar ratio of aluminium (denoted by Al) to trialkylimidazolium (denoted by Tim) may be varied over a wide range so as to make the molten electrolyte composition basic, neutral or acidic and as such the electrolyte is useful in batteries, especially secondary batteries.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Room-temperature molten non-aqueous electrolyte
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a molten, non-aqueous electrolyte containing admixtures of aluminium halide and 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halides have the formula TimX:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl groups of 1 to 12 carbons and X is halide, e.g., bromide and/or chloride. The molar ratio of aluminium (denoted by Al) to trialkylimidazolium (denoted by TimX) may be varied over a wide range so as to make the molten electrolyte composition basic, neutral or acidic and as such the electrolyte is useful in batteries, especially secondary batteries.
The use of mixtures of 2 moles of anhydrous aluminium halide such as AICI3 and 1 mole of a
N-alkylpyridinium bromide or chloride as a liquid electrolyte for electrodepostion of aluminium on a metal cathode such as iron at about room temperature is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
2,446,349 and 2,446,350. Also see U.S. Patent No. 2,446,331. U.S. Patent No. 4,115,390 (J. Nardi) and U.S. patent No. 4,122,245 (J. Nardi, et al.) described the preparation of 1alkylpyridinium chloride salts and the use of these salts for the preparation of 2: 1 (mole/mole) AIC13: 1-alkylpyridinium chloride room-temperature molten salt electrolytes. U.S. Patent No.
4,122,245 discloses that the 1-alkylpyridinium molten salts are useful as ambient temperature battery electrolytes and describes a test cell employing aluminium or glassy carbon as the anode and chloranil as the cathode.
U.S. Patent No. 4,355,086 (Saathoff et al.) discloses that the discharge rate and internal conductivity of a lithium thionyl chloride battery is improved by the addition of a mixture of aluminium chloride and n-butylpyridinium chloride to the cell electrolyte.
The preparation and use of 1 ,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride salts with aluminium chloride for room-temperature molten salt electrolytes in a battery cell having-an aluminium anode and a iron(lll)chloride cathode is described by J.S. Wilkes, et. al. in the Frank J. Seiler Research
Laboratory Technical Report FJSRL-TR-81-0011; ADA 107,989, October, 1981 and Inorg.
Chem. 1982, 21, 1263-1264. Wilkes et al. assert that the 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloroaluminate melts provide an increased liquidus composition range and improved stability to electrochemical reduction compared to the 1-alkyípyridinium chloride-based melts.
R.A. Osteryoung and coworkers at SUNY at Buffalo (J. Electrochem. Soc. (1983), 130 (No.
9) at pages 1965-1967 and 1968-1969) suggest that neutral room-temperature molten salts such as alkylpyridinium chloride or 1 ,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride-aluminium chloride might be useful for studies of polymer electrodes.
There is still a need for a room-temperature, molten non-aqueous ionic liquid electrolyte having various physical and chemical properties superior to those of previously reported molten ionic liquid electrolytes, and especially having superior stability to electrochemical oxidation and reduction over a wider liquid composition range.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a molten non-aqueous electrolyte composition comprising an admixture of aluminium halide, AIX3 and a 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide having the formula,
TimX:
wherein Rl, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons and X is independently halide or mixtures of halides.
The electrolyte composition of the present invention is molten at ambient temperatures over a wide composition range so as to provide basic (Al:Tim < 1), neutral, (Al:Tim = 1) as well as acidic (Al:Tim > 1) melts and shows improved electrochemical stability to oxidation and reduction compared to previously reported molten quaternary ammonium chloroaluminate melts. The electrolyte composition of the present invention may be used in a wide range of non-aqueous batteries including secondary batteries wherein at least one of the anode or cathode is a conjugated backbone polymer.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a molten, non-aqueous electrolyte composition comprising an admixture of aluminium halide, having the formula AIX, and 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide, having the formula, TimX:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons and wherein X is independently halide or mixtures of halides.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a molten, non-aqueous electrolyte composition comprising an admixture of (a) aluminium halide having the formula AIX3 and (b) 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide having the formula TimX:
and (c) an electochemically inert'organic liquid; wherein the molar ratio of Al to Tim is in the range of about 0.8:1 to about 2.0:1 and wherein R1, R2 and R3 are alkyl groups of 1 to 12 carbons and X is independently halide or mixtures of halides.
In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a molten, nonaqueous electrolyte composition comprising an admixture of (a) aluminium halide having the formula AIX3 and (b) 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide having the formula, TimX:
an electrochemically inert organic Liquid, wherein the molar ratio of Al to Tim is in the range of about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1 and wherein R,. R2 and R3 are independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons and wherein X is independently halide or mixtures of halides.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The non-aqueous electrolyte compositions of the present invention are prepared by slow addition of an amount of aluminium halide, e.g., AICI3 or AlBr3 to a known weight of 1,2,3trialkylimidazolium halide having the formula TimX:
in the appropriate weight ratio to give the desired molar ratio of aluminium (denoted by Al) to 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium (denoted by Tim). The molar ratio of aluminium to Tim in the electrolyte composition may be varied over a wide range from about 0.6:1 to about 2.5:1 including preferred ranges such as about 0.8: 1 to about 2.0:1, about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1 and about 1.5:1 to about 2.0:1.Conveniently, the aluminium halide is slowly added to the 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide contained in a vessel cooled to at least about 0'C and preferably to about - 1 95,, (b.p. of liquid N2). The admixture so formed is thereafter heated, with stirring, at elevated temperatures in the range of about 50" - 1 00 C for several hours until a clear, slightly viscous ionic liquid is formed. The preparation and subsequent manipulation of the nonaqueous electrolyte compositions of the present invention are conveniently conducted under substantially water-free conditions and under an inert, substantially dry atmosphere, e.g., dry nitrogen or argon.
While water may be present during the preparation of electrolyte compositions of the present invention, water deleteriously affects the use of the electrolyte compositions in batteries and as such must be removed prior to use.
In addition to the admixture of aluminium halide and trialkylimidazolium halide of formula
TimX, the electrolyte composition of the present invention may also contain an electrochemically-inert organic liquid and/or an alkali metal salt and/or tetraalkylammonium salt, e.g.
Li+AlBr-4 or Bu4N+SbCI-6 as hereinafter described.
The organic liquids which may be included in the electrolyte compositions of the present invention should be electrochemically inert to oxidation and reduction during use while simultaneously affecting a reduction in the viscosity and/or an improvement in the conductivity and stability of the electrolyte compositions of the present invention. Examples of such organic liquids include propylene carbonate, sulfolane, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone, alkane sultones, e.g., propane sultone, butane sultone, (the use of sultones in electrolyte compositions is the subject of USSN 556717) and the use of sultones for coatings on polymer anodes is the subject of EPC
Application 84112703.8) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfite, cyclic ethers, e.g.
tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), glymes, alkanoyl and aranoyl nitriles, e.g. acetonitrile, proprionitrile, butyronitrile and benzonitrile, dichloromethane, tetraethylsulfamide, aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene and benzene, and nitrobenzene. The organic liquid chosen will, of course, depend upon many factors, such as the precise electrolyte composition used, the voltage range desired, the anode and cathode used as well as other components of the battery.
The 1,2,3,tri(C1-C12)alkylimidazolium halide, TimX, contained in the electrolyte composition of the present invention is conveniently prepared by reaction of a 1 ,2,-di(C1-C12) alkylimidazole with at least a stoichiometric amount of a (C,-C,2)alkyl halide, R3X, as shown in the following scheme:
The halide, X, may independently be fluoride, iodide, bromide or chloride or mixtures of halides, preferably iodide, bromide or chloride, but bromide and chloride are more preferred.
The R1, R2 and R3 groups are linear and branched alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons. Particularly suitable alky groups include linear alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-pentyl, nhexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl and n-dodecyl. For those alkyl groups having more than 5 carbons, branched alkyl groups such as i-hexyl or i-octyl may also be used.
While R1 to R3 may be the same, e.g., n-butyl, particularly useful electrolyte compositions were prepared wherein R, and R2 were methyl and R3 was ethyl or n-propyl or n-butyl. Since it is believed that conductivity of the electrolyte compositions of the present invention should vary inversely with the size and number of carbon atoms in R1, R2 and R3, it is preferred that R1, R2 and R3 independently be linear alkyl containing 1 to 5 carbons.
In a preferred preparative scheme, the 1 ,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride and the corresponding bromide were prepared by reaction of 1,2-dimethylimidazole (R, and R2 were methyl) with a large excess (four-fold volume excess) of chloroethane (R3X was C2HsCI) and bromoethane, (R3X was C2H5Br), respectively.
The reaction was conveniently conducted in a pressure vessel. The reaction mixture of dialkylimidazole and alkyl halide was heated at elevated temperature, e.g., 70 C, with stirring, for several days. The pressure was thereafter released and the excess alkyl halide was removed with mild heat. The crude product was recrystallized (to constant melting point) under an inert atmosphere. The resulting 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide, TimX, was then admixed with aluminium halide as previously described.
The electrolyte composition of the present invention may be used in a variety of non-aqueous primary and secondary batteries.
While the major components of such batteries include electrodes (anode and cathode), the electrolyte composition of the present invention (additionally containing a suitable electrochemi cally-inert organic liquid and/or an alkali metal or salt and/or tetraalkylammonium salt), and conventional or unconventional housing, charging mechanism, current collector and the like, only the electrodes and electrolyte composition will be described.
Numerous combinations of anodes and cathodes may be used with the electrolyte composition of the present invention. In one such combination, the anode may comprise alkali metal alloys or amalgams such as lithium-aluminium alloys (but alkali metals in the zero valence state, e.g., lithium are to be avoided), or lithiated transition metal chalcogenides such as Li,,WO2, Li,,VSe2, LiyVS2, Li,,TiS2 or LyMOO2 (O < x'1, 1 < y52) into which alkali metal cations (especially
Li+) are inserted during charging and the cathode may comprise a transition metal chalcogenide (such as TiS2, MoS3, V6013 or LixCoO2) into which alkali metal cations (especially Li+) are inserted during discharging.Suitable such transition-metal chalcogenides are listed on page 392 of "Lithium Batteries" (J.P. Gabano, ed., 1983) with those having average voltages as cathodes of 2.3V or greater being preferred, including V6O13, Cr,,V1 -yS2 (0.25Sy##0.75), Cr3O8, Li,,CoO2 (O < xc1) and MoO3 and the cathode may be transition-metal halides or oxyhalides insoluble under certain conditions such as iron(l I l)chloride, cobalt(I I l)chloride, iron(l I l)oxychloride, or chromium(I I l)oxychloride.
In a second such combination, which, in addition to the first such combination hereinabove, are the subject of USSN 556497, the anode comprises aluminium and the cathode comprises a member selected from the group consisting of graphite, iron sulfides on a carbon support, intercalation compounds of graphite, transition-metal chalcogenides. transition-metal halides, transition-metal oxyhalides, and conjugated backbone polymers.
Suitable intercalation compounds of graphite are described by M. Armand and P. Touzain in
Mater; Sci. and Eng., Vol. 31, pages 319-329 (1977). Such intercalation compounds include transition metal chlorides, bromides, and fluorides which are, e.g. Al Br3, BF2, FeCI3, FeBr3, Tit4, CoCI2, HgCI2, SbCI5, MoCI5, Al Cl3, WCI6, NiCI2 and CrCI3.
The transition metal chalcogenides suitable as cathodes are the same as those described in reference to the cathodes for the first combination hereinabove.
Conjugated backbone polymers suitable as cathodes are those polymers which are capable of being oxidized (acceptor-doped).
In their most heavily oxidized state such polymer cathode materials range in voltage from about 3.0V to about 4.6V vs Li/Li+ (for measurement made in various typical organic electrolytes). In ascending order of approximate voltage vs Li/Li+, examples of such polymers useful as cathode materials include oxidized polypyrrole (PP), polyacetylene (PA), polyaniline, polyazulene (PAZ), polythiophene (PT), poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV), polyacenediyls (e.g.
polynaphthalenediyl (PN)), polyacenes, poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), polythianthrene (PTA), poly(phenothiazine) (PPT), poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO).
Also included are substituted versions of the above or copolymers of the above or other polymers having conjugation along at least one backbone thereof and rendered conductive by electrochemical doping with either cations, anions, or both.
For such a second combination wherein the anode comprises an aluminium anode, the useful electrolyte composition of the present invention comprises an admixture of aluminium halide, e.g., AlCI3, and a 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide of formula TimX wherein the molar ratio of
Al:Tim is greater than about 1 :1 to about 2.5:1 so that the molten electrolyte composition is an acidic melt, i.e., AI:Tim > 1 :1, e.g., about 1.5:1 to 2.5:1, preferably about 1.5:1 to 2.0:1.
When a conjugated backbone polymer is chosen as the cathode material, anions of the molten electrolyte compositions of the present invention will be inserted into the polymer during the charging of the battery. In the acid melt described herein, the anions inserted will likely be of the form AlCl3X- or Al2Cl6X- wherein X is independently halide which may be fluoride, bromide, chloride or iodide, preferably chloride, bromide or iodide but more preferably chloride or bromide.Additional salts, alkali-metal (e.g., Li+, Na+, K+) or tetraalkylammonium (e.g.,
Me4N+, Et4N+ or 77 -Bu4N+) may also be incorporated into the molten electrolyte composition of the present invention and the anion of such salts is typically halide, e.g., I-, Cl- or Br- or
AIX4-, e.g., AICI4-, AlBr4- or AlCl3Br- but may also be, for example, ClO4-, BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, Sb F6-, BCl4-, PCl6 - PCl4-, MoCI6-, SbCl4-, SbCl6-, AsCI6- or FeCI4- and corresponding bromides or mixtures of halides.
It is to be understood that addition of a particular Lewis Acid salt may be accomplished either by addition of the Lewis Acid salt itself (e.g., Li+AlBr4-, Li+FeCl4- or Li+SbCl6-) or by addition of the corresponding alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium halide (a Lewis Base in these melts) plus a Lewis Acid, i.e., e.g., LiBr + Al Br3, LiCI + FeCI3 or LiCI + SbCI5). The proportions of added
Lewis Base Acid need not always be equal, and is some instances only a Lewis Base e.g., Li+CI- or Me4N+Cl- or Lewis Acid (e.g., SbCI5) may be added.
In the third and fourth combinations wherein the anode is a conjugated backbone polymer capable of being reduced (donor-doped), such as polyacetylene, the electrolyte composition of the present invention preferably may further comprise an alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+) and/or tetraalkylammonium salt. The anion of such a salt may be any anion that is non-reactive (non oxidizing or non-reducing) in use such as halides such as I-, Br-, or CI-, or AIX4-, e.g.,
AlBr4-, AlCl3Br- or AlCI4-, but also may be BF4-, PF6 -, PCl6-, PCl4-, FeCI4-, ClO4-, SbCl4-, MoCI6-, SbF6-, SbCl6-, AsF6-, AsCI6- or BCI4- and corresponding bromides or mixtures of halides.
In the third and fourth such combinations, which are the subject of a separate, commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application of Gifford, Shacklette, Toth and Wolf (Attorney's Docket No.
PD 82-2190C) and filed on an even date herewith and hereby incorporated by reference, the anode and cathode independently comprise a conjugated backbone polymer selected from those described hereinabove and/or transition-metal chalcogenides, also selected from those described hereinabove. In such a third combination the useful electrolyte composition of the present invention may comprise an essentially equimolar admixture of aluminium halide, AIX3, and 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide of formula TimX, but also comprise a molten electrolyte composition wherein the molar ratio of Al (in aluminium halide) to Tim (in TimX) is less than about 1:1. In such event the anode is a conjugated backbone polymer into which cations (especially alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium cations) are electrochemically inserted during charging.The cathode may either be inserted by cations during discharging or by anions (especially the anion of the salt as tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate or tetrachloroaluminate) during charging.
In the fourth combination, the anode is such a conjugated backbone polymer into which cations (especially alkali metal cations) are inserted during charging and the cathode is a transition metal chalcogenide (such as TiS2, MoO3, V6013 or KixCoO2 wherein O < xrl) into which alkali metal cations (especially Li+) are inserted during discharging. Suitable such transition metal chalcogenides are exactly those described hereinabove in the second combination wherein the anode comprises aluminium.
Examples 1-6 and 9-11 illustrate the present invention. Examples 7 and 8 illustrate the.
utility of the electrolyte composition of the present invention in a secondary battery and is a related invention of commonly-assigned U.S. Patent application of Gifford, Palmisano, Shacklette, Chance and Toth (Attorney's Docket # 82-2190B).
Example 1. Preparation of 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide. The salt 1,2-dimethyl-3ethylimidazolium bromide was prepared by refluxing 21 mL of 1 ,2-dimethylimidazole (Aldrich
Chemical Co.) with a four-fold mole excess of bromoethane, 60 mL (Aldridge Chemical Co.) in a clean dry 250 mL flask. The 1,2-dimethylimidazole had been previously purified by vacuum distillation.
This mixture was allowed to reflux for two days. The excess bromoethane was distilled off and the crude salt dried under vacuum to remove the last traces of bromoethane.
The crude product, an off-white powder, was recrystallized from acetonitrile/ethyl acetate under a dry inert atmosphere, followed by vacuum drying to give a white crystalline solid. The structure of the product was verified by NMR spectroscopy.
Example 2. Preparation of l,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride. The salt 1,2-dimethyl-3ethylimidazolium chloride was prepared by reacting 14 mL of 1,2-dimethylimidazole with 56 m L of chloroethane (Eastman Kodak) under a pressure of 40 psig. A measured volume (14 mL) of distilled 1,2-dimethylimidazole was placed in a 200 mL pressure reaction vessel in a dry, inert atmosphere of argon. Chloroethane was vacuum distilled into the pressure vessel to give an approximately four-fold volume excess.
This mixture was heated to approximately 70 C with stirring. Reaction was allowed to proceed for four days at which time the excess chloroethane was removed by vacuum distillation followed by drying under vacuum to yield an off-white solid. This material was recrystallized from acetonitrile/ethyl acetate under a dry, inert atmosphere, followed by vacuum drying to give a white, crystalline solid. The structure of the product was verified by NMR spectroscopy.
Example 3. Preparation of l,2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium chlorides. The salts 1,2-dimethyl3-propylimidazolium chloride and 1 , 2-dimethyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride were prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example 2 except that chloroethane is replaced by 1chloropropane (Aldrich Chemical Co.) and 1-chlorobutane (Aldrich Chemical Co.), respectively.
Example 4. Preparation of a 2: 1 (mole/mole) admixture of AIN3: 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazo- lium chloride. A molten salt electrolyte was prepared by slow addition of 15.6 g of AICI3 (Fluka
Chemical Corp.) to 12 g of 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride. The receiving flask was cooled with liquid nitrogen to - 1 95'C and the AICI3 added gradually, in portions, under a dry, inert argon atmosphere. The salt mixture was periodically allowed to warm to room temperature and then cooled prior to addition of AlCI3.
After all the AICI, had been added, the salt mixture was gradually heated to approximately 50 C with stirring to give a clear liquid of a slight orange-brown color. This liquid was
preelectrolyzed at a constant current of 100 mA using two aluminium electrodes to give a clear,
nearly colorless liquid.
The conductivity of this electrolyte was measured using a glass conductivity cell and an
impedance bridge. A value of 7.1 mS cm-1 was obtained at 25 C for this electrolyte.
Example 5. Neutral melt of LiCI 2:1 (mole/mole) AICI3: 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride. A 2:1 (mole/mole) AICI3: 1,2-dimethyl 1-3-ethylimidazolium chloride melt was
prepared as described in Example 4. The salt LiCI (approx. 400 mg) was gradually added to 10
g of this melt until a neutral composition, as defined by the following formula: (moles of AICI, = (moles of Im+ + moles of Li +) was obtained. The neutrality of this melt was confirmed by
cyclic voltammetry as indicated by the absence of a peak for Al2Cl7- reduction and further
confirmed by infrared spectroscopy which showed strong absorption bands for AICI4- and no
bands for Al2Cl7-. This electrolyte was liquid at room temperature.
Example 6. Addition of benzene to a 2:1 (mole/mole) AICI3: TimCI Electrolyte A 2: 1 (mole/mole) AICI3: 1 ,2,-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride melt was prepared as described in
Example 4. Dry benzene (5 mL) was added to give a 50:50 volume percent solution. The benzene was totally miscible with the melt at this concentration to give a clear, slightly gold colored liquid of lower viscosity which should lead to higher conductivity than that of the pure melt.
Example 7. Recyclability of Al Electrode A cell containing the electrolyte, 2:1 (mole/mole) admixture of AICI3: 1 ,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride prepared in accordance with the procedure of Example 4, a tungsten working electrode (Alfa Products) and an aluminium foil electrode (Alfa Products) was assembled. Al was successfully electrodeposited onto the W foil at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 to give a granular, matte deposit. The as-plated Al was successfully stripped and replated for 40 cycles at > 90% coulombic efficiency.This Example demonstrates (1) that aluminium is plated onto a tungsten electrode using the electrolyte composition of the present invention and (2) that aluminium can be successfully electrochemically cycled and (3) that the electrolyte of the present invention would be useful in secondary battery applications using an aluminium negative electrode.
Example 8. Al/Graphite Battery A battery was constructed consisting of an Al negative electrode (Johnson Matthey Chemicals Ltd.) and a graphite positive electrode (Alfa Products) submerged in the electrolyte prepared as described in Example 4. The cell showed an open circuit voltage of 1 .7V. This cell was successfully repeatedly charged and discharged at a charging current of 1 mA followed by discharging at 0.5 mA for one hour. During charging the cell voltage rose to 2.0V. On discharge an average cell voltage of 1 .6V was observed. This
Example illustrates, that the electrolyte composition of the present invention is useful in a secondary battery having an aluminium anode.
Example 9. Phase Diagram for AICI3: 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide molten salt system. The liquid-to-solid transition temperature was determined for the AlCI3: 1,2-dimethyl-3ethyl-imidazolium bromide system over the range of 0.2 of 0.8 mole fraction of AICI, where mole fraction is defined as (moles AlX3)/(moles AIX3 + moles TimX). Weighed portions of AICI3 were added to 1 ,2-dimethyl-3-3ethylimidazolium bromide salt of Example 1, heated until liquid and allowed to cool gradually. The liquid-to-solid transition was visually determined and the temperature monitored with a glass-encased thermocouple. These temperatures were plotted versus mole fraction.
The phase diagram has two minima; one at 0.42 mole fraction and a second at 0.67 mole fraction. The freezing point at 0.67 mole fraction AICI3 occurs at about - 25"C and is most likely a glass transition temperature. This point was obtained by cooling a sample of the melt in dry ice-acetone and observing the liquid transition temperature during warming.
The diagram shows a maxima at 0.5 mole fraction with a freezing point of 80"C. The system is molten at room temperature ('25 C) only about a narrow range of 0.64 to 0.72 mole fraction AICI3. It is expected that the phase diagram for AlCl3:TimCl would not differ significantly. However the case of preparing a neutral melt by addition of LiCI as described in
Example 5 gave an electrolyte that was liquid at 20 C.
Example 10. Preparation of a 1:1 (mole/mole) admixture of AICI3: 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium chloride.
A molten salt electrolyte was prepared by slow addition of 2.3 g AICI, (Fluka Chemical Corp.) to 3.0 9 of 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium chloride in an analogous fashion as that stated in
Example 4. Following addition of the AlCI3, an orange-colored liquid which was molten at 20 C was obtained. This Example illustrates that higher substituted imidazolium salts (i.e., 3-propyl compared to the 3-ethyl substituted imidazolium of Example 9) should provide electrolytes that are molten or liquid over a wider composition range, i.e. wider molar ratio of AlCl3:TimX.
Example 1 1. Reduction Potentials of Quaternary Ammonium Salts The reduction potentials of a series of quaternary ammonium-compounds were measured in acetonitrile, tetramethylammonium perchlorate (Fluka Chemical Corp.) electrolyte. Reduction potentials were measured from the peak current response obtained at a Pt disk working electrode (Bioanalytical Systems) versus a silver wire reference electrode (Alfa Products). Values are listed in Table I and illustrate the increased stability of the trialkylimidazolium cation to electrochemical reduction compared to previously known molten salt systems.
Table I
Compound Ered (VOltS Vs Ag)
N-Butylpyridinium chloride - 1.10 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide - 1.70 1 ,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide - 2.20
Similar results would be expected for the reduction potentials obtained on the above-listed quaternary ammonium halides in combination with amounts of AIX3, e.g., AICI3, so as to form neutral or basic melts.
Claims (11)
1. A molten, non-aqueus electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of an aluminium halide, having the formula AIX3 and 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide, having the formula TimX:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons and wherein X is independently halide or a mixture of halides.
2. An electrolyte composition according to claim 1 wherein the molar ratio of aluminium to 1 ,2,3-trialkylimidazolium is from 0.6:1 to 2.5 :1.
3. An electrolyte composition according to claim 1 or 2 wherein R1, R2 and R3 are linear alkyl groups of 1 to 5 carbons.
4. An electrolyte composition according to claim 3 wherein R, and R2 are methyl and wherein R3 is ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl.
5. An electrolyte according to any one of the preceding claims which further comprises an electrochemically-inert organic liquid.
6. An electrolyte according to any one of the preceding claims which further comprises an alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium salt or a mixture thereof.
7. A molten, non-aqueous electrolyte composition comprising a mixture of (a) an aluminium halide having the formula AIX, and (b) a 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium halide having the formula
and (c) an electrochemically-inert organic liquid; wherein the molar ratio of Al to Tim is from 0.8:1 to 2.5:1 and wherein Rl to R3 are independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbons and wherein X is independently halide or a mixture of halides.
8. An electrolyte according to claim 7 which further comprises an alkali metal or tetraalkylammonium salt or mixture thereof.
9. An electrolyte according to any one of the preceding claims wherein X is chloride or bromide in AIX3 and in TimX.
10. An electrolyte according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the molar ratio of
Al to Tim is from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1.
11. An electrolyte composition according to claim 1 substantially as described with reference to any one of Examples 4 to 6 and 10.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US55649583A | 1983-11-30 | 1983-11-30 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8429181D0 GB8429181D0 (en) | 1984-12-27 |
| GB2150740A true GB2150740A (en) | 1985-07-03 |
| GB2150740B GB2150740B (en) | 1986-08-28 |
Family
ID=24221572
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08429181A Expired GB2150740B (en) | 1983-11-30 | 1984-11-19 | Room-temperature molten non-aqueous electrolyte |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS61133580A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3442172A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2150740B (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4764440A (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-08-16 | Eveready Battery Company | Low temperature molten compositions |
| US4839249A (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1989-06-13 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Low temperature molten composition comprised of ternary alkyl sulfonium salts |
| US5188914A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-02-23 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Low temperature molten compositions comprised of quaternary alkyl phosphonium salts |
| WO1999054038A1 (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 1999-10-28 | Albemarle Corporation | Liquid clathrate compositions |
| WO2000016415A2 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2000-03-23 | Linwood Trading Limited | Molten salt batteries |
| WO2001013379A1 (en) * | 1999-08-18 | 2001-02-22 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Process for separating metals |
| WO2002034722A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) | Imidazolium salts and their use of these ionic liquids as a solvent |
| WO2006053362A2 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2006-05-26 | Plansee Se | Method for depositing layers from ionic liquids |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2504428B2 (en) * | 1986-10-17 | 1996-06-05 | 昭和電工株式会社 | Secondary battery |
| JP3324101B2 (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 2002-09-17 | ソニー株式会社 | Aluminum non-aqueous electrolyte, battery using the same, and aluminum electrodeposition method |
| WO2003043102A2 (en) * | 2001-11-09 | 2003-05-22 | Yardney Technical Products, Inc. | Non-aqueous electrolytes for lithium electrochemical cells |
| JP5606501B2 (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2014-10-15 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Device with positive electrode and salt and secondary battery |
| JP6114163B2 (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2017-04-12 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Electrode body and battery including the electrode body |
-
1984
- 1984-11-17 DE DE19843442172 patent/DE3442172A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1984-11-19 GB GB08429181A patent/GB2150740B/en not_active Expired
- 1984-11-30 JP JP59253957A patent/JPS61133580A/en active Pending
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4764440A (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-08-16 | Eveready Battery Company | Low temperature molten compositions |
| US4839249A (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1989-06-13 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Low temperature molten composition comprised of ternary alkyl sulfonium salts |
| US5188914A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-02-23 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Low temperature molten compositions comprised of quaternary alkyl phosphonium salts |
| US6096680A (en) * | 1996-10-28 | 2000-08-01 | Albemarle Corporation | Liquid clathrate compositions |
| WO1999054038A1 (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 1999-10-28 | Albemarle Corporation | Liquid clathrate compositions |
| WO2000016415A3 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2000-07-20 | Linwood Trading Limited | Molten salt batteries |
| WO2000016415A2 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2000-03-23 | Linwood Trading Limited | Molten salt batteries |
| WO2001013379A1 (en) * | 1999-08-18 | 2001-02-22 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Process for separating metals |
| US6911135B1 (en) | 1999-08-18 | 2005-06-28 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Process for separating metals |
| WO2002034722A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) | Imidazolium salts and their use of these ionic liquids as a solvent |
| EP1201657A1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-02 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | Imidazolium salts and the use of these ionic liquids as a solvent and as a catalyst |
| US7915426B2 (en) | 2000-10-27 | 2011-03-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.) | Imidazolium salts and their use of these ionic liquids as a solvent |
| WO2006053362A2 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2006-05-26 | Plansee Se | Method for depositing layers from ionic liquids |
| WO2006053362A3 (en) * | 2004-11-19 | 2006-07-20 | Plansee Se | Method for depositing layers from ionic liquids |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS61133580A (en) | 1986-06-20 |
| DE3442172A1 (en) | 1985-06-05 |
| GB8429181D0 (en) | 1984-12-27 |
| GB2150740B (en) | 1986-08-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |