GB2111864A - Method and head for spraying metallic coatings - Google Patents
Method and head for spraying metallic coatings Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2111864A GB2111864A GB08236557A GB8236557A GB2111864A GB 2111864 A GB2111864 A GB 2111864A GB 08236557 A GB08236557 A GB 08236557A GB 8236557 A GB8236557 A GB 8236557A GB 2111864 A GB2111864 A GB 2111864A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- stream
- wires
- angle
- coated
- head
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000220317 Rosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/14—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying for coating elongate material
- C23C4/16—Wires; Tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
- B05B5/12—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects specially adapted for coating the interior of hollow bodies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
- B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
- B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
- B05B7/224—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material having originally the shape of a wire, rod or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/06—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals
- C03C17/10—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with metals by deposition from the liquid phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Abstract
For spraying a metallic coating on internal surfaces of long glass pipes of small diameter, which can be applied as electrodes in ozone generators, metal is melted in an electric arc and atomized by a stream of compressed gas. Molten metal is applied on the surface to be coated by means of three streams of compressed gas: a stream (5) directed along two wires (4) being melted, a side stream (3) and an opposite blowing- away stream (12). The wires are melted, by electrodes, in the form of flexibly mounted rings (7) inside which the wires are displaceable. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Method and head for spraying metallic coatings
The present invention relates to a method and a head for spraying metallic coatings, especially on difficult-accessible surfaces such as internal cylindrical surfaces. The method is particularly suitable for coating with a metallic layer internal surfaces of long glass pipes of small diameter used as electrodes in ozone generators wherein the metallic coating is the internal electrode of the discharge system.
The hitherto known method of metal spraying consists in that a wire of an appropriate material is melted in a gas flame or an electric arc and molten metal is sprayed onto the surface to be coated by means of a stream of compressed gas. This method is described in Chapter II of the Handbook of Metal
Spraying, edited by the Polish Technical Publishers,
Warsaw, 1959, pp.9-19.
There is also known a device for hot spraying inner holes, comprising a typical metal spraying gun wherein the nozzle constituting the end of the compressed-air conduit is situated axially in relation thereto. In the axis of the nozzle there is a wire melted in an acetylene-oxygen arc. The location of the nozzle and the overall dimensions of the gun are such that for smaller holes the spraying process is conducted from the outside, directing the nozzle at an angle of 45 to the surface, and for longer holes whose length, however, is not larger than twice the diameter, the spraying process is conducted from both sides of the hole. At an angle smaller than 45" the quality of the produced coating is not too good.
For spraying longer holes, however, because of the overall dimensions of the gun and the necessary angle of its inclination, an extension is utilized at the end of which the metal spraying gun is placed. By means of this device it is not possible, however, to coat surfaces of small and long holes or difficultaccessible surfaces such as grooves or channels.
Another disadvantage is overheating of the meltingspraying assembly situated at the end of the extension. This disadvantage causes changes in proportions of gases, as a consequence of which the sprayed stream is irregular, unstable and so-called backfire of the gun and retreat of the flame occur.
Such as device is also described in the abovementioned Handbook of Metal Spraying, on pages 366,367 and 368.
There is a further known device wherein an electric arc is ued for melting the coating material. The spraying nozzle of the electric-arc gun is situated between two wires to be melted. Devices of this type are manufactured by the company OSU - GFR. They can be used for spraying holes having a diameter not less than 150 mm, whereby the obtained coating is irregular and porous having large and irregular-size grains. In devices employing an electric are for melting wires application of voltage is realized either through rotary rolls on which the wire slides or through rigid guides of wires. Both these methods have one common disadvantage, that is the lack of fluent operation of the electric arc resulting from a small contact point of the roll or guide with the wire and frequent decay of the electric contact.Metallic coatings obtained with the known methods by means of the known devices are characterized by low adherence to the surface, sensitivity to oxidation, low regularity and large porosity. In the course of the process the sub-surface layer, the so-called glaze, is damaged, and noxious free metallic dust deposits.
The present invention aims to provide a method of applying a metallic coating on surfaces of dielectrics, which will be characterized by good adherence to the dielectric and which will be a good-conducting and durable coating. The invention also aims to provide a method of application in which the superficial structure, the so-called glaze of the dielectric, will not be damaged, the crystalline system of the superficial layer of the dielectric will not be damaged, and free metallic dust will not deposit.
The invention further aims to provide a device for electric-arc spraying metallic coatings on difficultaccessible surfaces, especially on internal cylindrical surfaces having inner diameters of 40 mm and bigger, by means of which the obtained coating is homogeneous, fine-grained and sufficiently adhesive to the coated surface.
The present invention in one aspect provides a method of spraying metallic coatings, comprising melting metal in an electric arc produced between wires constituting meltable electrodes mounted in a metal spraying head, and atomizing molten metal by a stream of compressed gas and applying it onto the surface being coated while effecting in relation to the metal spraying head relative translatory and rotary motion, wherein molten metal is applied on the surface by means of a closed system of three-stream atomization which comprises a central stream of compressed gas directed along wires being melted, a side stream of compressed gas directed at an angle to the surface being coated and cocurrentlyto its translatory motion, and a blowing-away stream of compressed gas directed to an angle to the surface being coated and counter-currently to the translatory motion thereof, the amount of gas forming the said blowing-away stream being 10-30% of the other amount of gas used.
The invention in another aspect provides a head for spraying metallic coatings, by atomizing with compressed gas two wires constituting electrodes melted in an electric arc, comprising a three-stream system of nozzles for compressed gas which comprises nozzles of a central stream directed along wires to be melted, a nozzle of a side stream directed at an angle to the surface to be coated and cocurrently to translatory motion thereof, and a nozzle of a blowing-away stream directed at an angle to the surface to be coated and counter-currently to the translatory motion thereof, the connection of the said wires to a source of current being effected by means of a series of rings situated side by side, and flexibly mounted, inside which the said wires are fitted in a manner permitting their continuous displacement, and further being guided in guides situated inside the said nozzles of the central stream.
The method of spraying metallic coatings according to the invention by melting metal in an electric arc and atomizing it in a stream of compressed gas is characterized in that molten metal is applied onto the surface to be coated by means of a closed system of three-stream atomization, which comprises esthefollowing streams of compressed gas: a stream directed along wires being melted, a side stream and a blowing-away stream. The side stream is directed at an angle to the surface being coated and cocurrently to its translatory motion, whereas the blowing-away stream is also directed at an angle to the surface being coated and at the same time counter-currently to its translatory motion.The amount of gas constituting the blowing-away stream is from 10 to 30% of the other amount of gas used.
The resultant stream of atomized metal is preferably directed at an angle of from 45'to 600 to the surface being coated.
The heat for spraying metallic coatings for carrying out the method according to the invention is characterized in that it has a three-stream system of nozzles for compressed gas. This system comprises nozzles of the central stream directed along the wires being melted, a nozzle of the side stream directed at an angle to the surface being coated and cocurrently to its translatory motion, and a nozzle of the blowing-away stream also directed at an angle to the surface being coated and counter-currently to its translatory motion. Connection of wires between which the electric arc occurs to a current source is realized by means of so-called floating terminals which are constituted by a series of rings situated side by side, preferably made of copper, mounted flexibly. Inside them wires shift, and are fitted in a manner permitting their continuous displacement.
The wires are also guided in guides situated inside the nozzle of the central stream. The wires are preferably inclined relative to each other at an angle from 15" to 35". It is preferable for the stability of the arc and the quality of the obtained coating that the inclination angle of the nozzle of the side stream is 60 relative to the surface being coated, whereas that of the nozzle of the biowing-away stream is 45 .
The application ofthethree-stream system of atomizing molten metal may eliminate the disadvantages of the hitherto known methods, namely by means of the blowing-away stream free metallic dust appearing in the course of the process is removed, due to which a good quality of the sprayed-on coating is obtained. Due to the face that the main heat flux is not too large and is, in addition, directed at a definite angle to the surface being coated, it is heated only to a small degree, at most up to 65 , and due to this the number of defects which occur during the process is close to zero.The supply of electrical energy to the wires provides for constank and uniform operation of the device with simultaneous maintenance of the optimum spraying parameters and a very high durability of particular parts of the melting-spraying assembly, as well as good stability of the arc, which is also promoted by location of wire guides in the nozzles and the mutual inclination of wires within the range from 15 to 35 .
By means of the head and the method according to the invention, it is possible to produce metallic coatings on internal surfaces of glass pipes having a diameter of from 50 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm, which are used as electrodes in ozone generators. The arc-sprayed coating obtained by the method according to the invention is characterized by high fine-grainness, a low degree of oxidation, lowerthan in flame metallization, and good adhesion to the dielectric, as well as high stability. The method according to the invention may eliminate inconvenient preliminary heating of glass pipes before metallization, as is necessary in the method of flame metallizing glass pipes, and does not require the application of expensive gases, such as oxygen and acetylene. Elimination of such disadvantages makes the method according to the invention less expensive from the hitherto known ones.The method also brings about an improvement in industrial safety conditions because it eliminates process flame devices, thus eliminating completely any fire hazard.
Easy automation of the method according to the invention ensures repeatability of production and obtaining of the optimum parameters of coatings.
The invention will be further described, by way of example, only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a side view of a spraying head according to the invention;
Figure 2 is an axial cross-sectional view of the head shown in Figure 1; and
Figure 3 illustrates a method of supplying voltage to the wires constituting electrodes of the head.
The head shown in the drawings comprises a body 1 in the form of a cylindrical shaft tapering towards its front end. In addition to body 1 there is an air conduit 2 whose end is provided with a nozzle 3 arranged to provide a side stream. In the body 1 wires 4 are situated which at the same time constitute electrodes. The wires 4 converge at an angle of 20 and are situated centrally inside nozzles 5 (Figure 2) of a central air stream. Guides 6 of the wires 4 are also situated centrally and inside nozzles 5, whereby the wires 4 shift through flexibly mounted copper rings 7 being so-called floating slides. Voltage is supplied to the rings 7 by means of electical conductors 8 and a central conductor 10.
Air to the nozzle 3 and to the nozzles 5 is supplied through a central conduit 9.
Opposite the front face of the metal spraying head there is an air conduit 11 terminating in a nozzle 12 arranged to provide a blowing-away stream. The electrical conductors 8 perform at the same time the function of flexible fixings of the rings 7 causing constant electrical contact with the wire, as shown in
Figure 3.
The invention will be further described with reference to the following illustrative Example.
55 Glass pipes having a length of 1200 mm and a diameter of 50 mm were to be metallized. The pipes were designed for use as electrodes in ozone generators. Each pipe was metallized underthe same conditions. The metal spraying head was introduced into the pipe on an outrigger. The pipe rotated at a speed of 20 revolutions per minute and was at the same time shifted with a speed of 40 mm/sec. The electric arc melting metal was produced between two aluminium wires. During metal spraying the temperature of the pipe wall rose only by 30"C. Molten metal was sprayed by compressed air at an angle of 45 to the generating line of the pipe. This angle was the resultant angle from the compressed air blown along the pipe, cocurrently to the direction of displacement of the pipe being metal sprayed, and from a second blow in the opposite direction. For blowing aluminium melted in the electric arc compressed air was used in an amount of 60.0 normal litres per minute. Along the pipe 12 normal litres per minute were blown.
Claims (8)
1. A method of spraying metallic coatings, comprising melting metal in an electric arc produced between wires constituting meltable electrodes mounted in a metal spraying head, and atomizing molten metal by a stream of compressed gas and applying it onto the surface being coated while effecting in relation to the metal spraying head relative translatory motion or translatory and rotary motion, wherein molten metal is applied on the surface by means of a closed system of three-stream atomization which comprises a central stream of compressed gas directed along wires being melted, a side stream of compressed gas directed at an angle to the surface being coated and cocurrently to its translatory motion, and a blowing-away stream of compressed gas directed at an angle to the surface being coated and counter-currently to the translatory motion thereof, the amount of gas forming the said blowing-away stream being 10-30% of the other amount of gas used.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the resultant stream of atomized metal is directed at an angle of from 45 to 60 to the surface being coated.
3. A method according to Claim 1 of spraying metallic coatings, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
4. A head for spraying metallic coatings, by atomizing with compressed gas two wires constituting electrodes melted in an electric arc, comprising a three-stream system of nozzles for compressed gas which comprises nozzles of a central stream directed along wires to be melted, a nozzle of a side stream directed at an angle to the surface to be coated and cocurrently to translatory motion thereof, and a nozzle of a blowing-away stream directed at an angle to the surface to be coated and counter-currently to the translatory motion thereof, the connection of the said wires to a source of current being effected by means of a series of rings situated side by side, and flexibiy mounted, inside which the said wires are fitted in a manner permitting their continuous displacement, and further being guided in guides situated inside the said nozzles of the central stream.
5. A head as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the said wires are inclined relative to each other at an angle
of from 15'to35'.
6. A head as claimed in Claim 4 or 5, wherein the said nozzle of the side stream is inclined relative to the surface being coated at an angle of 60 , and wherein the said nozzle of the blowing-away stream is inclined at an angle of 45 .
7. A head as claimed in any of Claims 4 to 6, wherein the said rings are copper rings.
8. A head according to Claim 4 for spraying metallic coatings, substantially as herein described with reference to, and as shown in, the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL23440981A PL133664B1 (en) | 1981-12-23 | 1981-12-23 | Method of deposition of metal layer on dielectric surfaces,especially on glass tubes used as electrodes in ozone generators |
| PL1982237654A PL136366B1 (en) | 1982-07-26 | 1982-07-26 | Apparatus for arc spraying of metal coatings on difficult accessible surfaces,especially on internal cylindrical surfaces |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2111864A true GB2111864A (en) | 1983-07-13 |
Family
ID=26652957
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08236557A Withdrawn GB2111864A (en) | 1981-12-23 | 1982-12-23 | Method and head for spraying metallic coatings |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE3247792A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2518430A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2111864A (en) |
| HU (1) | HU185595B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1986004272A1 (en) * | 1985-01-29 | 1986-07-31 | Tibor Kenderi | Apparatus for powder spraying, operating with a flame jet |
| EP0281278A2 (en) * | 1987-03-03 | 1988-09-07 | Pilkington Plc | Electroconductive coatings |
| WO1990008203A2 (en) * | 1989-01-14 | 1990-07-26 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Depositing metal onto a surface |
| EP1497035A1 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-01-19 | Ebara Corporation | Arc spraying torch head |
| US7184810B2 (en) | 2002-09-04 | 2007-02-27 | Solianis Holding Ag | Method and a device for measuring glucose |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5610103B2 (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1981-03-05 |
-
1982
- 1982-12-22 FR FR8221574A patent/FR2518430A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-12-23 DE DE19823247792 patent/DE3247792A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-12-23 HU HU416282A patent/HU185595B/en unknown
- 1982-12-23 GB GB08236557A patent/GB2111864A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1986004272A1 (en) * | 1985-01-29 | 1986-07-31 | Tibor Kenderi | Apparatus for powder spraying, operating with a flame jet |
| EP0281278A2 (en) * | 1987-03-03 | 1988-09-07 | Pilkington Plc | Electroconductive coatings |
| EP0281278A3 (en) * | 1987-03-03 | 1989-07-26 | Pilkington Plc | Electroconductive coatings |
| WO1990008203A2 (en) * | 1989-01-14 | 1990-07-26 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Depositing metal onto a surface |
| WO1990008203A3 (en) * | 1989-01-14 | 1990-11-01 | Ford Motor Canada | Depositing metal onto a surface |
| US5245153A (en) * | 1989-01-14 | 1993-09-14 | Ford Motor Company | Depositing metal onto a surface |
| EP1497035A1 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-01-19 | Ebara Corporation | Arc spraying torch head |
| EP1497035A4 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2009-04-29 | Ebara Corp | Arc spraying torch head |
| US7184810B2 (en) | 2002-09-04 | 2007-02-27 | Solianis Holding Ag | Method and a device for measuring glucose |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2518430A1 (en) | 1983-06-24 |
| HU185595B (en) | 1985-02-28 |
| DE3247792A1 (en) | 1983-06-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |