GB2039817A - Method of Manufacturing Plastics Closures for Containers - Google Patents
Method of Manufacturing Plastics Closures for Containers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2039817A GB2039817A GB7900755A GB7900755A GB2039817A GB 2039817 A GB2039817 A GB 2039817A GB 7900755 A GB7900755 A GB 7900755A GB 7900755 A GB7900755 A GB 7900755A GB 2039817 A GB2039817 A GB 2039817A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- tubular portion
- closure
- projection
- die
- container
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
- B65D47/04—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps
- B65D47/06—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages
- B65D47/12—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages having removable closures
- B65D47/127—Snap-on caps
- B65D47/128—Snap-on caps with internal parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C37/00—Component parts, details, accessories or auxiliary operations, not covered by group B29C33/00 or B29C35/00
- B29C37/0003—Discharging moulded articles from the mould
- B29C37/0014—Discharging moulded articles from the mould by flexibly or permanently deforming undercut portions of the articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0053—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor combined with a final operation, e.g. shaping
- B29C45/0055—Shaping
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/40—Removing or ejecting moulded articles
- B29C45/44—Removing or ejecting moulded articles for undercut articles
- B29C45/4407—Removing or ejecting moulded articles for undercut articles by flexible movement of undercut portions of the articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C57/00—Shaping of tube ends, e.g. flanging, belling or closing; Apparatus therefor, e.g. collapsible mandrels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C67/00—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C69/00—Combinations of shaping techniques not provided for in a single one of main groups B29C39/00 - B29C67/00, e.g. associations of moulding and joining techniques; Apparatus therefore
- B29C69/02—Combinations of shaping techniques not provided for in a single one of main groups B29C39/00 - B29C67/00, e.g. associations of moulding and joining techniques; Apparatus therefore of moulding techniques only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0053—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor combined with a final operation, e.g. shaping
- B29C45/0055—Shaping
- B29C2045/0056—Shaping folding back undercut forming parts, e.g. tabs of closures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C53/00—Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
- B29C53/02—Bending or folding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/56—Stoppers or lids for bottles, jars, or the like, e.g. closures
- B29L2031/565—Stoppers or lids for bottles, jars, or the like, e.g. closures for containers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Closures For Containers (AREA)
Abstract
A method of manufacturing a plastics closure for a container having a neck formed with an annular flange 15 the closure being of the kind comprising a tubular portion (1) having an inner annular projection (7) adapted to co-operate with the annular flange of the container neck, and a capsule-type portion (2) which is closed at the top and connected to the tubular portion (1) via a weakened zone (5), such method comprising die casting in one piece the tubular portion (1), the weakened zone (5) and the capsule-type portion (2) of the closure with the inner annular projection (7) projecting from the inside wall of such tubular portion (1), in the form of a continuous fin inclined towards the opening (6) of the tubular portion (1), extracting the workpiece from the die and folding back the projection (7), subsequent to extraction from the die, giving it an inclination opposite to that obtained by die casting. The outer end (7a) of projection (7) engages the base end of the annular flange (15). <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Method of Manufacturing Plastics Closures for
Containers in General, and Closure Obtained by such Method
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing plastics closures for containers in general, more particularly bottles, whose neck is formed with an outer annular flange matching the mouth. The invention also relates to the product obtained using such method.
The closure to which the method according to the invention relates is of the kind comprising a tubular portion having an inner annular projection adapted to co-operate with the annular flange of the container neck, and a capsule-type portion which is closed at the top and connected to the tubular portion via a weakened zone, such capsule-type portion forming the cap for opening and closing the container after the weakened zone has been broken.
According to the prior art, closures of the kind specified are manufactured by die casting, using sufficiently resilient and flexible plastics materials, such as, for instance, medium density polyethylene, to enable the male member of the die to be extracted from the cavity of the closure despite the presence of the inner annular projection, which in practice forms an undercutting, without having to use extremely complex, expensive dies which are incompatible with the type of product to be manufactured.
In a first prior art method the inner annular projection is provided in the form of a relatively thin lip, possibly having radial undulations, to add to the resilience of the material a structural flexibility adapted to ease the removal of the male member from the die during extraction.
In a second prior art method the inner projection takes the form of a plurality of radial fins disposed one beside the other and distributed around the periphery of the tubular portion of the capsule. Examples of closures using flexible internal projections of the kind indicated hereinbefore are illustrated in German Patent No.
1,092,793 and German Patent Application No.
1,532,442 respectively.
In both cases, although the structural flexibility of the projection and the resilience of the material used enables the problem of extracting the male member from the die to be solved, considerable difficulties are however created by the anchoring of the closure to the container neck, more particularly during the time when the container must remain sealed-i.e., when the capsule-type portion acting as a cap has not yet been detached from the tubular portion.
Since anchoring of the closure to the container is mainly performed by engagement of the projection with the lower surface of the annular flange of the container neck, if such projection is flexible and resilient, so as to facilitate the extraction of the male member from the die during manufacture, it also enables the whole closure to be relatively easily extracted from the container neck by slipping off parallel with the axis of the mouth.
The possibility of slipping off in this way is a serious disadvantage, more particularly when it must be guaranteed that the container has not been interfered with before its legitimate use.
The inner projection must provide an effective connection of the closure to the container neck with a positive irreversible engagement therewith, so that the container can be opened and closed only via the capsule-type portion, after the weakened zone of connection to the tubular portion has been broken.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a closure of the kind specified in the manufacture of which it is possible to use a substantially rigid plastics material, for instance, polypropylene, which prevents appreciable resilient deformations of the closure which might cause it to slip off the container neck with the possibility of the contents being tampered with.
This object therefore raises the problem of making an annular projection inside the tubular portion of the closure which is adequate to enable the closure to be assembled on the container neck, using conventional capping methods, so that the closure remains stably in the anchored position engaging with the annular flange of the container neck, while at the same time the male member can be readily extracted from the die during the die casting of the closure.
To this end the invention provides a method which consists in die casting in one piece the tubular portion, the weakened zone and the capsule-type portion of the closure unitary with an inner annular projection connected to the inside wall of such tubular portion, in the form of a continuous fin inclined towards the opening of the tubular portion, extracting the workpiece first die cast from the die and folding back the projection, subsequent to extraction from the die, giving it an inclination opposite to that obtained by die casting.
The main advantage obtained by the method according to the invention is that due to the positioning of the projection at an inclination towards the opening of the tubular portion of the closure, the male part, or a portion thereof, of the die can readily be extracted from the cavity of the die cast workpiece, the direction of slipping off being the same as that in which the projection is inclined.
The other advantage is that due to the opposite inclination which the annular projection is given when it is folded back after die casting, the closure can be introduced into the container neck by conventional capping apparatuses, and the free end of the projection is automatically positioned below the flange of the container neck, acting thereagainst like a prong.
The method according to the invention therefore enables a substantially rigid plastics material to be used, with the further advantage of limiting possible resilient deformations in the tubular portion which might also result in the undesirable displacement of the closure from the container neck.
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to an embodiment thereof illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows diagrammatically to an enlarged scale an axial section of the closure according to the invention as it appears during the emergence of the ram.
Figures 2-6 illustrate diagrammatically the significant phases of the bending back of the annular projection of the closure, in accordance with the final part of the method according to the invention, and
Figure 7 illustrates, partially in elevation and partially in section, a closure obtained by the method according to the invention, applied to a container neck.
The drawings, more particularly Figure 1, show the tubular portion 1 of a plastics closure of the kind also comprising a capsule-type portion 2 which is closed at the top by a wall 3 and connected to the tubular portion 1 via a weakened zone 4.
The weakened zone 4 can be of the tearable strip type or be formed by a series of breakable bridges 5 connecting edge 2a of the capsule-type portion 2 to the edge of the tubular portion 1. The capsule-type portion 2 is conventionally intended to form the cap for opening and closing the container after the bridges 7 have been destroyed.
The tubular portion 1 is open to match the other edge 1 b, and the opening 6 is used for mounting on a container neck, as will be more clearly illustrated with reference to Figure 7, and also for extracting the male part of the die.
The inside of the tubular portion 1 is formed with a continuous annular projection 7 in the form of a lip inclined in the direction of the opening 6.
The free end 7a of the projection 7 has transverse dimensions which are larger than those measured in correspondence with section 7b of attachment to the inside wall 1 a of the tubular portion 1.
The closure illustrated is produced by the method according to the invention by diecasting, using a substantially rigid plastics material, such as polypropylene. During the diecasting phase the annular projection 7 is obtained in the inclined position illustrated in Figure 1. This position allows the use of conventional dies in which the male member of the die can be extracted by slipping it off the aperture 6.
As shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, the ram of the die can be formed, for instance, by two concentric pieces A and B, which can both be extracted in the direction indicated by the arrow f.
The piece A is extracted first, so as to release the zone subjacent the projection 7; the piece B is then extracted, which can emerge from the closure cavity despite the presence of the head B,, since the projection 7 can bend hingably around section 7b of attachment to the wall 1 c of the tubular portion 1, although the body of the projection 7 is substantially rigid in accordance with the intrinsic properties of the plastics used.
Following die casting, the closure is subjected to the operational phases diagrammatically illustrated in Figures 2-6, by which the annular projection 7 is upset, rotating around the section 7b, until it adopts the position symmetrical in relation to the diametric plane passing through the section 7b.
This position, illustrated in Figure-6, is obtained by exerting an axial thrust on the end 7a.
These operational phases are carried out by a conventional apparatus formed, for instance, by a punch 8 having a raised edge 9 corresponding to the end 10 which is introduced into the cavity of the tubular portion 1 through its aperture 6. The punch 8 has an axial portion 8a having a diameter less than the inside diameter of the cavity of the tubular portion 1, so that when the punch is inserted into such cavity an annular gap 11 is formed which is intended to contain the projection 7 during the upsetting phase, as can be seen in Figure 5.
This limits the possible outward bending of the wall of the tubular portion 1, as shown in Figure 5.
When the bending of the projection 7 has been completed, as can be seen in Figure 6, the punch 8 is extracted from the tubular portion 1 and the closure is ready to be mounted on a container neck by passing the latter through the aperture 6.
As can be appreciated from the foregoing, the container capping operation can therefore be performed using conventional apparatuses, since the projection 7 is bent into a position favourable for fitting the closure on to the container neck.
Referring to Figure 7, it will be seen that the closure according to the invention is mounted on the neck 12 of a container 13 which, in the example illustrated has a conventional pouring lip 14.
The neck 12 has a conventional annular flange 1 5 abutted from below by free end 7a of the projection 7 during the assembly of the closure.
To anchor satisfactorily the closure, and more particularly the tubular portion 1, to the container neck 12, the flange 1 5 conveniently projects from the external plane of the neck 12 by an amount not greater than the length of the projection 7, measured between the attachment section 7b and the free end 7a. This makes it impossible for the closure to become disengaged from the container neck 12. Due to the inherent rigidity of the plastics used, once the projection 7 is in position between wall 1 c of the tubular portion 1 and the portion 1 2a subjacent the annular flange 1 5, it acts like a prong, and any further rotation around the attachment section 7b is prevented by the substantial absence of clearance below the flange 1 5.
The container can therefore be closed and opened only in the conventional way via the capsule-type portion 2 after the breakage of the bridges 5 connecting it to the tubular portion 1.
The result is the advantages set forth hereinbefore both as regards the manufacture of the closure and the functional requirements which it must meet on the container.
Claims (6)
1. A method of manufacturing a plastics closure for a container having a neck formed with an annular flange to match the mouth and of the kind comprising a tubular portion having an inner annular projection adapted to co-operate with the annular flange of the container neck, and a capsule-type portion which is closed at the top and connected to the tubular portion via a weakened zone, the capsule-type portion forming the cap for opening and closing the container after the weakened zone has been broken, such method comprising die casting in one piece the tubular portion (1), the weakened zone (5) and the capsule-type portion (2) of the closure unitary with an inner annular projection (7) connected to the inside wall (1 c) of such tubular portion (1), in the form of a continuous fin inclined towards the opening (6) of the tubular portion (1), extracting the workpiece first die cast from the die and folding back the projection (7), subsequent to extraction from the die, giving it an inclination opposite to that obtained by die casting.
2. A method according to Claim 1 characterised in that the projection (7) is bent back by a rotation around the section (7b) of attachment to the inside wall ( 1 c) of the tubular portion (1), by exerting a thrust on the free end (7a).
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
4. A closure obtained by the method according to any of Claims 1 to 3.
5. A closure according to Claim 4 characterised in that the annular projection (7) extends between the section (7a) of attachment to the inside wall (1 c) of the tubular portion and the free end (7a) by an amount not less than the distance by which the annular flange (1 5) of the neck (12) of the container projects in relation to the outer surface of the neck in the position ( 1 2a) subjacent such flange.
6. A closure substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as shown, in the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7900755A GB2039817B (en) | 1979-01-09 | 1979-01-09 | Method of manufacturing plastics closures for containers |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7900755A GB2039817B (en) | 1979-01-09 | 1979-01-09 | Method of manufacturing plastics closures for containers |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2039817A true GB2039817A (en) | 1980-08-20 |
| GB2039817B GB2039817B (en) | 1982-09-29 |
Family
ID=10502401
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7900755A Expired GB2039817B (en) | 1979-01-09 | 1979-01-09 | Method of manufacturing plastics closures for containers |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2039817B (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0152009A2 (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-08-21 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA | Lid for a fluid package, process and device for making the same |
| GB2208822A (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1989-04-19 | Aurora Plastics Ltd | Moulding of plastics materials |
| USRE33265E (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1990-07-17 | Owens-Illinois Closure Inc. | Tamper-indicating closure, container and combination thereof |
| US5131549A (en) * | 1989-11-09 | 1992-07-21 | Guala S.P.A. | Tamper-evident closure for spirits bottles and the like |
| US5603422A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1997-02-18 | Herrmann; Ernst | Plastic safety closure for bottles simulating the appearance of a traditional cork-type wine bottle closure |
| US5680946A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1997-10-28 | Spatz Laboratories | Sealable container |
| EP0972624A1 (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 2000-01-19 | Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. | Method and molding device for forming a grommet |
| US6171539B1 (en) | 1998-07-15 | 2001-01-09 | Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. | Method for forming a molded grommet |
| WO2002000506A2 (en) * | 2000-06-28 | 2002-01-03 | Saad Taha | Container closure |
| WO2005110707A1 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-24 | Carbonite Corporation | Injection moulding plastic container caps |
-
1979
- 1979-01-09 GB GB7900755A patent/GB2039817B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0152009A2 (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-08-21 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA | Lid for a fluid package, process and device for making the same |
| EP0152009A3 (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1987-04-15 | Tetra Pak Finance & Trading S.A. | Lid for a fluid package, process and device for making the same |
| US4818459A (en) * | 1984-02-15 | 1989-04-04 | Tetra Pak Developpement S.A. | Lid of a liquid pack with process and apparatus for producing the same |
| USRE33265E (en) * | 1985-04-29 | 1990-07-17 | Owens-Illinois Closure Inc. | Tamper-indicating closure, container and combination thereof |
| GB2208822A (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1989-04-19 | Aurora Plastics Ltd | Moulding of plastics materials |
| GB2208822B (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1991-10-02 | Aurora Plastics Ltd | Moulding of plastics materials |
| US5131549A (en) * | 1989-11-09 | 1992-07-21 | Guala S.P.A. | Tamper-evident closure for spirits bottles and the like |
| US5603422A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1997-02-18 | Herrmann; Ernst | Plastic safety closure for bottles simulating the appearance of a traditional cork-type wine bottle closure |
| US5680946A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1997-10-28 | Spatz Laboratories | Sealable container |
| EP0972624A1 (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 2000-01-19 | Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. | Method and molding device for forming a grommet |
| US6171539B1 (en) | 1998-07-15 | 2001-01-09 | Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. | Method for forming a molded grommet |
| WO2002000506A2 (en) * | 2000-06-28 | 2002-01-03 | Saad Taha | Container closure |
| WO2002000506A3 (en) * | 2000-06-28 | 2002-04-04 | Saad Taha | Container closure |
| US6491175B1 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2002-12-10 | Saad Taha | Single piece closure for a pressurized container |
| US6551093B2 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2003-04-22 | Saad Taha | Mold assembly for a container closure |
| US6626310B2 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2003-09-30 | Saad Taha | Closure with gas barrier seal for a pressurized container |
| US6640988B2 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2003-11-04 | Saad Taha | Container closure |
| WO2005110707A1 (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-24 | Carbonite Corporation | Injection moulding plastic container caps |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2039817B (en) | 1982-09-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19980109 |