FR3118639A1 - Construction element with wooden supporting structure embedded in an insulating material made of vegetable concrete, and structure comprising it - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a construction element (1) in the form of a prefabricated panel comprising a load-bearing wooden structure (2) and a non-load-bearing insulation (3) in which the load-bearing structure (2) is embedded. According to the present invention, the insulation (3) is made of vegetable concrete, in particular hemp concrete, and it projects laterally along each side upright (2a, 2b) of the frame to define two bands of insulation projecting next to each other and between which a so-called exposed part of the side upright (2a, 2b) is exposed. The construction element (1) further comprises, along the exposed part of each side post (2a, 2b), a plurality of metal connectors (4) integral with said side post (2a, 2b). The present invention also relates to a structure made from such building elements (1). Figure to be published with abstract: Figure 1.

Description

Construction element with wooden supporting structure embedded in an insulating material made of vegetable concrete, and structure comprising it

The present invention relates to the field of timber frame construction, in particular timber frame construction and vegetable concrete insulation.

In the present application, the expression "vegetable concrete" designates any concrete formed by a mixture of aggregates, derived from hemp, which will be referred to as "hemp concrete", or any other ligno-cellulosic material, and a binder, such as lime or a hydraulic binder and water. Traditionally, hemp concrete designates a concrete whose aggregates are formed by chènevotte and are bound by lime. However, in the present application the expression "hemp concrete" can incorporate, as aggregates, hemp fibers instead of or in addition to hemp, and/or a hydraulic binder and water at the instead of or in addition to lime.

The present invention relates to a prefabricated building element with a load-bearing wooden structure embedded in a vegetable concrete insulation, and to a structure of the wall or partition type comprising such building elements.

In the field of timber frame construction, it is known to use mortars or hemp concrete based on shiv and lime.

For the construction of walls, the hemp mortar is traditionally shuttered or projected onto a supporting wooden frame. The hemp mortar is prepared on site then, in the case of shuttering, poured and tamped between two formwork arranged around the uprights of the wooden frame, or, alternatively, projected onto a permanent formwork.

These ways of proceeding prove to be particularly tedious and expensive because they require in particular the handling of aggressive material such as lime, the use of heavy and specific means such as a mixer, a hemp concrete sprayer and formwork, a time very long drying time of the order of several months depending on the season, and special skills, in particular carpenter and mason applicator.

It has also been proposed to manufacture solid hemp bricks assembled together to form a non-load-bearing wall around a load-bearing wooden structure. Such an implementation makes it possible to overcome at least the above-mentioned problems related to shuttering, but the assembly of non-load-bearing brick walls around the uprights of the wooden frame previously installed does not call for traditional masonry techniques and requires special skills, for example making fine joints to limit thermal bridges, precise cuts, technical coating, etc.

Therefore, despite their recognized properties in terms of thermal and hygrometric regulation, as well as their phonic qualities, hemp mortars are very little used to date. Indeed, these techniques lead to excessive delays on the site due to the slowness of the evaporation of water (hygrometric control) necessary before the good continuation of the work, under penalty of encountering a risk of surface mold.

In the field of timber frame construction, it is also known to use prefabricated insulating panels each comprising a wooden frame filled with an insulating material, such as mineral wool and wood wool. Mineral wool settles over time. Wood wools, even though bio-based, require harmful chemical treatments such as flame retardants and pesticides.

Such prefabricated panels are usually joined together by metal parts attached to each wooden frame, such as rod-type fasteners (nails, screws, bolts, dowels) or surface connectors (shoes, brackets, plates, crampons).

It is also common to assemble such prefabricated panels by interlocking the wooden frames. We can cite the French patent FR2577591 which describes a construction comprising prefabricated panels each having a wooden frame serving as a framework, which panels are able to fit into each other.

However, such means of assembly by metal parts or by interlocking can become deformed. Thus, the mechanical strength of a structure comprising prefabricated panels assembled together by such assembly means is not guaranteed. This type of construction requires a large number of precautions and real know-how. Indeed, these structures, such as houses, resist very badly to water infiltrations which reduce the quality of the building. This fragility leads to disasters more easily than traditional constructions.

To solve the problems which have just been exposed, the solution provided, in accordance with the present invention, consists in proposing a construction element in the form of a prefabricated panel comprising a wooden supporting structure embedded in a concrete insulation. vegetated, the insulation protruding along each vertical edge of the panel so as to be able to define, with the protruding insulation of a second building element, a mold into which keying material can be cast to join together adjoining the two construction elements, being provided, along each vertical edge of the construction elements, metal connectors which will be located in said mold and which will be prisoners of the keying material.

Such a construction element allows the realization of a lighter structure than with a classic construction, dismountable, having a high mechanical resistance and not requiring skilled labor.

The subject of the present invention is therefore a construction element in the form of a prefabricated panel comprising a wooden supporting structure and a non-load-bearing insulation, the supporting structure comprising a wooden frame comprising two lateral uprights, a high and a bottom rail which respectively delimit the side, upper and lower edges of the frame, and spacers extending between the top and bottom rails and/or spacers extending between the side uprights, the supporting structure being embedded in the insulation in such a way that the insulation defines the two opposite faces of the panel, namely a so-called inner face and a so-called outer face, the construction element being characterized in that: the insulation is made of vegetable concrete, in particular of hemp concrete; the insulation protrudes laterally along each side upright, over the entire height of the latter and both on the inside face side and on the outside face side, defining two bands of insulation projecting opposite one another and between which a part, called exposed, of the respective side upright is exposed; and the building element further comprises, along the exposed part of each side post, a plurality of metal connectors integral with said side post and projecting from the side edges of the frame, the metal connectors integral with a side post being offset in height from the metal connectors integral with the other side upright, whereby the two insulating strips projecting from a side upright and the corresponding exposed part of the latter are able to form, with an exposed part of the side upright and the two corresponding strips of insulation protruding from another such construction element, a space for casting, preferably after positioning vertically of a rod cooperating with the metal connectors of the two construction elements, of keying material.

The fact that the wooden supporting structure is embedded in the insulation eliminates thermal bridges.

Plant concrete insulation, in particular hemp concrete, makes it possible to obtain a naturally fireproof construction element, and the two inner and outer faces are each made of a single surface material limiting the different expansions linked to thermal shocks or water can lead to cracks. In addition, hemp is a bio-based material, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

The fact that the construction element is a prefabricated element comprising both a load-bearing structure and a non-load-bearing insulation allows significant time savings when installing the construction elements.

It is emphasized here that the construction element according to the present invention can be presented not only in the conventional form of a flat panel, but also in the form of a curved panel, for example to obtain a curved or rounded wall. In the same way, the panel can be rectangular or have a more complex geometric shape, for example a quadrilateral if you want to build a gable wall, the top rail then being inclined.

The keying means provided according to the present invention, namely the metal connectors and the keying material, possibly with a vertical rod, form a rigid keying which constitutes a hard point making it possible to maintain construction elements assembled together, even in the event of deformation of the wooden support structure, unlike an assembly by metal parts, in particular by screwing, which can deform.

In addition, these rigid keying means provide double mechanical strength at the junction of the construction elements in addition to the wooden frame embedded in the insulation.

Thus, construction elements can be kept assembled permanently, or if desired until deconstruction or dismantling, by destruction of the keying material, of the structure comprising them.

The keying material can be any material having sufficient mechanical strength to ensure keying and a hard point over time.

Advantageously, the keying material is a conventional hydraulic mortar or concrete or a composite material, or even a resin.

In the case where the keying material is a hydraulic keying mortar or concrete, this hydraulic keying mortar or concrete can be a concrete or mortar lightened, for example, by glass or clay beads or vermiculite. Such a lightweight concrete or mortar makes it possible to maintain the insulation performance and the mechanical properties.

Metal connectors can be key rings.

Preferably, in the case where the insulation contains a hydraulic binder, this hydraulic binder can be plaster combined with aerial lime which optimizes the fire-retardant properties while retaining the pesticide qualities of the lime.

Advantageously, the outer edge of each side upright of the frame, at least in said exposed part of the latter, is covered with a hydrophobic material, such as wax, paraffin, a hydrophobic preformed cardboard or the like. The hydrophobic material makes it possible to protect the surface of the wooden frame intended to come into contact with the keying material. On the other hand, the hydrophobic material applied allows easy demolding in the event of disassembly of a structure comprising the construction elements according to the invention.

The uprights of the wooden frame can be covered with a whitewash for its pesticidal properties: antifungal, bactericidal, insecticide and anti-rodent. This solution naturally preserves the wood from insects, fungi, bacteria and rodents, and avoids other chemical processes that are harmful to health and the environment.

Advantageously, the construction element may further comprise a conductive wire, in particular made of stainless steel, extending in a plane parallel to the mean plane of the construction element, said wire following a serpentine path starting at least from the vicinity of the top rail and extending at least to the vicinity of the bottom rail and, preferably, whose elbows are located along the two side uprights, whereby the construction element can be earthed.

The grounding of the construction element by the conductive wire makes it possible to protect the construction element against electromagnetic fields and to protect against hacking from the outside by isolating the computer networks present inside the construction. .

The conductive wire will preferably be made of stainless steel because this material is not attacked by the different types of lime, when lime is present in the vegetable concrete used for the insulation.

Preferably, the construction element further comprises a woven rope or weft, preferably made of vegetable fiber, in particular hemp, jute or linen, or a metal strip, fixed to at least one of the faces of each upright. lateral which are parallel to the lower and outer faces.

This woven rope or weft, preferably made of hemp, makes it possible to reinforce the construction element, in particular the wooden frame, in its region which undergoes traction during lifting and handling of the construction element, without using of metal reinforcement.

Such a rope therefore allows the construction element to be transported horizontally, favoring logistics by common road transport, and reduces costs compared to vertical transport.

The woven rope or weft can be treated with a milk of lime and/or a hydraulic binder with or without other additives in order to give it additional mechanical resistance, in particular to bending and stretching.

The construction element may also comprise at least one lifting loop secured to the top rail of the wooden frame. This solution makes it easier to transport and lift the construction element.

Preferably, the construction element further comprises means for reinforcing the wooden frame, which reinforcing means are arranged at the junction between each side upright and the top and bottom rails and/or at the junction between each spacer and the side uprights and/or top and bottom rails. The reinforcement means can be metal brackets making it possible to reinforce the angles of the wooden support structure.

Preferably, the construction element further comprises an anti-cracking ply placed against the inner face and/or the outer face of the insulation.

The anti-cracking ply, or otherwise called anti-cracking ply/membrane, constitutes a solid reinforcement protecting the face or faces of the construction element which undergo traction during the handling of the construction element.

Preferably, the anti-cracking ply is made of hessian and/or hemp canvas. It could also be made of glass cloth or any other anti-cracking material.

Preferably, the insulation is multi-layered and the layer of insulation located between the outer face of the insulation and the wooden frame has a different density and/or composition from that of the layer of insulation located between the wooden frame and the inner face of the insulation.

The differences in density and/or composition of the insulation make it possible to obtain better mechanical and sealing properties on one layer and to obtain better acoustic and thermal properties on the other layer.

More particularly, the denser layer makes it possible to obtain better mechanical and sealing properties and the less dense layer makes it possible to obtain better acoustic and thermal properties.

These differences in density and/or composition also make it possible to adapt to construction needs (climate, usefulness of the construction, exposure, geographical constraints, regulations, etc.).

Preferably, the layer of insulation located between the exterior face of the insulation and the wooden frame is denser than the layer of insulation located between the wooden frame and the interior face of the insulation.

Metal connectors or connecting clips can be provided between the different layers of insulation.

Advantageously, the construction element further comprises at least one metal shoe on the edge, on the outside, of the bottom rail of the wooden frame, preferably two metal shoes at the level of each side upright. The metal shoe(s) make it possible to isolate the construction element from rising water by capillarity.

In addition, the recovery of the keying system of the construction elements on the shoes allows earthing of the construction elements.

Preferably, the construction element also has a layer of pre-coating applied to the inner face of the insulation and/or an adhesion layer applied to the outer face of the insulation.

The prior application of a coat of pre-coating and/or a primer coat reduces labor time on site.

By applying a layer of pre-coating on the inside face of the insulation, the evacuation of water from the outside is favored, which reduces the drying time inside, and will allow to obtain optimum mechanical strength and watertightness until a satisfactory percentage of humidity is obtained in order to apply the coating to ensure hydrometric regulation.

The construction element may also have a finishing layer applied on the exterior face and/or interior face of the insulation.

The wooden frame may comprise at least one lintel reinforced with a cord or woven weft, preferably made of vegetable fiber, in particular hemp, jute or linen, or a metal strip.

Such a rope makes it possible to take up the bending/traction forces.

The construction element may include electrical or technical ducts.

The frame spacers can be arranged to allow one or more carpentry reception openings to be made in the insulation, between the spacers. Thus, the construction element is suitable for the post-cutting of the opening(s). The sash struts may also constitute one or more lintels in the sash.

The present invention also relates to a structure of the wall or partition type, characterized in that it comprises at least two construction elements as defined above, assembled to one another by being joined and joined by their lateral edges, the space formed, on the one hand, by the two strips of insulation protruding from a side upright and the corresponding exposed part of the latter of a building element and, on the other hand, by the exposed part of the side upright and the two corresponding strips of insulation protruding from the other construction element, being filled with a keying material in which the metal connectors of the two successive construction elements are trapped, as well as, preferably, a rod cooperating with said metal connectors.

A structure, such as a wall or a partition, made from construction elements according to the present invention, is lighter than a traditional construction (concrete blocks cement, bricks, shuttered concrete) and therefore requires less load-bearing structure on the ground (very significant gain in reinforced concrete).

In addition, such a structure can be dismantled by cutting off the keying system between the construction elements, and can therefore be reused.

In addition, the presence of lime and/or hydraulic binder in the insulation of the construction element makes it possible to create a structure with the particularity of being a regulator of the interior hygrometry (in general, around 50%). Thanks to its thermal inertia and hygrometric regulation, this type of construction provides a feeling of comfort.

To better illustrate the object of the present invention, there will be described below, by way of indication and not limitation, a particular embodiment with reference to the appended drawing.

On this drawing :

is an exploded perspective view of a building element according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

is a perspective view of the construction element of the ;

is an enlarged side view of part of the construction element of the ;

is a horizontal sectional view of the assembly area of two assembled construction elements; And

is a perspective view of a structure according to the present invention comprising a plurality of construction elements assembled together.

The present invention relates to a prefabricated construction element 1 for producing a structure of the wall or partition type.

The building element 1 according to the present invention comprises a load-bearing wooden structure 2 embedded in a non-load-bearing insulation 3 made of vegetable concrete, preferably hemp concrete, namely a concrete based on a mixture of hemp, lime and/or hydraulic binder.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the construction element 1 is a multilayer construction element comprising a plurality of layers making it possible to give the construction element 1 the desired properties. The wooden support structure 2 comprises a wooden frame 2, comprising a wooden frame, in particular quadrangular.

The quadrangular frame comprises two side uprights 2a, 2b, a high smooth 2c and a low smooth 2d.

It should be noted that the uprights 2a, 2b and the stringers 2c, 2d can be resized into beams, depending on the mechanical stresses of the structure.

The two side uprights 2a, 2b delimit the side edges of the frame 2.

The top rail 2c and the bottom rail 2d respectively delimit the upper and lower edges of the frame 2, and respectively define the upper and lower edges of the construction element 1.

As can be seen on the , in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the frame can be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape, to allow the construction of gable walls.

In order to stiffen the structure of the wooden frame 2, the frame 2 also includes 2nd wooden spacers. In particular, the second spacers can be vertical spacers, which can also be referred to as posts or uprights, which extend between the top 2c and bottom 2d stringers and/or horizontal spacers extending between the side uprights 2a , 2b.

The uprights and smooth 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d and the spacers 2e delimit spaces for receiving the insulation 3.

The second spacers can also be arranged so as to delimit an opening intended to receive a carpentry element.

The wooden frame 2 is embedded in a non-bearing insulation 3.

The insulation 3 is made of vegetable concrete, preferably made from a mixture of hemp, lime and/or hydraulic binder. For example, insulation 3 can be made from hemp, lime and plaster. Another hydraulic binder could be used instead of the plaster, such as a clinker, a quick natural cement, a hydraulic lime, a pozzolan or a metakaolin.

It should be noted that the present invention could be applied to a construction element whose insulation would include any other lignocellulosic or biosourced fiber instead of hemp.

The building element 1 preferably comprises several layers of insulation, advantageously at least three layers of insulation. In the preferred embodiment shown in the , the building element 1 comprises three layers of insulation, namely a central layer 3a, a front layer 3b and a rear layer 3c. It should be noted that as a variant, the building element 1 could comprise a single layer of insulation. The central layer 3a is located inside the wooden frame 2, between the side uprights 2a, 2b, the top rail 2c and the bottom rail 2d, and in particular in the reception spaces defined between the frame of the frame 2 in wood and spacers 2nd. Thus, the thickness of the central layer of insulation 3a substantially corresponds to the width of the side uprights 2a, 2b of the frame 2 of wood.

The front layer 3b covers one of the faces of the central layer 3a.

The rear layer 3c covers the other face of the central layer 3a.

The face of the rear layer of insulation 3c opposite the face of the rear layer 3c on the central layer 3a side defines the outer face of the insulator 3. The face of the front layer of insulation 3b opposite the face of the layer front 3b on the central layer 3a side defines the inner face of the insulator 3.

Each of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of insulation has a top face, a bottom face, two side faces, a front face and a back face.

As can be seen on the , the front 3b and rear 3c layers of insulation extend from the top rail 2c to the bottom rail 2d of the frame 2, respectively covering the front and rear faces of these rails 2c, 2d. Thus, the upper face of the upper smooth 2c is located in the same plane as the upper face of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulation, and the lower face of the lower smooth 2d is located in the same plane as the face lower front 3b and rear 3c layers of insulation 3.

As can also be seen on the , the side faces of each of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulator 3 extend in the same plane which is offset with respect to the plane in which the outer side face of each side upright 2a, 2b is located. In particular, the side uprights 2a, 2b of the frame 2 are recessed relative to the side faces of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulator 3. In other words, the front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulator 3 cover the uprights 2a, 2b of the wooden frame 2 and project on either side of the side uprights 2a, 2b of the wooden frame 2, defining two projecting strips of insulation 30 on each side of the construction 1 On the same side of the construction element 1, the two projecting strips of insulation 30 face each other and are spaced apart so as to leave exposed a part 20, said to be exposed, of the side upright 2a, 2b. Thus, the side faces of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulation 3 and the exposed part 20 of each side upright 2a, 2b define the side edges of the construction element 1.

As can be seen in Figures 2 and 3, an open space is defined between the exposed part 20 of each side upright 2a, 2b and the opposite faces of the projecting strips of insulation 30 of the front 3b and rear 3c layers of insulation 3.

The central 3a, front 3b and rear 3c layers of the insulation 3 can be of the same density and of the same composition or have a different density and/or composition. In particular, the layer of insulation located between the outer face of the insulation 3 and the wooden frame 2, namely the rear layer 3c, can be denser than the layer of insulation located between the wooden frame 2 and the inner face of the insulation 3, namely the front layer 3b.

Metal connectors or metal and/or composite and/or organic connecting clips can be provided between the different layers 3a, 3b, 3c of insulation.

As can be seen in Figures 1 to 5, the construction element 1 comprises metal connectors 4 for the assembly of two construction elements 1 between them. These metal connectors 4 are here intended to receive a rod 5 and to be embedded in a keying material 6. Thus, the metal connectors 4 of the two construction elements 1, the rod 5 and the keying material 6 constitute a keying system .

As can be seen on the , the metal connectors 4 are attached to each side upright 2a, 2b of the frame 2 of wood. The metal connectors 4 are regularly spaced along the outer side face of each side upright 2a, 2b, in particular, along the exposed part 20 of each side upright 2a, 2b. The metal connectors 4 on one of the side uprights 2a, 2b of the frame 2 are offset longitudinally, namely in the direction of the length of the side upright 2a, 2b, from the metal connectors 4 on the other side upright 2a, 2b of this same frame 2. Thus, when two construction elements 1 are in the assembled state, the metal connectors 4 of one of the construction elements 1 extend between the metal connectors 4 of the other construction element 1.

In the embodiment shown, the metal connectors 4 are keying rings. These keying rings comprise a fixing part 40 and an annular receiving part 41. The fixing part 40 is in the form of a rod passing through the side upright 2a, 2b of the frame 2 and secured to this side upright 2a, 2b. The annular receiving part 41 is in the form of a tubular section carried by the fixing part 40 and projecting beyond the outer side face of the side post 2a, 2b. The central axis of the tubular section is perpendicular to the axis of the attachment part 40. The annular receiving parts 41 are arranged such that the openings defined by the tubular section of each annular receiving part 41 of two elements of construction 1 joined are aligned with each other.

In the embodiment shown in the , metal connectors 4 are secured to one of the side uprights 2a, 2b of the construction element 1 and other metal connectors 4 are secured to the other side upright 2a, 2b.

As can be seen on the , this keying system allows the assembly of two contiguous construction elements 1 by their side edges. When the construction elements 1 are contiguous by their side edges, the side faces facing the insulator 3 of two construction elements 1 are applied against each other with the inner faces of the insulators 3 located in the same plane. and the outer faces of the insulators 3 located in the same other plane. In this assembled state, the two projecting strips of insulation 30 and the exposed part 20 at the level of one of the side uprights 2a of a building element 1 and the two projecting strips of insulation 30 and the exposed part 20 of the corresponding side upright 2b of the other construction element 1, in other words the two open spaces opposite each of the two construction elements 1, form a closed casting space 7. This closed casting space 7 constitutes a mold or a formwork for casting keying material 6.

As can be seen on the , the metal connectors 4 of each of the two adjoining construction elements 1 are traversed by a rod 5. The rod 5 can be a metal and/or composite and/or organic rod. Here, the rod 5 extends from the lower edge to the upper edge of the construction element 1. The rod could also not extend over the entire distance separating said upper and lower edges. In the embodiment shown, the rod 5 is received in each annular receiving part 41 of the metal connectors 4 of the adjoining construction elements 1 located in the same casting space 7.

The metal connectors 4 and the rod 5 of two contiguous construction elements 1 are held in an assembled state by a keying material 6 cast in the casting space 7 defined between the two construction elements 1.

The keying material 6 can be any material having sufficient mechanical strength to ensure keying and a hard point over time, such as a mortar or hydraulic concrete, a composite material, a resin, etc.

In addition to integrating a function that is both structural and insulating, the construction element 1 according to the present invention integrates a function of protection against electromagnetic fields.

In order to ensure the function of protection against electromagnetic fields, the construction element 1 is earthed by a conductive wire 8 and/or by means of metal shoes 9.

In particular, as can be seen in the , the construction element 1 may comprise a conductive wire 8 in stainless steel extending in the plane of the wooden frame 2 and circulating, following a serpentine path, between the side uprights 2a, 2b and between the top rails 2c and bass 2d. In particular, the bends of the conductive wire 8 are formed at the level of the side uprights 2a, 2b or at the level of the top 2c and bottom 2d stringers. It should be noted that, in the case where the conductive wire 8 does not extend to the side uprights 2a, 2b or to the healds 2c, 2d, the bends of the conductive wire 8 can also be formed in the insulation 3. Thus, the conductive wire 8 forms a grid inside the construction element 1. This conductive wire 8 is connected to the ground via metal shoes 9. In Figures 1 and 2, one can see that each construction element 1 comprises two metal shoes 9 in contact with each of the two ends of the bottom rail 2d of the frame 2, in other words fixed at each of the two side uprights 2a, 2b. Alternatively, each construction element 1 could comprise a single elongated shoe 9. Depending on the mechanical constraints, each construction element 1 could also comprise three metal shoes 9, including two shoes 9 in contact with each of the two ends of the bottom rail 2d of the frame 2 and a shoe 9 in contact with the central part of the 2d bottom rail.

As can be seen on the , each sabot 9 comprises at least one locking screw 90 of the stainless steel conductive wire 8 making it possible to connect the conductive wire 8 to the sabot 9.

In the case where the construction element 1 does not include a stainless steel conductive wire 8, it can be grounded by connecting the metal connectors 4 and the rod 5 of the keying system, to metal shoes 9, the rod 5 being in this case a metal rod.

This beneficial phenomenon is amplified by the coupling of the organic/vegetable silica present in the hemp, the mineral silica present in the binder and the residual water in the insulation.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention represented in Figures 1 and 2, the construction element 1 comprises a layer of pre-coating 10, an adhesion layer 11 and an anti-cracking layer 12.

As can be seen on the , the pre-coated layer 10 is applied against the inner face of the insulator 3, namely against the front face of the front layer 3b of the insulator 3. The pre-coated layer 10 covers the entire face inner insulation 3.

The grip layer 11 is applied against the outer face of the insulator 3, namely against the rear face of the rear layer 3c of the insulator 3. The grip layer 11 covers the entire outer face of the insulation 3.

The application of a layer of pre-coating 10 and of a bonding layer 11 during the manufacture of the construction element 1 makes it possible to reduce the labor time on the site.

The anti-cracking ply 12 is placed against the inner face and/or against the outer face of the insulator 3. The anti-cracking ply 12 can be a ply made of hessian or glass cloth or any other anti-cracking material. -cracking.

Thus, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the construction element 1 comprises, in order from the inside to the outside of the construction element 1, a layer of pre-plaster 10, a anti-cracking ply 12, a front layer of insulation 3b, a central layer of insulation 3a integrated into the wooden frame 2 and crossed by a stainless steel conductive wire 8, a rear layer of insulation 3c, and a layer of hook 11.

The construction element 1 further comprises means for reinforcing the wooden frame 2. The reinforcement means comprise hemp ropes 13 and/or brackets 14.

As can be seen on the , the brackets 14 are arranged at the junction between the top rail 2c and the side uprights 2a, 2b and at the junction between the bottom rail 2d and the side uprights 2a, 2b. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, four brackets 14 are integral with the four corners of the frame 2 in wood.

Brackets could also be arranged between the second spacers and the top 2c and/or bottom 2d stringers and/or the side uprights 2a, 2b.

The hemp ropes 13 are in the form of woven ropes or wefts. The ropes 13 are attached to each side upright 2a, 2b of the wooden frame 2. In particular, the ropes 13 are fixed to the frame 2, on the front layer 3b side of the insulation 3.

In the embodiment shown, the construction element 1 further comprises a sealing strip 15 fixed to the bottom rail 2d of the wooden frame 2. In particular, the sealing strip 15 is fixed to the underside of the bottom rail 2d, and extends from one side upright 2a, 2b to the other side upright 2a, 2b.

Preferably, the construction element 1 also comprises at least one lifting loop 16 secured to the top rail 2c of the frame 2.

In the preferred embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, the construction element 1 comprises two lifting loops 16. One of the lifting loops 16 is integral with one end of the top rail 2c and the other lifting loop 16 is secured to the other end of the top rail 2c. In particular, each lifting loop 16 comprises a fixing part fixed in the top rail 2c and an annular lifting part protruding beyond the upper edge of the top rail 2c. It should be pointed out that the building element 1 could include more than two lifting loops 16.

The building element 1 can also include electrical and/or technical reservation ducts (not shown). The reservation ducts make it possible to pass electrical and/or technical connections, for example fluids, without damaging the integrity of the construction element 1. The reservation ducts extend into the insulation 3.

The prefabricated construction element 1 according to the present invention can advantageously be manufactured flat, lifted, then transported flat to the construction site.

The method of manufacturing the construction element 1 according to the present invention comprises: a step of forming the wooden frame 2, a step of positioning the metal connectors 4, a step of embedding the wooden frame 2 in the insulation 3, a drying step, a mold release step and one or more intermediate steps.

In the step of forming the wooden frame 2, the side uprights 2a, 2b and the upper 2c and lower 2d stringers are assembled in order to form a frame of quadrangular shape, for example. 2e struts are then attached to the frame or to each other as needed and with a predetermined spacing.

In the step of fitting the metal connectors 4, the metal connectors 4 are secured to the side uprights 2a, 2b of the wooden frame 2, at predetermined locations along the exposed part 20.

Before the step of embedding the wooden frame 2 in the insulation 3, the method may include intermediate steps during which the pre-coating layer 10 is applied to the bottom of the mold, then the anti-cracking ply 12 is placed in place above the layer of pre-coating 10. The mold has dimensions corresponding to those of the construction element 1 to be obtained.

In the step of embedding the wooden frame 2 in the insulation 3, the wooden frame 2 is put in place, lying horizontally in the mould. Then, the insulating material, for example hemp concrete, is poured into the mold so as to embed the frame 2 in wood.

After insulation 3 has dried, component 1 is removed from the mold.

Preferably, the manufacturing process also comprises intermediate steps during which one or more lifting loops 16 are secured to the wooden frame 2, a sealing strip 15 is fixed to the wooden frame 2, ropes 13 made of hemp and brackets 14 are fixed to the wooden frame 2, a stainless steel conductive wire 8 is arranged between the frame of the wooden frame 2 according to a predetermined configuration, the insulation 3 is covered with a grip layer 11 on its outer face, and one or more shoes 9 are connected to the building element 1.

The manufacturing method may also include a step consisting in covering the wooden uprights 2a, 2b and the smooth 2c, 2d with a whitewash of whitewash and a step consisting in applying a hydrophobic material to the outer side face of each upright. side 2a, 2b, in particular on the exposed part 20. These steps make it possible to protect the wooden frame 2 vis-à-vis the keying material 6 and against fungi, insects and bacteria.

As can be seen in Figures 4 and 5, a plurality of construction elements 1 according to the present invention can be assembled together so as to produce a structure of the wall or partition type.

Such a structure comprises construction elements 1 assembled two by two being joined and joined by their side edges and/or by their lower and upper edges, in the case of structures of the multi-storey house type as represented in the . Two consecutive construction elements 1 joined by their side edges are assembled by means of their metal connectors 4, the rod 5 and the keying material 6.

The method of assembling two consecutive construction elements 1 and joined by their side edges is easy and quick to implement. Indeed, it suffices to place a rod 5 in the closed casting space 7 formed between the two construction elements 1, so that the rod 5 crosses each of the metal connectors 4, then to cast a keying material 6 of so as to fill the casting space 7. The metal connectors 4 and the rod 5 are therefore embedded in the keying material 6, thus assembling the construction elements 1 in a reliable and durable manner.

Such an assembly method allows the production of a removable structure, and therefore the reuse of the construction elements 1. Indeed, in order to dismantle such a structure, it suffices to cut the keying material 6 and the metal connectors 4 between two construction elements 1. When reusing a construction element 1, the metal connectors 4 which have been cut off must be replaced, a new rod 5 must be put in place and a keying material 6 must be poured during assembly.

In the case of a wall-type structure, the layers of insulation on each side of the wooden frame 2, namely the front 3b and rear 3c layers, may have a thickness of 10 cm each, and a width (distance between the side edges of the front and back layers of insulation) 2.4 meters. The wooden frame 2 can have the following dimensions: a length of each side upright 2a, 2b of 3 meters, a width of the front or rear face of the top rail 2c of 8 cm, a thickness (between the front and rear faces uprights) of 16 cm.

Claims (10)

Construction element (1) in the form of a prefabricated panel comprising a load-bearing wooden structure (2) and a non-load-bearing insulation (3), the load-bearing structure comprising a wooden frame (2) comprising two side uprights (2a, 2b), a top rail (2c) and a bottom rail (2d) which respectively delimit the side, upper and lower edges of the frame (2), and spacers (2e) extending between the top rails (2c ) and bottom (2d) and / or spacers (2e) extending between the side uprights (2a, 2b), the supporting structure (2) being embedded in the insulation (3) so that the insulation ( 3) defines the two opposite faces of the panel, namely a so-called inner face and a so-called outer face, the construction element (1) being characterized in that:

• the insulation (3) is made of vegetable concrete, in particular hemp concrete,
• the insulation (3) projects laterally along each side upright (2a, 2b), over the entire height of the latter and both on the inside face side and on the outside face side, defining two projecting strips of insulation (30 ) opposite each other and between which a so-called exposed part (20) of the respective side upright (2a, 2b) is exposed, and
• the construction element (1) further comprises, along the exposed part (20) of each side upright (2a, 2b), a plurality of metal connectors (4) integral with said side upright (2a, 2b) and forming projecting from the side edges of the chassis (2), the metal connectors (4) integral with one side upright (2a, 2b) being offset in height from the metal connectors (4) integral with the other side upright (2a, 2b) ,

whereby the two projecting strips of insulation (30) of a side upright (2a, 2b) and the corresponding exposed part (20) of the latter are able to form, together with an exposed part (20) of a side upright (2a, 2b) and the two corresponding protruding insulating strips (30) of another such construction element (1), a space (7) for casting, preferably after positioning vertically a rod (5) cooperating with the metal connectors (4) of the two construction elements (1), of a keying material (6). Construction element (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a conductive wire (8), in particular of stainless steel, extending in a plane parallel to the mean plane of the construction element ( 1), said wire (8) following a serpentine path starting at least from the vicinity of the top rail (2c) and going at least to the vicinity of the bottom rail (2d) and, preferably, whose elbows are located along the two side uprights (2a, 2b), whereby the building element (1) can be earthed. Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it also comprises a cord or woven weft (13), preferably made of plant fibre, in particular hemp, jute or linen, or a metal strip, fixed on at least one of the faces of each side upright (2a, 2b) which are parallel to the lower and outer faces. Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it also comprises means (14) for reinforcing the wooden frame (2), which means for reinforcing (14) are arranged at the junction between each side upright (2a, 2b) and the upper (2c) and lower (2d) stringers and/or at the junction between each spacer (2e) and the side uprights (2a, 2b) and/or the top (2c) and bottom (2d) stringers. Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it also comprises an anti-cracking ply (12) placed against the internal face and/or the external face of the insulation (3). Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the insulation (3) is multilayer and the layer of insulation (3c) located between the outer face of the insulation (3 ) and the wooden frame (2) has a different density and/or composition from that of the insulation layer (3b) located between the wooden frame (2) and the inside face of the insulation (3). Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it also comprises at least one metal shoe (9) on the edge, on the outer side, of the bottom rail (2d) of the wooden frame (2), preferably two metal shoes (9) at each side upright (2a, 2b). Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it also has a layer of pre-coating (10) applied to the inside face of the insulation (3) and/ or a bonding layer (11) applied to the outer face of the insulation (3). Construction element (1) according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the wooden frame (2) comprises at least one lintel reinforced by a cord or woven weft (13), preferably made of vegetable fiber , in particular hemp, jute or linen, or a metal strip. Structure of the wall or partition type, characterized in that it comprises at least two construction elements (1) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 9, assembled to each other by being joined and contiguous by their lateral edges, the space (7) formed, on the one hand, by the two projecting insulating strips (30) of a lateral upright (2a, 2b) and the exposed part (20) corresponding to the latter of a building element (1) and, on the other hand, by the exposed part (20) of the side post (2a, 2b) and the two corresponding protruding strips of insulation (30) on the other construction element (1), being filled with a keying material (6) in which the metal connectors (4) of the two successive construction elements (1) are trapped, as well as, preferably, a cooperating rod (5) with said metal connectors (4).