FR3001841A1 - ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTROMAGNETIC MOTOR OR GENERATOR WITH PERMANENT MAGNETS AND WINDING ELEMENTS WITHOUT IRON - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a motor (M) or an electromagnetic generator with at least one double gap comprising one or more permanent magnet elements (1, 1a to 1d) carrying a series of permanent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) and one or more winding elements (3, 3a to 3c) carrying at least one winding. The element or each of the winding elements (3, 3a to 3c) comprise at least one support means (5) for at least one winding, the support means (5) for at least one winding that does not contain any iron. Thus, the creation of a relaxation torque is avoided as well as the losses iron in the winding. Applications in the field of electromagnetic motors or generators.

Description

The present invention relates to an electromagnetic motor or generator of permanent magnet polycarriers and an iron-free winding element. More particularly, this engine or generator with permanent magnets is lightweight and very high efficiency. A known permanent magnet electromagnetic motor or generator comprises at least one rotor and at least one stator. An electromagnetic motor or generator polyentrefers, so at least a double gap, may comprise at least two rotors surrounding at least one stator or at least two stators flanking at least one rotor. In each of these cases, an air gap is defined between each of said at least two rotors or two stators respectively flanking said at least one stator or rotor. At least one series of permanent magnets is carried by one or more permanent magnet elements, this or these permanent magnet elements being one or more rotors or respectively one or stators, in practice frequently one or more rotors, although this is not limiting. In addition, at least one winding is carried by one or more winding elements, this or these winding elements being one or more stators when the permanent magnet element or elements are one or more rotors or respectively one or more rotors when the or the permanent magnet elements are stators. In practice, the winding element or elements are frequently carried by one or more stators. According to the state of the art, a winding element comprises iron, the iron being able to be constituted by the winding support means or a central iron core for channeling the magnetic field passing through the winding element. For example, the support means of a winding element may also have iron teeth separating different winding sections. CN201869064 discloses a polyentrefers motor with a double stator acting as a winding element surrounding a rotor acting as a permanent magnet element, these magnets being based on rare earths. The rotor is positioned between the two stators, a winding being integrated in an assembly slot of the stator winding support means which also comprises an iron core. For the rotor, the permanent magnets are embedded in a conductive ring to provide a multi-pole magnetic field for the air gaps on the left and right sides simultaneously. Each stator can drive the rotor in rotation and the two stators can work simultaneously or alternately. Such a dual stator motor and a single rare earth permanent magnet rotor provide increased output power and its efficiency is improved over a single gap motor. However, in addition to being heavy because of the presence of iron, such a permanent magnet motor has the disadvantage of having a residual torque called a detent couple de-energized. This relaxation torque, also called cogging torque in English, is due to the magnetic interaction between the permanent magnets of the permanent magnet element, for example the rotor, and the iron present in the winding element, for example the stator, the iron being frequently used for producing the notches of the winding support means. This torque is undesirable for the proper functioning of such an engine. In addition, the presence of iron in the element or the winding elements of the engine or the generator polyentrefers creates iron losses. These iron losses can be of two types. The first type concerns losses by hysteresis due to the permanent magnetization of the magnetic path. The second type relates to eddy current losses produced by the rotating magnetic field. These losses lead to overheating of the motor or generator as a whole as well as to losses of torque due to a lower intensity of current available for the operation of the motor or produced by the generator. high speeds of operation. To compensate for these two types of losses, it has been envisaged to use specific materials or to create a laminated magnetic path in an engine or generator. So far, this has not been satisfactory. Thus, EP-A-2 461 462 relates to a permanent magnet motor comprising a rotor containing a soft magnetic material and a first permanent magnet and a stator containing a stator coil for generating a magnetic field, an air gap is provided between the rotor and the stator. An upper surface of the first outwardly oriented magnet is partially covered by a first flow channeling portion which is made of soft magnetic material. The permanent magnet motor has permanent magnets covered only partially with soft magnetic material. Therefore, the detent torque can be significantly reduced while only slightly reducing the torque of the motor. It is also possible to provide winding holding elements such as notches or inclined teeth, which minimizes the relaxation torque. This has not been satisfactory and this document however only partially solves the problem of the avoidance of the relaxation torque due to the iron present in the winding element.

More recently, it has been envisaged to provide an ironless stator for an engine or an electromagnetic generator, this only for a motor or a generator with a single gap. The interest of a motor or generator without iron would be to eliminate losses by eddy current and magnetic hysteresis, these losses occurring because of the iron contained in the stator. However, the role of the iron element or elements in the stator is to allow looping of the created magnetic field, which has the advantage of channeling the magnetic field and improves the efficiency of the engine or the generator.

It is therefore necessary to compensate for this disadvantage of an engine or generator having a stator without iron. However, for a stator that does not include iron, a partial equivalent of the looping of the magnetic field can not be obtained by any winding. As the presence of iron and in particular an iron core in the stator seemed required for the channeling of the magnetic field created during the operation of the engine, there was a strong prejudice against the removal of one or more iron elements in the or the stators of an engine or a generator, in particular the iron core associated with the support element of at least one winding of this stator.

This is particularly relevant for a motor or generator polyentrefers for which the channelization of the magnetic field is particularly crucial. The problem underlying the present invention is to reduce or even cancel the existing expansion torque in a motor or generator polyentrefers permanent magnets and minimize iron losses due to the presence of iron in the stator while allowing at least partially a conduit of the magnetic field between at least one rotor and at least one stator.

For this purpose, according to the invention there is provided an electromagnetic motor or generator with at least one double air gap comprising at least two rotors flanking at least one stator or at least two stators flanking at least one rotor, a gap being defined between each of said at least two rotors or two stators and said at least one stator or rotor thus framed, at least one series of permanent magnets being carried by one or more permanent magnet elements, this element or each of these permanent magnet elements being part of a rotor or a respective stator, while at least one winding is carried by one or more winding elements, this element or each of these winding elements forming part of a stator when the or each of the permanent magnet elements are part of a rotor or part of a rotor, respectively, where the or each of the permanent magnet elements form part of a stator, that element or each of the elements to be winding comprising at least one means for supporting at least one winding, characterized in that the means for supporting at least one winding does not contain iron. Optionally, the invention further comprises at least any of the following features: - said at least one support means has teeth or notches for partially maintaining said at least one winding. said at least one support means is in the form of a ring or a flat ring. said at least one winding element is made of plastic, composite, ceramic or glass material. said at least one series of permanent magnets carried by the permanent magnet element or elements has its adjacent magnets mounted with their inverted polarity. said at least one series of permanent magnets carried by the element 5 or the permanent magnet elements has its adjacent magnets mounted in a Halbach structure. at least one pair of permanent magnet elements is provided, each permanent magnet element having a respective side facing the winding element which it frames with, for each permanent magnet element, its magnets mounted according to the Halbach structure establishing an increased magnetic field on the side facing the associated coil element, while the magnetic field is decreased or canceled on its opposite side to the coil element. at least the permanent magnets of a series of permanent magnets are in the form of tiles or paving stones. at least one permanent magnet element has housings respectively receiving a permanent magnet of said at least one series of magnets which it carries, this permanent magnet having a thickness substantially greater than or equal to that of the housing. The permanent magnets of the permanent magnet element or elements are chosen from ferrite magnets, rare-earth-based magnets such as neodymium-iron-boron magnets or samarium cobalt magnets, aluminum-based magnets , nickel and cobalt, with or without thermoplastic binder. The element or elements with permanent magnets do not contain iron at least on the passage of the emitted magnetic field. - The element or the winding elements are covered or previously provided with a protective hoop at least on one or sides respectively turned towards a permanent magnet element. The winding element or elements comprise at least one winding in the form of a rigid branch formed of crenellations, each crenellation comprising a vertex framed by at least one lateral segment at each of its ends and a base connecting the crenel to a adjacent crest of the rigid branch, each lateral segment connecting an end portion 35 of the apex to an end portion of the base. - There are several rigid branches entangled in each other. the electromagnetic motor or generator is single-phase or multi-phase with at least one winding per phase of current. said at least one winding element is a stator and said at least one permanent magnet element is a rotor. the electromagnetic motor or generator is with axial, radial, transverse or hybrid flux. the electromagnetic motor or generator is an axial flow comprising at least two permanent magnet elements and at least one winding element, these elements being in the form of concentric disks, the said at least two permanent magnet elements being interconnected by a cylindrical shape defining the periphery of the motor or generator, said at least one winding element being connected to a fixed axis passing through the center of the discs formed by said elements, rolling means connecting the cylindrical shape to the fixed axis leaving the cylindrical shape free of rotation relative to the fixed axis. the electromagnetic motor or generator is a radial flux comprising at least two permanent magnet elements and at least one winding element, these elements being in the form of concentric rings, the said at least two permanent magnet elements being interconnected by a first disc delimiting on one side the periphery of the motor or generator, said at least one winding element being connected to a second disk defining on the other side the periphery of the engine or generator, the first disk associated with said at least two elements to permanent magnets being rotatably mounted about an axis passing through its central portion. Other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the detailed description which follows and with reference to the appended drawings given as non-limiting examples and in which: FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a perspective side view of the embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a side view of an embodiment of a radial flow polycarf motor or generatrix according to the present invention. FIG. As shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a top view of a permanent magnet element according to one embodiment of the invention, the permanent magnets being mounted according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a longitudinal half-section perspective view of an embodiment of an engine or a According to the present invention, FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a longitudinal sectional view of the engine or the polyentrefener generatrix shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a FIG. half-section perspective view of an embodiment of a radial flow polycarf motor or generator according to the present invention; FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a radial sectional view of the motor or the generator polyentrefers shown in FIG. 6; FIG. 8 illustrates a view from above of an embodiment of a support means for the winding forming part of a motor or generator polycarfers according to the present invention, this for an axial flow motor or generator with axial flow, FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of one embodiment of the support means according to FIG. 8, which receives several windings according to a non-limiting embodiment of winding, the support means and its windings forming a winding element for a motor or generator axial flow polyentrefers according to the present invention. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in general, a motor M or a polycarrier generator comprises at least two rotors flanking at least one stator or at least two stators flanking at least one rotor, an air gap 4, 4a being defined between each of said at least two rotors or two stators respectively flanking said at least one stator or rotor.

In FIGS. 1 and 2, two air gaps 4 and 4a are shown, which is not limiting and the motor M or the electromagnetic generator consists of two magnet elements 1, the permanent one and a winding element 3. In the nonlimiting case of FIGS. 1 and 2, the two permanent magnet elements 1 form part of the motor rotor M while the winding element 3 forms the stator. The opposite may also be possible as well as a different number of magnet elements 1, the permanent and winding elements 3. At least one series of permanent magnets 2, 2a is carried respectively by each of the elements to magnets 1, the permanent ones, while at least one winding, not shown in the figure, is carried by the winding element 3 disposed between being interposed between the two magnet elements 1, the permanent one defining an air gap 4, 4a between it and each of the two magnet elements 1, the permanent. In this embodiment, the two magnet elements 1, the permanent and the winding element 3 are in the form of concentric rings or rings arranged in the same plane and the permanent magnets 2, 2a have a rectangular shape. or square, which is not limiting. These permanent magnets 2, 2a may have a thickness or be in the form of tiles. According to the present invention, the element or each of the winding elements 3 comprise at least one support means for at least one winding. This support means, visible in Figures 8 and 9 under the reference 5, does not contain iron. This is also valid when the motor M or the generator comprises a plurality of winding elements 3. This is particularly valid for means for holding the winding provided on the winding support means, these means possibly being in the form of teeth or teeth. notches. The relaxation torque and the jerk problems that it generates during the operation of the engine M or the generator are thus canceled. In addition, the iron losses due to the presence of iron in the support means of the winding (s) in the winding element (s) 3 are canceled. In Figures 1 and 2, each magnet element 1, the permanent comprises eight magnets which is not limiting. The winding element 3 is electrically powered by the electrical connections 6, 6a. In Figure 2, the power supply is three-phase, which is not limiting. In this embodiment, the winding element 3 forms the stator of the motor M given the presence of these electrical connections 6, 6a but it is not excluded that the winding element or elements 3 form the rotor or rotors of the M engine or generator. In this case, the electrical connection may take another form, for example by being in continuous friction between a conductive element carried by the winding element and a conductive fixed element during the rotation of the rotor or rotors then formed by the element. winding. In Figures 1 and 2 it is only shown a series of permanent magnets 2, 2a per magnet element 1, the permanent. This is not limiting and it can also be provided according to the invention several sets of permanent magnets 2, 2a for the same magnet element 1, the permanent. In Figures 1 and 2, only one magnet of each series of magnets is referenced respectively 2 or 2a but this reference applies to all the magnets of the series. Each series of magnets 2, 2a has a form of thick circular arc. It is said that they are axial flow because their magnetic field is orthogonal to the plane of the arc. The center of the arc goes through the axis of rotation of the motor or electromagnetic generator. Advantageously, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, at least one series of permanent magnets 2, 2a carried by the magnet element or elements 1, the permanent presents its magnets 2, 2a adjacent to each other mounted with their reversed polarity. On the other hand, the magnets 2 of one or more series of magnets arranged on a permanent magnet element 1 are advantageously aligned respectively with a magnet of a series or of each series disposed on one or more other magnet elements. permanent. In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the series or series of permanent magnets 2 of one or more permanent magnet elements 1 have its adjacent magnets mounted in a Halbach structure. A Halbach structure consists of a particular arrangement of permanent magnets 2 which makes it possible to increase the magnetic field on one side of the series of permanent magnets while the magnetic field on the other side of the series is substantially canceled. This is achieved by having a specific pattern for disposing permanent magnets, particularly as shown in FIG. 3. Such an arrangement is particularly but not only advantageous when the motor M comprises a single winding element interposed between two permanent magnet elements. the magnetic field is then concentrated in the space between the two permanent magnet elements containing the winding element.

Thus, it can be advantageously provided at least one pair of permanent magnet elements, each permanent magnet element having a respective side facing the winding element that they frame with, for each permanent magnet element, its magnets mounted. according to a Halbach structure establishing an increased magnetic field on the side facing the associated winding element, while the magnetic field is decreased or canceled on its opposite side to the winding element. This reduces the loss of the magnetic field. Referring in particular to Figures 1 to 3 in combination, at least one magnet element 1, the permanent housing 8, 8a respectively receiving a permanent magnet 2, 2a of said at least one series of magnets it carries. Permanent magnets 2, 2a are preferably glued in their housing 8, 8a, for example at their four corners when they are square or rectangular. Advantageously, the permanent magnet 2, 2a associated with a housing 8, 8a has a thickness substantially greater than or equal to that of the housing 8, 8a. The fact that the one or more magnet elements 1, the permanent members have such housings 8, 8a makes it possible to guarantee the cohesion between the magnets 2, 2a and the magnet element 1, the permanent ones, this especially when the element 25 magnets 1, the permanent serves as rotor to the motor M, the high speed of rotation of the magnet element 1, the permanent can cause the detachment of the magnets 2, 2a, in particular by centrifugal force. Such housings 8, 8a make it possible to avoid an encapsulation or shrinking operation of the magnet element or elements 1, the permanent, costly and time consuming operation of the element or elements 1, The front often be placed in an oven for a longer or shorter period. The use of such housings 8, 8a can be applied to all embodiments of the present invention. These housings 8, 8a can be obtained by various methods, for example by removal of material by machining or spark erosion or during molding of the element or elements in a mold having suitable shapes for making the housing 8, 8a. Conversely, it is possible to perform a complementary shrinking operation on the magnets 2, 2a placed in their respective housing 8, 8a but this operation can be reduced compared to a hooping operation known from the state of the art. The housings 8, 8a are advantageously obtained by machining the element or the magnet elements 1, the permanent. Figures 4 and 5 show an embodiment of a motor M or an axial flow polyflow generator according to an embodiment of the present invention. As previously mentioned, the winding elements and the permanent magnet elements can be reversed and the embodiment shown in these figures is not limiting. This motor M or generator consists of four winding elements 3, 3a, 3b, 3c interposed between five permanent magnet elements 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, each carrying at least one series of permanent magnets 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. Air gaps 4, 4a to 4g respective, visible in Figure 5, are provided for each winding element 3, 3a to 3c between this element 3, 3a to 3c and each of the two magnet elements 1, the Id to the framing .

Each of the winding elements 3, 3a to 3c and each of the magnet elements 1, the Id is advantageously in the form of a disc centered on a central axis 9. All these discs are concentric and arranged axially one after the other with respect to the central axis 9. The winding elements 3, 3a to 3c are connected to the axis 9 and form the stator of the motor M, this without this being limiting. The magnet elements 1, the permanent ID in the form of disks are interconnected at their outer periphery by a cylindrical shape 11 forming a rotor and encompassing them. The cylindrical shape 11, also enveloping the winding elements 3, is connected to the axis 9 by bearings 10, preferably at each of its ends. The cylindrical shape 11 can therefore freely rotate about the axis 9 by filling its rotor function. The magnets 2, 2a to 2d of each of at least one series of magnets present on a permanent magnet element 1, the ld are oriented in a similar manner, this for all the permanent magnet elements 1, la to Id. This orientation is advantageously parallel to the axis 9.

According to the present invention, in this embodiment of an axial motor or generator, at least the winding elements 3, 3a to 3c do not contain iron. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate an embodiment of a motor M or a radial flow polycarfener generator according to the present invention. In this nonlimiting embodiment, the magnet elements 1, la, lb permanent are three in number and advantageously each in the form of a ring. The permanent magnet elements 1, 1a, 1b interconnect between two magnet elements 1, 1a, 1b adjacent to a winding element 3, 3a. These winding elements 3, 3a are two in number in these figures and are advantageously each in the form of a ring. An air gap is left between each winding element 3, 3a and each of the two magnet elements 1, la, b associated therewith. All the magnet elements 1, 1a, 1b are connected to a first disk 20 covering them on one side. On the other side of the motor M, the winding elements 3, 3a are joined to a second disk 12 covering them. The disks 20 and 12 thus insert the magnet elements 1, 1a, 1b and the winding elements 3, 3a between them, advantageously forming a closed assembly, this for example by a rim provided on the periphery of at least one disk and substantially perpendicular to the plane of the disk, in the figure the disk 20 associated with the magnet elements 1, 1 a, 1 b, while leaving a space between the two disks 20 and 12. One of the disks 20, 12 can rotate and form the motor rotor M while the other disk 12 is fixed and forms the motor stator M. Each of the disks 20, 12 can be extended by an axis 13, 14, this axis 13 being fixed when it is associated with the disk forming stator, here the second disc 12. According to the present invention, in this embodiment of a motor or radial generator, at least the winding elements 3, 3a do not contain iron.

Advantageously, with reference to all the figures, for all the embodiments of the present invention, the permanent magnets 2, 2a to 2d of the element or the magnet elements 1, the permanent ld can be chosen from magnets ferrites, rare-earth magnets such as neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets or samarium cobalt magnets (SmCo), magnets based on aluminum, nickel and cobalt (AINiCo), with or without a binder thermoplastic. Similarly for all the embodiments and still referring to all the figures, in the motor M or the generator, advantageously the magnet element or elements 1, the permanent Id do not contain iron at least on the passage of the magnetic field emitted. This makes it possible to lighten the total weight of the engine M or the generator and to minimize its iron losses. Advantageously, the motor M or the electromagnetic generator 10 according to the present invention may be single phase or polyphase. In this case, it advantageously has at least one winding per phase of current. Advantageously, also for all the embodiments of the invention, for the motor M or the electromagnetic generator according to the present invention, the element or the elements with winding 3, 3a to 3c can be covered with a protective hoop. at least on one or both sides turned respectively to a magnet element 1, the permanent Id. This protective hoop may advantageously be formed by a heat-shrinkable tape, for example a draping composite material based on glass fibers, this without this being limiting. For all the described embodiments of the present invention, the winding (s) of the winding elements 3, 3a to 3c may be a conventional winding consisting of a good conductor wire wound on a support means, which means may be present teeth spacing the coils or helping to position them. The winding (s) 25 are advantageously made of copper or aluminum wire. The support means may be, without limitation, based on a material containing no iron and be for example plastic, composite, glass. This support means may advantageously be flexible and elastically deformable. An example of a possible support means is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. In this embodiment, the winding support means provided for a winding element is in the form of a ring or a ring. flat comprising a series of at least partial reception means 15 of at least one winding which it supports. These receiving means may be in the form of notches 15 arranged in the plane of the ring or of the flat ring formed by the support means 5. These notches 15, preferably radial, are therefore capable of cooperating with the or the windings for its positioning on the support means 5. The receiving means 15, for example in the form of notches, advantageously face the element or the associated permanent magnet elements. The support means 5 has been illustrated in FIG. 8 in the form of a crown or a ring. This form is more particularly suitable for an axial flow motor or electromagnetic generator. This support means 5 can also be substantially in the form of a disc with a winding wound around. This disc advantageously has a recess in its middle part. Such a support means is then more particularly suitable for an electromagnetic motor or generator with a radial flow. The support means 5, not containing iron, may be formed of one or more elements. In the case of several elements, these elements are thin and superimposed or wound on each other, for example in the form of sheets, the support means 5 then being laminated material. The sheets are advantageously wound flat around the circular axis of symmetry of the support means 5.

The passage of the current in the winding positioned on the support means 5 creates the induced magnetic field of the motor. The coil can then be embedded in any insulating binder, for example a resin, to ensure good electromagnetic insulation thereof. A non-limiting embodiment of a winding or windings for an engine or a generator according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 9. It should be borne in mind that this embodiment is not limiting and that another winding type may also be envisaged for practicing the present invention, for example a conventional coil winding. In this embodiment, the winding is in the form of a rigid branch 16, in Figure 9 three rigid branches 16 which corresponds to the use of a three-phase current. This or these rigid branches 16 are advantageously in one piece. The or each of these rigid branches 16 are formed of slots, each slot comprising a top 17 framed by at least one lateral segment 18 at each of its ends and a base 19 connecting the slot to an adjacent slot of the rigid branch 16, each side segment 18 connecting an end portion of the apex 17 to an end portion of the base 19. In Figure 9, the apex 17, the side segments 18 and the base 19 are referenced for a single slot. Advantageously, as shown in Figure 9, there are provided several rigid branches 16 entangled in each other. Advantageously, the side segments 18 of the crenellations form the active parts of the corresponding rigid branch 16. One or more rigid branches 16 make it possible to improve the mechanical stability of the support means 5. As previously mentioned, such a motor M or electromagnetic generator according to the present invention may be of axial, radial flow, that is to say tangential to the axis of rotation or respectively perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the motor. However, it is also possible to design a transverse or hybrid engine M or generator, the flow being, for example, both perpendicular and tangential to the axis of rotation of the engine or the generator. In general, when the motor M or electromagnetic generator has several winding elements, for a given phase 20, the windings of different winding elements are connected in series or in parallel.

Claims (19)

REVENDICATIONS1. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator with at least one double gap (4, 4a to 4g) having at least two rotors flanking at least one stator or at least two stators flanking at least one rotor, an air gap (4, 4a to 4g) being defined between each of said at least two rotors or two stators and said at least one stator or rotor thus framed, at least one series of permanent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) being carried by one or more magnet elements (1, the at 1d) permanent, this element or each of these permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) forming part of a respective rotor or stator, while at least one winding is carried by one or more elements with winding (3, 3a to 3c), this element or each of these winding elements (3, 3a to 3c) forming part of a stator when the or each of the permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) are part of of a rotor or, respectively, forming part of a rotor when the or each of the magnet elements (1, 1 a to 1d) are part of a stator, this element or each of the winding elements (3, 3a to 3c) comprising at least one support means (5) of at least one winding, characterized in that the means support (5) of at least one coil does not contain iron. 2. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to the preceding claim, wherein said at least one support means (5) has teeth or notches for partially maintaining said at least one winding. 3. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the two preceding claims, wherein said at least one support means (5) is in the form of a ring or a flat ring (5). 4. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support means (5) of said at least one winding element (3, 3a to 3c) is of plastic material, composite, ceramic or glass. 5. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said at least one series of permanent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) carried by the magnet element or elements (1 , the to 1d) permanent presents its magnets (2, 2a to 2d) adjacent mounted with their inverted polarity. 6. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said at least one series of permanent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) carried by the magnet element or elements (1 the permanent one to 1d) presents its adjacent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) mounted in a Halbach structure. 7. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to the preceding claim, wherein there is provided at least one pair of permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d), each permanent magnet element (1, la to 1d) exhibiting a respective side facing the winding element which it frames with, for each permanent magnet element (1, la to 1d), its magnets (2, 2a to 2d) mounted according to the Halbach structure establishing an increased magnetic field on the side facing the associated winding element (3, 3a to 3c), while the magnetic field is decreased or canceled on its opposite side to the winding element (3, 3a to 3c). 8. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least the permanent magnets (2, 2a) of a series of permanent magnets are in the form of tiles or pavers. 9. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one permanent magnet element (1, la to 1d) has housings (8, 8a) respectively receiving a magnet (2, 2a). at 2d) of said at least one series of magnets which it carries, said permanent magnet (2, 2a to 2d) having a thickness substantially greater than or equal to that of the housing (8, 8a). 10. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the permanent magnets (2, 2a to 2d) of the element or permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) are selected from ferrite magnets, rare earth magnets such as neodymium iron boron magnets or samarium cobalt magnets, magnets based on aluminum, nickel and cobalt, with or without a thermoplastic binder. 11. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) do not contain iron at least in the passage of the emitted magnetic field. 12. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the element or elements coil (3, 3a to 3c) are covered or previously provided with a protective hoop at least on a or sides turned respectively to a permanent magnet element (1, la to 1d). 13. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the winding element or elements (3, 3a to 3c) comprise at least one winding in the form of a rigid branch (16) formed crenellations, each crenel comprising a vertex (17) flanked by at least one lateral segment (18) at each of its ends and a base (19) connecting the crenel to an adjacent crenel of the rigid branch (16), each lateral segment (18) connecting an end portion of the apex (17) to an end portion of the base (19). 14.Engine (M) or electromagnetic generator according to the preceding claim, wherein there are provided several rigid branches (16) entangled in each other. 15. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, which is single-phase or polyphase having at least one winding per phase of current. 16. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one winding element (3, 3a to 3c) is a stator and said at least one magnet element (1, la to 1d) permanent is a rotor. 17. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to any one of the preceding claims, which is axial, radial, transverse or hybrid. 18. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to claims 16 and 17, which motor (M) or generator is axial flow comprising at least two permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) and at least one winding element. (3, 3a to 3c), these elements (1, la to Id; 3, 3a to 3c) being in the form of concentric disks, said at least two permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) being connected to each other by a cylindrical shape (11) delimiting the periphery of the motor (M) or generator, said at least one winding element (3, 3a to 3c) being connected to a fixed axis (9) passing through the center of the disks formed by said elements (1, la to Id; 3, 3a to 3c), rolling means (10) connecting the cylindrical shape (11) to the fixed axis (9) leaving the cylindrical shape (11) free from rotation relative to the fixed axis (9). 19. Motor (M) or electromagnetic generator according to claims 16 and 17, which motor (M) or generator is radial flux comprising at least two permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) and at least one winding element. (3, 3a to 3c), these elements (1, la to ld; 3, 3a to 3c) being in the form of concentric rings, said at least two permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) being interconnected by a first disk (20) defining on one side the periphery of the motor (M) or generator, said at least one winding element (3, 3a to 3c) being connected to a second disk (12) delimiting on the other side the periphery of the motor (M) or generator, the first disk (20) associated with said at least two permanent magnet elements (1, la to 1d) being rotatably mounted about an axis passing through its central portion.