FR2880639A1 - BREAKER OF THERMAL BRIDGES REPORTED FOR A BUILDING STRUCTURE. - Google Patents

Abstract

Elementary module for forming a thermal bridge break between a wall and a substantially horizontal slab of a building, comprising a first insulating plate intended to come into contact with the wall, and comprising a first panel of superinsulating material, and a second insulating plate intended to come into contact with the slab, and comprising a second panel of superinsulating material, the first and second insulating plates being in contact at one of their ends. The panels of super-insulating material are preferably in PIV.

Description

BREAKER OF THERMAL BRIDGES REPORTED FOR A STRUCTURE

BUILDING

  The present invention relates generally to the peripheral insulation of floors and roofs of a building and more particularly the thermal bridge breakers.

  France, a signatory to the Kyoto agreements on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, recently put in place a new thermal regulation called RT2000, which has been applicable since June 2001. This new regulation has reinforced the requirements for thermal insulation buildings and highlighted the growing impact of thermal bridges on overall energy consumption. A thermal bridge is a region with high thermal conductivity connecting two walls of the same building, and having different temperatures. These thermal bridges strongly affect the good insulation of homes. For example, in a typical apartment building, the leakages generated by the thermal bridges alone represent nearly 40% of the overall losses through the envelope. Most of these thermal points are located mainly between the walls of a building and the structure of floors or roofs.

  Without the treatment of thermal bridges, any additional reinforcement of the requirements for thermal insulation of the walls of a building becomes completely obsolete. It is therefore important to have elements to reduce the contribution of the thermal bridges of a dwelling. These elements are known as the thermal bridge breaker.

  These breakers are all the more useful because, in France, the most commonly used insulation technique for building walls is the insulation reported by the interior. This technique has a major disadvantage due to the interruption of the insulation at the junctions of the facade walls with the floors and the rests.

  Since the introduction of the RT2000, many thermal bridge breaker projects have been proposed. Apart from insulation from the outside, all proposed solutions are based on the insertion of insulation in the slab or at the end of the slab. The direct consequence is to reveal a weak link, from a mechanical, acoustic and fire resistance point of view, between the facade walls and the other internal walls of the building. The mechanical linkage thus weakened is no longer able to correctly ensure the transmission of forces with respect to certain types of stresses (earthquake, wind, etc.).

  ). Moreover, the problem is also economic, and comes from the rather high cost that requires the installation of known thermal bridge breakers ... DTD: The invention proposed here allows to correct the thermal bridges of the connections in a building, without altering other performances related to the safety and comfort of the occupants. Another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal bridge breaker that can be easily implemented in existing buildings as well as in new buildings, in accordance with existing regulations (seismic, fire, acoustics). Another object of the present invention is to provide a breaker that can easily be used by insulating or doubling layers, plasterers, plasterers. For this purpose, the present invention relates to an elementary module for forming a thermal bridge breaker fitted between a wall and a substantially horizontal slab of a building, and comprising: - a first insulating plate dlestinée coming into contact with the wall, and comprising a first panel of superinsulating material, - a second insulating plate for coming into contact with the slab, and comprising a second panel of superinsulating material, the first and second insulating plates being in contact at one of their ends.

  By superinsulating material is meant a thermal insulating material with very high performance, and whose thermal conductivity is a few mW / (mK).

  The limited number of parts of the switch, and the direct laying on the wall and the slab allows easy implementation of the breaker according to the invention.

  In a preferred embodiment, the superinsulating material is a vacuum insulating panel.

  This choice of materials makes it possible to limit the thickness of the insulating plates, and to achieve very low thermal transfer coefficients of the order of a few mW / (mK).

  In a further embodiment, the first and second insulating plates comprise a polyurethane material.

  This insulating material is easily moldable directly on the PIV and also provides protection.

  In a preferred embodiment, the elementary module is directly placed on the slab and the wall. This mode of implementation is particularly interesting for old buildings.

  In another embodiment, the slab and / or the wall have a portion of reduced thickness so as to insert the elementary module. This mode of implementation is particularly interesting for new buildings, or for the old building for additional work.

  Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the description which follows. This is purely illustrative and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: - Figure la is schematic diagram of the installation of thermal bridge breakers on a ceiling and a floor of a building.

  FIG. 1b is a view of a first embodiment of a thermal bridge breaker according to the invention, FIG. 2 is a view of a second embodiment of a thermal bridge breaker. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the thermal losses of a building equipped with an external insulation, and those of a building equipped with a thermal bridge breaker according to the invention.

  Figure la is a block diagram of a room of a building having four thermal bridges numbered 10, 12, 14 and 16, and allowing the implementation of thermal bridge breakers according to the invention.

  This piece 1 of a building comprises two vertical walls 20 and 22 delimiting the room in the building and two slabs 30 and 32, the slab 30 acting as a floor for this room, and the slab 32 acting as a ceiling for this room. same room. Each of the vertical walls can be either a facade of the building or a wall of splits. A good part of the thermal leaks of the building part 1 is located at the intersections between the walls 20, 22 and the horizontal slabs 30, 32, and respectively constituting the thermal bridges 10, 12, 14 and 16. In order to limit these heat losses, L-shaped interrupters are housed at the thermal bridges in order to isolate the interior space of the room 1 of the outside of said room, at thermal bridges. Two breakers reported in L 60 and 62 are positioned respectively at the thermal bridges 10 and 12 to come to marry the corners formed by the floor 30 on the one hand and the vertical walls 20 and 22 on the other hand. An additional floor 50, preferably insulating, completes the insulation of the floor 30 by joining the reported breakers 60 and 62. An L-shaped breaker 64, similar to the breaker 60 and 62 is used to isolate the thermal bridge 16 formed between the ceiling tile 32 and the vertical wall 20. A vertical complementary insulation 40 is placed against the wall 20 to complete the insulation of the part 1 between the two breakers reported in L 60 and 64. Advantageously, the breaker 64 can take the outer shape of a molding or a cornice to add visual approval to the insulation of the ceiling 32. A complementary insulation 52 can be attached to the ceiling 32 to complete the insulation of the ceiling. The L-shaped breaker 66 without complementary insulation 52, such as the breaker 64, having a beveled shape on the ceiling 32, is another possible embodiment of the L-shaped breaker, and isolates the thermal bridge 14 between the ceiling 32 and the vertical wall. 22, this breaker can be interesting especially when a complementary insulation is not necessary on the ceiling.

  Complementary insulators 40, 42 and 52 are conventional insulators known to those skilled in the art, comprising for example an insulating foam, and a facing consisting of a thin plasterboard. The complementary insulating floor 50 may be a light concrete, insulating foam, or any other insulation means known to those skilled in the art.

  Figure 1b shows a sectional view of the thermal bridge 10 consists of the slab 30 and the vertical wall 20 of Figure la. The room 1 of Figure la, and a room 2 immediately below the room 1 in the building are shown, to show the implementation of a thermal bridge breaker for a floor (room 1), and for a ceiling (room 2). The thermal bridge breaker reported in L 60 of the part 1 consists of two insulating plates 100 and 102 respectively. The insulating plate 102 is placed on the horizontal slab 30 (it may possibly be attached to this slab), so that one of these ends come into contact with the vertical wall 20. A second insulating plate 100 is placed and fixed against the vertical wall 20 so that its lower end is in contact (and possibly fixed) on the insulating plate 102. These plates are preferably made of polyurethane of a thickness of less than 100 mm and preferably 60 to 80 mm , having a heat transfer coefficient of 25 to 45 mW / (mK) and therefore a thermal resistance of 1 to 2 m2K / W. Each of the insulating plates 100 and 102 comprises at its center a panel of superinsulating material, 11C) and 112 respectively. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1b, these panels of superinsulating material are preferably positioned in the center of the insulating plates. These panels 110 and 112 are preferably constituted by Vacuum Insulating Panels (PIV) of small thickness (1 to 2 cm) and having a coefficient of thermal conduction of the order of a few mW / (mK), ie a thermal resistance of 1 to 4 m2K / W.

  Note that one can consider the case where it is the insulating plate 100 which is placed against the vertical wall 20 so that one of its ends is in contact with the slab 30. The insulating plate 102 is then placed on the slab 30 so that one of its ends comes into contact with the insulating plate 100.

  An additional layer of finish, or cladding 120, such as a plasterboard for example can be fixed against the insulating panel 100 to hide the appearance of this panel. This layer 120 may also cover the complementary vertical insulation 40 of Figure la in the current part of the wall 20.

  Similarly, an additional layer 122 may be placed on the insulating plate 102, as well as on the complementary insulator 50 of FIG. 1a, so as to constitute a directly usable support for laying a parquet, a carpet, or any other floor covering .

  The lower part of the thermal bridge 10, constituted by the lower parts of the slab 30 and the vertical wall 20, corresponds to an angle of the ceiling of the part 2 of Figure lb. A thermal bridge breaker, similar to the ceiling switch 64 of Figure la is installed there. This breaker is also similar to the thermal bridge switch 60 of the floor of the room 1 and described above. It consists of a first insulating plate 104 fixed to the ceiling of the part 2 against the lower part of the slab 30. This plate comprises a first panel of superinsulating material 114, and is positioned so that one of its The ends are in contact with the vertical wall 20. A second insulating plate 106, comprising a panel of superinsulating material 116, is fixed against the vertical wall 20 so that its upper end is in contact (and possibly fixed) with the plate. 104. A panel of superinsulating material 116 is included in the insulating plate 106, but is positioned in the plate 106 near the face opposite to the face fixed against the wall 20. The panel of superinsulating material can actually be embedded in the polyurethane (PU) insulating plate, thus occupying a substantially central position in the thickness of the insulating plate. This panel may also be positioned near one of the outer faces of the insulating plate, and thus be in the immediate vicinity of the wall or the slab, or in direct contact with them. This panel can also be placed near the face opposite to the face of the insulating plate in contact with the slab or the wall. Additional layers 126 and 124, such as facings, are shown in FIG. 1b covering the insulating plates 106 and 104 in a manner similar to the complementary layers 120 and 122 of the part 1. The layer 124, for example, may be a plate plaster..

  By super-insulating material is meant a material whose thermal conductivity is less than a few milliwatts per meter and degree Kelvin.

  The assembly of the thermal bridge breaker on the ceiling of the room 2 can be carried out in two stages, first positioning the insulating plate 104 on the ceiling and then positioning the insulating plate 106 against the vertical wall 20. the case where the thermal bridge breaker takes the advantageous form of a molding or a cornice, as specified above, the laying can be carried out directly under the slab 30 and against the vertical wall 20, and without requiring the complementary layers 126 and 124.

  Thermal bridge breakers according to the invention can be in the form of two non-integral plates installed one after the other on a thermal bridge at a floor or a ceiling. They may also be in the form of integral plates, forming a substantially straight angle between the plate intended to come into contact with the floor or the ceiling, and the plate intended to come into contact with the vertical wall.

  In the two thermal bridge breakers shown in FIG. 1b, the panels of superinsulating material, 110 and 112, and 116 and 114 respectively, are not in contact.

  In a second embodiment of the breaker according to the invention shown in FIG. 2, the panels of superinsulating material 110 and 112 are substantially close to each other, or even in contact, just as the panels of superinsulating material 114 and 116. In this embodiment, the panels of superinsulating material 110 and 116, embedded in the PU insulating plates 100 and 106 respectively, are placed in a substantially central position in these plates.

  The insulating plate of a thermal bridge breaker according to the invention is advantageously made of polyurethane (PU) but may also be constituted by any other insulating material known to those skilled in the art. The interest of the PU lies in the ease it offers to be molded on the PIV to form an insulating plate for the thermal breaker according to the invention. Another possibility would be to stick a PU-type insulating material on the PIV to form the insulating plates.

  The vacuum insulating panels are panels comprising a microporous filling material, vacuum-packed in a film forming a barrier of very low permeability. They have a thermal conductivity approximately ten times lower than that of most insulators. The filling material may be based on polystyrene foam or polyurethane, precipitated silica or fumed silica. An initial vacuum is made to reach pressures of the order of mbar. The film can be made in a metallized plastic. These panels have a thermal conductivity of the order of 5 mW / (mK), or even lower, measured at an ambient temperature. They therefore constitute superinsulating materials. The outer envelope of these panels is fragile and any deterioration can degrade the vacuum as well as the low coefficient of thermal conduction. The molded PU of the insulating plate of the thermal bridge breaker according to the invention constitutes a good protection of this envelope.

  Whether in the case where the PIV is substantially close to one of the outer faces (free face or face in contact with the wall or slab) of the insulating plate, or is located near one end of this plate, it is preferable that the PIV be covered with a thin layer of PU in order to ensure the integrity of the PIV during the handling of the plates and the mounting of the breaker.

  Both PU and PIV have good fire resistance and thus meet current safety standards.

  The thermal bridge breakers according to the invention adapt particularly well to new constructions, since spaces provided for receiving the panels in the vertical walls as in the horizontal slabs can be provided from the design of the building. The breakers according to the invention are also suitable for the repair of old buildings, since the panels can be placed directly against the walls or slabs, limiting the loss of volume seen their small thickness. An effective reduction in the thickness of a portion of the wall and / or the slab may also be considered in order to directly insert the panels constituting the breaker according to the invention, without weakening the mechanical strength of the structure, account given the small thicknesses envisaged.

  FIG. 3 shows the comparison of the heat losses at a thermal bridge, between an external insulation on a facade of a building at a thermal bridge, and two thermal bridge breakers according to the invention positioned as in FIGS. Figures 1b or 2. The comparison of loss measurements over a period from January 1st to April 12th showed that the difference was at most 3% between the two modes of isolation.

  The thermal bridge breakers according to the invention are therefore of an efficiency comparable to an external insulation, which allows the preservation of the external appearance of an old building for example.

  The effectiveness of thermal breakers according to the invention depends essentially on the dimensions of the two branches of the L (length, width, thickness ...) and its shape which can be optimized (molding, cornice, bevel ..). In a preferred embodiment, the thicknesses of the PU insulating plates are chosen according to the thicknesses of the floor covering and the complementary insulation placed on the vertical walls and on the ceilings.

  More complex forms of breakers can be envisaged to allow development of different breaker configurations and thus provide a wider range of products. We can especially consider breakers integrating networks (electrical, water, computer).

Claims (12)

  1. Elementary module for forming a thermal bridge breaker (60, 62, 64, 66) (10, 12, 14, 16) connected between a wall (20, 22) and a substantially horizontal slab 30 of a building, characterized in that it comprises: a first insulating plate (100, 106) intended to come into contact with the wall, and comprising a first panel of superinsulating material (110, 116), - a second insulating plate (102, 104) intended to coming into contact with the slab, and comprising a second panel of superinsulating material (112, 114), the first and second insulating plates being in contact at one of their ends.   The elementary module of claim 1, wherein the superinsulating material is a vacuum insulating panel.   The elementary module of claim 1, wherein the first and second insulating plates comprise a polyurethane material.   4. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first plate is covered with a facing (120, 126) on the side of its free face.   5. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first panel of superinsulating material is substantially in the immediate vicinity of the wall.   The elementary module according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first panel of superinsulating material is substantially centered in the first plate.   7. Elementary module according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first panel of superinsulating material is substantially close to the face opposite to the face of the first insulating plate in contact with the wall.   8. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second insulating plates have a thickness of less than 100 mm.   9. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second superinsulating material panels have a thickness of between 10 and 20 mm.   10. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second superinsulating material panels are located in the first and second insulating plates near their end in contact.   11. Elementary module according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is placed directly on the slab and the wall 12. Elementary module according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the slab and / or the wall has a portion of reduced thickness so as to insert said elementary module in said portion.