FR2840625A1 - Rip-stop fabric with diagonal stability, for paragliding, has warps and wefts interlaced into ribbons to define a pattern of parallelograms each containing stabilizing zones - Google Patents
Rip-stop fabric with diagonal stability, for paragliding, has warps and wefts interlaced into ribbons to define a pattern of parallelograms each containing stabilizing zones Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2840625A1 FR2840625A1 FR0207030A FR0207030A FR2840625A1 FR 2840625 A1 FR2840625 A1 FR 2840625A1 FR 0207030 A FR0207030 A FR 0207030A FR 0207030 A FR0207030 A FR 0207030A FR 2840625 A1 FR2840625 A1 FR 2840625A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- zones
- stabilization
- fabric
- fabric according
- bands
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title abstract description 27
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 title abstract 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000024703 flight behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D25/00—Woven fabrics not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C31/00—Aircraft intended to be sustained without power plant; Powered hang-glider-type aircraft; Microlight-type aircraft
- B64C31/028—Hang-glider-type aircraft; Microlight-type aircraft
- B64C31/036—Hang-glider-type aircraft; Microlight-type aircraft having parachute-type wing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D17/00—Parachutes
- B64D17/02—Canopy arrangement or construction
- B64D17/025—Canopy arrangement or construction for gliding chutes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D1/00—Woven fabrics designed to make specified articles
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2507/00—Sport; Military
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
bobine en quittant la bobine.coil leaving the coil.
L'invention concerne un tissu a armure de type rip-stop ainsi que ['application The invention relates to a rip-stop type weave fabric as well as to the application
d'un tel tissu pour la realisation d'une voile de parapente ou analogue. of such a fabric for making a paraglider sail or the like.
On conna^t deja des tissue de type rip-stop qui comprennent des fils de chane s et des fils de frame qui vent entrecroises de sorte a presenter des bandes de We already know rip-stop type fabrics which include warp yarns and frame yarns which intertwine so as to present bands of
stabilisation de l'armure suivant ies directions chane et frame. stabilization of the armor in the chain and frame directions.
Ainsi, ils comprennent des motifs periodiques appeles couramment << carres rip Thus, they include periodic patterns commonly called << rip edges
stop >> dont chaque cote est forme par une partie d'une desdites bandes. stop >> each dimension of which is formed by part of one of said bands.
Ce type de tissue presente l'avantage d'etre particulierement stable dimensionnellement dans les directions chane et frame, ce qui d'une part limite sa capacite d'elongation dans ces directions et d'autre part augmente sa This type of tissue has the advantage of being particularly dimensionally stable in the chain and frame directions, which on the one hand limits its elongation capacity in these directions and on the other hand increases its
resistance a la dechirure.resistance to tearing.
En outre, la technologie rip-stop presente l'avantage de pouvoir obtenir ces bonnes caracteristiques de resistance mecanique sans augmenter de fa, con In addition, rip-stop technology has the advantage of being able to obtain these good characteristics of mechanical resistance without increasing fa
importante le poids du tissu.important the weight of the fabric.
o C'est pourquoi, les tissue de type rip-stop peuvent etre avantageusement utilises pour la realisation de voiles de parapente ou analogue dans lesquelles o This is why, rip-stop type fabrics can be advantageously used for the production of paraglider sails or the like in which
le rapport resistance mecanique sur poids doit imperativement etre optimise. the mechanical resistance to weight ratio must imperatively be optimized.
Toutefois, les tissue de type rip-stop presentent ['inconvenient d'avoir une s stabilite dimensionnelle dans les deux directions diagonales qui est inferieure a celle obtenue dans les directions chane et frame, ce qui induit une elongation However, rip-stop type fabrics have the drawback of having dimensional stability in the two diagonal directions which is less than that obtained in the chain and frame directions, which induces an elongation.
dissymetrique du tissu sous efforts. asymmetric of the fabric under efforts.
Cet inconvenient est particulierement limitant dans des applications de type o voile de parapente dans lesquelles, outre la resistance mecanique, la stabilite This drawback is particularly limiting in applications of the type o paraglider wing in which, in addition to the mechanical resistance, the stability
dimensionnelle induit directement le comportement en vol du parapente. dimensional directly induces the flight behavior of the paraglider.
L'invention vise done a remedier a cet inconvenient en proposant notamment un tissu de type rip-stop qui presente en outre une stabilite dimensionnelle The invention therefore aims to remedy this drawback by proposing in particular a rip-stop type fabric which also has dimensional stability.
amelioree dans les deux directions diagonales. improved in both diagonal directions.
s De plus, lorsque le tissu doit etre pourvu d'une enduction d'etancheite, la demanderesse a constate que le tissu suivant ['invention permettait d'ameliorer la tenue de ladite enduction en assurant une porosite adaptee a ['application consideree. o A cet effet, et selon un premier aspect, I'invention propose un tissu a armure de type rip-stop comprenant des fils de chane et des fils de frame qui vent entrecroises de sorte a presenter des bandes de stabilisation de l'armure suivant une premiere et une deuxieme direction orthogonales entre elles et a former des motifs periodiques ayant la geometric d'un parallelogramme s rectangle dont chaque cote est forme par une partie d'une desdites bandes, led it tissu com prenant en outre au mo ins deux zones de sta bi lisation prevues a l'interieur de cheque motif, lesdites zones s'etendant respectivement selon une troisieme et une quatrieme direction qui vent orthogonales entre elles et qui vent decalees d'un angle de 45 par rapport respectivement aux premiere et s In addition, when the fabric must be provided with a waterproofing coating, the Applicant has found that the fabric according to the invention made it possible to improve the performance of said coating by ensuring a porosity adapted to the application considered. o To this end, and according to a first aspect, the invention proposes a rip-stop type weave fabric comprising warp threads and frame threads which are intertwined so as to present stabilization strips of the following weave a first and a second direction orthogonal to each other and to form periodic patterns having the geometric of a rectangular parallelogram s each side of which is formed by part of one of said bands, led to fabric comprising in addition taking at least two zones of sta bi lization provided inside each pattern, said zones extending respectively in a third and a fourth direction which are orthogonal to each other and which are offset by an angle of 45 relative to the first and
deuxieme directions.second directions.
Selon un deuxieme aspect, I'invention propose une application d'un tel tissu According to a second aspect, the invention proposes an application of such a fabric
pour la realisation d'une voile de parapente ou analogue. for making a paraglider sail or the like.
D'autres objets et avantages de ['invention appara^'tront au cours de la Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the course of the
description qui suit, faite en reference au schema annexe representant de facon description which follows, made with reference to the annexed diagram representing in a way
conventionnelle l'armure d'un tissu selon ['invention. conventional weave of a fabric according to the invention.
Selon une premiere caracteristique, I'armure est de type rip-stop. Ainsi, elle so comprend des fils de chane 1 et des fils de frame 2 qui vent entrecroises de According to a first characteristic, the armor is of the rip-stop type. Thus, it comprises chain wires 1 and frame wires 2 which are intertwined with
sorte a presenter des bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 de 1'armure. so as to present stabilization bands 3, 4 of the armor.
Dans le mode de realisation represente, I'armure de base est de type toile et les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 s'etendent respectivement dans le sens chane (represente par les colonnes du schema) et dans le sens frame (represente par In the embodiment shown, the basic weave is of the canvas type and the stabilization bands 3, 4 extend respectively in the chain direction (represented by the columns of the diagram) and in the frame direction (represented by
les lignes du schema).the lines of the diagram).
s En variante non represente, on peut prevoir que les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 s'etendent dans deux directions orthogonales differentes, par exemple dans les s In a variant which is not shown, it can be foreseen that the stabilization bands 3, 4 extend in two different orthogonal directions, for example in the
deux directions diagonales du tissu. two diagonal directions of the fabric.
o De fa,con connue, I'armure de type rip-stop comprend done des motifs period iqu es ayant la geometric d 'un parallelogramm e rectang le. les cotes de o In known manner, the rip-stop type armor therefore comprises periodic patterns having the geometric of a rectangular parallelogram. the odds of
cheque motif etant forme par une partie d'une desdites bandes 3, 4. each pattern being formed by a part of one of said bands 3, 4.
Dans le mode de realisation represente, les motifs vent de geometric carree et s vent done conventionnellement appeles K carre rip-stop >>. En variante, selon la stabilisation souhaitee, on peut prevoir une geometric differente, par exemple In the embodiment shown, the wind patterns of geometric square and s wind are therefore conventionally called K square rip-stop >>. Alternatively, depending on the desired stabilization, a different geometric can be provided, for example
sous la forme d'un rectangle ou d'un losange. in the form of a rectangle or a diamond.
Selon une realisation, les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 vent formees avec des fils de titrage plus important que celui des fils formant les autres parties de l'armure, ledit titrage etant obtenu soit en utilisant un fil plus lourd soit en associant plusieurs fils ensemble. Les fils formant les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 vent alors utilises lors du tissage de fa,con alternee avec les fils formant les According to one embodiment, the stabilization bands 3, 4 wind formed with larger titration wires than that of the wires forming the other parts of the armor, said titration being obtained either by using a heavier wire or by combining several wires together . The threads forming the stabilization strips 3, 4 are then used during weaving in a con, alternating with the threads forming the
autres parties de l'armure pour obtenir une armure de type rip-stop. other parts of the armor to obtain a rip-stop type armor.
Selon une autre realisation, les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 vent formees par modification locale de l'armure. Dans l'exemple particulier represente sur le schema, les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4 vent formees respectivement de deux ensembles 5, 6 de trots fils 5a, 5b, 5c; 6a, 6b, 6c adjacents qui vent lies de o fa,con identique dans l'armure. Ainsi, dans le sens chane, I'ensemble comprend trots fils de chane 5a, 5b, 5c qui vent lies aux fils de frame correspondents de fa,con alternee, et reciproquement pour le sens frame. Notons en outre qu'au niveau du croisement entre les bandes de stabilisation chane 5 et frame 6, la According to another embodiment, the stabilization bands 3, 4 wind formed by local modification of the armor. In the particular example shown in the diagram, the stabilization bands 3, 4 wind formed respectively from two sets 5, 6 of trots son 5a, 5b, 5c; 6a, 6b, 6c adjacent which are tied in the same way, identical con in the armor. Thus, in the chain direction, the assembly includes three chain son 5a, 5b, 5c which are linked to the corresponding frame wires in an alternating fashion, and vice versa for the frame direction. Note also that at the crossover between the chain stabilization bands 5 and frame 6, the
contexture est agencee de fa,con particuliere. contexture is arranged in a special way.
En outre, les ensembles 5, 6 vent decalbs l'un par rapport a l'autre de sorte que s la bande 3, 4 presente une contexture alternee d'un ensemble 5, 6 par rapport In addition, the sets 5, 6 are offset relative to each other so that if the strip 3, 4 has an alternate texture of a set 5, 6 with respect to
a l'autre.to the other.
L'armure rip-stop ainsi obtenue presente des proprietes de stabilite dimensionnelle dans les sens chane et frame amelioree, du fait du blocage du o deplacement des fils formant les bandes de stabilisation 5, 6, respectivement The rip-stop weave thus obtained has dimensional stability properties in the chain and improved frame directions, due to the blocking of the movement of the wires forming the stabilization bands 5, 6, respectively.
dans les sens frame et chane.in the frame and chain directions.
Ainsi, I'armure presente une capacite d'elongation dans les sens frame et Thus, the armor has an elongation capacity in the frame and
chane limitee et une bonne resistance a la dechirure dans ces deux sees. limited chain and good tear resistance in these two sees.
Selon une deuxieme caracteristique de ['invention, le tissu comprend en outre au moins deux zones de stabilisation 7-10 prevues a l'interieur de cheque motif, lesdites zones s'etendant respectivement selon une troisieme et une quatrieme direction qui vent orthogonales entre elles et qui vent decalees d'un angle de According to a second characteristic of the invention, the fabric further comprises at least two stabilization zones 7-10 provided inside each pattern, said zones extending respectively in a third and a fourth direction which are orthogonal to each other. and which are shifted by an angle of
45 par rapport respectivement aux premiere et deuxieme directions. 45 with respect to the first and second directions respectively.
Ainsi, le tissu selon ['invention presente en outre une stabilite dimensionnelle amelioree dans les deux directions diagonales par rapport aux directions des Thus, the fabric according to the invention also has improved dimensional stability in the two diagonal directions relative to the directions of the
bandes de stabilisation 3, 4.stabilization bands 3, 4.
Ainsi, la combinaison des stabilisations dans ies quatre directions permet d'obtenir un tissu qui est plus resistant mecaniquement dans toutes les Thus, the combination of stabilizations in the four directions makes it possible to obtain a fabric which is more resistant mechanically in all
directions de sollicitation possibles. possible directions of solicitation.
o Dans le mode de realisation represente sur le schema, les zones de stabilisation 7-10 s'etendent respectivement selon les diagonales du << carre rip stop >>. De fac,on formelle, les zones de stabilisation 7-10 vent au nombre de quatre et vent disposees symetriquement par rapport au centre du motif. Les zones 7-10 vent formees par la repetition d'un ensemble de plusieurs croisements de fils dans lesquels les fils de chane 1 vent places sur les fils de frame 2 correspondents (carre noir sur le schema). Dans l'exemple represente, un ensemble comprend trots croisements et les ensembles vent decales l'un s par rapport a l'autre de sorte que deux zones 7, 8; 9, 10 s'etendent suivant o In the embodiment shown in the diagram, the stabilization zones 7-10 extend respectively along the diagonals of the "rip stop square". So, it is formal, the stabilization zones 7-10 wind four in number and wind arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the pattern. The zones 7-10 wind formed by the repetition of a set of several crossings of threads in which the warp threads 1 wind placed on the corresponding frame threads 2 (black square on the diagram). In the example shown, a set includes three crossings and the wind sets offset from each other so that two zones 7, 8; 9, 10 extend next
chacune des diagonales.each of the diagonals.
Ainsi, de meme que dans les bandes de stabilisation 3, 4, les fils des zones de stabilisation vent bloques dans l'armure, ce qui confere au tissu une resistance Thus, as in the stabilization bands 3, 4, the wires of the wind stabilization zones blocked in the armor, which gives the fabric resistance
o amelioree dans les deux directions diagonales. o improved in both diagonal directions.
Dans une application particuliere, le tissu selon ['invention peut etre utilise pour In a particular application, the fabric according to the invention can be used for
realiser des voiles de parapente.make paragliding sails.
s A cet effet, le tissu est prealablement pourvu de fa,con connue d'une enduction s To this end, the fabric is previously provided in a known manner with a coating
d'etancheite de sorte a obtenir une porosite adaptee a ['application consideree. sealing so as to obtain a porosity adapted to the application considered.
En particulier, la contexture representee sur le schema permet d'obtenir une In particular, the structure represented on the diagram makes it possible to obtain a
telle porosite.such porosity.
o Dans un exemple particulier, les fils de chane et de frame vent en polyamide HT 6.6 et ont un titre de 33 dtex. Les fils vent entrecroises selon l'armure representee sur le schema avec une densite de 57 fils/cm dans le sens chane et 52 fils/cm dans le sens frame, puis le tissu obtenu est enduit avec un melange aqueux de 90% de polyurethane et de 10% de silicone. Le tissu ainsi s obtenu presente un poids de 45 g/m2, une resistance a la dechirure superieure a 2,5 DaN dans le sens chane et a 2, 2 DaN dans le sens frame, et une elongation dans les directions diagonales qui est inferieure a 10% sous 5 Ibs (2,27 kg) o Le tissu selon ['invention, de par sa legerete et sa stabilite dimensionnelle dans toutes les directions, peut egalement etre utilise pour la realisation de voile de o In a particular example, the chain and frame wind wires in polyamide HT 6.6 and have a titer of 33 dtex. The threads are crisscrossed according to the weave shown in the diagram with a density of 57 threads / cm in the warp direction and 52 threads / cm in the frame direction, then the fabric obtained is coated with an aqueous mixture of 90% polyurethane and 10% silicone. The fabric thus obtained has a weight of 45 g / m2, a tear resistance greater than 2.5 DaN in the warp direction and 2.2 DaN in the frame direction, and an elongation in the diagonal directions which is less at 10% under 5 lbs (2.27 kg) o The fabric according to the invention, by its lightness and its dimensional stability in all directions, can also be used for the realization of
parachute, de bateau, de cerf-volant ou encore pour celle de ballons gonflables. parachute, boat, kite or that of inflatable balloons.
De fa,con generals, I'utilisation d'un tissu selon ['invention est particulierement avantageuse lorsqu'une stabilite dimensionnelle et une resistance a la In general, the use of a fabric according to the invention is particularly advantageous when dimensional stability and resistance to
dechirure ameliorees vent requises.improved tear required.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0207030A FR2840625B1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2002-06-07 | FABRIC STABLISE DIAGONALLY |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0207030A FR2840625B1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2002-06-07 | FABRIC STABLISE DIAGONALLY |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2840625A1 true FR2840625A1 (en) | 2003-12-12 |
| FR2840625B1 FR2840625B1 (en) | 2005-02-25 |
Family
ID=29559040
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0207030A Expired - Fee Related FR2840625B1 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2002-06-07 | FABRIC STABLISE DIAGONALLY |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2840625B1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1627944A1 (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2006-02-22 | Mun Su Kim | Method for manufacturing three-dimensional fabric and three-dimensional fabric |
| US20110033687A1 (en) * | 2008-04-25 | 2011-02-10 | Junko Deguchi | Thin woven fabric |
| FR2950903A1 (en) * | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-08 | Porcher Ind | LIGHTWEIGHT FABRIC COATED, IN PARTICULAR FOR SAILING |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3032072A (en) * | 1960-04-26 | 1962-05-01 | Louis I Weiner | Parachute fabric containing stretchand non-stretch-type ripstops |
| JPH04136278A (en) * | 1990-09-20 | 1992-05-11 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Base cloth-treating agent composition and canopy material for paraglider using the same |
| US5277230A (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 1994-01-11 | Milliken Research Corporation | Double twillwoven air bag fabric |
| EP0668382A1 (en) * | 1994-02-22 | 1995-08-23 | Dollfus Mieg Et Cie S.A. | Shedding process to reinforce the tear resistance of a woven fabric with twill or satin weave and their derivatives |
| US20010041486A1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2001-11-15 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Flexible wall material for use in an inflatable structure |
-
2002
- 2002-06-07 FR FR0207030A patent/FR2840625B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3032072A (en) * | 1960-04-26 | 1962-05-01 | Louis I Weiner | Parachute fabric containing stretchand non-stretch-type ripstops |
| JPH04136278A (en) * | 1990-09-20 | 1992-05-11 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | Base cloth-treating agent composition and canopy material for paraglider using the same |
| US5277230A (en) * | 1993-02-22 | 1994-01-11 | Milliken Research Corporation | Double twillwoven air bag fabric |
| EP0668382A1 (en) * | 1994-02-22 | 1995-08-23 | Dollfus Mieg Et Cie S.A. | Shedding process to reinforce the tear resistance of a woven fabric with twill or satin weave and their derivatives |
| US20010041486A1 (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2001-11-15 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Flexible wall material for use in an inflatable structure |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 016, no. 411 (C - 0979) 31 August 1992 (1992-08-31) * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1627944A1 (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2006-02-22 | Mun Su Kim | Method for manufacturing three-dimensional fabric and three-dimensional fabric |
| US20110033687A1 (en) * | 2008-04-25 | 2011-02-10 | Junko Deguchi | Thin woven fabric |
| FR2950903A1 (en) * | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-08 | Porcher Ind | LIGHTWEIGHT FABRIC COATED, IN PARTICULAR FOR SAILING |
| WO2011042653A1 (en) | 2009-10-05 | 2011-04-14 | Porcher Industries | Coated light fabric, in particular for a flight sail |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2840625B1 (en) | 2005-02-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ST | Notification of lapse |
Effective date: 20080229 |