FR2740921A1 - Automatic charging device for electric car battery - Google Patents

Abstract

The device includes a round inductive coupler comprising an emitter (1) placed on the ground. The emitter cooperates with a receiver positioned under a vehicle (3) whose battery is to be charged. Both the emitter and the receiver include an electromagnetic coil (4) part of a magnetic circuit (5). The coil and the magnetic circuit are protected by an insulating shell (6).

Description

Automated device for charging the batteries of a motor vehicle with electric propulsion.

 The present invention relates to improvements made to automated devices for charging the batteries of an electrically propelled motor vehicle, comprising an inductive coupler with a transmitter connected to a source of electrical energy and placed on the ground at a predetermined location of a location. parking for the vehicle and a receiver connected to the vehicle batteries and arranged in a predetermined location on the underside of the vehicle.

 The recharging of the batteries is automatic if it is "transparent" to the user of the vehicle, that is to say if the user of the vehicle is not responsible for any specific operation other than that, current, of parking his vehicle, preferably in forward, on a reserved parking space, arranged either on the cob or in line as the case may be.

 To avoid manual or automated operations of physically coupling the vehicle to a source of electrical energy for charging the batteries, it is known practice to use an inductive coupler comprising a transmitter placed on the ground and connected to the source of electrical energy and a receiver placed on top of the vehicle and connected to the batteries to be recharged.

 The operation and efficiency of the inductive coupler are optimum if the receiver and the transmitter are perfectly centered with respect to each other and if the air gap between them is minimum (although a zero air gap leads to maximum efficiency , it is however necessary to leave an air gap, as small as possible, to avoid wear - due to friction and the presence of dirt - on the cooperating faces of the transmitter and receiver).

 So that the correct mutual positioning of the transmitter and the receiver can be obtained without any other obligation, for the driver, than to park his vehicle on the reserved space in a traditional way and without particular maneuver, it is necessary that the device be specially equipped. I1 is certainly known active mechanisms for correctly positioning the transmitter; However, these active mechanisms, using position detectors, servo-motor servos, extendable arms, etc., are expensive and fragile and require constant monitoring.

 The object of the invention is to propose a fully passive automatic device which calls for simple and inexpensive technical solutions, but which nevertheless ensure high reliability in the mutual positioning of the transmitter and the receiver.

For these purposes, an automated device as defined in the preamble is essentially characterized, being arranged in accordance with the invention, in that it comprises in combination - longitudinal stop means associated with the above
parking space to stop the vehicle in
a predetermined longitudinal position on said
parking space - means of approximate mutual prepositioning of
transmitter and receiver which are functional while
the vehicle is moving on the site
parking to park, but is not yet in
end of garage; and - means for mutual fine positioning of the transmitter and
of the receiver that are functional after the transmitter and
the receiver has previously been approximately
prepositioned and which are arranged in such a way that
the transmitter and the receiver are in a position
precise mutual, centered with respect to each other and
separated by a predetermined air gap, when the
vehicle is stopped by the above abutment means
longitudinal - the transmitter being supported on the ground and / or the receiver
being mounted on the underside of the vehicle with at least two
degrees of freedom in translation, vertically and
transverse to the longitudinal axis of the location of
parking or respectively of the vehicle, and so
to be in vertical interfering positions.

 Thanks to the mobility with elastic return given to the transmitter and / or the receiver, the correct mutual positioning of the transmitter and the receiver comes down to the implementation of purely mechanical guidance means, distributed over two functionally active stages so successive over time, and suitable for ensuring prepositioning, then fine positioning. I1 is then possible to find many technical solutions allowing to cover very diverse requirements, and in particular, thanks to a judicious choice of the structure, it is possible to reduce to a minimum the number of wearing parts and to ensure thus reliable operation over a long period of time. In addition, the fact of admitting a reduced air gap makes it possible to eliminate the wear which would have resulted from the face to face friction of the transmitter and the receiver and above all makes it possible to tolerate the presence of a thin layer of dirt on the the transmitter and / or the receiver and therefore to avoid cleaning before charging.

 Very simply, it can be provided that the longitudinal stop means are mechanical stop means arranged on the ground at the head of the parking space and arranged to be contacted by the wheels of the vehicle located forward in the direction of movement of the vehicle under garage. Such a solution can be adopted in the case of parking spaces arranged on the cob.

 However, it is also possible to provide that the longitudinal stop means are stop means without mechanical contact capable of remotely controlling the stopping of the vehicle, such a command (radioelectric, electromagnetic, electrooptics, etc.) being able to act on the operation of the propulsion engine (s) and / or on the braking system. Such a solution can also be adopted in the case of locations, parking arranged on the cob, but especially in the case of parking locations arranged in a row for which it is not possible to provide the abovementioned mechanical stops.

 In a preferred embodiment, the transmitter is mounted on a vertically movable support plate, the support plate then preferably being supported on the ground by at least three articulated arms in rotation and returned by elastic means in the high position. Of course, the type of assembly envisaged could be attributed to the receiver; however, this articulated mounting with vertical erasure requires a free vertical space which is difficult to find under a motor vehicle whose ground clearance is generally determined as closely as possible.

 To cooperate with a transmitter support plate thus arranged, it is advantageously possible to provide that the means of fine mutual positioning comprise a guide plate disposed under the vehicle and on which the receiver is mounted and that pads of predetermined height are fixed on said guide plate and / or said transmitter support plate, pads on which respectively bear said support plate and / or said guide plate when the vehicle is at the end of the garage on said parking space, whereby an air gap of predetermined value may exist between the emitter and the receiver positioned opposite one another; preferably then, two lateral pads are provided extending along the lateral edges of the transmitter support plate and / or of the guide plate and a central pad extending to the transmitter and / or the receiver from the front edge of the plate.

 It is also expected that the fine mutual positioning means comprise a funnel guide associated with the receiver and / or the transmitter and arranged to guide the transmitter and / or the receiver respectively in a movement approximately transverse to the longitudinal axis of the parking location and / or the vehicle respectively, to finally obtain a transverse centering of one relative to the other; in this case, the emitter or the receiver is mounted with free longitudinal displacement on the support plate or the guide plate respectively and resiliently biased in an anterior position on said plate, and the aforementioned guide is a skirt which partly surrounds the rear respectively of the receiver or the transmitter and which deviates from it by widening laterally, the height of said skirt being such that it extends vertically beyond the receiver or respectively of the transmitter d 'a distance greater than the air gap, whereby the transmitter or respectively the receiver is brought by said skirt to the receiver or respectively the transmitter and is driven by said skirt at the end of the vehicle's garage movement, this thanks to which one is assured, by a double transverse and longitudinal positioning, of the mutual correct centering of the transmitter and the receiver; it is then conceivable that the transmitter or respectively the receiver is mounted on the support plate or respectively the guide plate with free rotation around an eccentric pivot, which is engaged through a light elongated longitudinally and pierced in said plate, whereby said pivot serves both as a pivot for rotation and as a guide for longitudinal movement of the transmitter on the support plate or respectively of the receiver on the guide plate. Preferably, in this case, the pivot is tubular, thanks to which it serves as a crossing for the electric cables associated with the transmitter or respectively with the receiver.

 To facilitate the coming in correct cooperation of the parts on the ground and the parts on board the vehicle, it is desirable that the guide plate fixed under the vehicle or respectively the transmitter support plate, on the one hand, and at least the upper face of the pads fixed to the support plate, on the other hand, are substantially inclined from bottom to top and from front to back (in the direction of movement of the vehicle).

 It is also possible to provide that the transmitter or the receiver is supported in free sliding in a slide extending approximately transversely to the longitudinal axis of the parking space or respectively of the vehicle, or even that the transmitter is supported at the end of an arm mounted, at its other end, freely rotating with elastic return, on the support plate or respectively on the guide plate.

 For the prepositioning efficiency provided by the prepositioning means to be maximum, it is desirable that the support plate is supported on the ground by at least three arms articulated in rotation and recalled by elastic means in the high position and, that, preferably then, the receiver is disposed approximately between the wheels of one end of the vehicle. Furthermore, the maneuvers of approaching and positioning the vehicle on the parking space are facilitated for the greatest number of drivers if this maneuver is carried out in forward gear: it is then preferable for the receiver to be disposed approximately between the wheels. front of the vehicle. In addition, the efficiency is further improved, in this case, if the receiver is offset laterally with respect to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the transmitter offset laterally with respect to the longitudinal axis of the location.

 In an embodiment which is particularly simple to implement and does not require any maintenance, the prepositioning means comprise a centering pin fixed to the ground in the parking space and in front of the transmitter, said centering pin being arranged to guide the wheels located in the forward direction of the vehicle. The shape of the centering stud must be adapted to the approach process of the vehicle, depending on whether the parking space is arranged on the cob or in line, and depending on whether the vehicle is parked in forward gear or in reverse stern. In the case of a forward garage, and to obtain effective guidance by reducing the risks of crossing the stud, it is desirable that the centering stud is arranged to cooperate with the internal faces of the wheels.

 In a preferred embodiment, which results in a smaller footprint of the space under the vehicle, when the available space is already reduced, and which does not entail a substantial modification of the ground clearance, the receiver is mounted fixed. on the guide plate, which is itself fixedly mounted on the underside of the vehicle approximately between the front wheels of the vehicle and all the mobilities are associated with the transmitter; advantageously in this case, the pads are fixed on the support plate of the transmitter, the transmitter is mounted on the support plate while being guided in longitudinal translation and in rotation by said eccentric pivot and the guide skirt is associated with receiver; then desirably, the pads and the guide skirt are made of a material with a low coefficient of friction and they are detachably fixed respectively on the support plate of the transmitter and on the guide plate; preferably then, to avoid excessive damage to the vehicle in the event of passing over an obstacle that is too prominent on the ground, the guide skirt is fixed by fixing means capable of being broken in the event of an application of a force of excessive tearing on said skirt.

 In another possible configuration of embodiment, the prepositioning means comprise two fixed guide arms which are associated with the transmitter or the receiver, which are arranged in a V converging towards the transmitter or the receiver mounted fixedly, and which are configured to come into contact with and guide respectively the receiver or the transmitter mounted movably in an approximately transverse direction.

 In yet another possible configuration, the prepositioning means comprise two pivoting guide arms which are associated with the transmitter or the mobile receiver in an approximately transverse direction, which are arranged in V converging towards the transmitter or the receiver, and which are configured to varnish in contact with the receiver or the stationary transmitter respectively, and, by pressing on it, guide the transmitter or the receiver respectively in an approximately transverse movement.

 The invention will be better understood on reading the detailed description which follows of certain embodiments given only by way of nonlimiting examples.

In this description, reference is made to the attached drawings in which
- Figure 1 is a schematic side view of a preferred embodiment of a device arranged in accordance with the invention, the vehicle being shown during the prepositioning phase on the parking space
- Figure 2 is a schematic top view corresponding to Figure 1 and showing certain mobility of components
- Figure 3 is a side view, on a larger scale, of a part of the device of Figures 1 and 2
- Figure 4 is a schematic top view illustrating the vehicle reached the final garage phase on the parking space in the case of the embodiment of Figures 1 to 3
- Figure 5 is a drawing illustrating the positioning of the receiver for different directions of the vehicle garage on the parking space
- Figure 6 is a very schematic representation that, in top view, of another embodiment of means arranged in accordance with the invention; and
- Figure 7 is a very schematic representation, in top view, of yet another possible embodiment of means arranged in accordance with the invention.

 Referring first to Figures 1 to 5, we will first describe a preferred embodiment of an arrangement device according to the invention. In this example, the inductive coupler is round in shape. The coupler consists of a transmitter 1 placed on the ground and a receiver 2 fixed on the underside of the vehicle 3 (of which only a very small part is shown). Each is composed (only the constitution of the transmitter 1 is shown succinctly in Figure 3) of an electromagnetic coil 4, a magnetic circuit 5 and a coating 6 ensuring its dielectric and mechanical resistance. In a typical example, the transmitter 1 and the receiver 2 have a height of 23 mm and a diameter of 220 mm; the maximum authorized air gap (in addition to the thickness of the coating), in other words the distance between the facing faces, must not be greater than 5 mm so that the performance of the inductive coupling is not too affected; the maximum authorized offset d between the transmitter 1 and the receiver 2 must not exceed 10 mm.

 As shown in FIG. 4, longitudinal stop means are provided in association with the parking space, the periphery of which is designated by the reference 7 to stop the vehicle in a predetermined longitudinal position on said location. In this example, the longitudinal stop means are mechanical stop means 8 against which the wheels 9 of the vehicle come into abutment which are located in the forward direction of the vehicle parking (arrow 10). A slight speed bump preceding the stop 8 proper gives the physical sensation of correct positioning and avoids the rebound phenomenon towards the rear of the wheels. Such a mechanical stop 8 can be retained when the parking space is arranged on the cob.

 It is also possible, in particular for parking in a queue (for which it is not possible to have recourse to a mechanical stop), to stop means without mechanical contact, and comprising for example a position sensor of the type electromagnetic, electrooptical, or other which can remotely control on the vehicle the cut of the electric supply of the electric propulsion motors and / or the activation of the braking system.

 To facilitate the approach of the receiver 2 fixed under the vehicle in a position approximately centered relative to the transmitter 1 disposed on the parking space, use is made of prepositioning means which are active when the vehicle engages on the location.

 In the preferred embodiment shown in Figures 1 to 4, and more particularly in Figure 4, the prepositioning means act on the vehicle 3 itself to guide it in its movement leading it against the stops 8. Said prepositioning means comprise centering stud 11 fixed to the ground, substantially in the axis of the parking space, and arranged to cooperate with the wheels 9 located forward in the direction of movement of the vehicle. It may be a central stud which, as shown in FIG. 4, cooperates with the internal face of the wheels 9. This stud may consist of cylindrical edges in contact with the inside of the tires of the wheels 9, which allow reduce friction with the tires while reducing the risk of crossing in the event of an abnormal approach.

 Although the approximately semi-oval shape represented in FIG. 4 corresponds to a preferred embodiment providing the best guiding efficiency for a minimum approach distance, other configurations can also be envisaged, such as two borders approximately parallel inside the wheels. with an initial pinch, or even two approximately parallel edges outside the wheels with an initial flare.

 The greatest facility is offered to the driver of the vehicle when the garage is in forward gear, the wheels 9 then being the steering wheels of the vehicle; However, at least for specific applications, it is not excluded that the garage can be made in reverse.

 In any case, the greatest precision in the approximate prepositioning of the receiver 2 relative to the transmitter 1 is obtained when the receiver 2 is, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, placed at the end of the vehicle facing forward in the sense of garage; this precision is further increased if the receiver is located approximately between the wheels 9 facing forward in the direction of the vehicle garage, and if preferably the transmitter is offset laterally relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle as shown in Figure 4.

 In FIG. 5, three characteristic positions of the vehicle 3 assumed to be parked in forward gear (9-wheel steering) have been shown diagrammatically on the parking space 7, namely a central position centered on the axis of the location and two positions tilted to the maximum on both sides. It can be seen that, in the three positioning configurations, the receiver 2 occupies relatively well grouped situations. In this FIG. 5, the contour surrounding the situations occupied by the receiver 2 has been designated by 12 in all the possible garage positions of the vehicle 3 in location 7.

 If the center of the receiver is not designated Ov (see fig. 4), it is ensured, thanks to the use of the centering stud 11, that, whatever the final position of the vehicle inside the location 7 at the end of the maneuver, the positioning error of the center Ov with respect to a theoretical fictitious landmark can typically be plus or minus three to four centimeters transversely and plus or minus six centimeters longitudinally.

 To compensate for this residual positioning error and to also take account of a vertical positioning tolerance (in particular to take account of a variable height of the vehicle relative to the ground due to the state of inflation of the tires), provision is made in in addition to means for mutual fine positioning of the transmitter 1 and of the receiver 2 which are arranged as follows in the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.

 As for the transmitter 1, it is supported (FIG. 3) by a support plate 13 mounted on the ground by means of three inclined arms, two arms 15 towards the front (arrival side of the vehicle ) and an arm 14 towards the rear, articulated on a base 16 fixed to the ground. Thus arranged, the support plate 13 is movable vertically and is returned to the high position by return springs 17 acting on elbows 18 secured to the arms 14, 15. The use of three arms 14, 15 only allows, in addition to reducing the cost, to give the system the possibility of tilting both longitudinally and transversely. In addition, the arms 14, 15 are shaped so that the support plate 13 is inclined slightly (typically about 3) from bottom to top from front to back.

 In its central part, the support plate 13 is pierced with a slot 19 of generally elongated rectangular shape extending longitudinally in the centered position.

A pivot 20 secured to the underside of the transmitter 1 is engaged through the light 19; the pivot 20 is also secured to the emitter 1 in a notably eccentric manner. I1 follows that the transmitter 1, when it is stressed by an external force, can move on the support plate 13 in translation according to the light 19, but also in rotation around the pivot 20 (as shown in FIG. 2 in dash ).

 The pivot 20 is arranged in tubular form to constitute a cable crossing for the electric cables 21 (power supply, control, etc.) connecting the transmitter 1 to the source of electrical energy (not shown).

 Two springs 22, arranged in V between the pivot 20 and the plate 13, recall the transmitter in the centered position at the bottom of the slide in the absence of movement effort. In addition, it is possible to optionally provide an adjustable stop 23 which makes it possible to adjust the longitudinal position of the transmitter 1 recalled at the bottom of the slide.

 Furthermore, along its two lateral edges, the support plate 13 is equipped with two skids or skis 24, made of a material with a low coefficient of friction such as nylon, which have a height very slightly greater than that of the transmitter 1 in order to determine the aforementioned air gap.

 It is also possible to provide a central shoe portion 25 extending from the front edge of the support plate 13.

 The pads 24 and 25 are fixed to the plate 13 so that they can be easily disassembled for easy replacement in the event of wear (these are the pads 24 which determine the value of the air gap) or accidental damage. .

 A base 26 surrounds the support mechanism of the support plate 13 (cf. fig. 1 and 2). The plate 13 is capable of lowering so as to be fully embedded, including the pads 24, inside the base 26, in order to be protected in the event of a maneuvering error on the part of the driver.

 For its part, the vehicle 3 is equipped with a fixed guide plate 27 (cf. fig. 1) mounted on the underside of the chassis, on the side of the end facing forward in the direction of the garage (front end of the vehicle in the case envisaged here of a forward garage) in the preferred embodiment considered. The guide plate 27 is intended to establish contact between the vehicle 3 and the mechanical system arranged on the ground by means of the pads 24. The plate 27 must be large enough for it to come in certain contact with the pads 24 regardless of the position of the vehicle during its garage maneuver. However, its size and shape are limited by the space available under the vehicle (especially at the front) and by the ground clearance to be respected. It is desirable that the guide plate 27 be slightly inclined upwards from back to front, the angle of inclination being at least equal to that of the support plate 13 of the device on the ground. In FIG. 2, we have shown in gray (reference 27) the position of the guide plate 27 presented offset from the pads 24.

 The receiver 2 is disposed approximately in the center of the guide plate 27, with its lower face flush with the lower face of the plate 27. With the receiver 2 is associated a guide 28 formed in the form of a skirt which follows the outline of the part rear of the receiver and which extends forward beyond the receiver and widens laterally. This skirt extends downward beyond the underside of the receiver over a vertical distance greater than the air gap so as to be able to contact, if necessary, the transmitter 1. Typically the skirt 28 has a height about 10 mm and is made of a material with a low coefficient of friction such as nylon. It is removably attached to the guide plate 27 so that it can be easily replaced in the event of wear or damage. The fixing means can be chosen to be able to break and possibly serve as a mechanical "fuse".

 When the vehicle has crossed the centering pin while being approximately positioned by it, the guide plate 27 comes into contact with the central shoe 25, then with the side shoes 24, which causes the lowering and tilting of the platform. support 13 which then extends substantially parallel to the guide plate 27. As the vehicle continues to advance, the skirt 28 comes into contact with the edge of the transmitter 1, which causes the latter to pivot about its pivot 20 (representation in dashes in Figure 2). The transmitter 1 is thus guided by the skirt 28 until it reaches the bottom of the funnel formed by the guide, exactly opposite the receiver (see FIG. 4).

 To be sure that the transmitter comes to the bottom of the guide funnel in all the vehicle positioning configurations on the parking space, it is desirable to further provide that the guide 28 drives the transmitter 1, guided by its pivot 20 in the light 19, a few centimeters before the vehicle is immobilized definitively (wheels 9 against the stops 8).

 Thanks to this arrangement, the mutual centering error of the transmitter 1 and the receiver 2 can typically be of the order of a millimeter and the air gap of the order of 2 mm. Inductive coupling is then almost optimal.

 The transmitter 1 automatically returns to the centered rest position, being recalled by the various springs, when the vehicle reverses to leave the parking space.

 Detection functions can be associated with the transmitter and receiver 2 to detect their correct positioning and to control the charging of the vehicle batteries.

 It is understandable that the mobility and guidance which o under a vehicle, in particular in the vicinity of its front end, it is very difficult, or even impossible, to envisage the installation of a mobile system, in particular vertically, in particular respecting a sufficient ground clearance. It is therefore technologically simpler for the receiver to be fixedly mounted on the guide plate, itself fixedly mounted on the underside of the vehicle approximately between the front wheels of the vehicle and for all the mobilities to be associated with the transmitter. so that the underside of the vehicle has no noticeable protrusions.

 On the other hand, while respecting this criterion which gives better operating reliability, it is possible to provide various alternative embodiments. In particular, the flared guide 28 in the form of a skirt could be associated with the transmitter to guide the latter by resting on the receiver at the end of approaching the vehicle.

 Similarly, the pivot 20 could be physically separated from the transmitter 1 and transferred to the end of a pivoting arm supporting the transmitter.

 Although the vehicle can be placed in the parking space in the simplest way when moving forward, with the steering wheels guided by the central stud, it is however possible to envisage, at least in specific conditions of implementation and with perfectly trained drivers, that the vehicle garage is carried out in reverse.

 It is also possible that, still under special conditions of implementation, that the transmitter is placed not at the head of the parking space, but towards the rear (considered in the direction of approach of the vehicle) of this by providing means of prepositioning adapted accordingly.

 As regards the approximate prepositioning means of the transmitter and the receiver, it should be noted that the means described above, and using a central stud 11, act on the vehicle itself, the receiver of which is secured to fixed way. This solution seems to be both the simplest since the central stud has no moving parts and that it can be made as solid as desirable, and the easiest for the driver who may already be familiar with this type. guide. However, the fact remains that other means can be used for mutual prepositioning of the transmitter and the receiver, means which act directly on the transmitter and / or the receiver, and no longer on the vehicle, and which therefore involve giving the transmitter and / or the receiver a large amplitude transverse mobility so that the prepositioning can be carried out effectively in the case where the vehicle is substantially offset from the location parking.

 Figure 6 shows, very schematically, in top view, an arrangement in which the transmitter 1 is supported on the ground with vertical mobility, and optionally longitudinal mobility at the end of positioning of the vehicle, but not presenting in principle of no transverse mobility. The receiver 2 is mounted on the underside of the vehicle (shown diagrammatically by its front wheels 9) while being freely supported on a transverse guide 29 (guide rail, gutter, etc.). The receiver 2 is associated with two guide arms 30, arranged in V converging towards the receiver and open towards the front, the anterior ends of which are fixed under the vehicle with the possibility of rotation. The arms 30 are further shaped so as to come into contact with the transmitter 1 so that the receiver 2 is driven by them in transverse displacement by the action of the transmitter 1 on one of the arms 30 during the vehicle advance.

 A reverse arrangement (not shown) could also be envisaged, according to which the receiver 2 is mounted fixed under the vehicle and the transmitter 1 is mounted for free transverse movement by being associated with two movable guide arms.

 The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 uses an arrangement close to the previous one, in which however the guide arms 31 are fixed and associated in a fixed manner with the receiver 2 which is also fixedly mounted under the vehicle; it is the transmitter 1 which is then movable transversely so that it can be guided by one of the arms 31 towards the receiver 2. Here again, it is possible to envisage a reverse arrangement, with the fixed transmitter equipped with two fixed guide arms , and the receiver mounted with free transverse movement under the vehicle.

 In the various variants envisaged in relation to FIGS. 6 and 7, the prepositioning is followed by a mutual fine positioning of the transmitter and the receiver which can be obtained using the means described above.

 As is obvious and as already follows from the above, the invention is in no way limited to those of its modes of application and embodiments which have been more particularly envisaged; on the contrary, it embraces all its variants.

Claims (26)

CLAIMS.  1. Automated device for charging batteries of a motor vehicle (3) with electric propulsion, comprising an inductive coupler with a transmitter (1) connected to a source of electric energy and placed on the ground at a predetermined location parking (7) for the vehicle and a receiver (2) connected to the vehicle batteries and arranged in a predetermined location on the underside of the vehicle, characterized in that it comprises in combination - longitudinal stop means (8) associated above  parking space (7) for stopping the vehicle  (3) in a predetermined longitudinal position on  said parking space (7) - means (11, 30, 31) for approximate prepositioning  of the transmitter (1) and the receiver (2) which are  functional while the vehicle (3) is being  moving to the parking space (7) to  park, but is not yet at the end of the garage; and - means (24, 25, 27, 28) for fine mutual positioning  the transmitter (1) and the receiver (2) which are function  after the transmitter (1) and receiver (2) have  previously approximately prepositioned and which  are arranged in such a way that the transmitter (1) and the  receiver (2) are in a precise mutual positioning,  centered with respect to each other and separated by a  predetermined air gap, when the vehicle (3)  is stopped by the above longitudinal stop means  (8) - the transmitter (1) being supported on the ground and / or the receiver  tor (2) being mounted on the underside of the vehicle (3) with  at least two degrees of freedom in translation, vertical  and transversely to the longitudinal axis of the site  parking cement (7) or respectively of the vehicle  (3), and so as to be in vertical positions  interfering.  2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the longitudinal stop means are mechanical stop means (8) arranged on the ground at the head of the parking space (7) and arranged to be contacted by the wheels (9) of the vehicle located forward in the direction of movement of the vehicle during the garage.  3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the longitudinal stop means are stop means without mechanical contact capable of remotely controlling the stopping of the vehicle.  4. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the transmitter (1) is mounted on a support plate (13) movable vertically.  5. Device according to claim 4, characterized in that the support plate (13) is supported on the ground by at least three articulated arms (14, 15) in rotation and returned by elastic means (17) in the high position.  6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that the means for fine mutual positioning comprise a guide plate (27) disposed under the vehicle (3) and on which the receiver (2) is mounted and in that pads ( 24) of predetermined height are fixed on said guide plate (27) and / or said support plate (13) of the transmitter (1), pads (24) on which respectively bears said support plate (13) and / or said guide plate (27) when the vehicle (3) is at the end of the garage on said parking space (7), whereby an air gap (e) of predetermined value can exist between the transmitter (1) and the receiver (2) positioned one opposite the other.  7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that there are provided two lateral pads (24) extending along the lateral edges of the support plate (13) of the transmitter (1) and / or of the guide plate (27) and a central shoe (25) extending to the transmitter (1) and / or the receiver (2) from the front edge of the plate.  8. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the means for fine mutual positioning comprise a guide (28) in funnel associated with the receiver (2) and / or the transmitter (1) and arranged to guide the transmitter (1) and / or the receiver (2) respectively in a movement approximately transverse to the longitudinal axis of the parking space (7) and / or of the vehicle (3) respectively, to finally obtain a transverse centering of one relative to the other.  9. Device according to claim 8, characterized in that the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) is mounted with free longitudinal displacement on the support plate or the guide plate respectively and resiliently returned to the anterior position on said plate (13, 27), and in that the aforementioned guide (28) is a skirt which partly surrounds the rear respectively of the receiver (2) or the transmitter (1) and which deviates from it towards the front, widening laterally, the height of said skirt (28) being such that it extends vertically beyond the receiver (2) or respectively of the transmitter (1) by a distance greater than l 'air gap (e), whereby the transmitter or respectively the receiver is brought by said skirt to the receiver or respectively the transmitter and is driven by said skirt at the end of the vehicle's garage movement, which thanks to which is ensured by a double transverse and longitudinal positioning of the mutual correct centering of the transmitter and receiver.  10. Device according to claim 9 characterized in that the transmitter (1) or respectively the receiver (2) is mounted on the support plate (13) or respectively the guide plate (27) with free rotation around a eccentric pivot (20) which is engaged through a longitudinally elongated hole (19) drilled in said plate, whereby said pivot serves both as a pivot and as a guide for longitudinal movement of the emitter on the support plate or receiver respectively on the guide plate.  11. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the pivot (20) is tubular, whereby it serves as a crossing for the electric cables (21) associated with the transmitter or respectively with the receiver.  12. Device according to any one of claims 6 to 11, characterized in that the guide plate (27) fixed under the vehicle (3) or respectively the support plate (13) of the transmitter (1), d on the one hand, and at least the upper face of the pads (24, 25), on the other hand, are substantially inclined from bottom to top and from front to back (in the direction of movement of the vehicle).  13. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) is supported in free sliding in a slide (29) extending approximately transversely to the axis longitudinal of the parking space or respectively of the vehicle.  14. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) is supported at the end of an arm mounted, at its other end, with free rotation with elastic return, on the support plate or respectively on the guide plate.  15. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the transmitter (1) is arranged in the vicinity of the head end of the parking space (7) and in that the receiver ( 2) is arranged towards one end of the vehicle (3).  16. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the receiver (2) is disposed approximately between the wheels (9) of one end of the vehicle (3).  17. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that the receiver (2) is disposed approximately between the front wheels (9) of the vehicle (3).  18. Device according to any one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the receiver (2) is offset laterally with respect to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the transmitter (1) offset laterally with respect to the axis longitudinal of the parking space (7).  19. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the prepositioning means comprise a centering stud (11) fixed to the ground in the parking space (7) and in front of the transmitter (1) , said centering stud (11) being arranged to guide the wheels (9) situated in the forward direction of the vehicle.  20. Device according to claim 19, characterized in that the centering stud (11) is arranged to cooperate with the internal faces of the wheels (9).  21. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that the receiver (2) is fixedly mounted on the guide plate (27), which is itself fixedly mounted on the underside of the vehicle (3) approximately between the front wheels (9) of the vehicle and in that all the mobilities are associated with the transmitter (1).  22. Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the pads (24, 25) are fixed on the support plate (13) of the transmitter (1), in that the transmitter (1) is mounted on the support plate (13) being guided in longitudinal translation and in rotation by said eccentric pivot (20), and in that the guide skirt (28) is associated with the receiver (2).  23. Device according to claim 22, characterized in that the pads (24, 25) and the guide skirt (28) are made of a material with a low coefficient of friction and in that they are detachably fixed respectively on the support plate (13) of the transmitter (1) and on the guide plate (27).  24. Device according to claim 23, further characterized in that the guide skirt (28) is fixed by fixing means capable of being broken in the event of an excessive tearing force being applied to said skirt.  25. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the prepositioning means comprise two fixed guide arms (31) which are associated with the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2), which are arranged in V converging respectively on the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) fixedly mounted, and which are configured to come into contact and guide respectively the receiver (2) or the transmitter (1) movably mounted in a approximately transverse direction.  26. Device according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that the prepositioning means comprise two pivoting guide arms (30) which are associated with the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) mobile in a approximately transverse direction, which are arranged in V converging towards the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) respectively, and which are configured to come into contact with respectively the receiver (2) or the transmitter (1) fixedly mounted and , while resting on it, guide the transmitter (1) or the receiver (2) towards it respectively in an approximately transverse movement.