FR2725656A1 - Marking application to the surface of injection moulded thermoplastic - Google Patents
Marking application to the surface of injection moulded thermoplastic Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2725656A1 FR2725656A1 FR9412214A FR9412214A FR2725656A1 FR 2725656 A1 FR2725656 A1 FR 2725656A1 FR 9412214 A FR9412214 A FR 9412214A FR 9412214 A FR9412214 A FR 9412214A FR 2725656 A1 FR2725656 A1 FR 2725656A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- markings
- film provided
- mold
- sheet
- injection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
- B29C45/14311—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles using means for bonding the coating to the articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
- B29C45/14778—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles the article consisting of a material with particular properties, e.g. porous, brittle
- B29C45/14811—Multilayered articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2713/00—Use of textile products or fabrics for preformed parts, e.g. for inserts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0018—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular optical properties, e.g. fluorescent or phosphorescent
- B29K2995/002—Coloured
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0018—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular optical properties, e.g. fluorescent or phosphorescent
- B29K2995/0026—Transparent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages
- B29L2031/7134—Crates, e.g. for bottles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention est relative à un procédé pour réaliser des marquages, sous forme d'inscriptions et/ou de motifs décoratifs sur la surface de pièces en matières thermoplastiques, notamment en polyoléfines, obtenues par moulage par injection. The present invention relates to a method for making markings, in the form of inscriptions and / or decorative patterns on the surface of parts made of thermoplastic materials, in particular polyolefins, obtained by injection molding.
Dans de nombreuses applications, il est souhaitable de pouvoir munir des pièces en matière plastique d'inscriptions et de motifs pour des usages d'information, de décoration ou publicitaires. In many applications, it is desirable to be able to provide plastic parts with inscriptions and patterns for information, decoration or advertising uses.
A titre d'applications particulières nullement limitatives, on peut citer les dispositifs de signalisation routière ou urbaine, les bacs roulants et autres conteneurs destinés à la collecte de déchets, en particulier en milieu urbain, ou encore des boucliers de véhicules automobiles. By way of particular applications which are in no way limiting, mention may be made of road or urban signaling devices, wheeled bins and other containers intended for the collection of waste, in particular in urban areas, or even shields for motor vehicles.
De telles pièces sont actuellement très souvent réalisées en polyéthylène haute densité par moulage par injection. Such parts are currently very often made of high density polyethylene by injection molding.
Lors de l'injection, le polyéthylène est à une température de l'ordre de 230'C. During the injection, the polyethylene is at a temperature of the order of 230 ° C.
I1 a par ailleurs été proposé de munir des pièces en matière plastique de marquages en réalisant lesdits marquages sur une pellicule, éventuellement multicouche, de matière plastique, notamment de polyamide, et en solidarisant à chaud ou à l'aide d'un adhésif la pellicule munie de marquages sur la surface de la pièce concernée. I1 has also been proposed to provide plastic parts with markings by carrying out said markings on a film, possibly multilayer, of plastic material, in particular of polyamide, and by joining the film hot or using an adhesive. provided with markings on the surface of the part concerned.
L'on constate que, au cours du temps, la pellicule munie des marquages a tendance à peler et à se détacher de la pièce. It can be seen that, over time, the film provided with the markings tends to peel and come off the part.
On a par ailleurs proposé, pour des pièces en matières plastiques, réalisables par moulage par compression, de fixer une pellicule munie de marquages à la surface de la pièce en mettant en place dans le moule successivement la pellicule munie des marquages et la matière plastique destinée à former la pièce. It has also been proposed, for plastic parts, which can be produced by compression molding, to fix a film provided with markings on the surface of the part by successively placing in the mold the film provided with the markings and the plastic material intended to form the part.
Un tel procédé ne paraissait pas directement transposable pour des pièces, notamment en polyéthylène haute densité, devant être moulées par injection dans la mesure où la température de ramollissement de la pellicule munie de marquages, dans la pratique de l'ordre de 180', pour les polyamides habituellement utilisés, est très inférieure à la température, mentionnée précédemment, de la matière thermoplastique injectée. Such a process did not appear to be directly transposable for parts, in particular of high density polyethylene, which had to be injection molded insofar as the softening temperature of the film provided with markings, in practice of the order of 180 ′, for polyamides usually used, is much lower than the temperature, mentioned above, of the injected thermoplastic.
La matière thermoplastique injectée sur la pellicule mise en place dans le moule entraîne normalement une dégradation de celle-ci notamment au niveau des points d'injection. The thermoplastic material injected into the film placed in the mold normally results in degradation of the latter, in particular at the injection points.
La présente invention se propose précisément de fournir un procédé permettant de réaliser des marquages sur la surface de pièces en matières thermoplastiques, notamment en polyoléfines, et plus particulièrement en polyéthylène haute densité, moulées par injection, en utilisant une pellicule de matière plastique munie desdits marquages. The present invention specifically proposes to provide a method for making markings on the surface of parts made of thermoplastic materials, in particular polyolefins, and more particularly of high density polyethylene, injection molded, using a plastic film provided with said markings. .
Le procédé selon l'invention se caractérise essentiellement par le fait qu'avant de procéder à l'injection, l'on place dans le moule une feuille de matériau composite comportant une pellicule de matière plastique munie des marquages et, solidaire de la face arrière de celle-ci, une structure apte à assurer une fonction d'accrochage mécanique de la matière thermoplastique injectée dans le moule avec la pellicule munie des marquages. The method according to the invention is essentially characterized by the fact that before proceeding with the injection, a sheet of composite material is placed in the mold comprising a plastic film provided with the markings and, integral with the rear face thereof, a structure capable of ensuring a mechanical attachment function of the thermoplastic material injected into the mold with the film provided with the markings.
Par face arrière de la pellicule munie des marquages, on entend la face de celle-ci opposée à la face par laquelle elle est plaquée, notamment par dépression, contre la paroi du moule avant l'injection de la matière thermoplastique, cette injection s'effectuant en direction de ladite face arrière à travers la structure mécanique d'accrochage. By rear face of the film provided with the markings, is meant the face of the latter opposite to the face by which it is pressed, in particular by depression, against the wall of the mold before the injection of the thermoplastic material, this injection s performing in the direction of said rear face through the mechanical attachment structure.
La pellicule munie de marquages selon l'invention peut elle-meme être constituée de plusieurs couches, généralement une couche de base munie des marquages et une couche supérieure transparente. The film provided with markings according to the invention may itself consist of several layers, generally a base layer provided with the markings and a transparent upper layer.
La structure mécanique d'accrochage peut être par exemple une feuille de matière textile tisséeou non tissée solidarisée par calandrage à chaud de la pellicule munie de marquages. The mechanical attachment structure may for example be a sheet of woven or non-woven textile material secured by hot calendering of the film provided with markings.
Avantageusement, l'épaisseur de la feuille de matériau composite mis en place dans le moule et constitué par la pellicule munie des marquages et de la structure mécanique d'accrochage, dans le cas ou celle-ci est constituée d'une nappe de matière non tissée, est inférieure à 0,5 mm, et de préférence comprise entre 0,2 et 0,4 mm. Advantageously, the thickness of the sheet of composite material placed in the mold and constituted by the film provided with the markings and the mechanical attachment structure, in the case where it consists of a sheet of non-material woven, is less than 0.5 mm, and preferably between 0.2 and 0.4 mm.
Les marquages peuvent être formés sur la pellicule du matériau composite mis en oeuvre selon l'invention par toutes techniques d'impression appropriées aux inscriptions, motifs et couleurs à réaliser. The markings can be formed on the film of the composite material used according to the invention by any printing techniques suitable for the inscriptions, patterns and colors to be produced.
On va maintenant décrire de manière plus détaillée un exemple de mise en oeuvre de l'invention. We will now describe in more detail an example of implementation of the invention.
On réalise par moulage par injection un couvercle de bac roulant pour la collecte mécanisée des ordures ménagères. A rolling bin cover is made by injection molding for the mechanical collection of household waste.
Le couvercle est destiné à un bac d'une contenance de 120 litres, et présente une forme sensiblement rectangulaire de 430 mm x 480 mm. The cover is intended for a container with a capacity of 120 liters, and has a substantially rectangular shape of 430 mm x 480 mm.
On utilise, pour l'injection, du polyéthylène haute densité additionné de pigments colorés, dans le cas présent, du polyéthylène d'une densité de 0,960 additionné de pigments de couleur verte. High density polyethylene added with colored pigments is used for the injection, in this case polyethylene with a density of 0.960 added with green pigments.
Préalablement à la phase d'injection, on met en place dans le moule une feuille d'un matériau composite forme d'une pellicule de polyamide, dans le cas présent un polyamide connu sous la dénomination de nylon 6, ladite pellicule étant formée d'une couche supérieure transparente et d'une couche inférieure munie de marquages colorés, cette pellicule présentant une épaisseur totale de 0,3 à 0,4 mm. Prior to the injection phase, a sheet of a composite material in the form of a polyamide film is placed in the mold, in the present case a polyamide known by the name of nylon 6, said film being formed of a transparent upper layer and a lower layer provided with colored markings, this film having a total thickness of 0.3 to 0.4 mm.
Sur sa face arrière la pellicule de polyamide comporte une nappe textile non tissée réalisée en polyester et solidarisée au préalable par calandrage à chaud. On its rear face, the polyamide film comprises a non-woven textile sheet made of polyester and secured beforehand by hot calendering.
La feuille de matériau composite est mise en place dans le moule avec la face frontale de la pellicule de polyamide contre la paroi du moule, le placage du matériau contre la paroi du moule s'effectuant pas dépression. The sheet of composite material is placed in the mold with the front face of the polyamide film against the wall of the mold, the plating of the material against the wall of the mold being effected by vacuum.
La feuille de matériau composite présente une section carrée de 320 mm x 320 mm. The sheet of composite material has a square section of 320 mm x 320 mm.
On procède de manière conventionnelle à l'injection du polyéthylène haute densité, après quoi, on retire le couvercle formé et on le refroidit. The high density polyethylene is injected conventionally, after which the formed cover is removed and cooled.
On constate que la pellicule munie de marquages est parfaitement intégrée à la surface du couvercle injecté en polyéthylène haute densité. It can be seen that the film provided with markings is perfectly integrated into the surface of the cover injected in high density polyethylene.
Des essais effectués ont montré l'excellente stabilité dans le temps des marquages utilisés malgré des conditions d'utilisation difficiles sur la voie publique. Tests have shown the excellent stability over time of the markings used despite difficult conditions of use on public roads.
Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec un mode de réalisation particulier, il est bien évident qu'elle n'y est nullement limitée et qu'on peut lui apporter différentes variantes et modifications sans pour autant sortir ni de son cadre ni de son esprit. Although the invention has been described in connection with a particular embodiment, it is obvious that it is in no way limited thereto and that it can be made different variants and modifications without departing from its scope or of his mind.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9412214A FR2725656B1 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1994-10-13 | PROCESS FOR MAKING MARKS ON THE SURFACE OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS |
| ES9501971A ES2112772B1 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1995-10-11 | PROCEDURE TO CARRY OUT MARKING ON THE SURFACE OF PARTS OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS. |
| NL1001414A NL1001414C2 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1995-10-12 | Method for manufacturing markings on the surface of injection moldings from thermoplastic materials. |
| BE9500849A BE1010534A3 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1995-10-12 | Method for producing the labels on the surface of pieces in thermoplastic materials. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9412214A FR2725656B1 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1994-10-13 | PROCESS FOR MAKING MARKS ON THE SURFACE OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2725656A1 true FR2725656A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 |
| FR2725656B1 FR2725656B1 (en) | 1997-01-10 |
Family
ID=9467815
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9412214A Expired - Lifetime FR2725656B1 (en) | 1994-10-13 | 1994-10-13 | PROCESS FOR MAKING MARKS ON THE SURFACE OF THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BE (1) | BE1010534A3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2112772B1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2725656B1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL1001414C2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997043103A1 (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1997-11-20 | Hans Auer | Method of producing moulded bodies provided with printed labels according to the so-called in-mould labelling (iml) method and label for use in an in-mould labelling method |
| WO1998053991A1 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-03 | Textiles Et Plastiques Chomarat | Sheet complex useful for surface coating of moulded structures and method for obtaining same |
| WO2002081169A1 (en) * | 2001-03-22 | 2002-10-17 | Btv Plast S.R.O. | Joining of electro-deposited plastic parts to one or more plastic parts |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITPD20090102A1 (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2010-10-23 | Ivoplast Srl | SUITCASES, BAGS AND SIMILAR IN TEXTILE MATERIAL OR SIMILTESSILE RESISTANT |
Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1528176A (en) * | 1967-05-24 | 1968-06-07 | Itallining | Process for the manufacture of plastic articles, stamped, with at least one side coated with a sheet of wood veneer, and articles obtained by this process |
| DE2114181A1 (en) * | 1971-03-24 | 1972-10-12 | Opel Adam Ag | Cladding material - for vehicle interiors of foam and film layers drawn into mould for further injection |
| FR2150209A1 (en) * | 1971-08-20 | 1973-04-06 | Pictorial Productions | Reflecting plastic mouldings prodn - by injection moulding thermoplastic material in mould contg reflecting metallised plastic |
| JPS61146518A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-04 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | In-molded product having flexible sheet |
| JPS62294522A (en) * | 1986-06-14 | 1987-12-22 | Nippon Sekisoo Kogyo Kk | Manufacture of laminated material clad with decorative material |
| DE3724450A1 (en) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-02-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | MAGNETIC TAPE CASSETTE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| JPH0195019A (en) * | 1987-10-07 | 1989-04-13 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Production of molding having pattern sealed therein |
| EP0419001A1 (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1991-03-27 | General Motors Corporation | Thermoformable laminate films and processes |
| DE4015125A1 (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1991-11-14 | Kostal Leopold Gmbh & Co Kg | Prodn. of colour printed mouldings - by thermo-forming polycarbonate film which is silk screen printed and adhesive coated on underside before bonding it to moulded base |
| FR2673575A1 (en) * | 1991-03-06 | 1992-09-11 | So Ge Ma P | Article comprising a thermoplastic body covered on one face with a melamine-resin decorative paper, and method of manufacturing such an article |
-
1994
- 1994-10-13 FR FR9412214A patent/FR2725656B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-10-11 ES ES9501971A patent/ES2112772B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-12 NL NL1001414A patent/NL1001414C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-10-12 BE BE9500849A patent/BE1010534A3/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1528176A (en) * | 1967-05-24 | 1968-06-07 | Itallining | Process for the manufacture of plastic articles, stamped, with at least one side coated with a sheet of wood veneer, and articles obtained by this process |
| DE2114181A1 (en) * | 1971-03-24 | 1972-10-12 | Opel Adam Ag | Cladding material - for vehicle interiors of foam and film layers drawn into mould for further injection |
| FR2150209A1 (en) * | 1971-08-20 | 1973-04-06 | Pictorial Productions | Reflecting plastic mouldings prodn - by injection moulding thermoplastic material in mould contg reflecting metallised plastic |
| JPS61146518A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-04 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | In-molded product having flexible sheet |
| JPS62294522A (en) * | 1986-06-14 | 1987-12-22 | Nippon Sekisoo Kogyo Kk | Manufacture of laminated material clad with decorative material |
| DE3724450A1 (en) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-02-04 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | MAGNETIC TAPE CASSETTE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| JPH0195019A (en) * | 1987-10-07 | 1989-04-13 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Production of molding having pattern sealed therein |
| EP0419001A1 (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1991-03-27 | General Motors Corporation | Thermoformable laminate films and processes |
| DE4015125A1 (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1991-11-14 | Kostal Leopold Gmbh & Co Kg | Prodn. of colour printed mouldings - by thermo-forming polycarbonate film which is silk screen printed and adhesive coated on underside before bonding it to moulded base |
| FR2673575A1 (en) * | 1991-03-06 | 1992-09-11 | So Ge Ma P | Article comprising a thermoplastic body covered on one face with a melamine-resin decorative paper, and method of manufacturing such an article |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 10, no. 346 (M - 537)<2402> 21 November 1986 (1986-11-21) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 12, no. 183 (M - 703)<3030> 28 May 1988 (1988-05-28) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 13, no. 305 (M - 849)<3653> 13 July 1989 (1989-07-13) * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997043103A1 (en) * | 1996-05-14 | 1997-11-20 | Hans Auer | Method of producing moulded bodies provided with printed labels according to the so-called in-mould labelling (iml) method and label for use in an in-mould labelling method |
| WO1998053991A1 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-03 | Textiles Et Plastiques Chomarat | Sheet complex useful for surface coating of moulded structures and method for obtaining same |
| FR2763886A1 (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-12-04 | Textiles Plastiques Chomarat | SHEET COMPLEX FOR USE IN THE SURFACE COATING OF MOLDED STRUCTURES AND METHOD FOR OBTAINING SAME |
| WO2002081169A1 (en) * | 2001-03-22 | 2002-10-17 | Btv Plast S.R.O. | Joining of electro-deposited plastic parts to one or more plastic parts |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2725656B1 (en) | 1997-01-10 |
| ES2112772A1 (en) | 1998-04-01 |
| NL1001414A1 (en) | 1996-07-11 |
| ES2112772B1 (en) | 1999-05-16 |
| BE1010534A3 (en) | 1998-10-06 |
| NL1001414C2 (en) | 1996-09-16 |
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