FR2540431A1 - Composite safety (protective) glazing - Google Patents
Composite safety (protective) glazing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2540431A1 FR2540431A1 FR8301751A FR8301751A FR2540431A1 FR 2540431 A1 FR2540431 A1 FR 2540431A1 FR 8301751 A FR8301751 A FR 8301751A FR 8301751 A FR8301751 A FR 8301751A FR 2540431 A1 FR2540431 A1 FR 2540431A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- plate
- glazing
- polyurethane
- glazing according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920006264 polyurethane film Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002654 heat shrinkable material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005340 laminated glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10018—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising only one glass sheet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
- B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention est relative à un vitrage composite de protection contre les chocs et les balles, du genre de ceux constitués par l'association de plaques de verre, d'une feuille de matière plastique et dlune plaque de polycarbonate. The present invention relates to a composite glazing for protection against impact and bullets, of the kind of those formed by the combination of glass plates, a sheet of plastic material and a polycarbonate plate.
Dans la demande de brevet Européen N" 4I090, au nom de la demanderesse, on a décrit un tel vitrage comportant, en outre, une feuille de polyester entre le verre et le polycarbonate. In European patent application No. 4I090, in the name of the applicant, such glazing has been described comprising, in addition, a polyester sheet between the glass and the polycarbonate.
La feuille de polyester était collée contre la plaque de polycarbonate à l'aide d'une résine acrylique et contre le verre à l'aide d'une feuille de butyral de polyvinyle ou PVB. The polyester sheet was glued against the polycarbonate plate using an acrylic resin and against the glass using a polyvinyl butyral sheet or PVB.
Après de nombreux essais on a constaté que la fixation de la feuille de polyester à l'aide de PVB tétait pas sat.isfai- sante car il était très délicat de faire adhérer parfaitement le PVB à la feuille de polyester. After numerous tests it was found that the fixing of the polyester sheet using PVB was not satisfactory. It was very difficult to adhere the PVB perfectly to the polyester sheet.
Par ailleurs , on a constaté aussi que, lors du calendrage de l'ensemble pour faire adhérer le PVB au verre et à la plaque de polycarbonate, celle-ci avait tendance à se déformer. Furthermore, it was also found that, during the timing of the assembly to adhere the PVB to the glass and to the polycarbonate plate, the latter tended to deform.
Enfin, la réalisation d'un tel vitrage était particulièrement longue puisqu'elle devait etre effectuée en deux temps. Finally, the realization of such glazing was particularly long since it had to be carried out in two stages.
En effet, dans un premier temps, on fixait la feuille de polyester à la plaque de polycarbonate puis, dans un deuxième temps, lorsque cet ensemble était sec, il était fixé au verre à l'aide de PVB. In fact, in a first step, the polyester sheet was fixed to the polycarbonate plate and then, in a second step, when this assembly was dry, it was fixed to the glass using PVB.
La présente invention est remarquable en ce que le film de polyester est remplacé par un film de polyuréthane tel qu'un polyuréthane aliphatique. The present invention is remarkable in that the polyester film is replaced by a polyurethane film such as an aliphatic polyurethane.
De cette façon, la réalisation du vitrage peut être obtenue en une seule opération car on a constaté que le polyuréthane adhère bien au PVB et adhère directement au polycarbonate par un calendrage effectué sous une température de 1200 à 200 C suivi d'un passage à l'autoclave sous une pression de 10 à 15 Bars. In this way, the realization of the glazing can be obtained in a single operation because it has been found that the polyurethane adheres well to the PVB and adheres directly to the polycarbonate by calendering carried out at a temperature of 1200 to 200 C followed by a transition to l autoclave under a pressure of 10 to 15 Bars.
Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le "sandwich" constitué par l'empilage des éléments précités est entouré, préalablement au calendrage, par des bandes disposées en croix réalisées en une matière thermorétractable, telle qu'un tissu de verre présentant une face adhésive. According to another characteristic of the invention, the "sandwich" constituted by the stacking of the aforementioned elements is surrounded, prior to the calendaring, by strips arranged in a cross made of a heat-shrinkable material, such as a glass cloth having one side. adhesive.
De cette façon, on a constaté qu'on empechait la plaque de polycarbonate de se déformer. In this way, it was found that the polycarbonate plate was prevented from deforming.
L'invention sera mieux comprise par la description qud va suivre, faite en se référant au dessin annexé à titre d'exemple indicatif sur lequel
La figure t est une vue schématique en coupe montrant un mode de réalisation d'un vitrage conforme à l'invention
La figure 2 est une vue d'un vitrage en cours d'élabora tion
La figure 3 est une vue analogue à la figure 1 montrant un autre mode de réalisation;
La figure 4 est une vue analogue montrant un. troisieme mode de réalisation.The invention will be better understood from the description which follows, made with reference to the attached drawing as an indicative example in which
Figure t is a schematic sectional view showing an embodiment of a glazing according to the invention
Figure 2 is a view of glazing being worked on
Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing another embodiment;
Figure 4 is a similar view showing one. third embodiment.
En se reportant au dessin et,notamment, à la figure 1, on voit que le vitrage est constitué par l'empilage d'une plaque de verre 1, feuilletee de préférence, d'un film polyuréthane 2 et d'une plaque de polycarbonate 3,une feuille 4 de butyral de polyvinyle étant interposé entre le verre et le film polyuréthane. Referring to the drawing and, in particular, to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the glazing is constituted by the stacking of a glass plate 1, preferably laminated, of a polyurethane film 2 and of a polycarbonate plate 3, a polyvinyl butyral sheet 4 being interposed between the glass and the polyurethane film.
L'épaisseur du verre feuilleté est de l'ordre de vingt à trente millimètres, celle de la feuille de butyral de polyvinyle de l'ordre de 0,4 millimètre, celle du film polyuréthane de l'ordre de 0,38 à 0,5 millimètre, tandis que celle de la plaque de polycarbonate est d'au moins deux millimètres et,de préfe- rence, de trois millimètres. The thickness of the laminated glass is of the order of twenty to thirty millimeters, that of the polyvinyl butyral sheet of the order of 0.4 millimeters, that of the polyurethane film of the order of 0.38 to 0, 5 millimeters, while that of the polycarbonate plate is at least two millimeters and, preferably, three millimeters.
Le film de polyuréthane est un polyuréthane aliphatique polyéther ou polyester. The polyurethane film is an aliphatic polyether or polyester polyurethane.
L'ensemble ainsi décrit est entouré, selon deux directions perpendiculaires et parallèles à ses faces,par des bandes 5 (figure 2) réalisées en une matière légèrement thermorétractable, telle qu'un tissu de verre ayant une face adhésive, puis est soumis à une opération de calendrage dans un four tunnel chauffé à une température comprise entre 1200 et 2000 C de façon à réaliser un précollage. The assembly thus described is surrounded, in two directions perpendicular and parallel to its faces, by strips 5 (FIG. 2) made of a slightly heat-shrinkable material, such as a glass cloth having an adhesive face, then is subjected to a calendering operation in a tunnel oven heated to a temperature between 1200 and 2000 C so as to carry out a pre-bonding.
Pour fixer les idées, le four a une longueur d'une douzaine de mètres et la vitesse de défilement est de l'ordre de 0,50 à 1,5 mètres par minute. Un résultat optimal est obtenu avec une température de I70" C pour une vitesse de défilement de 0,6 mètre/minute. To fix the ideas, the oven has a length of a dozen meters and the running speed is of the order of 0.50 to 1.5 meters per minute. An optimal result is obtained with a temperature of I70 "C for a running speed of 0.6 meters / minute.
Ensuite, l'ensemble est passé- à l'autoclave sous une pression de dix à quinze Bars et à une température de l'ordre de I20" à 2000 C pendant une durée d'environ quatre à sept heures. De préférence, la température est de 130"et le vitrage doit être maintenu pendant au moins deux heures à cette température. Lorsque l'ensemble est refroidi, on enlève les bandes 5. Then, the whole is autoclaved under a pressure of ten to fifteen bars and at a temperature of the order of 120 ° to 2000 ° C. for a period of approximately four to seven hours. Preferably, the temperature is 130 "and the glazing must be kept for at least two hours at this temperature. When the assembly is cooled, the strips 5 are removed.
La figure 3 montre un autre mode de réalisation comportant extérieurement deux plaques de verre 6, au centre une plaque 7 de polycarbonate et entre elles une feuille 8 de butyral de polyvinyle et un film 9 de polyuréthane 2. FIG. 3 shows another embodiment comprising externally two glass plates 6, in the center a plate 7 of polycarbonate and between them a sheet 8 of polyvinyl butyral and a film 9 of polyurethane 2.
L'épaisseur de l'ensemble est de l'ordre de douze millimètres et le procédé de fabrication est le même que celui décrit pour le premier mode de réalisation. The thickness of the assembly is of the order of twelve millimeters and the manufacturing process is the same as that described for the first embodiment.
La figure 4 montre un troisième mode de réalisation comportant extérieurement deux plaques de verre 10 de six à cinquante millimètres d'épaisseur et au centre un film polyester 11, de l'ordre de I75 à 600 microns d'épaisseur, l'ensemble étant assemblé à l'aide. de feuilles 12 de butyral de polyvinyle et de films 13 de polyuréthane. Le procédé de fabrication est également le même que celui décrit à propos du premier mode de réalisation. Figure 4 shows a third embodiment externally comprising two glass plates 10 six to fifty millimeters thick and in the center a polyester film 11, of the order of 175 to 600 microns thick, the assembly being assembled help. polyvinyl butyral sheets 12 and polyurethane films 13. The manufacturing process is also the same as that described in connection with the first embodiment.
Bien entendu, la présente invention ne se-limite pas aux modes de réalisation décrits et représentés mais s'étend, au contraire, à toutes variantes de formes et dimensions. Of course, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown but extends, on the contrary, to all variants of shapes and dimensions.
C'est ainsi, entre autres, que le verre composite peut être constitué par un empilage de pl.aques de verre entre lesquelles est interposé un film polyuréthane (non représenté). Thus, among other things, the composite glass can be constituted by a stack of glass plates between which is interposed a polyurethane film (not shown).
C'est ainsi encore que, pour éviter la déformation de la plaque de polycarbonate 3 durant le calendrage, une plaque 14 rigide est accolée extérieurement au polycarbonate.Cette plaque, qui est maintenue par les bandes 5,est réalisée en une matière,laissant passer les rayonnements infrarouges,telle que le verre. Le retrait des bandes à la sortie de l'autoclave détermine celui de la plaque 14. This is also how, to avoid deformation of the polycarbonate plate 3 during the calendering, a rigid plate 14 is attached to the polycarbonate externally. This plate, which is held by the strips 5, is made of a material, allowing passage infrared radiation, such as glass. The removal of the strips at the outlet of the autoclave determines that of the plate 14.
L'épaisseur de la plaque 14 est d'au moins quatre millimètres. The thickness of the plate 14 is at least four millimeters.
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8301751A FR2540431B1 (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | PROTECTIVE COMPOSITE GLAZING |
| DE8484400072T DE3484876D1 (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1984-01-13 | IMPACT RESISTANT AND BULLETPROOF COMPOSITE DISC AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF. |
| EP84400072A EP0117770B1 (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1984-01-13 | Impact- and bullet-resistant glass, and method of manufacturing the same |
| ZA84616A ZA84616B (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1984-01-26 | Shock-and bullet-resistant compound glazing and production processes |
| US06/834,124 US4747896A (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1986-02-26 | Protective composite glass and method of manufacturing thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8301751A FR2540431B1 (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | PROTECTIVE COMPOSITE GLAZING |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FR2540431A1 true FR2540431A1 (en) | 1984-08-10 |
| FR2540431B1 FR2540431B1 (en) | 1986-01-03 |
Family
ID=9285599
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8301751A Expired FR2540431B1 (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | PROTECTIVE COMPOSITE GLAZING |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2540431B1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA84616B (en) |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2084113A (en) * | 1935-03-23 | 1937-06-15 | Duplate Corp | Process and apparatus for making safety glass |
| US3388032A (en) * | 1965-01-13 | 1968-06-11 | Mobay Chemical Corp | Laminated safety glass |
| FR2134255A1 (en) * | 1971-04-29 | 1972-12-08 | Saint Gobain | Laminated safety glass - consisting of polyvinylbutyral sheet bonded to silicate glass and coated with protective layer |
| FR2160389A1 (en) * | 1971-11-16 | 1973-06-29 | Ppg Industries Inc | |
| FR2310979A1 (en) * | 1975-05-14 | 1976-12-10 | Ppg Industries Inc | LAMINATED GLASS ELEMENT WITH MIXED INTERMEDIATE LAYER |
| US4121014A (en) * | 1973-03-12 | 1978-10-17 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Haze-free transparent laminate having a plasticized polyvinyl acetal sheet |
| FR2443755A1 (en) * | 1978-12-06 | 1980-07-04 | Raychem Ltd | CONNECTION DEVICES AND METHODS USING THE SAME |
| EP0085602A2 (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1983-08-10 | Saint Gobain Vitrage International | Plastic interlayer, method of making and application in laminated glass |
-
1983
- 1983-02-04 FR FR8301751A patent/FR2540431B1/en not_active Expired
-
1984
- 1984-01-26 ZA ZA84616A patent/ZA84616B/en unknown
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2084113A (en) * | 1935-03-23 | 1937-06-15 | Duplate Corp | Process and apparatus for making safety glass |
| US3388032A (en) * | 1965-01-13 | 1968-06-11 | Mobay Chemical Corp | Laminated safety glass |
| FR2134255A1 (en) * | 1971-04-29 | 1972-12-08 | Saint Gobain | Laminated safety glass - consisting of polyvinylbutyral sheet bonded to silicate glass and coated with protective layer |
| FR2160389A1 (en) * | 1971-11-16 | 1973-06-29 | Ppg Industries Inc | |
| US4121014A (en) * | 1973-03-12 | 1978-10-17 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Haze-free transparent laminate having a plasticized polyvinyl acetal sheet |
| FR2310979A1 (en) * | 1975-05-14 | 1976-12-10 | Ppg Industries Inc | LAMINATED GLASS ELEMENT WITH MIXED INTERMEDIATE LAYER |
| FR2443755A1 (en) * | 1978-12-06 | 1980-07-04 | Raychem Ltd | CONNECTION DEVICES AND METHODS USING THE SAME |
| EP0085602A2 (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1983-08-10 | Saint Gobain Vitrage International | Plastic interlayer, method of making and application in laminated glass |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2540431B1 (en) | 1986-01-03 |
| ZA84616B (en) | 1984-09-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| CL | Concession to grant licences | ||
| CL | Concession to grant licences | ||
| GC | Lien (pledge) constituted | ||
| ST | Notification of lapse |