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ES2304855A1 - Feed preparation with glycerin and use thereof - Google Patents

Feed preparation with glycerin and use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2304855A1
ES2304855A1 ES200602535A ES200602535A ES2304855A1 ES 2304855 A1 ES2304855 A1 ES 2304855A1 ES 200602535 A ES200602535 A ES 200602535A ES 200602535 A ES200602535 A ES 200602535A ES 2304855 A1 ES2304855 A1 ES 2304855A1
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ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
glycerin
feed
preparation
percentage
salt content
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
ES200602535A
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Spanish (es)
Other versions
ES2304855B1 (en
Inventor
Alfonso Ezquerro Mangado
Oscar Lumbreras Castellanos
Borja De Carlos Gandasegui
Cristina Perez Molinero
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Acciona Biocombustibles SA
Original Assignee
Acciona Biocombustibles SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Acciona Biocombustibles SA filed Critical Acciona Biocombustibles SA
Priority to ES200602535A priority Critical patent/ES2304855B1/en
Priority to PCT/ES2007/000559 priority patent/WO2008040830A1/en
Publication of ES2304855A1 publication Critical patent/ES2304855A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2304855B1 publication Critical patent/ES2304855B1/en
Withdrawn - After Issue legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
    • A23K1/1609—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
    • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a feed preparation with glycerin and to the use thereof. The preparation is made by uniformly mixing different components using a balanced formulation and incorporating a percentage of glycerin which can be varied depending on the purity and salt content thereof the higher the purity and the lower the salt content the higher the percentage of glycerin used. The glycerin provides the balanced formulation of the feed with carbohydrates and fat. Said feed is preferably intended for pigs and gallinaceans although it can also be used for other animals.

Description

Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización.Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its utilization.

Objeto de la invenciónObject of the invention

La siguiente invención, según se expresa en el enunciado de la presente memoria descriptiva, se refiere a una preparación de un pienso con glicerina para alimentación animal y su utilización, con objeto de que la glicerina sea un elemento sustitutivo de hidratos de carbono y grasas, dependiendo el porcentaje de incorporación de glicerina de su pureza y del contenido en sales, sin afectar perjudicialmente a la alimentación del animal, es decir, actuando como tal sustitutivo.The following invention, as expressed in the set forth herein, refers to a preparation of a feed with glycerin for animal feed and its use, so that glycerin is an element carbohydrate and fat substitute, depending on Glycerin incorporation percentage of its purity and salt content, without damaging the food of the animal, that is, acting as such a substitute.

De esta forma, se obtiene un pienso equilibrado para alimentación animal, permitiendo, además, una nueva utilización de la glicerina y que el pienso tenga un menor coste.In this way, a balanced feed is obtained for animal feed, allowing, in addition, a new use of glycerin and that the feed has a lower cost.

Campo de aplicaciónScope

El preparado de pienso con glicerina para alimentación animal, es de aplicación en todas aquellas fabricas de piensos para animales, y, en especial, en piensos para cerdos y gallináceas, aunque, igualmente, puede ser de aplicación en la fabricación de piensos para otros animales.Feed preparation with glycerin for animal feed, is applicable in all those factories of animal feed, and especially pig feed and Gallinaceae, although it can also be applied in the feed manufacturing for other animals.

Antecedentes de la invenciónBackground of the invention

Como es conocido la glicerina es obtenida a partir del petróleo, en su proceso de destilación o vía aceites vegetales a partir de la producción de biodiésel, de forma que la glicerina, según su pureza y contenido en sales, tiene diferentes usos en la industria y en farmacia.As is known, glycerin is obtained at from oil, in its distillation process or via oils vegetables from biodiesel production, so that the Glycerin, according to its purity and salt content, has different uses in industry and in pharmacy.

De esta forma, la obtención de la glicerina esta en relación al consumo que requiere el mercado sin generar excedentes y resultando un producto rentable para aquellas empresas que la obtienen en sus procesos productivos.In this way, obtaining glycerin is in relation to the consumption that the market requires without generating surpluses and resulting in a profitable product for those companies They get it in their production processes.

Por otra parte, el consumo de biodiésel esta sufriendo un considerable incremento, pudiendo prever que el citado incremento sea todavía mayor en un breve plazo de tiempo, dado que cada día más se utiliza el biodiésel como sustitutivo del gasóleo en la industria del automóvil.On the other hand, the consumption of biodiesel is suffering a considerable increase, being able to foresee that the aforementioned increase is even greater in a short period of time, since biodiesel is increasingly used as a substitute for diesel In the automotive industry.

De esta forma, el biodiésel obtenido a partir de aceites vegetales de primera utilización o grasas animales puede utilizarse en motores diésel tanto en mezcla con gasóleo como al 100%, representando su utilización unos satisfactorios resultados, tanto en cuanto al funcionamiento del motor como por una drástica reducción de emisiones de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera, tales como óxidos de azufre, monóxido de carbono y de dióxido de carbono, entre otros.In this way, the biodiesel obtained from first-use vegetable oils or animal fats can used in diesel engines both in mixture with diesel and at 100%, representing its use satisfactory results, both in terms of engine operation and drastic reduction of emissions of polluting gases into the atmosphere, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, among others.

Lógicamente, como consecuencia de ello es por lo que se prevé un considerable aumento en el consumo de biodiésel.Logically, as a result it is so that a considerable increase in the consumption of biodiesel.

Así, como es conocido, en la producción de biodiésel a partir de aceites vegetales de primer uso o de grasa animal con alcohol y un catalizador, además del biodiésel se obtiene un 10% de glicerina, por lo que se incrementará considerablemente su producción de diferentes calidades en función de su pureza, desde glicerina cruda a glicerina farmacéutica.Thus, as is known, in the production of biodiesel from first-use vegetable oils or fat animal with alcohol and a catalyst, in addition to biodiesel it get 10% glycerin, so it will increase considerably its production of different qualities depending on of its purity, from crude glycerin to pharmaceutical glycerin.

Esta "glicerina cruda" puede tener un porcentaje aproximado de un 86% de glicerina, un \sim5% de NaCl y \sim5,8 ppm (partes por millón) de metanol.This "raw glycerin" can have a Approximate percentage of 86% glycerin, \5% NaCl and ,85.8 ppm (parts per million) of methanol.

Asimismo, el porcentaje de glicerina de esta "glicerina cruda" puede ser variado, de manera que al añadirle agua se diluirá bajando el porcentaje de glicerina, mientras que al ser refinada se varía su composición, aumentando su porcentaje y bajando el contenido de sales, de manera que la glicerina de uso farmacéutico, denominada "glicerina farma", tiene un porcentaje >99,5% de glicerina y un máximo de 10 ppm (partes por millón) de NaCl.Also, the glycerin percentage of this "raw glycerin" can be varied, so that by adding water will be diluted by lowering the percentage of glycerin, while at be refined its composition is varied, increasing its percentage and lowering the salt content, so that the glycerin use pharmacist, called "glycerin farma", has a percentage> 99.5% glycerin and a maximum of 10 ppm (parts per million) of NaCl.

En definitiva, el previsible aumento en el consumo de biodiesel llevará consigo un incremento en la obtención de glicerina, de manera que si se llega a producir un importante excedente de glicerina, lógicamente, el coste de la misma se reduciría de forma drástica, lo cual sería un grave inconveniente para aquellas empresas productoras de biodiesel.In short, the foreseeable increase in Biodiesel consumption will lead to an increase in obtaining of glycerin, so that if you get to produce an important excess glycerine, logically, the cost of it is would drastically reduce, which would be a serious inconvenience for those companies that produce biodiesel.

Asimismo, podemos considerar diferentes documentos, tales como la patente WO88/01474, en la que se describe un aditivo para piensos con al menos un polialcohol como la silicona, con un porcentaje de polialcohol del 0.4 al 8.5% en peso de la masa seca del pienso.We can also consider different documents, such as WO88 / 01474, in which it is described an feed additive with at least one polyol such as silicone, with a percentage of polyol of 0.4 to 8.5% by weight of the dry mass of the feed.

Otros documentos de patente que podemos considerar son:Other patent documents that we can Consider are:

--
patente española ES 2243135, en la que se describe un pienso para animales acuáticos en forma de bloque sólido con una composición de glicerina, gelatina y agua, que se mezcla con el alimento en sí.Spanish patent ES 2243135, in which a feed for block-shaped aquatic animals is described solid with a composition of glycerin, gelatin and water, which Mix with the food itself.

--
patente estadounidense US 5169670, en la que se describe una obtención de triglicéridos a partir de glicerina por una estirificación.U.S. Patent 5169670, in the which describes obtaining triglycerides from Glycerin by a stylization.

--
patente española ES 2019016, en la que se presenta un procedimiento para la preparación de derivados de glicerina, esto es, moléculas formadas por varias glicerinas.Spanish patent ES 2019016, in which a procedure for the preparation of derivatives of glycerin, that is, molecules formed by several glycerins

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patente europea EP 0743016 y patente japonesa JP 58-179440, en las que se describe un éster de glicerina.European patent EP 0743016 and patent Japanese JP 58-179440, which describes a glycerin ester.

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patente británica GB 2346063, en la que se describe una cápsula comestible para animales cuya cápsula es preferiblemente de glicerina.British patent GB 2346063, in which an edible capsule is described for animals whose capsule is preferably glycerin.

--
patente canadiense CA 241883, en la que se describe la glicerina como solvente orgánico.Canadian patent CA 241883, in which Glycerin is described as organic solvent.
Descripción de la invenciónDescription of the invention

Con objeto de solventar los inconvenientes citados en la presente memoria se describe una preparación de un pienso con glicerina para alimentación animal y su utilización, en orden a lograr una amplia utilización de la glicerina obtenida en la producción de biodiésel, de forma que, en la preparación del pienso, a la mezcla de componentes se incorpora glicerina como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso, esto es, la glicerina es incorporada como elemento sustitutivo de los componentes que aportan hidratos de carbono y grasas utilizados convencionalmente, permitiendo obtener un pienso equilibrado a un menor coste.In order to solve the inconveniences cited herein describes a preparation of a I think with glycerin for animal feed and its use, in order to achieve a wide use of the glycerin obtained in biodiesel production, so that, in the preparation of I think, glycerin is incorporated into the mixture of components as element of contribution of carbohydrates and fat to the formulation balanced feed, that is, glycerin is incorporated as substitute element of the components that provide hydrates of carbon and conventionally used fats, allowing to obtain a balanced feed at a lower cost.

Así, el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso es variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales.Thus, the percentage of glycerin incorporated as element of contribution of carbohydrates and fat to the formulation balanced feed is variable depending on its purity and salt content.

De esta forma, el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso puede ser de hasta un 50%, variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales.In this way, the percentage of glycerin incorporated as a contribution element of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced feed formulation can be up to 50%, variable depending on its purity and salt content.

Más en concreto, el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada, en el caso de glicerina cruda, como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso, puede ser de hasta un 12%, variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales.More specifically, the percentage of glycerin incorporated, in the case of crude glycerin, as a contribution element of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced formulation of I think, it can be up to 12%, variable depending on its purity and the salt content.

El porcentaje de incorporación de glicerina al pienso podrá ser mayor cuanto mayor sea su pureza y menor el contenido en sales.The percentage of glycerin incorporation into I think it may be higher the higher its purity and the lower the salt content.

Por otra parte, el porcentaje de incorporación de glicerina al pienso será menor cuanto mayor sea el contenido en sales.On the other hand, the percentage of incorporation from glycerin to feed will be lower the higher the content in you go out.

El pienso preparado con la adecuada formulación equilibrada es de utilización como pienso para alimentación animal, incorporando todos los nutrientes necesarios.Feed prepared with the appropriate formulation balanced is for use as feed for animal feed, incorporating all the necessary nutrients.

El pienso preparado con la adecuada formulación equilibrada, más en concreto, es de utilización como pienso para alimentación de cerdos y gallináceas, aún cuando puede ser utilizado como alimento para otros animales.Feed prepared with the appropriate formulation balanced, more specifically, is of use as I think to pig and chicken feed, even when it can be used  As food for other animals.

La preparación de pienso que se presenta es de utilización preferente para su consumo por animales monogástricos y no poligástricos.The feed preparation presented is of preferential use for consumption by monogastric animals and not polygastric.

Mediante los siguientes ejemplos se trata de facilitar la comprensión de la invención, de forma que en el preparado del pienso para alimentación animal con aporte de glicerina, como componente sustitutivo de hidratos de carbono y grasa, se procederá a verter en un recipiente o aparato convencional los diferentes componentes del pienso, de acuerdo a la correspondiente fórmula equilibrada, para su agitación y mezcla homogénea, pudiendo ser aportada la glicerina de distintas formas, tal como pulverizada.The following examples are about facilitate the understanding of the invention, so that in the feed prepared for animal feed with input from glycerin, as a carbohydrate substitute component and grease, proceed to pour into a container or device conventional the different components of the feed, according to the corresponding balanced formula, for stirring and mixing homogeneous, glycerin can be provided in different ways, as pulverized. 

       \newpage\ newpage

Ejemplo 1Example one

Para la obtención de 1000 Kg. de pienso equilibrado para alimentación de cerdos se utilizó una fórmula de acuerdo con la siguiente composición:To obtain 1000 kg of feed balanced for pig feeding a formula of according to the following composition:

1one

Alimentados con esta formulación con el paso del tiempo los cerdos no sufrieron alteración alguna en su crecimiento y comportamiento, así como en la calidad de la carne obtenida de los mismos.Fed with this formulation with the passage of time the pigs did not suffer any alteration in their growth and behavior, as well as in the quality of the meat obtained from the same.

De esta forma, la glicerina aportada en un porcentaje del 6% fue utilizada como elementos sustitutivo de Maíz nacional, Sal marina y L-Triptófano, resultando un pienso equilibrado con los mismos nutrientes y más económico.In this way, the glycerin provided in a 6% percentage was used as corn substitutes National, Sea salt and L-Tryptophan, resulting in a I think balanced with the same nutrients and cheaper. 

       \vskip1.000000\baselineskip\ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip

Ejemplo 2Example 2

Para la obtención de 1000 Kg. de pienso equilibrado para alimentación de cerdos se utilizó una fórmula de acuerdo con la siguiente composición:To obtain 1000 kg of feed balanced for pig feeding a formula of according to the following composition:

22

Alimentados con esta formulación con el paso del tiempo los cerdos no sufrieron alteración alguna en su crecimiento y comportamiento, así como en la calidad de la carne obtenida de los mismos.Fed with this formulation with the passage of time the pigs did not suffer any alteration in their growth and behavior, as well as in the quality of the meat obtained from the same.

De esta forma, la glicerina aportada en un porcentaje del 10% fue utilizada como elementos sustitutivo de Maíz nacional, Sal marina, Bicarbonato Sódico y L-Triptófano, resultando un pienso equilibrado con los mismos nutrientes y más económico.In this way, the glycerin provided in a 10% percentage was used as corn substitutes National, Sea Salt, Baking Soda and L-Tryptophan, resulting in a balanced feed with The same nutrients and more economical.

Claims (9)

1. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización, siendo del tipo de piensos que en su preparación los diferentes componentes son mezclados homogéneamente de acuerdo a una formulación equilibrada, caracterizada porque en la preparación del pienso a la mezcla de componentes se incorpora glicerina como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso.1. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use, being of the type of feed that in its preparation the different components are mixed homogeneously according to a balanced formulation, characterized in that in the preparation of the feed to the mixture of components glycerin is incorporated as element of contribution of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced formulation of the feed. 2. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización según reivindicación 1ª, caracterizada porque el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso es variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales.2. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use according to claim 1, characterized in that the percentage of glycerin incorporated as a contribution element of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced formulation of the feed is variable depending on its purity and salt content . 3. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización según reivindicaciones 1ª y 2ª, caracterizada porque el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso es de hasta un 50%, variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales.3. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the percentage of glycerin incorporated as a contribution element of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced formulation of the feed is up to 50%, variable depending on of its purity and salt content. 4. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización según reivindicaciones 1ª y 2ª, caracterizada porque el porcentaje de glicerina incorporada como elemento de aporte de hidratos de carbono y grasa a la formulación equilibrada del pienso es, preferentemente, de hasta un 12%, variable en función de su pureza y del contenido en sales, en el caso de glicerina cruda.4. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the percentage of glycerin incorporated as a contribution element of carbohydrates and fat to the balanced formulation of the feed is preferably up to 12%, variable depending on its purity and salt content, in the case of crude glycerin. 5. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1ª y 2ª, caracterizada porque el porcentaje de incorporación de glicerina al pienso podrá ser mayor cuanto mayor sea su pureza y menor el contenido en sales.5. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the percentage of incorporation of glycerin into the feed may be greater the higher its purity and the lower the salt content. 6. Preparación de un pienso con glicerina y su utilización de acuerdo con las reivindicaciones 1ª y 2ª, caracterizada porque el porcentaje de incorporación de glicerina al pienso será menor cuanto mayor el contenido en sales.6. Preparation of a feed with glycerin and its use according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the percentage of incorporation of glycerin into the feed will be lower the higher the salt content. 7. Utilización de la preparación de las reivindicaciones 1ª a 6ª como pienso.7. Use of the preparation of claims 1 to 6 as I think. 8. Utilización de la preparación de la reivindicación 7ª como pienso para alimentación de cerdos.8. Use of the preparation of the claim 7 as feed for pig feeding. 9. Utilización de la preparación de la reivindicación 7ª como pienso para alimentación de gallináceas.9. Use of the preparation of the claim 7 as I think for chicken feeding.
ES200602535A 2006-10-05 2006-10-05 PREPARATION OF A FEED WITH GLYCERINE AND ITS USE. Withdrawn - After Issue ES2304855B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200602535A ES2304855B1 (en) 2006-10-05 2006-10-05 PREPARATION OF A FEED WITH GLYCERINE AND ITS USE.
PCT/ES2007/000559 WO2008040830A1 (en) 2006-10-05 2007-10-04 Feed preparation with glycerin and use thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES200602535A ES2304855B1 (en) 2006-10-05 2006-10-05 PREPARATION OF A FEED WITH GLYCERINE AND ITS USE.

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ES2304855A1 true ES2304855A1 (en) 2008-10-16
ES2304855B1 ES2304855B1 (en) 2009-10-23

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009093887A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-30 Rodolfo Jose Medeles Orozco Energy supplement for animal nutrition
IT202000014149A1 (en) * 2020-06-16 2021-12-16 Paolo Pastrolin PREPARATION FOR COMPLEMENTARY FEED FOR PRODUCING ANIMALS

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1149846A (en) * 1965-04-30 1969-04-23 Gen Foods Corp Animal food
GB1302757A (en) * 1969-04-19 1973-01-10
WO1988001474A1 (en) * 1986-09-04 1988-03-10 Effem Gmbh Fodder
RU2035880C1 (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-05-27 Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью Фирма "Электронная медицина" Biologically-active addition
DE29722296U1 (en) * 1997-12-18 1998-02-26 Sera GmbH, 52525 Heinsberg Pet food

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1149846A (en) * 1965-04-30 1969-04-23 Gen Foods Corp Animal food
GB1302757A (en) * 1969-04-19 1973-01-10
WO1988001474A1 (en) * 1986-09-04 1988-03-10 Effem Gmbh Fodder
RU2035880C1 (en) * 1993-06-25 1995-05-27 Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью Фирма "Электронная медицина" Biologically-active addition
DE29722296U1 (en) * 1997-12-18 1998-02-26 Sera GmbH, 52525 Heinsberg Pet food

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
recuperado de WPI (World Patent Index), Thomson. nº acceso 1996-038307 (04), DW 199604. Resumen de la Base de Datos & RU 2035880 C1 (ELEKTRONNAYA MEDITSINA CO LTD) 27.05.1995 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009093887A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-30 Rodolfo Jose Medeles Orozco Energy supplement for animal nutrition
IT202000014149A1 (en) * 2020-06-16 2021-12-16 Paolo Pastrolin PREPARATION FOR COMPLEMENTARY FEED FOR PRODUCING ANIMALS

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Publication number Publication date
WO2008040830A1 (en) 2008-04-10
ES2304855B1 (en) 2009-10-23

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