EP4427245A1 - Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnement - Google Patents
Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnementInfo
- Publication number
- EP4427245A1 EP4427245A1 EP22808854.8A EP22808854A EP4427245A1 EP 4427245 A1 EP4427245 A1 EP 4427245A1 EP 22808854 A EP22808854 A EP 22808854A EP 4427245 A1 EP4427245 A1 EP 4427245A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- heat exchanger
- cogeneration
- condenser
- nuclear
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 60
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 26
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000065675 Cyclops Species 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 241001579016 Nanoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;disodium;dinitrate;nitrite Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[K+].[O-]N=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004177 carbon cycle Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D5/00—Arrangements of reactor and engine in which reactor-produced heat is converted into mechanical energy
- G21D5/04—Reactor and engine not structurally combined
- G21D5/08—Reactor and engine not structurally combined with engine working medium heated in a heat exchanger by the reactor coolant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
- G21D9/00—Arrangements to provide heat for purposes other than conversion into power, e.g. for heating buildings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/04—Thermal reactors ; Epithermal reactors
- G21C1/06—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated
- G21C1/08—Heterogeneous reactors, i.e. in which fuel and moderator are separated moderator being highly pressurised, e.g. boiling water reactor, integral super-heat reactor, pressurised water reactor
- G21C1/086—Pressurised water reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of light water nuclear reactors (REL), more particularly pressurized water reactors (PWR).
- REL light water nuclear reactors
- PWR pressurized water reactors
- the invention relates to cogeneration installations comprising such nuclear reactors.
- cogeneration we mean here and in the context of the invention, the simultaneous or non-simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat.
- the aim of the invention is, at iso-service rendered in terms of daytime electricity production, to recover all of the heat in the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor and, consequently, to limit or even eliminate any environmental impact. of the reactor (withdrawals and releases of liquid water into the environment).
- the invention applies to any nuclear reactor with indirect thermodynamic cycle of the family of so-called second, third, fourth generation (GEN IV) reactors. It applies in particular to fast neutron nuclear reactors cooled with liquid metal, in particular liquid sodium called RNR-Na or SFR (acronym for “Sodium Fast Reactor”) and which is part of the family of GEN IV reactors. .
- ENR renewable energies
- a pressurized water nuclear reactor conventionally comprises three cycles (fluidic circuits), the general principle of normal operation of which is explained below with reference to FIG. 1. The temperatures and efficiency are indicated by way of illustration.
- the primary circuit 1 is a closed-loop fluidic circuit mainly comprising the core of the reactor 2, at least one steam generator (GV), as an exchanger called the primary exchanger 3 and a hydraulic pump 4 to circulate the heat transfer fluid which is water maintained in the liquid state in the temperature operating range of the reactor, typically around 320° C.-330° C. in normal operation.
- GV steam generator
- the other equipment such as a pressurizer and all the devices ensuring operation under the required safety conditions, is not described here.
- the high-pressure water in the primary circuit takes the energy provided, in the form of heat, by the fission of the uranium nuclei, in the core of reactor 1.
- this water under high pressure and high temperature, typically 155 bars and 320°C-330°C, enters the intermediate exchanger 3 and transmits its energy to a secondary circuit 5, also using pressurized water as closed loop heat transfer fluid.
- This secondary circuit 5 comprises the intermediate exchanger 3, a turbine 6 comprising a high pressure body 60 and a low pressure body 61, a condenser 7 and a hydraulic pump 8 to circulate water in the form of steam as a heat transfer fluid. .
- the water in the form of steam at high pressure, typically at approximately 70 bars, is expanded in the high pressure body of the turbine, then overheated before continuing its expansion in the low pressure bodies 61.
- the turbine drives an alternator 9 which produces electricity.
- cooling cycle 10 mainly comprises moist air cooling towers 11, which are hollow towers in their center in which, naturally, a current of air is created entering in the lower part and exiting in the upper part. As it passes, this air current draws the heat contained in the water from the cooling circuit and disperses it into the atmosphere in the form of a cloud of water vapour.
- the operation is constantly reproduced in which the water is divided into fine droplets, which on the one hand allows a good exchange between the water and the air and therefore brings the water back to a temperature close to that of the ambient air and on the other hand saturates with water vapor the flow of air circulating from bottom to top in the tower.
- Part of the water flow evaporates in tower 11, the rest falls as rain in the basin located below the tower where it is pumped and returns to cool condenser 7.
- the evaporated water is replaced by so-called “environmental” tertiary water pumped upstream from a river, river or sea. an operator of the nuclear installation to reduce their power level, or even to stop them.
- thermodynamic efficiency of a PWR is of the order of 33 to 34%
- temperature of the water at the inlet of the condenser 7 is of the order of 20°C and 35°C when it leaves.
- the principle of cogeneration from a nuclear reactor consists in modifying the design of the energy conversion cycle so that the heat is released at the cold source at a temperature which allows recovery. Indeed, limiting global warming requires minimizing heat loss at all levels and in particular at the level of the cold source of a thermodynamic installation.
- This cogeneration objective becomes all the more relevant for a nuclear reactor as industrial or domestic heat is often traditionally obtained by burning fossil fuels responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
- a first configuration consists in modifying the components of the electrical production system of a PWR installation in order to adjust the temperature of the water at the level of the cold source.
- this modification remains however limited. It does not affect the high pressure turbine 60 but only the low pressure turbine 61 ensuring the Rankine cycle.
- This modification illustrated in FIG. 2 consists in bringing the operating point P of the low pressure turbine 61 to a pressure of the order of a bar, instead of about 50 mbar, so that the water leaving the condenser has a sufficiently high temperature level, typically at 70° C., to be enhanced, for example in a heating network 12.
- This modification is first of all accompanied by a reduction in the electrical power produced, since the efficiency thermodynamics goes to 27%. There is also an increase in pressure in the condenser 7.
- a second cogeneration configuration consists in taking the heat, no longer at the level of the cold source, but directly at the level of the bodies 60, 61 of the turbine 6, by drawing off hot steam: [3], [4].
- This second configuration, illustrated in FIG. 4, with a withdrawal S between the two bodies 60, 61 or within them has the advantage of having higher temperatures, typically beyond 100° C., by compared to those obtained when the heat is taken from the cold source.
- the first family concerns systems intended to improve the maneuverability of the reactor, i.e. aiming to make the electricity production of the reactor more flexible than it is at present, by temporarily increasing the level of electrical power supplied. to the network so as to adapt it to needs.
- these systems are implemented with generator reactors, but is also applicable to cogeneration reactors: [5], patent application JP2020197468A.
- FIG. 5 An example of such a system is schematically illustrated in Figure 5.
- An additional fluidic circuit configured as a thermal storage loop 13 is arranged between the primary circuit 1 and the secondary circuit 5 where the energy conversion is produced.
- This loop 13 respectively comprises the intermediate exchanger 3, two thermal storage tanks, of which one 14 is said to be hot and the other 15 is said to be cold, a steam generator 16 which makes it possible to exchange heat between the storage loop and the secondary circuit and thus produce steam for the turbines 60, 61 and finally two hydraulic pumps 17, 18 respectively between the hot tank 14 and the steam generator 16 and between the cold tank 15 and the intermediate exchanger 3 to put in motion the fluid heat transfer fluid within this loop 13.
- the heat transfer fluid within this loop is advantageously a mixture of molten HITEC® salts with a composition of 53% KNO3, 40% NaNCh, 7% NaNOa.
- the temperature of this heat transfer fluid is 310° C. within the hot reservoir 14 while it is of the order of 245° C. in the cold reservoir 15.
- reactor core 2 operates on base, i.e. at 100% power throughout the operating cycle.
- the power extracted to the storage loop 13 is constant and ensured by the pump 18 upstream of the intermediate exchanger 3.
- the pump 17 downstream of the hot reservoir, evacuating the power to the secondary circuit is in underspeed.
- the hot reservoir 14 fills up, the cold reservoir 15 empties.
- the power transferred to the secondary circuit 5 is therefore lower than that produced in the heart 2.
- the second family of cogeneration systems adding an energy storage facility concerns facilities dedicated to improving the overall energy efficiency of installation, i.e. making it possible to recover part of the heat produced in addition to the electricity.
- An example of an added installation is for example described in patent US4170879A.
- FIG. 6 also illustrates a system according to this second family, where the thermal power of the core is slaved to the electrical power demanded by the network.
- a thermal storage tank 19 is arranged downstream of the condenser 7. This tank 19 makes it possible to store the water from the cold source at the outlet of the condenser 7, then to restore it at another time. This configuration therefore makes it possible to recover all or part of the waste heat of the reactor in addition to the electricity supplied to the network, and makes it possible to temporally decorrelate the supply of electrical power from thermal power.
- the core cannot operate in base mode, the power produced at the core therefore varies according to the electrical demand;
- the valued temperature remains very low, typically less than 40° C., which limits the applications;
- the storage tank 9 being directly connected to the heating network 12, it must be of very substantial dimensions because the storage is at relatively low temperature, typically 40° C.;
- the object of the invention is to at least partially meet this need.
- the invention relates, in one of its aspects, to a nuclear power cogeneration installation comprising:
- At least one nuclear reactor in particular pressurized water reactor (PWR), comprising:
- a first fluid circuit said primary circuit, comprising at least a first intermediate heat exchanger
- said secondary circuit comprising at least one steam generator as second intermediate heat exchanger, at least one turbine connected to the second heat exchanger, a condenser connected to the turbine and to the second heat exchanger, for cooling the steam from the turbine and converting it back into water and returning it to the second heat exchanger;
- a third fluidic circuit configured as a closed loop for storing thermal energy, in which circulates a heat transfer fluid comprising:
- At least one air-cooling device operating in dry air connected in a closed loop to the condenser of the secondary circuit of the reactor.
- the invention makes it possible simultaneously to:
- Ka nominal design operating rate
- the invention makes it possible to improve the safety of the installation by providing a device contributing to the Residual Power Evacuation (EPUR) for periods of reactor shutdown.
- EPUR Residual Power Evacuation
- the invention essentially consists in using in combination a thermal storage loop, arranged between the primary circuit and secondary circuit of a reactor with a dry air cooling device at the condenser of the secondary circuit.
- the invention is a combination of the following means:
- thermal storage loop installed on site, between the primary circuit and the secondary circuit of a reactor, in particular PWR.
- This thermal storage loop makes it possible to no longer enslave the operation of the reactor to the needs of the electrical network. Thanks to the storage of thermal energy, the reactor operates at full power permanently, and the energy conversion system in the secondary circuit restores it according to the needs of the network (during the day), which increases the quantity of electricity sent to the network.
- thermodynamic efficiency may involve oversizing of the steam generators and the bodies high-pressure turbine, in particular with a larger blade diameter).
- the sizing of the cold and hot reservoirs of the storage loop depends on the level of temperature required.
- the volume of the reservoirs is advantageously between 10,000 m 3 and 30,000 m 3 , the industrial feasibility of such reservoirs having already been established in view of what is practiced today in other industrial fields;
- thermodynamic Rankine cycle an increase in the temperature of the water at the outlet of the secondary circuit condenser, on the cold source side, up to a recoverable temperature, typically to be greater than 70°C, for an urban heating network for example, which decreases the conversion efficiency of the thermodynamic Rankine cycle to the secondary circuit.
- This may advantageously involve a significant reduction, or even elimination, of the low pressure bodies of the turbine(s) and a modification of the design of the condenser, by increasing its saturation pressure in particular;.
- a major advantage of a system configuration according to the invention lies in the addition of a complementary component/method/network modifying the technical and functional configuration of the facility :
- the inventors have overcome a technical prejudice which was based on the fact of considering that the maximization of electrical production to make a nuclear power plant profitable always required designing the latter with the lowest possible temperature level of the cold source.
- the invention makes it possible to change the paradigm by demonstrating the ability to carry out cogeneration at very high energy efficiency.
- a nuclear cogeneration installation with a PWR nuclear reactor with a thermal storage loop and a dry air cooling device according to the invention has many major advantages, at iso-service rendered from a daytime electricity production point of view. , among which we can cite:
- climate change heat waves
- the dry air cooling device is a dry air cooling tower.
- the dry air cooling device is connected by pass to a connection to a district heating network.
- the temperature T1 at the inlet of the condenser is preferably equal to at least 40° C. and the temperature T2 at the outlet of the condenser is preferably equal to at least 70° C.
- each of the hot and cold reservoirs has a volume of between 10,000 m 3 and 30,000 m 3 .
- the heat transfer fluid of the thermal storage loop is a molten salt or a mixture of molten salts adapted to remain in the liquid phase over a range of temperatures ranging from 100° C. to 350° C. with a margin of 40° C. relative to the maximum operating temperature of the thermal storage loop.
- the heat transfer fluid has the following chemical composition: 53% NaNOa, 40% NaNO 2 , 7% KNO 3 .
- the turbine or turbines is (are) free (s) of low pressure bodies.
- FIG 1 Figure 1 schematically illustrates a configuration of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) operating only as a power reactor according to the state of the art.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- FIG 2 is a schematic view of a configuration of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) modified to operate as a cogeneration reactor according to the state of the art.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- FIG 3 figure 3 illustrates in the form of curves the evolution of the electrical efficiency and the exergy of a PWR reactor according to the state of the art as a function of the temperature of the cold source.
- FIG 4 is a schematic view of another configuration of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) modified to operate as a cogeneration reactor according to the state of the art.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- FIG 5 is a schematic view of a configuration of a cogeneration installation comprising a pressurized water reactor (PWR) and a thermal storage loop according to the state of the art.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- FIG 6 is a schematic view of a configuration of a cogeneration installation comprising a pressurized water reactor (PWR) and a thermal storage loop according to the state of the art.
- Figure 7 is a schematic view of a configuration of a cogeneration plant comprising a pressurized water reactor (PWR), a thermal storage loop and a dry air cooling device according to the invention.
- FIG 8 is a schematic view of a configuration of a cogeneration plant comprising a pressurized water reactor (PWR), a thermal storage loop, a heating network and a dry air-operated cooling device in bypass of the heating network according to the invention.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- FIG 8 Figure 8 is a schematic view of a configuration of a cogeneration plant comprising a pressurized water reactor (PWR), a thermal storage loop, a heating network and a dry air-operated cooling device in bypass of the heating network according to the invention.
- PWR pressurized water reactor
- Figure 9 illustrates in graphic form the intraday inrush power curve of an electrical network, connected to a PWR reactor according to the state of the art.
- Figure 10 illustrates in graphic form the power curve of a PWR reactor in a cogeneration installation with a thermal storage loop according to the invention.
- upstream is to be understood with reference to the direction of circulation of a heat transfer fluid within one of the fluid circuits of a nuclear cogeneration installation. according to the invention.
- the nuclear cogeneration installation according to the invention illustrated in FIG. 8 comprises, in addition to the usual components of an installation with usual PWR reactor, a thermal storage loop 13 between the primary circuit 1 and the secondary circuit 5 as well as a dry air cooler 20.
- the thermal storage loop 13 is a closed loop fluidic circuit in which a heat transfer fluid circulates from the intermediate exchanger 3 of the reactor primary circuit to a hot reservoir 14 then in a steam generator 16 and in a cold reservoir 15 to return to intermediate exchanger 3.
- the circulation of the heat transfer fluid within the loop 13 is ensured by a hydraulic pump 17 downstream of the hot reservoir 14 and a hydraulic pump 18 downstream of the cold reservoir 18.
- the fluidic branches of the loop 13 are each constituted by a pipe of cylindrical section, with metal walls, resistant to chemical attack by the heat transfer fluid at high temperatures, typically above 300° C. and which is insulated on the outside with a high temperature insulation.
- the diameter of a pipe is calculated to allow all the thermal power to be evacuated with a maximum admissible limit flow speed of the heat transfer fluid, typically of the order of 5 to 10 m/s.
- the hot tank 14 makes it possible to contain the heat transfer fluid, to store all the heat recovered from the intermediate exchanger 3 and to supply the heat transfer fluid to the steam generator 16.
- the hot tank 14 can be cylindrical in shape, the walls of which are made of metal resistant to chemical attacks from the heat transfer fluid at high temperatures, typically above 300°C and is coated with an external high temperature insulating layer to limit heat loss.
- the sizing (useful storage volume) of the hot reservoir 14 depends on the characteristics of the heat transfer fluid used: it must enable it to store at most all of the heat produced by the nuclear reactor over a rolling 24-hour period.
- the hot tank 14 is located at a distance, typically at a preliminary estimated distance of 60 m from the reactor containment with an intermediate embankment.
- the tank 14 can be equipped with a system for preheating the heat transfer fluid to guarantee that the fluid is maintained in the liquid state and/or with a level measurement system with report of an alarm and/or of an overflow of safety connected directly to the cold tank 15.
- the steam generator 16 produces steam for the turbines 60, 61, which is characteristic of a Rankine cycle with the operating methods of a generator cycle of the installation and must be able to operate according to the needs of the electrical network 21.
- the steam generator 16 is typically sized to evacuate 1.5 times the power of the nuclear reactor. It is specified that the turbines 6, 60, 61 are sized from the peak flow of steam produced by the steam generator 16.
- the hydraulic pump 17 like the hydraulic pump 18 , is designed to operate at least at the availability coefficient Kd of the nuclear reactor and must be able to operate according to the fluctuations in the electricity needs of the electrical network 21 to which the alternator 9 of the nuclear reactor.
- the flow rate of the pump 17 or 18 must make it possible, taking into account the heat capacity of the heat transfer fluid and the dimensioning of the steam generator 16, to supply the last heat transfer fluid with a flow rate making it possible to respond to power calls from the electrical network 21
- Each of the pumps 17, 18 has metal walls resistant to chemical attack by the heat transfer fluid at high temperatures, typically above 300°C.
- Several pumps 17 or 18 can be positioned in parallel to distribute the pumping rate and a redundant pump can be provided for safety reasons.
- the cold tank 15 has substantially the same coolant storage volume as the hot tank 14, recovered from the steam generator 16.
- the cold tank 15 may be cylindrical in shape, the walls of which are made of metal resistant to chemical attack by the heat transfer fluid. high temperatures, typically above 300°C and is coated with an outer high temperature insulating layer to limit heat loss.
- the sizing (useful storage volume) of the cold reservoir 15 depends on the characteristics of the heat transfer fluid used: it must allow it to store at most all of the heat produced by the nuclear reactor over a rolling 24-hour period. For safety reasons, the cold reservoir 15 is located at a distance, typically at a preliminary estimated distance of 60 m from the reactor containment with an intermediate embankment.
- the tank 15 can be equipped with a system for preheating the heat transfer fluid to guarantee that the fluid is maintained in the liquid state and/or with a level measurement system with report of an alarm and/or of an overflow of safety connected directly to the hot tank 14.
- the heat transfer fluid is of the molten salt type to remain in the liquid phase over a range of temperatures ranging from 100° C. to 350° with a margin of 40° C. with respect to the maximum operating temperature)
- the salt will be of the following chemical composition: 53% NaNCh, 40% NaNCL, 7% KNO3 (HITEC® salt).
- the total volume of salt contained in the closed loop 13 is equal to the total volume of the cold reservoir 15 and the volume contained in the branches/fluidic pipes of the loop 13 to avoid any overflow or loading during operation.
- the electrical network 21 connected to the alternator 9 aims to transport and distribute electricity to end users according to their needs. This is a high-voltage electrical network operating according to the power demands linked to the uses of electricity, which must be able to accept the peak electrical power produced by the cogeneration installation.
- the cogeneration installation comprises at least one cooling tower 20 called dry air, that is to say operating by dry air, connected in a closed loop to the condenser 7 of the secondary circuit of the reactor.
- This configuration hereafter called configuration A/, is illustrated in figure 7.
- This cooling tower 20 will transfer the heat from the water condensed in the condenser 7 to the ambient air.
- the air-cooling tower 7 is sized to evacuate the thermal power not consumed by the turbines 6, 60, 61 by bringing the water supplied from the condenser 7 to the lowest temperature level that the ambient air can allow by heating in such a way sensitive.
- the closed loop comprising the condenser 7 and the dry air cooling tower 20 is equipped with a pumping system to convey the heat transfer fluid within it, this pumping system being able to be directly integrated into the tower 20.
- This configuration A/ aims for purely electrical operation with evacuation, by means of the dry air cooling tower 20, of the residual power not consumed by the electrical conversion system 6, 9.
- the installation is not with total energy efficiency but has the significant advantage of producing more electricity during the day than a PWR reactor according to the state of the art without requiring the withdrawal or discharge of liquid water into the environment.
- the dry air cooling tower 20 is connected by pass to a connection to a district heating network 12.
- the installation operates according to the configuration A/.
- This configuration B/ aims for operation with cogeneration with supply of low temperature heat for a district heating network 12.
- the entire cogeneration installation is configured to have, in the closed loop integrating the condenser 7 and the district heating network 12, a temperature T1 at the condenser inlet of at least 40° C. and a condenser outlet temperature T2 7 of at least 70°C.
- the inventors have produced dimensions of the cogeneration installation illustrated in Figures 7 and 8 respectively for configurations A/ and B/.
- These dimensionings are based on the intra-day inrush power curve of a high voltage electrical network 21.
- the power curve can be simplified as in FIG. 9 with a constant need in terms of power centered on the day over a duration of X hours, where X is less than 24.
- the design of the installation according to the invention remains the same by considering that the total power sent to the network daily is equal to the integral of the power served over 24 rolling hours.
- the water entering a moist air cooling tower 11 is of the order of 35° C. and 25° C. C out.
- the energy conversion loop 5 implementing a Rankine cycle must therefore be dimensioned so as to evacuate all of its power during the X hours of power demand from the network. Its dimensioning power is then given by equation (3)
- the salt pumping rate of pump 18 is given by the equation: where Cpse ⁇ is the specific heat capacity of the salt of the heat transfer fluid in the loop 13.
- the useful volume of the hot tank 14 is then given by the formula:
- the useful volume of the cold tank 15 is equal to the useful volume of the hot tank 14: (6)
- This dimensioning method does not include the loss of volume during the hours of reactor operating overlap and the electricity conversion cycle. However, it allows reactor shutdown kinetics in the event of failure of the energy conversion system at the least opportune moment (start of the grid call cycle).
- the total volume before overflow of the cold reservoir can be given by adding a safety volume taken in a preliminary manner before the safety analysis at 20% of the useful volume.
- the sizing of the Rankine cycle components in the secondary circuit 5 is dictated by the thermal power to be converted and the temperature at the terminals of the condenser 7.
- the temperature at the terminals of condenser 7 depends on the configuration A/or B/ envisaged.
- Table 1 below gives temperature values and the value of the efficiency of the associated thermodynamic cycle according to the configuration A/ or B/
- the dimensioning of all the components of the cycle is established from internal software, used under the name CYCLOP, qualified by the applicant for the dimensioning in steady state of the thermodynamic conversion cycle.
- the operating point of the energy conversion system in the secondary circuit is calculated with the CYCLOP software.
- thermodynamic efficiency 30.1%, which is degraded compared to a conventional PWR reactor configuration, for which the efficiency is of the order of 34%, due to the increase in the temperature of the cold source up to at 50°C;
- Table 2 summarizes the performance evaluations for the configurations A/ and B/ studied.
- the nuclear cogeneration installation which has just been described in relation to a pressurized water nuclear reactor can be implemented with all indirect thermodynamic cycle nuclear reactors, for which the heat production cycle and physically separated from the energy conversion cycle.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Structure Of Emergency Protection For Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
- Central Heating Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR2111675A FR3128812B1 (fr) | 2021-11-03 | 2021-11-03 | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d’eau liquide dans l’environnement. |
PCT/EP2022/080339 WO2023078825A1 (fr) | 2021-11-03 | 2022-10-31 | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnement. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP4427245A1 true EP4427245A1 (fr) | 2024-09-11 |
Family
ID=80122470
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP22808854.8A Pending EP4427245A1 (fr) | 2021-11-03 | 2022-10-31 | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnement |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20250006392A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP4427245A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2024541061A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN118511229A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3128812B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2023078825A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT358226B (de) | 1977-01-14 | 1980-08-25 | Laing Nikolaus | Heizkraftwerk |
CN106898400A (zh) * | 2017-03-27 | 2017-06-27 | 中核核电运行管理有限公司 | 大型商用核能中高压蒸汽远距离区域热能供应系统及方法 |
CN209281902U (zh) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-08-20 | 哈尔滨电气股份有限公司 | 用于钠冷快堆的可切换式超临界二氧化碳循环热电联供系统 |
JP7334480B2 (ja) | 2019-06-04 | 2023-08-29 | 富士電機株式会社 | 高温ガス炉システム |
KR102326658B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-24 | 2021-11-16 | 한국수력원자력 주식회사 | 부하 추종 운전이 가능한 원전 열병합발전시스템 |
-
2021
- 2021-11-03 FR FR2111675A patent/FR3128812B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-10-31 WO PCT/EP2022/080339 patent/WO2023078825A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2022-10-31 EP EP22808854.8A patent/EP4427245A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-10-31 JP JP2024526694A patent/JP2024541061A/ja active Pending
- 2022-10-31 US US18/707,446 patent/US20250006392A1/en active Pending
- 2022-10-31 CN CN202280087423.4A patent/CN118511229A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2024541061A (ja) | 2024-11-06 |
FR3128812B1 (fr) | 2024-07-19 |
US20250006392A1 (en) | 2025-01-02 |
WO2023078825A1 (fr) | 2023-05-11 |
CN118511229A (zh) | 2024-08-16 |
FR3128812A1 (fr) | 2023-05-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP1495473B1 (fr) | Procede et dispositif de production d'electricite a partir de la chaleur produite dans le coeur d'au moins un reacteur nucleaire a haute temperature | |
FR3056230A1 (fr) | Systeme d'electrolyse reversible de l'eau a haute temperature comportant un reservoir d'hydrures couple a l'electrolyseur | |
Mehrpooya et al. | A novel MCFC hybrid power generation process using solar parabolic dish thermal energy | |
FR3016025A1 (fr) | Combinaison d'une unite de stockage d'energie par air comprime et d'une centrale thermique | |
EP4427245A1 (fr) | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur avec cycle thermodynamique indirect sans prélèvement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnement | |
EP3835555A1 (fr) | Dispositif de production d'énergie électrique comportant un accumulateur d'énergie thermique | |
FR2982876A1 (fr) | Systeme de conversion d'energie solaire en energies electrique et chimique et procede de fonctionnement d'un tel systeme | |
WO2024100030A1 (fr) | Installation de cogeneration electronucleaire a reacteur a eau legere et systeme de capture de co2 atmospherique, ou de dessalement d'eau de mer sans prelevement ou rejet d'eau liquide dans l'environnement | |
FR3128813A1 (fr) | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur à eau légère (REL) et système de capture de CO2 atmosphérique, ou de dessalement d’eau de mer sans prélèvement ou rejet d’eau liquide dans l’environnement. | |
FR3111742A1 (fr) | Systeme de stockage et de recuperation d'energie | |
EP3152510B1 (fr) | Installation de conversion de chaleur en energie mecanique au refroidissement optimise par un systeme de recuperation et stockage d'une partie de l'energie thermique du fluide de travail | |
WO2024133496A1 (fr) | Installation de cogénération électronucléaire à réacteur à eau légère (rel) et système(s) d'électrolyse de l'eau à haute température pour production d'hydrogène à partir de la chaleur du réacteur rel | |
FR3117167A1 (fr) | procédé de stockage et de récupération d’énergie avec optimisation thermique à la détente | |
WO2022268830A1 (fr) | Procede de stockage et de recuperation d'energie avec stockage de chaleur indirect a la compression | |
Brown et al. | Guide to Decentralized Energy Technologies: Decentralized Energy reduces the risk of transmission failure and of catastrophic blackouts | |
EP4216233A2 (fr) | Réacteur nucléaire à eau légère, notamment à eau pressurisée ou à eau bouillante, à source froide au sol et intégrant un système autonome d'évacuation de la puissance résiduelle | |
FR3146161A1 (fr) | Système de stockage et de récupération d’énergie par gaz comprimé avec un dispositif de régulation de la pression | |
EP4216235A2 (fr) | Réacteur nucléaire à eau légère, notamment à eau pressurisée ou à eau bouillante, intégrant un système passif et autonome d' évacuation de la puissance résiduelle | |
Duval | Panorama 2011: Water for electricity | |
EP4288644A1 (fr) | Centrale électrique alimentée en hydrogène avec stockage de l'énergie thermique | |
FR3117163A1 (fr) | procédé de stockage et de récupération d’énergie comprenant une turbine à gaz pour réchauffer le gaz comprimé à la détente | |
EA045573B1 (ru) | Атомная тепловая станция с генерированием электроэнергии в режиме следования за нагрузкой | |
EA048055B1 (ru) | Атомная тепловая станция с генерированием электроэнергии в режиме следования за нагрузкой | |
Zohuri et al. | Circulating Water Systems | |
EP3234353A1 (fr) | Dispositif de stockage destiné à une installation de production d'énergie thermique et procédé d'utilisation |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20240506 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
RAP3 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIESALTERNATIVES |
|
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
RAV | Requested validation state of the european patent: fee paid |
Extension state: MA Effective date: 20240506 |