EP4409122A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines verbrennungssystems einer strömungsmaschine für einen flugantrieb sowie strömungsmaschine - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines verbrennungssystems einer strömungsmaschine für einen flugantrieb sowie strömungsmaschineInfo
- Publication number
- EP4409122A1 EP4409122A1 EP22768622.7A EP22768622A EP4409122A1 EP 4409122 A1 EP4409122 A1 EP 4409122A1 EP 22768622 A EP22768622 A EP 22768622A EP 4409122 A1 EP4409122 A1 EP 4409122A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- combustion
- steam
- fuel
- turbomachine
- combustion chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 289
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 162
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 59
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 9
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 9
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010016754 Flashback Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
- F02C3/30—Adding water, steam or other fluids for influencing combustion, e.g. to obtain cleaner exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/286—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply having fuel-air premixing devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/30—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply comprising fuel prevapourising devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
- F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
- F23R3/28—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply
- F23R3/30—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply comprising fuel prevapourising devices
- F23R3/32—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel characterised by the fuel supply comprising fuel prevapourising devices being tubular
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/01—Purpose of the control system
- F05D2270/08—Purpose of the control system to produce clean exhaust gases
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating a combustion system of a turbomachine for an aircraft engine with a compressor, a combustion chamber, a turbine, a heat exchanger arranged downstream of the turbine and a fuel processing system, and a turbomachine suitable for carrying out the method.
- Turbomachines for aircraft propulsion systems are currently operated exclusively with fossil fuels such as kerosene, the combustion of which produces pollutants that pollute the environment.
- WO 2019/223823 A1 discloses an aircraft propulsion system which, due to its design, has the potential to reduce emissions that are harmful to the environment or the climate.
- the drive system combines a gas turbine cycle with a steam turbine cycle in one machine.
- steam is generated by means of exhaust gas energy, which is then fed to the area of the combustion chamber of the machine.
- the higher mass flow in the turbine due to the addition of steam results in an increase in output, and the thermal efficiency of the turbomachine is improved by the heat recovery.
- Carbon monoxide (CO) is contained in the exhaust gas when the carbon contained in the fuel is not completely oxidized. This can be caused by a lack of oxygen, insufficient mixing of the fuel with the combustion air, too little residence time in the combustion zone, or the mixture cooling down too quickly in the combustion chamber. An increased concentration of carbon monoxide occurs in the combustion zone due to the high temperatures, even with excess air, since carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dissociates into carbon monoxide (CO) at high temperatures.
- the air to fuel ratio LBV significantly affects the CO emission. At rich equivalence ratios, there is too little oxygen for the carbon monoxide to be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. Very lean mixture ratios result in low temperatures in the combustion zone. If the residence time of the mixture in the combustion zone is insufficient to complete the oxidation of carbon monoxide, CO emissions will increase.
- the fuel preparation also influences the CO emissions.
- Liquid fuel usually enters the combustion zone in the form of small, finely divided droplets. Before the hydrocarbons can oxidize, they must vaporize and mix with the air. The larger the injected droplets, the longer the evaporation takes. In addition, areas with a very high fuel concentration are formed around the droplets, so that rich combustion takes place locally. Thus, large fuel droplets also lead to increased CO emissions.
- Nitrogen oxides are all compounds of nitrogen with oxygen.
- the three most important factors influencing the formation of thermal nitrogen oxides are the temperature, the residence time of the mixture at the high temperatures and the equivalence ratio. Temperature has the greatest influence on the formation of thermal nitrogen oxides. At combustion temperatures of over 1900 K, the rate of formation of nitrogen oxide increases sharply. The longer the mixture stays in the combustion zone and the larger the area of high temperature, the greater the nitrogen oxide emissions.
- the equivalence ratio also affects the NO x emissions. She's with one slightly lean mixture highest. This is due to the overlapping of two effects: On the one hand, the formation of nitrogen oxides requires oxygen. The leaner the mixture, the more oxygen is available. The other effect comes from the relationship between the equivalence ratio and the combustion temperature. The highest temperatures occur with slightly rich combustion. All of this means that the maximum formation of nitrogen oxides is achieved with slightly lean combustion.
- nitrogen oxides are formed by combustion radicals.
- the CH radicals required for these reactions occur more frequently in fuel-rich combustion zones.
- nitrogen oxides are formed via the so-called dinitrogen mechanism.
- Carbon black (C) is a solid composed largely of carbon. Soot is formed when kerosene and air are burned at pressures above 6 bar and at rich mixtures with equivalence ratios above 1.3.
- Combustion in an aircraft engine must be stable even under widely varying combustion chamber inlet conditions.
- the most important stationary operating states of a Aircraft engines are take-off, cruising at high altitude (cruise), idling in flight (flight idle) and idling on the ground (ground idle). In conventional engines, these operating conditions affect the combustion chamber parameters.
- the inlet pressure into the combustion chamber varies by a factor of about 10, the fuel mass flow by a factor of about 20, and the inlet temperature and the global mixing ratio by a factor of about 2.
- the mixture in the combustion chamber is significantly leaner and the combustion chamber pressure and the combustion chamber inlet temperature also decrease. This reduces the distance to the lean extinction limit.
- RQL Rich Quench Lean
- LPI Lean Premixed Prevapourized
- LP Combustion Lean Premixed
- Staged combustion mostly fuel staged.
- Proposed combustion system of a turbomachine for an aircraft engine which comprises a compressor, a combustor, a turbine, a heat exchanger arranged downstream of the turbine and a fuel processing system, with the following steps: a) generating steam in the heat exchanger, b) supplying steam into a mixing chamber of the fuel processing system, c) supplying fuel into the Mixing chamber of the fuel processing system, d) forming a vapor/fuel mixture in the mixing chamber, and e) feeding the vapor/fuel mixture into a combustion chamber of the turbomachine.
- Such a turbomachine for an aircraft drive has a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine.
- air is compressed in a compressor, mixed with fuel in a combustor, and ignited to drive a turbine.
- the proposed turbomachine also has a heat exchanger arranged downstream of the turbine, in which in step a) of the proposed method, in particular water extracted from the exhaust gas of the turbomachine is generated using the exhaust gas energy steam.
- the turbomachine has a fuel preparation system for preparing the fuel before it is burned in the combustion chamber.
- step b) of the proposed method at least part of the steam generated in the heat exchanger is conducted, in particular via a steam line or steam supply, into a mixing chamber of the fuel processing system.
- step c) fuel is fed into the mixing chamber of the fuel processing system and thus into the vapor introduced there, with the fuel evaporating. From the steam and the fuel, a steam/fuel mixture is then formed in step d) in the mixing chamber, which is finally fed to a combustion chamber of the turbomachine in step e).
- the fuel is advantageously vaporized in a mixing chamber that is spatially separate from the combustion chamber and is only fed into the combustion chamber of the turbomachine after a vapor/fuel mixture has formed.
- a mixing chamber that is spatially separate from the combustion chamber and is only fed into the combustion chamber of the turbomachine after a vapor/fuel mixture has formed.
- the proposed method enables a homogeneous distribution of the fuel in the steam and thus forms a basis for stable and homogeneous combustion in the combustion chamber, which also results in an increase in the efficiency of the turbomachine.
- a further advantage of using hot vapor to vaporize liquid fuel is that there is no risk of auto-ignition or flashback from the combustion chamber as there is no oxygen present in the vapour/fuel mixture.
- superheated steam is generated from the exhaust gas energy in the turbine in the heat exchanger.
- Superheated steam has a high energy density, so that unwanted condensation of the evaporated water in the area of the fuel processing system until the fuel contained in the steam/fuel mixture is burned is avoided.
- a directed flow is formed in step b) in the steam when it is fed into the mixing chamber.
- the directed flow can be produced by means of a swirl generator arranged at the inlet of the mixing chamber, in which the steam is set in rotation and then enters a mixing chamber of the fuel processing system with the flow formed in the process.
- the fuel is finely atomized in step c) and introduced into the directed steam flow.
- the vaporization of the fuel is improved by the atomization, so that the formation of a homogeneous vapour/fuel mixture is further supported.
- the fuel is completely vaporized when it exits the mixing chamber. Accordingly, when the steam/fuel mixture exits the mixing chamber, the fuel is only present in gaseous form, as a result of which the steam/fuel mixture has favorable properties for clean combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
- steam generated in the heat exchanger is also introduced into a combustion chamber exterior.
- the remaining space inside the combustion chamber housing and outside of a flame tube or the combustion chamber is referred to as the combustion chamber exterior, with the steam being introduced into the combustion chamber exterior in particular upstream of the flame tube and an injection device.
- a portion of the steam generated in the heat exchanger is available for this purpose, which is not required to form the steam/fuel mixture in the mixing chamber of the fuel processing system. In this way, the steam content in the combustion zone can be made variable.
- steam generated in the heat exchanger is mixed in a diffuser with the air conveyed by the compressor.
- a homogeneous mixture of the combustion air with the steam and consequently also with the steam/fuel mixture fed to it can be achieved.
- a portion of the steam generated in the heat exchanger is also available for this purpose, which is not required to form the steam/fuel mixture in the mixing chamber of the fuel processing system.
- an air and/or vapor mixture is fed to the combustion chamber, in which a directed flow is formed particularly when it is fed into the combustion chamber, with the gaseous fuel-vapor mixture being introduced from the mixing chamber into this directed flow.
- the formation of the directed flow in the air and/or steam mixture results in a largely homogeneous mixture of this mixture, to which a largely homogeneously premixed steam/fuel mixture is additionally supplied in the combustion chamber.
- the formation of a directed flow results in additional mixing, so that there is a mixture in the combustion chamber is present with an advantageously homogeneous distribution of the components, as a result of which clean combustion can be achieved.
- the directed flow achieves a stabilization of the flame.
- the directed flow can also be designed as a jet flow.
- the fuel processing system has at least two mixing chambers in which steam/fuel mixtures with different mixing ratios are formed, with different flows being formed in at least two regions of the combustion chamber, into which one of the steam/fuel mixtures is introduced in each case.
- a stepped combustion chamber with two combustion zones can be formed with the method.
- a pilot combustion zone is formed in which sufficient combustion energy is released at low load requirements such as idling, and a main combustion zone that can be switched on at higher load levels.
- a turbomachine for an aircraft engine with a combustion system which has a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine as well as a heat exchanger for steam generation arranged downstream of the turbine.
- the turbomachine has a fuel processing system connected to the combustion chamber for producing a vapor/fuel mixture for feeding into the combustion chamber.
- turbomachine is designed in such a way that it can be used to carry out one or more method steps of the previously described method for operating a combustion system of a turbomachine.
- the proposed turbomachine has a fuel preparation system connected to the combustion chamber for producing a vapor/fuel mixture for feeding into the combustion chamber.
- the fuel vaporizes in a mixing chamber that is spatially separate from the combustion chamber and is only fed into the combustion chamber of the turbomachine after it has formed and in the form of a vapour/fuel mixture.
- This enables a homogeneous distribution of the fuel in the steam and a stable and homogeneous combustion in the combustion chamber, which on the one hand results in an increase in the efficiency of the turbomachine and on the other hand reduces the risk of self-ignition or flashback from the combustion chamber, since there is no oxygen is available.
- At least one flow generator for generating a directed flow in the steam introduced is arranged at the steam inlet of the mixing chamber.
- the fuel in the mixing chamber can be supplied to a vapor that flows in a directed and, in particular, stable manner, as a result of which homogeneous vaporization and mixing of the fuel with the vapor can be achieved.
- the flow generator can be designed as a swirl generator, which causes the steam to rotate when it enters the mixing chamber.
- One embodiment of the turbomachine has a steam supply device which is set up to supply steam from the heat exchanger to the mixing chamber of the fuel processing system and/or to the exterior of the combustion chamber.
- the steam supply device can in particular be set up in such a way that the amount of steam which is supplied to the fuel processing system and/or the combustion chamber exterior can be metered in order to supply the required amount of steam from the heat exchanger to them.
- a separate steam generator can optionally be provided for the amount of steam that is routed to the fuel processing system, in order to ensure that the fuel processing system is supplied with sufficient steam.
- the steam supply device is set up to conduct steam further downstream to a diffuser arranged at the combustion chamber inlet and/or to the exterior of the combustion chamber, in particular in the region of the combustion chamber outlet.
- the distribution of the steam quantities at the steam branch is selected in particular in such a way that a quantity of steam introduced upstream of the combustion chamber, for example into a diffuser, together with the quantity of steam from the fuel processing system in the combustion zone with a precisely defined and, in particular, slightly rich equivalence ratio, has a temperature favorable for low emissions (e.g. 1900 K at full load).
- the homogeneously distributed steam with its high heat capacity acts as a thermal load, which means that temperature peaks can be avoided.
- the residence time of the combustion gases in the combustion zone can be selected so long that the emissions of CO, UHC and soot can be kept low.
- One embodiment of the turbo machine has a steam manifold between the steam supply device to the mixing chamber of the fuel processing system and the steam supply device to the combustion chamber exterior.
- the steam generated in the heat exchanger can be supplied to various devices of the turbomachine by means of the steam branch.
- different amounts of steam can be introduced into the exterior of the combustion chamber, in particular upstream of the combustion chamber or flame tube and the injection device.
- a control valve can optionally be provided for the steam branch. In this way, the distribution of the steam mass flows and thus the steam content in the combustion zone can be varied.
- One embodiment of the turbomachine has a check valve arranged between the combustion chamber exterior and the mixing chamber for supplying air from the combustion chamber exterior to the fuel processing system.
- Such a non-return valve is particularly advantageous during operation of the turbomachine at operating points at which steam is not yet available (e.g. at startup).
- air can be conducted from the outside of the combustion chamber into the fuel preparation system via the check valve, as a result of which the fuel is premixed with air. Due to the low pressure and low air temperature at such operating points, there is also no risk of self-ignition in the mixing chamber. Flashback from the combustion chamber into the mixing chamber is also not possible as long as the exit velocity from the fuel nozzle is higher than the flame propagation velocity.
- One embodiment of the turbomachine has at least one injection device arranged at the entry into the combustion chamber, which has at least one flow generator for generating a directed flow in the steam/fuel mixture that is introduced.
- a flow generator By using a flow generator, a very homogeneous distribution of all mixture components in the combustion chamber is achieved in order to achieve low-emission combustion.
- Particularly effective combustion areas can be defined by different directions of flow, in particular a pilot combustion zone and a main combustion zone of the combustion.
- the injection device has at least two concentrically arranged flow generators.
- at least two flow fields are formed, in particular concentrically with one another, which can also be supplied with different amounts of fuel, for example.
- Different combustion areas can be provided in the combustion chamber in order to achieve optimum efficiency with particularly clean combustion.
- At least one flow generator can be designed as a so-called swirl generator, which forms a flow field that is in particular approximately in the shape of a cylinder jacket.
- at least two directed flows can be formed, which are arranged concentrically to one another in the combustion chamber, such as for example, particularly effectively defined combustion areas for the pilot combustion zone and for the main combustion zone.
- the distribution of the steam quantities is selected in such a way that the steam quantity introduced in particular upstream of the combustion chamber together with the steam quantity from the fuel processing system in the combustion zone with a defined (slightly rich) equivalence ratio achieve a temperature favorable for low emissions (e.g. 1900 K at full load). reached.
- the homogeneously distributed steam with its high heat capacity acts as a thermal load, which avoids temperature peaks.
- the residence time of the combustion gases in the combustion zone can be chosen so long that the emissions of CO, UHC and soot are also kept very low with this combustion concept.
- the water vapor conducted further downstream into the combustion chamber exterior increases the vapor concentration there.
- the mass flows for cooling the combustion chamber, for adjusting the radial temperature distribution at the combustion chamber outlet and for cooling the high-pressure turbine are taken from this area. Because of the higher thermal capacity of the cooling medium, the cooling mass flow can also be reduced. As a positive side effect, more oxygen is then available for combustion.
- No/ little prompt NOx prevention of the formation of CH radicals, as no rich mixture is generated.
- the global equivalence ratio is slightly lean ((
- a lean mixture ratio can result at part load. This can lead to lean blowout and poor ignition and reignition characteristics. To prevent this, the mixture ratio in the combustion zone must be adjusted to the load.
- the steam supply to the outside of the combustion chamber can be reduced or shut off in a version with a control or shut-off valve. More fuel then has to be injected for the same power because the mass throughput is reduced. This indirectly shifts the equivalence ratio in the combustion zone to higher values (e.g. c idie > 0.6), increasing the distance to the extinction limits. Even at these low load levels, the fuel can be evaporated with steam using the fuel processing system, since the exhaust gas temperature and thus the temperature of the steam generated is high. A configuration with an additional heat exchanger is advantageous for this.
- the equivalence ratio can be shifted to higher values by adjusting the amount of steam up to completely shutting off the steam supply at low partial load points and the risk of extinguishing can be reduced, but not eliminated. Therefore, a well-known stepped combustion chamber with two combustion zones can be used in this concept. Such a staged combustion chamber typically has a pilot combustion zone, which releases sufficient combustion energy at low load requirements such as idling and has a main combustion zone that can be switched on at higher load levels.
- these fuels In order to burn these fuels in an engine combustion chamber, they may have to be converted from the cryogenic state to the gaseous state in a heat exchanger.
- the fuel can be used as a heat sink for a wide variety of tasks, such as cooling engine oil or electronic components, using the WET concept to condense water out of the exhaust gas, or similar.
- Some of these fuels have special properties: For example, when hydrogen is burned due to its high reactivity and high burning rate, problems arise with regard to a stable flame position and the risk of flashback up to the stabilization of the reaction at the injection device. Due to the high combustion temperature, there is also a risk of NOx formation when burning hydrogen.
- the proposed combustion system can also be used advantageously for these fuels.
- the fuel is then fed into the fuel processing system in gaseous form. Only mixing with steam takes place in the mixing chamber.
- the admixing of steam reduces in particular the reactivity and the burning rate of hydrogen, as a result of which the combustion problems described are improved.
- a very homogeneous distribution of air, fuel and steam is achieved by admixing the air/steam mixture at the combustion chamber inlet.
- the combustion temperature can be controlled very well and the formation of nitrogen oxides (NO X ) can be minimized.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary turbomachine according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a further exemplary turbomachine according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary entry area of a combustion chamber of a further exemplary turbomachine
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of a flowchart of an exemplary method according to the invention for operating a combustion system of a turbomachine.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary turbomachine 1 according to the invention for an aircraft drive with a combustion system 2, a compressor 11, a combustion chamber 4, a turbine 15, a heat exchanger 16, 17 arranged downstream of the turbine 15 and a fuel processing system 3. Downstream of the turbine 15 a heat exchanger 17 is arranged. With the exhaust gas energy from the turbine 15 superheated steam is generated in the heat exchanger 16, 17. The steam is conducted to a steam branch 21 via the steam supply device 20 . There, a partial quantity of the steam is fed into a fuel preparation system 3 with the steam feed device 23 . The steam is set in rotation by a flow generator 31 and reaches a mixing chamber 33. The fuel nozzle 32 injects finely atomized liquid fuel into the directed flow.
- the fuel is vaporized spatially separately from the combustion.
- the volume and the flow length of the mixing chamber 33 are selected in such a way that, depending on the selected quantity of steam, the steam and fuel temperature, the fuel at the outlet of the mixing chamber 33 is as completely vaporized as possible.
- a separate steam generator 16 is provided for the amount of steam that is sent to the fuel processing system 3.
- the steam branch 21 can be omitted.
- the amounts of steam can be adjusted via feed water pumps 18, 19.
- the remaining amount of steam is introduced into the combustion chamber exterior 40 with the steam supply 22 .
- This is the space remaining inside the combustion chamber housing 13 , 14 and outside the combustion chamber wall 42 .
- a partial quantity of the steam is introduced into the outer space 40 of the combustion chamber with the steam supply 25 upstream of the combustion chamber wall 42 and the injection device 41 .
- the vapor can also be mixed in the diffuser 12 with the air conveyed by the compressor 11 .
- the remaining steam from the steam supply 22 is introduced further downstream near the combustion chamber outlet, with the steam supply 26 into the combustion chamber exterior 40 .
- the supply of steam to the combustion chamber exterior 40 can be reduced or switched off for low partial load points (idle on the ground or idling in flight).
- a control valve (not shown) can also be provided for the steam branch 24, by means of which the distribution of the steam mass flows and thus the steam content in the combustion zone can be configured variably.
- Air can be conducted from the combustion chamber exterior 40 into the fuel processing system 3 via a non-return valve 34 in order to premix the fuel with air at operating points at which no steam is available.
- the air/steam mixture from the combustion chamber exterior 40 is rotated by a flow generator 44, which is designed as a swirl generator in the exemplary embodiment.
- the gaseous fuel/steam mixture from the mixing chamber 33 is then introduced into the directed flow. Since the two partial flows are each well premixed, the additional mixing in the injection device 41 creates a mixture with a very homogeneous distribution of the components (fuel, air, steam).
- the mixing can take place with several concentrically arranged flow generators, in particular in the form of swirl generators (see FIG. 3).
- the directed flow can create a recirculation area that stabilizes the flame.
- the backflowing hot combustion gases supply combustion radicals and the energy required for continuous ignition to the inflowing mixture. This enables rapid and complete combustion with a precisely controllable peak temperature.
- the system can also be used, for example, with a jet-stabilized flame (not shown).
- the distribution of the amounts of steam at the steam branch 24 is selected, for example, so that the amount of steam introduced with the steam supply device 25 upstream of the combustion chamber 4 (e.g. in the diffuser 12) together with the amount of steam from the fuel processing system 3 in the combustion zone 43 with a precisely defined (slightly rich) equivalence ratio has reached a temperature favorable for low emissions (e.g. 1900 K at full load).
- the water vapor that is conducted further downstream into the combustion chamber exterior 40 increases the concentration of the water vapor there.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a further exemplary turbomachine 1 according to the invention with a stepped combustion chamber which has two combustion zones.
- the stepped combustion chamber 4 has a pilot combustion zone 48 which releases sufficient combustion energy at low load requirements such as idling. Furthermore, the combustion chamber 4 has a main combustion zone 49 which can be switched on at higher load levels.
- fuel grading ensures that for part of the combustion in the pilot combustion zone 48 an equivalence ratio that is largely independent of the load state is achieved.
- An internally staged injector 41 is shown by way of example, in which the pilot 48 and the main combustion zone 49 are arranged concentrically. Defined combustion areas for the pilot combustion zone 48 and for the main combustion zone 49 result from the different swirl of the air.
- a slightly rich to stoichiometric equivalence ratio is also aimed for at full load, which becomes leaner and leaner with decreasing power requirement up to the point where the main zone is completely switched off.
- the fuel for the central pilot combustion zone 48 and the main combustion zone 49 is pre-vaporized with steam.
- An advantage of this combustion concept is the consistently slightly rich pilot combustion zone 48, which ensures stable combustion and great safety compared to the extinction limits. With this concept, the emissions from the combustion in the pilot combustion zone 48 can be controlled just as well as those in the main combustion zone 49 due to the fuel pre-evaporation.
- FIG. 2 the fuel processing system 3 for the pilot combustion zone 48 with the mixing chamber 37 with a flow generator 35 is shown.
- An even better atomization can be achieved if, as shown in the fuel processing system 3 for the main combustion zone 49, the fuel at the end of a film layer 39 reaches the shearing layer of two oppositely directed flows.
- the mixing chambers 33 and 37 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 with the flow generators 31 and 35 and the fuel nozzles 32 and 36 are each assigned to an injection device 41 there. It is also conceivable that a mixing chamber 33, 37 is assigned to several or all injection devices 41. However, the implementation of a pilot combustion and main combustion stage 48, 49 can also be combined with the present idea in other variants, for example by separate flow generators 35 as in so-called dual annular combustor (DAC) designs.
- DAC dual annular combustor
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary entry area into a combustion chamber 3 of a further exemplary turbomachine 1.
- An injection device 41 is arranged in the entry area of combustion chamber 3, in which three flow generators 44a, 44b are arranged.
- a fuel/steam mixture is introduced into each individual directed flow formed by a flow generator 44a, 44b.
- a very homogeneous distribution of all mixture components is achieved in order to achieve low-emission combustion. Due to the differently designed flows, particularly effectively defined combustion areas for the pilot combustion zone 48 and for the main combustion zone 49 can be achieved.
- Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of a flowchart of an exemplary method according to the invention for operating a combustion system 2 of a turbomachine 1 for an aircraft engine with a compressor 11, a combustion chamber 4, a turbine 15, a heat exchanger 17 arranged downstream of the turbine 15 and a Fuel processing system 3.
- a first step a steam is generated in the heat exchanger 17, and in step b), steam generated in the heat exchanger 17 is fed into a mixing chamber 33, 37 of the fuel processing system 3.
- the mixing chamber 33, 37 is also supplied with fuel.
- a step d) a vapor/fuel mixture is formed in the mixing chamber 33, 37.
- the steam/fuel mixture is fed into a combustion chamber 4 of the turbomachine 1 .
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DE102021125384.5A DE102021125384A1 (de) | 2021-09-30 | 2021-09-30 | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungssystems einer Strömungsmaschine für einen Flugantrieb sowie Strömungsmaschine |
PCT/DE2022/100646 WO2023051864A1 (de) | 2021-09-30 | 2022-09-01 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines verbrennungssystems einer strömungsmaschine für einen flugantrieb sowie strömungsmaschine |
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EP4409122A1 true EP4409122A1 (de) | 2024-08-07 |
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EP22768622.7A Withdrawn EP4409122A1 (de) | 2021-09-30 | 2022-09-01 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines verbrennungssystems einer strömungsmaschine für einen flugantrieb sowie strömungsmaschine |
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EP (1) | EP4409122A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102021125384A1 (de) |
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DE102023113117A1 (de) * | 2022-12-21 | 2024-06-27 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Strömungsmaschine für einen Flugantrieb |
US20240310042A1 (en) * | 2023-03-13 | 2024-09-19 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Injecting fuel-steam mixture into turbine engine combustor |
EP4450785A1 (de) * | 2023-04-21 | 2024-10-23 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Antriebssystem und flugzeug mit einem antriebssystem |
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DE3012172A1 (de) * | 1980-03-28 | 1981-10-08 | Kraftwerk Union AG, 4330 Mülheim | Gasturbine mit durch dampfeinspritzung verringerter stickoxydemissio |
US4569195A (en) | 1984-04-27 | 1986-02-11 | General Electric Company | Fluid injection gas turbine engine and method for operating |
US4631914A (en) | 1985-02-25 | 1986-12-30 | General Electric Company | Gas turbine engine of improved thermal efficiency |
JP2000027660A (ja) * | 1998-07-13 | 2000-01-25 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | ガスタービン燃焼器の燃料・蒸気供給装置 |
DE102018208026A1 (de) | 2018-05-22 | 2019-11-28 | MTU Aero Engines AG | Abgasbehandlungsvorrichtung, Flugzeugantriebssystem und Verfahren zum Behandeln eines Abgasstromes |
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2021
- 2021-09-30 DE DE102021125384.5A patent/DE102021125384A1/de active Pending
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2022
- 2022-09-01 WO PCT/DE2022/100646 patent/WO2023051864A1/de unknown
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