EP4088294A1 - Protected switch - Google Patents
Protected switchInfo
- Publication number
- EP4088294A1 EP4088294A1 EP20719471.3A EP20719471A EP4088294A1 EP 4088294 A1 EP4088294 A1 EP 4088294A1 EP 20719471 A EP20719471 A EP 20719471A EP 4088294 A1 EP4088294 A1 EP 4088294A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- relay
- electromagnet
- contact
- contacts
- state
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
- H01H3/001—Means for preventing or breaking contact-welding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/002—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/002—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
- H01H47/004—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits using plural redundant serial connected relay operated contacts in controlled circuit
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/002—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
- H01H47/004—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits using plural redundant serial connected relay operated contacts in controlled circuit
- H01H47/005—Safety control circuits therefor, e.g. chain of relays mutually monitoring each other
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
- H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secure switch and, more generally, to the field of electrical switching devices.
- Switching devices are in particular known which contain one or more electromechanical relays, the contacts of which are connected together in series to form an electrical interruption circuit, called a safety chain, which is used for example to electrically connect an electrical load to an electrical source. .
- the safety chain is switchable, depending on the state of the relays, between a blocking state, in which at least one of the contacts is open to prevent the flow of an electric current, and an on state, in which all the contacts are closed to allow the flow of current.
- Such devices are generally used in instrumentation and control systems, for example for controlling railway installations or railway equipment, and must meet high safety and reliability requirements.
- Such a device must be able to guarantee that in the absence of a control signal, the safety chain is switched to an open state, and therefore that the electrical load cannot be supplied.
- such a device must ensure that the safety chain cannot remain in a conducting state in the event of failure, for example following the accidental maintenance of one of the contacts in the closed state.
- So-called intrinsic safety relays are known, for example, in which, when the relay is no longer supplied, the electrical contacts of the safety chain open under the effect of gravity, such as the NS1 relays defined in the NF 70-030 standard.
- these relays have the disadvantage of being heavy and bulky. They must also be installed with a particular orientation according to the direction of the earth's gravity. Their use is therefore complicated. These relays are also difficult to miniaturize, which can hamper their use in certain applications.
- devices which contain two electromechanical relays with guided contacts controlled by an electronic control unit which continuously measures the state of each of the two contacts. If one of these contacts remains closed when the corresponding relay is not controlled, then the control unit detects it and prevents the excitation of the other relay in order to keep the safety chain in its blocking state.
- DE 44 41 171 C1 describes a switching device containing electromechanical relays interconnected with one another.
- the operation of this device is not satisfactory under certain circumstances, in particular with regard to the switching order of the relays during a change of state.
- the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing a secure switch for powering electrical devices of a simplified design and which ensures, in a secure manner, the opening of an electrical circuit in the event of failure.
- one aspect of the invention relates to a secure switch comprising: a first electromechanical relay with guided contacts comprising a first electromagnet and a plurality of electrical contacts;
- a second electromechanical relay with guided contacts comprising a second electromagnet and a plurality of electrical contacts, a first electrical contact of the first relay and a first electrical contact of the second relay being electrically connected in series between terminals of the switch;
- an interconnection circuit which connects at least some of the other electrical contacts of the first and second relays and in which:
- the first electromagnet is connected to control electrodes of the switch via second electrical contacts of the second relay and second electrical contacts of the first relay to condition the connection of the first electromagnet to the control electrodes to the state of the second relay ;
- the second electromagnet is connected to the control electrodes via third and fourth electrical contacts of the first relay and said second electrical contacts to connect or alternately disconnect the second electromagnet from the control electrodes depending on the state of the first relay, the third contact being a normally closed contact connected between the energy reserve and the first electromagnet, the fourth contact being a normally open contact connected between the energy reserve and the second electromagnet.
- the interconnection circuit conditions the supply to the electromagnet of each relay according to the state occupied by the other relay, which intrinsically ensures control of the state of the contacts of the interrupting circuit, without the need for an electronic control unit.
- the configuration of the interconnection circuit ensures that the opening or closing of the relays is done with a specific sequencing defined in advance, in particular to prevent the safety chain from being in the on state while 'it shouldn't be.
- such a switch can incorporate one or more of the following characteristics, taken individually or in any technically admissible combination:
- the control voltage of the first electromagnet is different from the control voltage of the second electromagnet.
- the control voltage of the first electromagnet is greater than the control voltage of the second electromagnet, preferably greater than twice the control voltage of the second electromagnet.
- the second contact of the first relay and the second contact of the second relay are connected in parallel with each other, the second contact of the first relay being a normally open contact, the second contact of the second relay being a normally closed contact.
- the second electromagnet is further connected to one of the control electrodes via a fourth contact of the second relay, this fourth contact being a normally open contact.
- the switch has an electrical resistance connected to the second electromagnet and configured to lower the electrical voltage across the power reserve when the latter is in a charging configuration.
- the resistor is connected in series between the second electromagnet and the fourth contact of the second relay.
- the energy reserve is a capacitor.
- the amount of energy that can be stored by the energy reserve is greater than or equal to the amount of energy needed to power the second electromagnet in order to switch the second relay to an energized state.
- Figure 1 shows, schematically, a switch according to embodiments of the invention
- Figure 2 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a first state during its operation
- FIG 3 shows, schematically, the equivalent circuit diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a second state during operation
- Figure 4 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a third state during operation
- FIG 5 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a fourth state during operation.
- Figure 1 shows a secure switch 1, which has an interrupt circuit 2, also called a safety chain.
- circuit 2 is intended to be connected to an electrical circuit, for example an electrical device to an electrical power source. To this end, circuit 2 is provided with connection terminals 22.
- Circuit 2 is selectively and reversibly switchable between a blocking state, which prevents the flow of an electric current through circuit 2, and an on state, which allows an electric current to flow through the circuit 2.
- This switching is controlled here by supplying a control signal to the control electrodes of switch 1, which here bear the references 131 and 132.
- switch 1 In the absence of a control signal, switch 1 remains in the blocking state and in the presence of a control signal, switch 1 switches to the on state.
- control signal is an electric voltage, denoted Vcc, applied between the electrodes 131 and 132.
- the electric voltage Vcc is a direct voltage, with an amplitude greater than or equal to 24 V and less than or equal to 1 10 V.
- Switch 1 is configured to guarantee safe switching of circuit 2 between its blocking and on states, in particular to prevent circuit 2 from remaining in the on state when no control signal is applied to the switch. switch 1.
- switch 1 has a high level of safety, for example level “SIL 4” on the safety scale known as “Safety Integrity Level” as defined by standard IEC 61508 of the International Electrotechnical Commission or by the standard EN 50129.
- level “SIL 4” on the safety scale known as “Safety Integrity Level” as defined by standard IEC 61508 of the International Electrotechnical Commission or by the standard EN 50129.
- Switch 1 is preferably intended for use in an instrumentation and control system, for example in the railway sector. According to variants, the switch 1 can also be used in a power circuit to control the power supply of an electrical device.
- circuit 2 is suitable for receiving, between its terminals 22, a direct electrical signal having an electrical voltage less than or equal to 1 10 volts and an electrical current less than or equal to 3.5 AT.
- the switch 1 comprises a first electromechanical relay 10, a second electromechanical relay 11 and an interconnection circuit 13 which connects the relays 10 and 11 together as explained in what follows.
- the switch 1 also comprises an outer casing, not shown, for example made of plastic material, and inside which the components of the switch 1 are housed.
- the housing may have the shape of a block with dimensions for example equal to 12cm x 9cm x 2cm.
- the relay 10 has an electromagnet 101 and movable electrical contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 coupled with the electromagnet 101. Each of the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 is switchable between an open state and a closed state.
- the contact 102 is of the “normally closed” type, while the contacts 103, 104 and 105 are of the “normally open” type.
- the switching is performed by means of the electromagnet 101, also referred to as coil 101 in the following, which exerts an electromagnetic force on the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 when it is electrically supplied.
- the electromagnet 101 also referred to as coil 101 in the following, which exerts an electromagnetic force on the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 when it is electrically supplied.
- the relay 10 When the electromagnet 101 is not supplied, the relay 10 remains in an inactive state, also called the rest state, and the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 remain in a corresponding rest state.
- the contact 102 of the “normally closed” type remains closed, while the contacts 103, 104 and 105 remain open.
- relay 10 is shown in its inactive state.
- the electromagnet 101 is supplied electrically, here by the control signal, then the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 switch to their opposite state.
- contact 102 opens, while contacts 103, 104 and 105 close.
- Relay 10 is said to be activated or energized. As long as the electromagnet 101 is energized, the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 are maintained in this state and the relay 10 remains energized.
- the relay 10 is here an electromechanical relay with guided contacts, that is to say that the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 are mechanically coupled together.
- a guided contact relay is for example described by standard NF EN 50205.
- the relay 1 1 comprises an electromagnet 1 1 1 and mobile electrical contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14 coupled to the electromagnet 1 1 1.
- Each of the contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14 is switchable between an open state and a closed state by means of the electromagnet 1 1 1.
- the contact 1 12 is of the "normally closed” type, while the contacts 1 13 and 1 14 are of the "normally open” type.
- the relay 1 1 is shown in its inactive state.
- the relay 1 1 is also an electromechanical relay with guided contacts.
- the contacts 105 and 1 14 are electrically connected in series with each other to form the interrupt circuit 2.
- the circuit 2 is in the blocking state when at least one of the contacts 105 and 1 14 is open, and is found. in the on state only when the two contacts 105 and 1 14 are closed.
- the relays 10 and 11 belong to different manufacturing series and / or come from different manufacturers. This considerably reduces the risk that the relays 10 and 11 are both simultaneously affected by the same manufacturing defect liable to compromise their operation.
- the relay 10 comprises a housing within which are housed the electromagnet 101 and the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105.
- the relay 1 1 comprises a housing inside which are housed the electromagnet 1 1 1 and contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14.
- the switch 1 may further comprise one or more additional interrupt circuits, similar to the interrupt circuit 2.
- the relays 10 and 11 may include additional movable contacts, of the “normally” type. open ”, which are mechanically coupled with the contacts 102, 103, 104, 105 or 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14, respectively.
- Each additional interrupt circuit may include an additional contact of the first relay 10 and an additional contact of the second relay 11, electrically connected in series. What is described with reference to the interrupt circuit 2 therefore also applies to these additional interrupt circuits.
- the relays 10 and 11 may include additional contacts, which are not connected to the interconnection circuit 13 or to the interrupt circuit 2.
- the switch 1 further comprises a resistor 14 connected in series between the electromagnet 1 1 1 and the contact 1 13 of the second relay 1 1.
- resistor 14 is a wirewound resistor, although alternatively other implementations are possible.
- resistor 14 forms a voltage divider bridge which makes it possible to lower the electrical voltage present between the terminals of the energy reserve 12 when the latter is in a charging configuration, for example when the contacts 104 and 1 13 are closed and that the control voltage Vcc is applied between terminals 131 and 132.
- the switch 1 advantageously comprises a rechargeable energy reserve 12, the role of which is described in more detail in the following.
- the power reserve 12 is a capacitor.
- the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 has a control voltage different from the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1.
- control voltage here refers to the electrical voltage that it is necessary to apply to the terminals of the electromagnet to energize the relay. In other words, the relay is not energized if a voltage lower than the control voltage is applied across the terminals of the electromagnet.
- control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 is greater than the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1, more preferably more than twice the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1.
- control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 is equal to 24 volts.
- the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1 is equal to 6 volts.
- the energy reserve 12 is dimensioned so that, once the relays 10 and 11 are energized, the electrical voltage that it delivers while discharging is strictly lower than the control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 while being greater than the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1.
- the quantity of energy stored by the energy reserve, denoted E is greater than or equal to the quantity of energy, denoted Emin, which is necessary to supply the second electromagnet 11 1 so as to switch the second relay 1 1 from inactive to energized state.
- the amount of energy E is greater than or equal to the amount of energy Emin and is less than or equal to 1.5 x Emin, or less than or equal to 1.2 x Emin.
- the power reserve 12 is a capacitor with a capacity equal to 47 pF.
- the electromagnet 1 1 1 here has a resistance equal to 500 W.
- the interconnection circuit 13 connects the relays 10 and 1 1 to each other and, more precisely, connects the electromagnets 101, 1 1 1 and the contacts 102, 103, 104, 1 12, 1 13 between them as described below.
- the interconnection circuit 13 also connects the energy reserve 12 to relays 10 and 11.
- circuit 13 is electrically isolated from interrupt circuit 2.
- circuit 13 comprises a substrate on which electrically conductive tracks are formed.
- the relays 10 and 1 1 are mounted on this substrate and electrodes corresponding to the electromagnets 101, 1 1 1 and to the corresponding contacts are connected to these electrically conductive tracks.
- the circuit 13 can be produced by means of cables to connect the relays 10 and 11.
- the circuit 13 comprises the control electrodes 131 and 132.
- the circuit 13 may include other control electrodes, for example a pair of control electrodes dedicated to each of the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 and intended to receive the same control signal for controlling switch 1.
- Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of switch 1 when circuit 13 connects relays 10 and 11 and relays 10 and 11 are inactive.
- the first electromagnet 101 is connected to the control electrodes 131, 132 via the contact 1 12 and the contact 103. More precisely, the contact 103 and the contact 1 12 are connected in parallel with each other. to the other. The contact 103 and the contact 1 12 are both connected between the electrode 132 and a first terminal of the electromagnet 101. A second terminal of the electromagnet 101 is connected to the other electrode 131.
- connection of the electromagnet 101 to the control electrodes 131, 132 is conditioned by the state of the second relay 11.
- the second electromagnet 1 1 1 is here connected to the control electrodes 131, 132 via the contacts 102, 104 and 103 to connect or, alternately, disconnect the second electromagnet 1 1 1 from the control electrodes 131, 132 depending on the state of the first relay 10.
- the energy reserve 12 is connected to the electrodes 131, 132 and to the second electromagnet 1 1 1 through the contacts 102 and 104.
- Circuit 13 is thus arranged so that contacts 102 and 104:
- the contact 104 connects one terminal of the second electromagnet 1 1 1 to a first terminal of the energy reserve 12.
- a second terminal of the energy reserve 12 and the other terminal of the electromagnet 1 1 1 are here connected to electrode 131.
- the contact 102 connects the first terminal of the energy reserve 12 to a first terminal of the electromagnet 101 to which the contacts 103 and 1 12 are connected.
- the power reserve 12 can only be connected to the electrode 132 through the contacts 102 or 104.
- the second electromagnet 1 1 1 is also connected to the control electrode 132 via the contact 1 13 of the second relay 1 1.
- Switching is however prevented if one of the relays 10, 11 is initially in an abnormal state, for example because one of the contacts 105 or 11 14 is stuck in the closed state. Circuit 2 then remains in the blocked configuration, which ensures that the interrupt circuit of switch 1 remains in the open state.
- connection of the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 to the electrode 132 by the contacts, respectively, 103 and 1 13 makes it possible to maintain the excited state of the relay 10, 1 1 corresponding once this relay has switched to the energized state and as long as a control signal is present.
- the control of the state of the contacts 105, 1 14 is carried out intrinsically, without using an external electronic control unit, and either without using an external electronic control unit. use of a mechanical device dependent on terrestrial gravitation for its operation.
- the relays 10 and 11 undergo different wear due to the selected switching sequence.
- the second relay 1 1 tends to wear out more quickly than the first relay 10 because it experiences current inrushes more frequently than the first relay 10, especially during the closing sequence of the safety chain. This differentiated wear makes it possible to prevent the two relays 10 and 1 1 from suffering a simultaneous failure from the same cause of wear.
- the second electromagnet 1 1 1 can be connected to second control electrodes.
- the contact 1 13 can connect the electromagnet 11 1 to a second electrode separate from the electrode 132.
- the contact 102 can also connect the first terminal of the energy reserve 12 to this second electrode.
- the control signal is then applied to both these second control electrodes and to the electrodes 131 and 132.
- circuit 2 is switched from the blocking state to the on state in response to a control signal.
- the relays 10 and 11 are initially inactive. Contacts 102 and 1112 are in the closed state, while contacts 103, 104, 105, 1113, 1114 are in the open state. No control signal is applied between the electrodes 131, 132. The contacts 105, 1 14 are in the open state and the circuit 2 is therefore in a blocking state.
- the energy reserve 12 is not able to supply the coil 101 to activate the first relay, in particular because the maximum voltage that the energy reserve 12 can deliver is lower than the control voltage of coil 101.
- the energy reserve 12 is generally empty or partially discharged at this stage.
- the energy reserve 12 can then be discharged in the coil 101 without however managing to change the state of the relay 10, since it cannot provide enough energy.
- a control signal such as an electric voltage Vcc, is applied between the electrodes 131 and 132.
- the power reserve 12 is connected to the electrode 132 through the contacts 102 and 1 12 which are both in the closed state. It is therefore recharged from a fraction of the electric voltage Vcc.
- the electromagnet 101 is connected to the electrode 132 via the contact 1 12. At this stage, the contact 1 12 is in the 'closed state and contact 103 is in the open state.
- the electric voltage applied between the terminals of the energy reserve 12 is equal to the electric voltage applied between the terminals of the first electromagnet 101.
- This electric voltage is, for example, greater than the control voltage of the first electromagnet 101.
- the relay 10 As the coil 101 is supplied with a voltage greater than its control voltage, the relay 10 is energized. For example, the coil 101 generates an electromagnetic force which causes the switching of the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105.
- relay 10 switches to the energized state.
- this switching is not instantaneous but occurs at the end of a first switching time, for example less than or equal to 100 ms.
- Circuit 2 is still in a blocking state, which prevents current flow through circuit 2.
- the solenoid 101 continues to be energized, this time through the contact
- the energy reserve 12 is no longer connected to the electrode 132 and therefore is no longer electrically recharged. from the voltage Vcc.
- contact 102 is now in the open state and contact 1 13 is still in the open state.
- the electromagnet 1 1 1 is connected with the energy reserve 12, which allows the energy reserve 12 to be discharged in the electromagnet 1 1 1 to supply electric power. this last.
- this switching is not instantaneous but occurs at the end of a second switching time, for example less than or equal to 100 ms.
- circuit 2 switches to the on state, thus allowing the flow of an electric current.
- the electric voltage applied to the terminals of the energy reserve 12 is reduced to reach a hold voltage with a predefined value, chosen to ensure that only a small amount of energy is actually stored in the energy reserve 12. This makes it possible, among other things, to guarantee rapid switching of relay 1 1 when the control signal is interrupted, since the energy reserve 12 will not be able to maintain relay 1 1 for too long in the excited state.
- the energy reserve 12 may be transiently connected to the electromagnet 1 1 1 when the relays 10 and 1 1 return to their inactive state, it does not contain enough energy to energize the relay 1 1 again.
- the energy reserve 12 is just as incapable of energizing the relay 10 at the end of the switching, because although it is connected to the electromagnet 101 via the relay 102, which returns to its closed state once the relay 10 becomes inactive again, the voltage supplied by the energy reserve 12 remains lower than the control voltage necessary to excite the electromagnet 101.
- switch 1 is said to be "secure” in that it guarantees that circuit 2 cannot switch to the on state if one of the contacts 105 or 1 14 remains stuck in the closed state when the control signal is absent.
- the contact 1 14 cannot be closed when a control signal is then applied.
- the contacts of relay 10 are coupled together, then the contacts 104 and 103 are closed and the contact 102 is open when the contact 105 is closed, even in the absence of power supply to the electromagnet 101.
- the electromagnet 1 1 1 is disconnected from the electrode 132, because the contacts 102 and 1 13 are open.
- the electromagnet 1 1 1 is only connected to the energy reserve 12 which at this stage does not contain sufficient energy to switch the relay 1 1.
- the electromagnet 1 1 1 can therefore not be energized and therefore the relay 1 1 cannot be switched to energized state. Circuit 2 remains in the blocking state.
- contact 105 cannot be closed when a control signal is then applied. Indeed, as the contacts of relay 1 1 are coupled together, then contact 1 13 is closed and contact 1 12 is open when contact 1 14 is closed, even in the absence of power supply to the electromagnet 1 1 1. In this case, the electromagnet 101 is disconnected from the electrode 132, because the contacts 1 12 and 103 are open. The electromagnet 101 therefore cannot be energized and therefore the relay 10 cannot be switched to the energized state. Circuit 2 remains in the blocking state.
- the probability of simultaneous failure of contacts 105 and 1114 is here extremely low, for example less than 10 9 occurrences per hour, which guarantees a good level of safety for switch 1.
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Abstract
Description
TITRE : Interrupteur sécurisé TITLE: Secure switch
La présente invention se rapporte à un interrupteur sécurisé et, plus généralement, au domaine des appareils de commutation électrique. The present invention relates to a secure switch and, more generally, to the field of electrical switching devices.
On connaît des appareils de commutation électriques sécurisés, tels que des interrupteurs à base de relais, qui sont utilisés pour autoriser ou, en alternance, interrompre la circulation d’un courant électrique dans un circuit électrique. There are known safe electrical switching devices, such as relay-based switches, which are used to allow or, alternately, to interrupt the flow of an electric current in an electrical circuit.
Sont notamment connus des appareils de commutation contenant un ou plusieurs relais électromécaniques dont des contacts sont connectés entre eux en série pour former un circuit électrique d’interruption, dit chaîne de sécurité, qui sert par exemple pour raccorder électriquement une charge électrique à une source électrique. Switching devices are in particular known which contain one or more electromechanical relays, the contacts of which are connected together in series to form an electrical interruption circuit, called a safety chain, which is used for example to electrically connect an electrical load to an electrical source. .
La chaîne de sécurité est commutable, en fonction de l’état des relais, entre un état bloquant, dans laquelle au moins un des contacts est ouvert pour empêcher la circulation d’un courant électrique, et un état passant, dans laquelle tous les contacts sont fermés pour autoriser la circulation du courant. The safety chain is switchable, depending on the state of the relays, between a blocking state, in which at least one of the contacts is open to prevent the flow of an electric current, and an on state, in which all the contacts are closed to allow the flow of current.
De tels appareils sont généralement utilisés dans des systèmes de contrôle- commande, par exemple pour le pilotage d’installations ferroviaires ou d’équipements ferroviaires, et doivent répondre à des exigences de sécurité et de fiabilité élevées. Such devices are generally used in instrumentation and control systems, for example for controlling railway installations or railway equipment, and must meet high safety and reliability requirements.
Un tel appareil doit être en mesure de garantir qu’en l’absence d’un signal de commande, la chaîne de sécurité soit commutée vers un état ouvert, et donc que la charge électrique ne puisse pas être alimentée. En particulier, un tel appareil doit garantir que la chaîne de sécurité ne puisse pas rester dans un état passant en cas de défaillance, par exemple suite au maintien accidentel d’un des contacts dans l’état fermé. Such a device must be able to guarantee that in the absence of a control signal, the safety chain is switched to an open state, and therefore that the electrical load cannot be supplied. In particular, such a device must ensure that the safety chain cannot remain in a conducting state in the event of failure, for example following the accidental maintenance of one of the contacts in the closed state.
On connaît par exemple des relais de sécurité dits intrinsèques, dans lesquels, lorsque le relais n’est plus alimenté, les contacts électriques de la chaîne de sécurité s’ouvrent sous l’effet de la gravité, tels que les relais NS1 définis dans la norme NF 70-030. Ces relais ont cependant pour inconvénient d’être lourds et volumineux. Ils doivent en outre être installés avec une orientation particulière en fonction du sens de la pesanteur terrestre. Leur utilisation s’en trouve donc compliquée. Ces relais sont également difficiles à miniaturiser, ce qui peut être un frein à leur utilisation dans certaines applications. So-called intrinsic safety relays are known, for example, in which, when the relay is no longer supplied, the electrical contacts of the safety chain open under the effect of gravity, such as the NS1 relays defined in the NF 70-030 standard. However, these relays have the disadvantage of being heavy and bulky. They must also be installed with a particular orientation according to the direction of the earth's gravity. Their use is therefore complicated. These relays are also difficult to miniaturize, which can hamper their use in certain applications.
D’autre part, on connaît des dispositifs contenant deux relais électromécaniques à contacts guidés pilotés par une unité de commande électronique qui mesure en permanence l’état de chacun des deux contacts. Si l’un de ces contacts reste fermé alors que le relais correspondant n’est pas commandé, alors l’unité de contrôle le détecte et empêche l’excitation de l’autre relais afin de maintenir la chaîne de sécurité dans son état bloquant. On the other hand, devices are known which contain two electromechanical relays with guided contacts controlled by an electronic control unit which continuously measures the state of each of the two contacts. If one of these contacts remains closed when the corresponding relay is not controlled, then the control unit detects it and prevents the excitation of the other relay in order to keep the safety chain in its blocking state.
Un tel dispositif a cependant pour inconvénient de nécessiter une unité de commande électronique dédiée pour mesurer l’état des relais ce qui, en plus d’être coûteux et de compliquer l’installation et le fonctionnement du dispositif, nécessite de fournir en permanence une alimentation en énergie. However, such a device has the drawback of requiring a dedicated electronic control unit to measure the state of the relays which, in addition to being expensive and complicating the installation and operation of the device, requires a constant supply of power. in energy.
Enfin, DE 44 41 171 C1 décrit un appareil de commutation contenant des relais électromécaniques interconnectés entre eux. Toutefois, le fonctionnement de cet appareil n’est pas satisfaisant dans certaines circonstances, notamment en ce qui concerne l’ordre de commutation des relais lors d’un changement d’état. Finally, DE 44 41 171 C1 describes a switching device containing electromechanical relays interconnected with one another. However, the operation of this device is not satisfactory under certain circumstances, in particular with regard to the switching order of the relays during a change of state.
C’est à ces inconvénients qu’entend plus particulièrement remédier l’invention en proposant un interrupteur sécurisé pour l’alimentation d’appareils électriques de conception simplifiée et qui assure, de façon sécurisée, l’ouverture d’un circuit électrique en cas de défaillance. It is these drawbacks that the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing a secure switch for powering electrical devices of a simplified design and which ensures, in a secure manner, the opening of an electrical circuit in the event of failure.
A cet effet, un aspect de l’invention concerne un interrupteur sécurisé comprenant : un premier relais électromécanique à contacts guidés comprenant un premier électroaimant et une pluralité de contacts électriques ; To this end, one aspect of the invention relates to a secure switch comprising: a first electromechanical relay with guided contacts comprising a first electromagnet and a plurality of electrical contacts;
un deuxième relais électromécanique à contacts guidés comprenant un deuxième électroaimant et une pluralité de contacts électriques, un premier contact électrique du premier relais et un premier contact électrique du deuxième relais étant connectés électriquement en série entre des bornes de l’interrupteur ; a second electromechanical relay with guided contacts comprising a second electromagnet and a plurality of electrical contacts, a first electrical contact of the first relay and a first electrical contact of the second relay being electrically connected in series between terminals of the switch;
une réserve d’énergie rechargeable ; a rechargeable energy reserve;
un circuit d’interconnexion qui raccorde au moins une partie des autres contacts électriques des premier et deuxième relais et dans lequel : an interconnection circuit which connects at least some of the other electrical contacts of the first and second relays and in which:
le premier électroaimant est raccordé à des électrodes de commande de l’interrupteur par l’intermédiaire de deuxièmes contacts électriques du deuxième relais et de deuxièmes contacts électriques du premier relais pour conditionner la connexion du premier électroaimant aux électrodes de commande à l’état du deuxième relais ; the first electromagnet is connected to control electrodes of the switch via second electrical contacts of the second relay and second electrical contacts of the first relay to condition the connection of the first electromagnet to the control electrodes to the state of the second relay ;
le deuxième électroaimant est raccordé aux électrodes de commande par l’intermédiaire de troisième et quatrième contacts électriques du premier relais et desdits deuxièmes contacts électriques pour connecter ou, en alternance, déconnecter le deuxième électroaimant des électrodes de commande en fonction de l’état du premier relais, le troisième contact étant un contact normalement fermé connecté entre la réserve d’énergie et le premier électroaimant, le quatrième contact étant un contact normalement ouvert connecté entre la réserve d’énergie et le deuxième électroaimant. Grâce à l’invention, le circuit d’interconnexion conditionne l’alimentation de l’électroaimant de chaque relais en fonction de l’état occupé par l’autre relais, ce qui assure, de façon intrinsèque, un contrôle de l’état des contacts du circuit d’interruption, sans avoir besoin d’une unité de commande électronique. the second electromagnet is connected to the control electrodes via third and fourth electrical contacts of the first relay and said second electrical contacts to connect or alternately disconnect the second electromagnet from the control electrodes depending on the state of the first relay, the third contact being a normally closed contact connected between the energy reserve and the first electromagnet, the fourth contact being a normally open contact connected between the energy reserve and the second electromagnet. Thanks to the invention, the interconnection circuit conditions the supply to the electromagnet of each relay according to the state occupied by the other relay, which intrinsically ensures control of the state of the contacts of the interrupting circuit, without the need for an electronic control unit.
Ainsi, si l’un des deux contacts électriques du circuit d’interruption subit une défaillance et que le relais auquel il appartient est dans un état anormal, l’autre relais ne pourra pas être excité, ce qui permet de maintenir l’autre contact électrique du circuit d’interruption à l’état ouvert. Thus, if one of the two electrical contacts of the interrupting circuit fails and the relay to which it belongs is in an abnormal state, the other relay cannot be energized, which makes it possible to maintain the other contact. electrical circuit breaker in the open state.
Cette sécurité intrinsèque est ici assurée sans faire appel à la pesanteur terrestre, ce qui permet de réduire la complexité mécanique et la taille de l’interrupteur par rapport aux relais intrinsèques connus. De plus, l’interrupteur n’est pas tributaire de la pesanteur terrestre et peut donc être installé sans contrainte d’orientation. This intrinsic safety is ensured here without resorting to earth's gravity, which makes it possible to reduce the mechanical complexity and the size of the switch compared to known intrinsic relays. In addition, the switch is not dependent on earth's gravity and can therefore be installed without orientation constraints.
De plus, la configuration du circuit d’interconnexion permet de garantir que l’ouverture ou la fermeture des relais se fasse avec un séquencement spécifique défini à l’avance, notamment pour éviter que la chaîne de sécurité soit dans l’état passant alors qu’elle ne devrait pas l’être. In addition, the configuration of the interconnection circuit ensures that the opening or closing of the relays is done with a specific sequencing defined in advance, in particular to prevent the safety chain from being in the on state while 'it shouldn't be.
Selon des aspects avantageux mais non obligatoires de l’invention, un tel interrupteur peut incorporer une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prises isolément ou suivant toute combinaison techniquement admissible : According to advantageous but non-mandatory aspects of the invention, such a switch can incorporate one or more of the following characteristics, taken individually or in any technically admissible combination:
- La tension de commande du premier électroaimant est différente de la tension de commande du deuxième électroaimant. - The control voltage of the first electromagnet is different from the control voltage of the second electromagnet.
- La tension de commande du premier électroaimant est supérieure à la tension de commande du deuxième électroaimant, de préférence supérieure à deux fois la tension de commande du deuxième électroaimant. - The control voltage of the first electromagnet is greater than the control voltage of the second electromagnet, preferably greater than twice the control voltage of the second electromagnet.
- Le deuxième contact du premier relais et le deuxième contact du deuxième relais sont connectés en parallèle entre eux, le deuxième contact du premier relais étant un contact normalement ouvert, le deuxième contact du deuxième relais étant un contact normalement fermé. - The second contact of the first relay and the second contact of the second relay are connected in parallel with each other, the second contact of the first relay being a normally open contact, the second contact of the second relay being a normally closed contact.
- Le deuxième électroaimant est en outre relié à l’une des électrodes de commande par l’intermédiaire d’un quatrième contact du deuxième relais, ce quatrième contact étant un contact normalement ouvert. - The second electromagnet is further connected to one of the control electrodes via a fourth contact of the second relay, this fourth contact being a normally open contact.
- L’interrupteur comporte une résistance électrique connectée à au deuxième électroaimant et configurée pour abaisser la tension électrique aux bornes de la réserve d’énergie lorsque celle-ci est dans une configuration de chargement. - The switch has an electrical resistance connected to the second electromagnet and configured to lower the electrical voltage across the power reserve when the latter is in a charging configuration.
- La résistance est connectée en série entre le deuxième électroaimant et le quatrième contact du deuxième relais. - La réserve d’énergie est un condensateur. - The resistor is connected in series between the second electromagnet and the fourth contact of the second relay. - The energy reserve is a capacitor.
- La quantité d’énergie stockable par la réserve d’énergie est supérieure ou égale à la quantité d’énergie nécessaire pour alimenter le deuxième électroaimant afin de commuter le deuxième relais vers un état excité. - The amount of energy that can be stored by the energy reserve is greater than or equal to the amount of energy needed to power the second electromagnet in order to switch the second relay to an energized state.
L’invention sera mieux comprise et d’autres avantages de celle-ci apparaîtront plus clairement à la lumière de la description qui va suivre, d’un mode de réalisation d’un interrupteur donné uniquement à titre d’exemple et faite en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels : The invention will be better understood and other advantages thereof will appear more clearly in the light of the description which follows, of an embodiment of a switch given solely by way of example and made with reference to accompanying drawings, in which:
[Fig 1 ] la figure 1 représente, de façon schématique, un interrupteur conforme à des modes de réalisation de l’invention ; [Fig 1] Figure 1 shows, schematically, a switch according to embodiments of the invention;
[Fig 2] la figure 2 représente, de façon schématique, le schéma électrique équivalent de l’interrupteur de la figure 1 , dans un premier état au cours de son fonctionnement ; [Fig 2] Figure 2 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a first state during its operation;
[Fig 3] la figure 3 représente, de façon schématique, le schéma électrique équivalent de l’interrupteur de la figure 1 , dans un deuxième état au cours de son fonctionnement ; [Fig 3] Figure 3 shows, schematically, the equivalent circuit diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a second state during operation;
[Fig 4] la figure 4 représente, de façon schématique, le schéma électrique équivalent de l’interrupteur de la figure 1 , dans un troisième état au cours de son fonctionnement ; [Fig 4] Figure 4 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a third state during operation;
[Fig 5] la figure 5 représente, de façon schématique, le schéma électrique équivalent de l’interrupteur de la figure 1 , dans un quatrième état au cours de son fonctionnement. [Fig 5] Figure 5 shows, schematically, the equivalent electrical diagram of the switch of Figure 1, in a fourth state during operation.
La figure 1 représente un interrupteur 1 sécurisé, qui comporte un circuit d’interruption 2, aussi nommé chaîne de sécurité. Figure 1 shows a secure switch 1, which has an interrupt circuit 2, also called a safety chain.
Par exemple, le circuit 2 est destiné à être connecté à un circuit électrique, par exemple un appareil électrique à une source d’alimentation électrique. A cet effet, le circuit 2 est pourvu de terminaux de connexion 22. For example, circuit 2 is intended to be connected to an electrical circuit, for example an electrical device to an electrical power source. To this end, circuit 2 is provided with connection terminals 22.
Le circuit 2 est commutable, de façon sélective et réversible, entre un état bloquant, qui empêche la circulation d’un courant électrique au travers du circuit 2, et un état passant, qui autorise la circulation d’un courant électrique au travers du circuit 2. Circuit 2 is selectively and reversibly switchable between a blocking state, which prevents the flow of an electric current through circuit 2, and an on state, which allows an electric current to flow through the circuit 2.
Cette commutation est ici commandée en fournissant un signal de commande sur des électrodes de commande de l’interrupteur 1 , qui portent ici les références 131 et 132. This switching is controlled here by supplying a control signal to the control electrodes of switch 1, which here bear the references 131 and 132.
En l’absence de signal de commande, l’interrupteur 1 reste dans l’état bloquant et en présence d’un signal de commande, l’interrupteur 1 commute vers l’état passant. In the absence of a control signal, switch 1 remains in the blocking state and in the presence of a control signal, switch 1 switches to the on state.
Dans cet exemple, le signal de commande est une tension électrique, notée Vcc, appliquée entre les électrodes 131 et 132. In this example, the control signal is an electric voltage, denoted Vcc, applied between the electrodes 131 and 132.
A titre d’exemple illustratif, la tension électrique Vcc est une tension continue, d’amplitude supérieure ou égale à 24 V et inférieure ou égale à 1 10 V. L’interrupteur 1 est configuré pour garantir une commutation sécurisée du circuit 2 entre ses états bloquant et passant, en particulier pour éviter que le circuit 2 ne reste dans l’état passant alors qu’aucun signal de commande n’est appliqué sur l’interrupteur 1 . By way of illustrative example, the electric voltage Vcc is a direct voltage, with an amplitude greater than or equal to 24 V and less than or equal to 1 10 V. Switch 1 is configured to guarantee safe switching of circuit 2 between its blocking and on states, in particular to prevent circuit 2 from remaining in the on state when no control signal is applied to the switch. switch 1.
De préférence, l’interrupteur 1 présente un niveau élevé de sécurité, par exemple de niveau « SIL 4 » sur l’échelle de sécurité dite « Safety Integrity Level » telle que définie par la norme IEC 61508 de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale ou par la norme EN 50129. Preferably, switch 1 has a high level of safety, for example level “SIL 4” on the safety scale known as “Safety Integrity Level” as defined by standard IEC 61508 of the International Electrotechnical Commission or by the standard EN 50129.
L’interrupteur 1 est de préférence destiné à être utilisé dans un système de contrôle- commande, par exemple dans le domaine ferroviaire. Selon des variantes, l’interrupteur 1 peut également être utilisé dans un circuit de puissance pour commander l’alimentation électrique d’un appareil électrique. Switch 1 is preferably intended for use in an instrumentation and control system, for example in the railway sector. According to variants, the switch 1 can also be used in a power circuit to control the power supply of an electrical device.
A titre d’exemple illustratif et non nécessairement limitatif, le circuit 2 est adapté pour recevoir, entre ses bornes 22, un signal électrique continu présentant une tension électrique inférieure ou égale à 1 10 Volts et un courant électrique inférieur ou égal à 3,5 A. By way of illustrative and not necessarily limiting example, circuit 2 is suitable for receiving, between its terminals 22, a direct electrical signal having an electrical voltage less than or equal to 1 10 volts and an electrical current less than or equal to 3.5 AT.
Comme illustré sur l’exemple de la figure 1 , l’interrupteur 1 comporte un premier relais électromécanique 10, un deuxième relais électromécanique 1 1 et un circuit d’interconnexion 13 qui connecte les relais 10 et 1 1 entre eux comme expliqué dans ce qui suit. As illustrated in the example of Figure 1, the switch 1 comprises a first electromechanical relay 10, a second electromechanical relay 11 and an interconnection circuit 13 which connects the relays 10 and 11 together as explained in what follows.
Avantageusement, l’interrupteur 1 comporte également un boîtier extérieur, non illustré, par exemple réalisé en matière plastique, et à l’intérieur duquel sont logés les constituants de l’interrupteur 1 . A titre d’exemple illustratif, le boîtier peut présenter une forme de pavé avec des dimensions par exemple égales à 12cm x 9 cm x 2cm. Advantageously, the switch 1 also comprises an outer casing, not shown, for example made of plastic material, and inside which the components of the switch 1 are housed. By way of illustrative example, the housing may have the shape of a block with dimensions for example equal to 12cm x 9cm x 2cm.
Le relais 10 comporte un électroaimant 101 et des contacts électriques mobiles 102, 103, 104 et 105 couplés avec l’électroaimant 101 . Chacun des contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 est commutable entre un état ouvert et un état fermé. The relay 10 has an electromagnet 101 and movable electrical contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 coupled with the electromagnet 101. Each of the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 is switchable between an open state and a closed state.
Dans cet exemple, le contact 102 est de type « normalement fermé », alors que les contacts 103, 104 et 105 sont de type « normalement ouvert ». In this example, the contact 102 is of the “normally closed” type, while the contacts 103, 104 and 105 are of the “normally open” type.
La commutation est réalisée au moyen de l’électroaimant 101 , aussi nommé bobine 101 dans ce qui suit, qui exerce une force électromagnétique sur les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 lorsqu’il est alimenté électriquement. The switching is performed by means of the electromagnet 101, also referred to as coil 101 in the following, which exerts an electromagnetic force on the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 when it is electrically supplied.
Lorsque l’électroaimant 101 n’est pas alimenté, le relais 10 reste dans un état inactif, aussi dit état de repos, et les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 restent dans un état de repos correspondant. Ici, dans l’état de repos, le contact 102 de type « normalement fermé » reste fermé, tandis que les contacts 103, 104 et 105 restent ouverts. A la figure 1 , le relais 10 est illustré dans son état inactif. Lorsque l’électroaimant 101 est alimenté électriquement, ici par le signal de commande, alors les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 commutent vers leur état opposé. Ici, le contact 102 s’ouvre, tandis que les contacts 103, 104 et 105 se ferment. Le relais 10 est dit être activé ou excité. Tant que l’électroaimant 101 est alimenté, les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 sont maintenus dans cet état et le relais 10 reste excité. When the electromagnet 101 is not supplied, the relay 10 remains in an inactive state, also called the rest state, and the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 remain in a corresponding rest state. Here, in the idle state, the contact 102 of the “normally closed” type remains closed, while the contacts 103, 104 and 105 remain open. In Figure 1, relay 10 is shown in its inactive state. When the electromagnet 101 is supplied electrically, here by the control signal, then the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 switch to their opposite state. Here, contact 102 opens, while contacts 103, 104 and 105 close. Relay 10 is said to be activated or energized. As long as the electromagnet 101 is energized, the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 are maintained in this state and the relay 10 remains energized.
Le relais 10 est ici un relais électromécanique à contacts guidés, c’est-à-dire que les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 sont couplés mécaniquement entre eux. Un tel relais à contacts guidés est par exemple décrit par la norme NF EN 50205. The relay 10 is here an electromechanical relay with guided contacts, that is to say that the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 are mechanically coupled together. Such a guided contact relay is for example described by standard NF EN 50205.
Ainsi, si un des contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 reste accidentellement bloqué dans un état donné, quel que soit l’état de l’électroaimant 101 , alors les autres contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105 sont maintenus bloqués dans un état correspondant. Par exemple, si le contact 102 reste bloqué dans l’état ouvert même en l’absence d’excitation de l’électroaimant 101 , alors les contacts 103, 104 et 105 restent dans l’état fermé. Le relais 10 reste alors bloqué dans l’état excité. En d’autres termes, les contacts d’un tel relais ne peuvent pas commuter entre leurs états ouvert et fermé indépendamment les uns des autres. Thus, if one of the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 accidentally remains blocked in a given state, whatever the state of the electromagnet 101, then the other contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105 are kept blocked in a state corresponding. For example, if contact 102 remains stuck in the open state even without energization of the solenoid 101, then contacts 103, 104 and 105 remain in the closed state. Relay 10 then remains blocked in the excited state. In other words, the contacts of such a relay cannot switch between their open and closed states independently of each other.
De façon analogue, le relais 1 1 comporte un électroaimant 1 1 1 et des contacts électriques mobiles 1 12, 1 13 et 1 14 couplés à l’électroaimant 1 1 1 . Chacun des contacts 1 12, 1 13 et 1 14 est commutable entre un état ouvert et un état fermé au moyen de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 . Dans cet exemple, le contact 1 12 est de type « normalement fermé », alors que les contacts 1 13 et 1 14 sont de type « normalement ouvert ». Sur la figure 1 , le relais 1 1 est illustré dans son état inactif. Le relais 1 1 est également un relais électromécanique à contacts guidés. Similarly, the relay 1 1 comprises an electromagnet 1 1 1 and mobile electrical contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14 coupled to the electromagnet 1 1 1. Each of the contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14 is switchable between an open state and a closed state by means of the electromagnet 1 1 1. In this example, the contact 1 12 is of the "normally closed" type, while the contacts 1 13 and 1 14 are of the "normally open" type. In Figure 1, the relay 1 1 is shown in its inactive state. The relay 1 1 is also an electromechanical relay with guided contacts.
Les contacts 105 et 1 14 sont connectés électriquement en série entre eux pour former le circuit d’interruption 2. Ainsi, le circuit 2 est dans l’état bloquant lorsqu’au moins un des contacts 105 et 1 14 est ouvert, et se trouve dans l’état passant uniquement lorsque les deux contacts 105 et 1 14 sont fermés. The contacts 105 and 1 14 are electrically connected in series with each other to form the interrupt circuit 2. Thus, the circuit 2 is in the blocking state when at least one of the contacts 105 and 1 14 is open, and is found. in the on state only when the two contacts 105 and 1 14 are closed.
Avantageusement, les relais 10 et 1 1 appartiennent à des séries de fabrication différentes et/ou proviennent de constructeurs différents. Cela réduit considérablement le risque que les relais 10 et 1 1 soient tous deux affectés simultanément par un même défaut de fabrication susceptible de compromettre leur fonctionnement. Advantageously, the relays 10 and 11 belong to different manufacturing series and / or come from different manufacturers. This considerably reduces the risk that the relays 10 and 11 are both simultaneously affected by the same manufacturing defect liable to compromise their operation.
De préférence, le relais 10 comporte un boîtier à l’intérieur duquel sont logés l’électroaimant 101 et les contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105. De même, le relais 1 1 comporte un boîtier à l’intérieur duquel sont logés l’électroaimant 1 1 1 et les contacts 1 12, 1 13 et 1 14. Preferably, the relay 10 comprises a housing within which are housed the electromagnet 101 and the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105. Similarly, the relay 1 1 comprises a housing inside which are housed the electromagnet 1 1 1 and contacts 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14.
En variante, l’interrupteur 1 peut en outre comporter un ou plusieurs circuits d’interruption additionnels, analogues au circuit d’interruption 2. Par exemple, les relais 10 et 1 1 peuvent comporter des contacts mobiles supplémentaires, de type « normalement ouvert », qui sont couplés mécaniquement avec les contacts 102, 103, 104, 105 ou 1 12, 1 13 et 1 14, respectivement. Chaque circuit d’interruption additionnel peut comporter un contact supplémentaire du premier relais 10 et un contact supplémentaire du deuxième relais 1 1 , connectés électriquement en série. Ce qui est décrit en référence au circuit d’interruption 2 s’applique donc également à ces circuits d’interruption additionnels. As a variant, the switch 1 may further comprise one or more additional interrupt circuits, similar to the interrupt circuit 2. For example, the relays 10 and 11 may include additional movable contacts, of the “normally” type. open ”, which are mechanically coupled with the contacts 102, 103, 104, 105 or 1 12, 1 13 and 1 14, respectively. Each additional interrupt circuit may include an additional contact of the first relay 10 and an additional contact of the second relay 11, electrically connected in series. What is described with reference to the interrupt circuit 2 therefore also applies to these additional interrupt circuits.
Selon une autre variante, les relais 10 et 1 1 peuvent comporter des contacts supplémentaires, qui ne sont pas connectés au circuit d’interconnexion 13 ni au circuit d’interruption 2. According to another variant, the relays 10 and 11 may include additional contacts, which are not connected to the interconnection circuit 13 or to the interrupt circuit 2.
Avantageusement, l’interrupteur 1 comporte en outre une résistance 14 connectée en série entre l’électroaimant 1 1 1 et le contact 1 13 du deuxième relais 1 1 . Selon des exemples, la résistance 14 est une résistance bobinée, bien qu’en variante d’autres implémentations sont possibles. Advantageously, the switch 1 further comprises a resistor 14 connected in series between the electromagnet 1 1 1 and the contact 1 13 of the second relay 1 1. According to examples, resistor 14 is a wirewound resistor, although alternatively other implementations are possible.
Par exemple, la résistance 14 forme un pont diviseur de tension qui permet d’abaisser la tension électrique présente entre les bornes de la réserve d’énergie 12 lorsque celle-ci est dans une configuration de chargement, par exemple lorsque les contacts 104 et 1 13 sont fermés et que la tension de commande Vcc est appliquée entre les bornes 131 et 132. For example, resistor 14 forms a voltage divider bridge which makes it possible to lower the electrical voltage present between the terminals of the energy reserve 12 when the latter is in a charging configuration, for example when the contacts 104 and 1 13 are closed and that the control voltage Vcc is applied between terminals 131 and 132.
L’interrupteur 1 comporte avantageusement une réserve d’énergie rechargeable 12, dont le rôle est décrit plus en détail dans ce qui suit. Par exemple, la réserve d’énergie 12 est un condensateur. The switch 1 advantageously comprises a rechargeable energy reserve 12, the role of which is described in more detail in the following. For example, the power reserve 12 is a capacitor.
De préférence, l’électroaimant 101 du premier relais 10 présente une tension de commande différente de la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 du deuxième relais 1 1 . Preferably, the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 has a control voltage different from the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1.
L’expression « tension de commande » désigne ici la tension électrique qu’il est nécessaire d’appliquer aux bornes de l’électroaimant pour exciter le relais. En d’autres termes, le relais n’est pas excité si une tension inférieure à la tension de commande est appliquée entre les bornes de l’électroaimant. The expression "control voltage" here refers to the electrical voltage that it is necessary to apply to the terminals of the electromagnet to energize the relay. In other words, the relay is not energized if a voltage lower than the control voltage is applied across the terminals of the electromagnet.
De préférence, la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 101 du premier relais 10 est supérieure à la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 du deuxième relais 1 1 , de préférence encore supérieure à deux fois la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 . Preferably, the control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 is greater than the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1, more preferably more than twice the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1.
Par exemple, la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 101 du premier relais 10 est égale à 24 Volts. La tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 du deuxième relais 1 1 est égale à 6 Volts. For example, the control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 is equal to 24 volts. The control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1 is equal to 6 volts.
Avantageusement, la réserve d’énergie 12 est dimensionnée pour que, une fois les relais 10 et 1 1 sont excités, la tension électrique qu’elle délivre en se déchargeant soit strictement inférieure à la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 101 du premier relais 10 tout en étant supérieure à la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 du deuxième relais 1 1 . Advantageously, the energy reserve 12 is dimensioned so that, once the relays 10 and 11 are energized, the electrical voltage that it delivers while discharging is strictly lower than the control voltage of the electromagnet 101 of the first relay 10 while being greater than the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1 of the second relay 1 1.
De préférence, la quantité d’énergie stockable par la réserve d’énergie, notée E, est supérieure ou égale à la quantité d’énergie, notée Emin, qui est nécessaire pour alimenter le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 de sorte à commuter le deuxième relais 1 1 de l’état inactif vers l’état excité. Par exemple, la quantité d’énergie E est supérieure ou égale à la quantité d’énergie Emin et est inférieure ou égale à 1 ,5 x Emin, ou inférieure ou égale à 1 ,2 x Emin. Preferably, the quantity of energy stored by the energy reserve, denoted E, is greater than or equal to the quantity of energy, denoted Emin, which is necessary to supply the second electromagnet 11 1 so as to switch the second relay 1 1 from inactive to energized state. For example, the amount of energy E is greater than or equal to the amount of energy Emin and is less than or equal to 1.5 x Emin, or less than or equal to 1.2 x Emin.
A titre d’exemple illustratif, la réserve d’énergie 12 est un condensateur de capacité égale à 47 pF. L’électroaimant 1 1 1 présente ici une résistance égale à 500 W. As an illustrative example, the power reserve 12 is a capacitor with a capacity equal to 47 pF. The electromagnet 1 1 1 here has a resistance equal to 500 W.
Le circuit d’interconnexion 13 connecte les relais 10 et 1 1 entre eux et, plus précisément, raccorde les électroaimants 101 , 1 1 1 et les contacts 102, 103, 104, 1 12, 1 13 entre eux comme décrit ci-après. Le circuit d’interconnexion 13 raccorde en outre la réserve d’énergie 12 aux relais 10 et 1 1 . The interconnection circuit 13 connects the relays 10 and 1 1 to each other and, more precisely, connects the electromagnets 101, 1 1 1 and the contacts 102, 103, 104, 1 12, 1 13 between them as described below. The interconnection circuit 13 also connects the energy reserve 12 to relays 10 and 11.
De préférence, le circuit 13 est isolé électriquement du circuit d’interruption 2. Preferably, circuit 13 is electrically isolated from interrupt circuit 2.
Par exemple, le circuit 13 comporte un substrat sur lequel sont ménagées des pistes électriquement conductrices. Les relais 10 et 1 1 sont montés sur ce substrat et des électrodes correspondant aux électroaimants 101 , 1 1 1 et aux contacts correspondants sont connectés à ces pistes électriquement conductrices. For example, circuit 13 comprises a substrate on which electrically conductive tracks are formed. The relays 10 and 1 1 are mounted on this substrate and electrodes corresponding to the electromagnets 101, 1 1 1 and to the corresponding contacts are connected to these electrically conductive tracks.
En variante, le circuit 13 peut être réalisé au moyen de câbles pour connecter les relais 10 et 1 1 . As a variant, the circuit 13 can be produced by means of cables to connect the relays 10 and 11.
Dans cet exemple, le circuit 13 comporte les électrodes de commande 131 et 132. En variante, le circuit 13 peut comporter d’autres électrodes de commande, par exemple une paire d’électrodes de commande dédiée à chacun des électroaimants 101 et 1 1 1 et destinés à recevoir un même signal de commande pour commander l’interrupteur 1 . In this example, the circuit 13 comprises the control electrodes 131 and 132. As a variant, the circuit 13 may include other control electrodes, for example a pair of control electrodes dedicated to each of the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 and intended to receive the same control signal for controlling switch 1.
La figure 2 représente le schéma électrique de l’interrupteur 1 lorsque le circuit 13 connecte les relais 10 et 1 1 et que les relais 10 et 1 1 sont inactifs. Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of switch 1 when circuit 13 connects relays 10 and 11 and relays 10 and 11 are inactive.
Dans cet exemple, le premier électroaimant 101 est relié aux électrodes de commande 131 , 132 par l’intermédiaire du contact 1 12 et du contact 103. Plus précisément, le contact 103 et le contact 1 12 sont connectés en parallèle l’un par rapport à l’autre. Le contact 103 et le contact 1 12 sont connectés tous deux entre l’électrode 132 et une première borne de l’électroaimant 101 . Une deuxième borne de l’électroaimant 101 est connectée à l’autre électrode 131 . In this example, the first electromagnet 101 is connected to the control electrodes 131, 132 via the contact 1 12 and the contact 103. More precisely, the contact 103 and the contact 1 12 are connected in parallel with each other. to the other. The contact 103 and the contact 1 12 are both connected between the electrode 132 and a first terminal of the electromagnet 101. A second terminal of the electromagnet 101 is connected to the other electrode 131.
De cette manière, la connexion de l’électroaimant 101 aux électrodes de commande 131 , 132 est conditionnée par l’état du deuxième relais 1 1 . In this way, the connection of the electromagnet 101 to the control electrodes 131, 132 is conditioned by the state of the second relay 11.
Le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 est ici relié aux électrodes de commande 131 , 132 par l’intermédiaire des contacts 102, 104 et 103 pour connecter ou, en alternance, déconnecter le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 des électrodes de commande 131 , 132 en fonction de l’état du premier relais 10. The second electromagnet 1 1 1 is here connected to the control electrodes 131, 132 via the contacts 102, 104 and 103 to connect or, alternately, disconnect the second electromagnet 1 1 1 from the control electrodes 131, 132 depending on the state of the first relay 10.
En outre, la réserve d’énergie 12 est connectée aux électrodes 131 , 132 et au deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 par l’intermédiaire des contacts 102 et 104. In addition, the energy reserve 12 is connected to the electrodes 131, 132 and to the second electromagnet 1 1 1 through the contacts 102 and 104.
Le circuit 13 est ainsi agencé pour que les contacts 102 et 104 : Circuit 13 is thus arranged so that contacts 102 and 104:
- autorisent le chargement de la réserve d’énergie 12 depuis les électrodes de commande 131 , 132 lorsque le contact 105 est ouvert, et - allow the charging of the energy reserve 12 from the control electrodes 131, 132 when the contact 105 is open, and
- autorisent le déchargement de la réserve d’énergie 12 dans le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 lorsque le premier contact 105 est fermé. - Allow the unloading of the energy reserve 12 in the second electromagnet 1 1 1 when the first contact 105 is closed.
A cet effet, le contact 104 relie une borne du deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 à une première borne de la réserve d’énergie 12. Une deuxième borne de la réserve d’énergie 12 et l’autre borne de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 sont ici connectées à l’électrode 131 . Le contact 102 relie la première borne de la réserve d’énergie 12 à une première borne de l’électroaimant 101 à laquelle sont connectés les contacts 103 et 1 12. To this end, the contact 104 connects one terminal of the second electromagnet 1 1 1 to a first terminal of the energy reserve 12. A second terminal of the energy reserve 12 and the other terminal of the electromagnet 1 1 1 are here connected to electrode 131. The contact 102 connects the first terminal of the energy reserve 12 to a first terminal of the electromagnet 101 to which the contacts 103 and 1 12 are connected.
Ainsi, la réserve d’énergie 12 ne peut être connectée à l’électrode 132 que par les contacts 102 ou 104. Thus, the power reserve 12 can only be connected to the electrode 132 through the contacts 102 or 104.
Le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 est en outre relié à l’électrode de commande 132 par l’intermédiaire du contact 1 13 du deuxième relais 1 1 . The second electromagnet 1 1 1 is also connected to the control electrode 132 via the contact 1 13 of the second relay 1 1.
Grâce à la configuration du circuit 13, lorsqu’un signal de commande est reçu sur les électrodes de commande 131 , 132, les relais 10 et 1 1 sont commutés séquentiellement l’un après l’autre vers leur état actif. Thanks to the configuration of the circuit 13, when a control signal is received on the control electrodes 131, 132, the relays 10 and 11 are sequentially switched one after the other to their active state.
La commutation est toutefois empêchée si l’un des relais 10, 1 1 se trouve initialement dans un état anormal, par exemple parce que l’un des contacts 105 ou 1 14 est collé dans l’état fermé. Le circuit 2 reste alors dans la configuration bloquée, ce qui garantit que le circuit d’interruption de l’interrupteur 1 reste à l’état ouvert. Switching is however prevented if one of the relays 10, 11 is initially in an abnormal state, for example because one of the contacts 105 or 11 14 is stuck in the closed state. Circuit 2 then remains in the blocked configuration, which ensures that the interrupt circuit of switch 1 remains in the open state.
La connexion des électroaimants 101 et 1 1 1 à l’électrode 132 par les contacts, respectivement, 103 et 1 13 permet d’assurer un maintien dans l’état excité du relais 10, 1 1 correspondant une fois que ce relais a basculé dans l’état excité et tant qu’un signal de commande est présent. The connection of the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 to the electrode 132 by the contacts, respectively, 103 and 1 13 makes it possible to maintain the excited state of the relay 10, 1 1 corresponding once this relay has switched to the energized state and as long as a control signal is present.
De plus, lorsque le signal de commande cesse d’être reçu sur les électrodes 131 , 132, si l’un des contacts 105 ou 1 14 reste bloqué dans l’état fermé, alors la commutation de l’autre contact 105, 1 14 est empêchée. In addition, when the control signal ceases to be received on the electrodes 131, 132, if one of the contacts 105 or 1 14 remains blocked in the closed state, then the switching of the other contact 105, 1 14 is prevented.
Ainsi, une défaillance de fonctionnement de l’un ou de l’autre des contacts 105, 1 14, par exemple suite à un collage dans l’état fermé causé par une fusion partielle du contact, entraîne une commutation du circuit 2 dans l’état bloquant. Cela permet de maintenir l’interrupteur 1 dans un état sécurisé. Au contraire, si le signal de commande reçu sur les électrodes 131 , 132 était directement appliqué simultanément sur les électroaimants 101 et 1 1 1 sans que ceux-ci ne soient conditionnés par les contacts des différents relais 10 et 1 1 , alors la commutation des relais 10 et 1 1 serait simultanée quel que soit l’état de l’un ou de l’autre relais 10, 1 1 . Thus, an operational failure of one or the other of the contacts 105, 1 14, for example following a sticking in the closed state caused by a partial melting of the contact, causes a switching of the circuit 2 in the blocking state. This keeps switch 1 in a secure state. On the contrary, if the control signal received on the electrodes 131, 132 was directly applied simultaneously to the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 without the latter being conditioned by the contacts of the various relays 10 and 1 1, then the switching of the relay 10 and 1 1 would be simultaneous regardless of the state of one or the other relay 10, 1 1.
Grâce à l’invention, lors de la commutation de l’interrupteur 1 , le contrôle de l’état des contacts 105, 1 14 est réalisé de façon intrinsèque, sans faire appel à une unité de commande électronique extérieure, et sans non plus faire appel à un dispositif mécanique tributaire de la gravitation terrestre pour son fonctionnement. Thanks to the invention, during the switching of the switch 1, the control of the state of the contacts 105, 1 14 is carried out intrinsically, without using an external electronic control unit, and either without using an external electronic control unit. use of a mechanical device dependent on terrestrial gravitation for its operation.
De plus, les relais 10 et 1 1 subissent une usure différente du fait de la séquence de commutation choisie. Par exemple, le deuxième relais 1 1 tend à s’user plus rapidement que le premier relais 10 du fait qu’il subit des appels de courant plus fréquemment que le premier relais 10 notamment lors de la séquence de fermeture de la chaîne de sécurité. Cette usure différenciée permet d’éviter une que les deux relais 10 et 1 1 subissent une défaillance simultanée provenant d’une même cause d’usure. In addition, the relays 10 and 11 undergo different wear due to the selected switching sequence. For example, the second relay 1 1 tends to wear out more quickly than the first relay 10 because it experiences current inrushes more frequently than the first relay 10, especially during the closing sequence of the safety chain. This differentiated wear makes it possible to prevent the two relays 10 and 1 1 from suffering a simultaneous failure from the same cause of wear.
Selon une variante non illustrée, le deuxième électroaimant 1 1 1 peut être connecté à des deuxièmes électrodes de commande. Par exemple, le contact 1 13 peut relier l’électroaimant 1 1 1 à une deuxième électrode distincte de l’électrode 132. Le contact 102 peut également relier la première borne de la réserve d’énergie 12 à cette deuxième électrode. Le signal de commande est alors appliqué à la fois sur ces deuxièmes électrodes de commande et sur les électrodes 131 et 132. According to a variant not shown, the second electromagnet 1 1 1 can be connected to second control electrodes. For example, the contact 1 13 can connect the electromagnet 11 1 to a second electrode separate from the electrode 132. The contact 102 can also connect the first terminal of the energy reserve 12 to this second electrode. The control signal is then applied to both these second control electrodes and to the electrodes 131 and 132.
Un exemple de fonctionnement de l’interrupteur 1 est maintenant décrit, en référence aux figures 2 à 5. Dans cet exemple, le circuit 2 est commuté depuis l’état bloquant vers l’état passant en réponse à un signal de commande. An example of the operation of switch 1 is now described, with reference to Figures 2 to 5. In this example, circuit 2 is switched from the blocking state to the on state in response to a control signal.
Comme illustré par la figure 2, les relais 10 et 1 1 sont initialement inactifs. Les contacts 102 et 1 12 sont dans l’état fermé, alors que les contacts 103, 104, 105, 1 13, 1 14 sont dans l’état ouvert. Aucun signal de commande n’est appliqué entre les électrodes 131 , 132. Les contacts 105, 1 14 sont dans l’état ouvert et le circuit 2 est donc dans un état bloquant. As illustrated by Figure 2, the relays 10 and 11 are initially inactive. Contacts 102 and 1112 are in the closed state, while contacts 103, 104, 105, 1113, 1114 are in the open state. No control signal is applied between the electrodes 131, 132. The contacts 105, 1 14 are in the open state and the circuit 2 is therefore in a blocking state.
A ce stade, la réserve d’énergie 12 n’est pas en mesure d’alimenter la bobine 101 pour activer le premier relais, notamment car la tension maximale que peut délivrer la réserve d’énergie 12 est inférieure à la tension de commande de la bobine 101 . De plus, en pratique, la réserve d’énergie 12 est généralement vide ou partiellement déchargée à ce stade. At this stage, the energy reserve 12 is not able to supply the coil 101 to activate the first relay, in particular because the maximum voltage that the energy reserve 12 can deliver is lower than the control voltage of coil 101. In addition, in practice, the energy reserve 12 is generally empty or partially discharged at this stage.
La réserve d’énergie 12 peut alors se décharger dans la bobine 101 sans pour autant arriver à changer l’état du relais 10, puisqu’elle ne peut pas fournir assez d’énergie. Comme illustré à la figure 3, un signal de commande, tel qu’une tension électrique Vcc, est appliqué entre les électrodes 131 et 132. The energy reserve 12 can then be discharged in the coil 101 without however managing to change the state of the relay 10, since it cannot provide enough energy. As illustrated in Figure 3, a control signal, such as an electric voltage Vcc, is applied between the electrodes 131 and 132.
D’une part, la réserve d’énergie 12 est raccordée à l’électrode 132 par l’intermédiaire des contacts 102 et 1 12 qui sont tous deux dans l’état fermé. Elle est donc rechargée à partir d’une fraction de la tension électrique Vcc.En parallèle, l’électroaimant 101 est raccordé à l’électrode 132 par l’intermédiaire du contact 1 12. A ce stade, le contact 1 12 est dans l’état fermé et le contact 103 est dans l’état ouvert. On the one hand, the power reserve 12 is connected to the electrode 132 through the contacts 102 and 1 12 which are both in the closed state. It is therefore recharged from a fraction of the electric voltage Vcc. In parallel, the electromagnet 101 is connected to the electrode 132 via the contact 1 12. At this stage, the contact 1 12 is in the 'closed state and contact 103 is in the open state.
Dans l’exemple de la figure 3, la tension électrique appliquée entre les bornes de la réserve d’énergie 12 est égale à la tension électrique appliquée entre les bornes du premier électroaimant 101 . Cette tension électrique est, par exemple, supérieure à la tension de commande du premier électroaimant 101 . In the example of Figure 3, the electric voltage applied between the terminals of the energy reserve 12 is equal to the electric voltage applied between the terminals of the first electromagnet 101. This electric voltage is, for example, greater than the control voltage of the first electromagnet 101.
Comme la bobine 101 est alimentée avec une tension supérieure à sa tension de commande, le relais 10 est excité. Par exemple, la bobine 101 génère une force électromagnétique qui entraîne la commutation des contacts 102, 103, 104 et 105. As the coil 101 is supplied with a voltage greater than its control voltage, the relay 10 is energized. For example, the coil 101 generates an electromagnetic force which causes the switching of the contacts 102, 103, 104 and 105.
Ainsi, comme illustré à la figure 4, le relais 10 commute vers l’état excité. Le contact Thus, as shown in Figure 4, relay 10 switches to the energized state. The contact
102 s’ouvre et les contacts 103, 104 et 105 se ferment. La flèche F1 illustre la fermeture du contact 105. 102 opens and contacts 103, 104 and 105 close. The arrow F1 illustrates the closure of contact 105.
En pratique, cette commutation n’est pas instantanée mais se produit à l’issue d’un premier temps de commutation, par exemple inférieur ou égal à 100ms. In practice, this switching is not instantaneous but occurs at the end of a first switching time, for example less than or equal to 100 ms.
A ce stade, le signal de commande est maintenu sur les électrodes 131 , 132. Le circuit 2 est toujours dans un état bloquant, ce qui empêche la circulation du courant au travers du circuit 2. At this point, the control signal is maintained on the electrodes 131, 132. Circuit 2 is still in a blocking state, which prevents current flow through circuit 2.
L’électroaimant 101 continue à être alimenté, cette fois par l’intermédiaire du contact The solenoid 101 continues to be energized, this time through the contact
103 qui est fermé. Cela permet d’assurer le maintien du relais 10 dans l’état excité tant que le signal de commande est fourni à l’interrupteur 1 . 103 which is closed. This ensures that relay 10 is maintained in the energized state as long as the control signal is supplied to switch 1.
Cependant, du fait de la nouvelle configuration des contacts 103, 104 et 102 à l’issue de la commutation du relais 10, la réserve d’énergie 12 n’est plus connectée à l’électrode 132 et donc n’est plus rechargée électriquement à partir de la tension Vcc. En effet, le contact 102 est désormais dans l’état ouvert et le contact 1 13 est toujours dans l’état ouvert. However, due to the new configuration of the contacts 103, 104 and 102 at the end of the switching of the relay 10, the energy reserve 12 is no longer connected to the electrode 132 and therefore is no longer electrically recharged. from the voltage Vcc. In fact, contact 102 is now in the open state and contact 1 13 is still in the open state.
En revanche, comme le contact 104 est fermé, l’électroaimant 1 1 1 se trouve connecté avec la réserve d’énergie 12, ce qui permet à la réserve d’énergie 12 de se décharger dans l’électroaimant 1 1 1 pour alimenter électriquement ce dernier. On the other hand, as the contact 104 is closed, the electromagnet 1 1 1 is connected with the energy reserve 12, which allows the energy reserve 12 to be discharged in the electromagnet 1 1 1 to supply electric power. this last.
De cette manière, comme la tension fournie par la réserve d’énergie 12 est supérieure à la tension de commande de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 , l’électroaimant 1 1 1 déclenche la commutation du relais 1 1 vers l’état excité, comme illustré à la figure 5. Le contact 1 12 s’ouvre et les contacts 1 13 et 1 14 se ferment. La flèche F2 illustre la fermeture du contact 1 14. In this way, as the voltage supplied by the energy reserve 12 is greater than the control voltage of the electromagnet 1 1 1, the electromagnet 1 1 1 triggers the switching of the relay 1 1 to the excited state, as illustrated in figure 5. Contact 1 12 opens and contacts 1 13 and 1 14 close. The arrow F2 illustrates the closure of contact 1 14.
En pratique, cette commutation n’est pas instantanée mais se produit à l’issue d’un deuxième temps de commutation, par exemple inférieur ou égal à 100ms. In practice, this switching is not instantaneous but occurs at the end of a second switching time, for example less than or equal to 100 ms.
Ainsi, le circuit 2 commute vers l’état passant, autorisant ainsi la circulation d’un courant électrique. Thus, circuit 2 switches to the on state, thus allowing the flow of an electric current.
A l’issue de cette commutation, l’électroaimant 1 1 1 continue à être alimenté, cette fois par l’intermédiaire du contact 1 13 qui est fermé. Cela permet d’assurer le maintien du relais 1 1 dans l’état excité tant que le signal de commande est fourni à l’interrupteur 1 . At the end of this switching, the electromagnet 1 1 1 continues to be supplied, this time through contact 1 13 which is closed. This ensures that relay 1 1 is maintained in the energized state as long as the control signal is supplied to switch 1.
De plus, grâce à la résistance 14, la tension électrique appliquée aux bornes de la réserve d’énergie 12 est diminuée pour atteindre une tension de maintien avec une valeur prédéfinie, choisie pour garantir que seule une faible quantité d’énergie soit effectivement stockée dans la réserve d’énergie 12. Cela permet, entre autres, de garantir une commutation rapide du relais 1 1 lorsque le signal de commande est interrompu, puisque la réserve d’énergie 12 ne sera pas en mesure de maintenir trop longtemps le relais 1 1 dans l’état excité. In addition, thanks to the resistor 14, the electric voltage applied to the terminals of the energy reserve 12 is reduced to reach a hold voltage with a predefined value, chosen to ensure that only a small amount of energy is actually stored in the energy reserve 12. This makes it possible, among other things, to guarantee rapid switching of relay 1 1 when the control signal is interrupted, since the energy reserve 12 will not be able to maintain relay 1 1 for too long in the excited state.
Lorsque le signal de commande est interrompu, les électroaimants 101 et 1 1 1 cessent d’être alimentés. Les relais 10 et 1 1 retournent dans leur état inactif. Les contacts 102, 1 12 se referment, alors que les contacts 103, 104, 105, 1 13 et 1 14 se rouvrent. Le circuit 2 commute alors vers l’état bloquant. When the control signal is interrupted, the electromagnets 101 and 1 1 1 cease to be supplied. Relays 10 and 1 1 return to their inactive state. The contacts 102, 1 12 close, while the contacts 103, 104, 105, 1 13 and 1 14 reopen. Circuit 2 then switches to the blocking state.
Même si la réserve d’énergie 12 peut transitoirement se trouver connectée à l’électroaimant 1 1 1 lorsque les relais 10 et 1 1 retournent dans leur état inactif, elle ne contient pas suffisamment d’énergie pour exciter à nouveau le relais 1 1 . Even though the energy reserve 12 may be transiently connected to the electromagnet 1 1 1 when the relays 10 and 1 1 return to their inactive state, it does not contain enough energy to energize the relay 1 1 again.
De plus, la réserve d’énergie 12 est tout autant incapable d’exciter le relais 10 à la fin de la commutation, car bien qu’étant connectée à l’électroaimant 101 par l’intermédiaire du relais 102, qui retrouve son état fermé une fois le relais 10 redevenu inactif, la tension fournie par la réserve d’énergie 12 reste inférieure à la tension de commande nécessaire pour exciter l’électroaimant 101 . In addition, the energy reserve 12 is just as incapable of energizing the relay 10 at the end of the switching, because although it is connected to the electromagnet 101 via the relay 102, which returns to its closed state once the relay 10 becomes inactive again, the voltage supplied by the energy reserve 12 remains lower than the control voltage necessary to excite the electromagnet 101.
Le fonctionnement de l’interrupteur 1 est dit être « sécurisé » en ce qu’il garantit que le circuit 2 ne peut pas basculer dans l’état passant si l’un des contacts 105 ou 1 14 reste collé dans l’état fermé lorsque le signal de commande est absent. The operation of switch 1 is said to be "secure" in that it guarantees that circuit 2 cannot switch to the on state if one of the contacts 105 or 1 14 remains stuck in the closed state when the control signal is absent.
En particulier, dans cet exemple, si le contact 105 est initialement anormalement collé dans son état fermé, alors le contact 1 14 ne peut pas être fermé lorsqu’un signal de commande est ensuite appliqué. En effet, comme les contacts du relais 10 sont couplés entre eux, alors les contacts 104 et 103 sont fermés et le contact 102 est ouvert lorsque le contact 105 est fermé, même en l’absence d’alimentation de l’électroaimant 101 . Dans ce cas, l’électroaimant 1 1 1 est déconnecté de l’électrode 132, car les contacts 102 et 1 13 sont ouverts. L’électroaimant 1 1 1 est uniquement connecté à la réserve d’énergie 12 qui ne contient à ce stade pas d’énergie suffisante pour commuter le relais 1 1. L’électroaimant 1 1 1 ne peut donc pas être excité et donc le relais 1 1 ne peut pas être commuté vers l’état excité. Le circuit 2 reste dans l’état bloquant. In particular, in this example, if the contact 105 is initially abnormally stuck in its closed state, then the contact 1 14 cannot be closed when a control signal is then applied. Indeed, as the contacts of relay 10 are coupled together, then the contacts 104 and 103 are closed and the contact 102 is open when the contact 105 is closed, even in the absence of power supply to the electromagnet 101. In this case, the electromagnet 1 1 1 is disconnected from the electrode 132, because the contacts 102 and 1 13 are open. The electromagnet 1 1 1 is only connected to the energy reserve 12 which at this stage does not contain sufficient energy to switch the relay 1 1. The electromagnet 1 1 1 can therefore not be energized and therefore the relay 1 1 cannot be switched to energized state. Circuit 2 remains in the blocking state.
Dans le cas où c’est le contact 1 14 qui est initialement anormalement collé dans son état fermé, alors le contact 105 ne peut pas être fermé lorsqu’un signal de commande est ensuite appliqué. En effet, comme les contacts du relais 1 1 sont couplés entre eux, alors le contact 1 13 est fermé et le contact 1 12 est ouvert lorsque le contact 1 14 est fermé, même en l’absence d’alimentation de l’électroaimant 1 1 1 . Dans ce cas, l’électroaimant 101 est déconnecté de l’électrode 132, car les contacts 1 12 et 103 sont ouverts. L’électroaimant 101 ne peut donc pas être excité et donc le relais 10 ne peut pas être commuté vers l’état excité. Le circuit 2 reste dans l’état bloquant. In the event that it is contact 1 14 which is initially abnormally stuck in its closed state, then contact 105 cannot be closed when a control signal is then applied. Indeed, as the contacts of relay 1 1 are coupled together, then contact 1 13 is closed and contact 1 12 is open when contact 1 14 is closed, even in the absence of power supply to the electromagnet 1 1 1. In this case, the electromagnet 101 is disconnected from the electrode 132, because the contacts 1 12 and 103 are open. The electromagnet 101 therefore cannot be energized and therefore the relay 10 cannot be switched to the energized state. Circuit 2 remains in the blocking state.
Une telle défaillance de l’interrupteur 1 conduit donc au maintien du circuit 2 dans une configuration sécuritaire. Such a failure of switch 1 therefore leads to maintaining circuit 2 in a safe configuration.
La probabilité de défaillance simultanée des contacts 105 et 1 14 est ici extrêmement faible, par exemple inférieure à 109 occurrence par heure, ce qui garantit un bon niveau de sécurité de l’interrupteur 1. The probability of simultaneous failure of contacts 105 and 1114 is here extremely low, for example less than 10 9 occurrences per hour, which guarantees a good level of safety for switch 1.
Les modes de réalisation et les variantes envisagés ci-dessus peuvent être combinés entre eux pour générer de nouveaux modes de réalisation. The embodiments and the variants considered above can be combined with one another to generate new embodiments.
Claims
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FR1904314A FR3095548B1 (en) | 2019-04-24 | 2019-04-24 | Secure switch |
PCT/EP2020/061302 WO2020216825A1 (en) | 2019-04-24 | 2020-04-23 | Protected switch |
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EP4088294A1 true EP4088294A1 (en) | 2022-11-16 |
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DE3541338A1 (en) * | 1985-11-22 | 1987-05-27 | Pepperl & Fuchs | Circuit having self-monitoring |
DE4441171C1 (en) | 1994-11-18 | 1996-02-08 | Siemens Ag | Combined protection and safety circuit for electrical drive |
US6114816A (en) * | 1994-12-16 | 2000-09-05 | Hubbell Incorporated | Lighting control system for discharge lamps |
JP2002175751A (en) * | 2000-12-05 | 2002-06-21 | Omron Corp | Relay device |
US6611416B1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-08-26 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Safety relay circuit for large power contactors |
US7582989B2 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2009-09-01 | Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc. | Safety relay having independently testable contacts |
GB201315061D0 (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2013-10-02 | Metroic Ltd | Power conversion apparatus |
DE102015214966A1 (en) * | 2015-08-05 | 2017-02-09 | Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh | breaker |
US11319915B2 (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2022-05-03 | Kohler Co. | Engine system, and method of starting the engine |
-
2019
- 2019-04-24 FR FR1904314A patent/FR3095548B1/en active Active
-
2020
- 2020-04-23 WO PCT/EP2020/061302 patent/WO2020216825A1/en unknown
- 2020-04-23 US US17/605,403 patent/US11657994B2/en active Active
- 2020-04-23 EP EP20719471.3A patent/EP4088294B1/en active Active
- 2020-04-23 CA CA3133328A patent/CA3133328A1/en active Pending
- 2020-04-23 ES ES20719471T patent/ES2983669T3/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US11657994B2 (en) | 2023-05-23 |
US20220208493A1 (en) | 2022-06-30 |
ES2983669T3 (en) | 2024-10-24 |
FR3095548B1 (en) | 2021-05-07 |
EP4088294B1 (en) | 2024-04-24 |
WO2020216825A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
CA3133328A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
FR3095548A1 (en) | 2020-10-30 |
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